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Alemany-Navarro M, Diz-de Almeida S, Cruz R, Riancho JA, Rojas-Martínez A, Lapunzina P, Flores C, Carracedo A. Psychiatric polygenic risk as a predictor of COVID-19 risk and severity: insight into the genetic overlap between schizophrenia and COVID-19. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:189. [PMID: 37280221 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the high contagion and mortality rates that have accompanied the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, the clinical presentation of the syndrome varies greatly from one individual to another. Potential host factors that accompany greater risk from COVID-19 have been sought and schizophrenia (SCZ) patients seem to present more severe COVID-19 than control counterparts, with certain gene expression similarities between psychiatric and COVID-19 patients reported. We used summary statistics from the last SCZ, bipolar disorder (BD), and depression (DEP) meta-analyses available on the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium webpage to calculate polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for a target sample of 11,977 COVID-19 cases and 5943 subjects with unknown COVID-19 status. Linkage disequilibrium score (LDSC) regression analysis was performed when positive associations were obtained from the PRS analysis. The SCZ PRS was a significant predictor in the case/control, symptomatic/asymptomatic, and hospitalization/no hospitalization analyses in the total and female samples; and of symptomatic/asymptomatic status in men. No significant associations were found for the BD or DEP PRS or in the LDSC regression analysis. SNP-based genetic risk for SCZ, but not for BD or DEP, may be associated with higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity, especially among women; however, predictive accuracy barely exceeded chance level. We believe that the inclusion of sexual loci and rare variations in the analysis of genomic overlap between SCZ and COVID-19 will help to elucidate the genetic commonalities between these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alemany-Navarro
- IBIS (Universidad de Sevilla, HUVR, Junta de Andalucia, CSIC), Sevilla, Spain.
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Sistema Galego de Saúde (SERGAS) Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Grupo de Genética. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - S Diz-de Almeida
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Cruz
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Riancho
- IDIVAL, Cantabria, Spain
- Universidad de Cantabria, Cantabria, Spain
- Hospital U M Valdecilla, Cantabria, Spain
| | - A Rojas-Martínez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - P Lapunzina
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM) del Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- ERN-ITHACA-European Reference Network, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canarias, Spain
| | - C Flores
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N.S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - A Carracedo
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Sistema Galego de Saúde (SERGAS) Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Grupo de Genética. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Nisha Aji K, Meyer JH, Rusjan PM, Mizrahi R. Monoamine Oxidase B (MAO-B): A Target for Rational Drug Development in Schizophrenia Using PET Imaging as an Example. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 30:335-362. [PMID: 36928857 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21054-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) is an important high-density enzyme involved in the generation of oxidative stress and central in the catabolism of dopamine, particularly in brain subcortical regions with putative implications in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In this chapter, we review postmortem studies, preclinical models, and peripheral and genetic studies implicating MAO-B in psychosis. A literature search in PubMed was conducted and 64 studies were found to be eligible for systematic review. We found that MAO-B could be identified as a potential target in schizophrenia. Evidence comes mostly from studies of peripheral markers, showing reduced platelet MAO-B activity in schizophrenia, together with preclinical results from MAO-B knock-out mice resulting in a hyperdopaminergic state and behavioral disinhibition. However, whether brain MAO-B is altered in vivo in patients with schizophrenia remains unknown. We therefore review methodological studies involving MAO-B positron emission tomography (PET) radioligands used to quantify MAO-B in vivo in the human brain. Given the limitations of currently available treatments for schizophrenia, elucidating whether MAO-B could be used as a target for risk stratification or clinical staging in schizophrenia could allow for a rational search for newer antipsychotics and the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kankana Nisha Aji
- Douglas Research Centre, Clinical and Translational Sciences Lab, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey H Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pablo M Rusjan
- Douglas Research Centre, Clinical and Translational Sciences Lab, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Romina Mizrahi
- Douglas Research Centre, Clinical and Translational Sciences Lab, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Qi B, Boscenco S, Ramamurthy J, Trakadis YJ. Transcriptomics and machine learning to advance schizophrenia genetics: A case-control study using post-mortem brain data. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 214:106590. [PMID: 34954633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Alterations of the expression of a variety of genes have been reported in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ). Moreover, machine learning (ML) analysis of gene expression microarray data has shown promising preliminary results in the study of SCZ. Our objective was to evaluate the performance of ML in classifying SCZ cases and controls based on gene expression microarray data from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. METHODS We apply a state-of-the-art ML algorithm (XGBoost) to train and evaluate a classification model using 201 SCZ cases and 278 controls. We utilized 10-fold cross-validation for model selection, and a held-out testing set to evaluate the model. The performance metric utilizes to evaluate classification performance was the area under the receiver-operator characteristics curve (AUC). RESULTS We report an average AUC on 10-fold cross-validation of 0.76 and an AUC of 0.76 on testing data, not used during training. Analysis of the rolling balanced classification accuracy from high to low prediction confidence levels showed that the most certain subset of predictions ranged between 80-90%. The ML model utilized 182 gene expression probes. Further improvement to classification performance was observed when applying an automated ML strategy on the 182 features, which achieved an AUC of 0.79 on the same testing data. We found literature evidence linking all of the top ten ML ranked genes to SCZ. Furthermore, we leveraged information from the full set of microarray gene expressions available via univariate differential gene expression analysis. We then prioritized differentially expressed gene sets using the piano gene set analysis package. We augmented the ranking of the prioritized gene sets with genes from the complex multivariate ML model using hypergeometric tests to identify more robust gene sets. We identified two significant Gene Ontology molecular function gene sets: "oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors" and "integrin binding." Lastly, we present candidate treatments for SCZ based on findings from our study CONCLUSIONS: Overall, we observed above-chance performance from ML classification of SCZ cases and controls based on brain gene expression microarray data, and found that ML analysis of gene expressions could further our understanding of the pathophysiology of SCZ and help identify novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Qi
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sonia Boscenco
- Faculty of Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Yannis J Trakadis
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Jones DN, Raghanti MA. The role of monoamine oxidase enzymes in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 114:101957. [PMID: 33836221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase enzymes are responsible for the degredation of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the central neurvous system. Although it has been nearly 100 years since they were first described, we are still learning about their role in the healthy brain and how they are altered in various disease states. The present review provides a survey of our current understanding of monoamine oxidases, with a focus on their contributions to neuropsychiatric, neurodevelopmental, and neurodegenerative disease. Important species differences in monoamine oxidase function and development in the brain are highlighted. Sex-specific monoamine oxidase regulatory mechanisms and their implications for various neurological disorders are also discussed. While our understanding of these critical enzymes has expanded over the last century, gaps exist in our understanding of sex and species differences and the roles monoamine oxidases may play in conditions often comorbid with neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N Jones
- Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA; Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.
| | - Mary Ann Raghanti
- Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA; Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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Han H, Xia X, Zheng H, Zhao C, Xu Y, Tao J, Wang X. The Gene Polymorphism of VMAT2 Is Associated with Risk of Schizophrenia in Male Han Chinese. Psychiatry Investig 2020; 17:1073-1078. [PMID: 33099987 PMCID: PMC7711117 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2020.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between gene polymorphism of vesicular monoamine transporter type 2(VMAT2) and schizophrenia in Han Chinese population. METHODS 430 patients with schizophrenia and 470 age-sex matched controls were recruited from four mental health centers. All patients were diagnosed by two psychiatrists based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID). The ligase detection reactions (LDR) method was used to assess the polymorphism of the two SNPs (rs363371 and rs363324) of VMAT2. RESULTS No associations of two SNPs with schizophrenia was found. When we stratified males and females for the analysis, we found that that in the recessive model of rs363371, there was an obvious significant association between rs363371 and schizophrenia in males (OR=0.564, 95% CI=0.357-0.892, p=0.014) but not females. For the association between rs363324 and schizophrenia, no association was found in either males or females. No association was found when stratifying early-onset schizophrenia and late-onset schizophrenia. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that both rs363371 and rs363324 were not associated with schizophrenia, while it seemed that the AA genotype of rs363371 plays a protective effect in male Chinese in developing schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Han
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Xia
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huirong Zheng
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Affiliated School of Medicine of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chongbang Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanming Xu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiong Tao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianglan Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Bache WK, DeLisi LE. The Sex Chromosome Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: Alive, Dead, or Forgotten? A Commentary and Review. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2018; 4:83-89. [PMID: 30397596 DOI: 10.1159/000491489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The X chromosome has long been an intriguing site for harboring genes that have importance in brain development and function. It has received the most attention for having specific genes underlying the X-linked inherited intellectual disabilities, but has also been associated with schizophrenia in a number of early studies. An X chromosome hypothesis for a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia initially came from the X chromosome anomaly population data showing an excess of schizophrenia in Klinefelter's (XXY) males and triple X (XXX) females. Crow and colleagues later expanded the X chromosome hypothesis to include the possibility of a locus on the Y chromosome and, specifically, genes on X that escaped inactivation and are X-Y homologous loci. Some new information about possible risk loci on these chromosomes has come from the current large genetic consortia genome-wide association studies, suggesting that perhaps this hypothesis needs to be revisited for some schizophrenias. The following commentary reviews the early and more recent literature supporting or refuting this dormant hypothesis and emphasizes the possible candidate genes still of interest that could be explored in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K Bache
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard South Shore Residency Program, Brockton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lynn E DeLisi
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Keller MC. Evolutionary Perspectives on Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for Psychiatric Disorders. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2018; 14:471-493. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Keller
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and the Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Svane KC, Asis EK, Omelchenko A, Kunnath AJ, Brzustowicz LM, Silverstein SM, Firestein BL. d-Serine administration affects nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein and DISC1 expression in sex-specific manner. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 89:20-32. [PMID: 29601869 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antipsychotic medications are inefficient at treating symptoms of schizophrenia (SCZ), and N-methyl d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) agonists are potential therapeutic alternatives. As such, these agonists may act on different pathways and proteins altered in the brains of patients with SCZ than do antipsychotic medications. Here, we investigate the effects of administration of the antipsychotic haloperidol and NMDAR agonist d-serine on function and expression of three proteins that play significant roles in SCZ: nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein (NOS1AP), dopamine D2 (D2) receptor, and disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1). We administered haloperidol or d-serine to male and female Sprague Dawley rats via intraperitoneal injection for 12 days and subsequently examined cortical expression of NOS1AP, D2 receptor, and DISC1. We found sex-specific effects of haloperidol and d-serine treatment on the expression of these proteins. Haloperidol significantly reduced expression of D2 receptor in male, but not female, rats. Conversely, d-serine reduced expression of NOS1AP in male rats and did not affect D2 receptor expression. d-serine treatment also reduced expression of DISC1 in male rats and increased DISC1 expression in female rats. As NOS1AP is overexpressed in the cortex of patients with SCZ and negatively regulates NMDAR signaling, we subsequently examined whether treatment with antipsychotics or NMDAR agonists can reverse the detrimental effects of NOS1AP overexpression in vitro as previously reported by our group. NOS1AP overexpression promotes reduced dendrite branching in vitro, and as such, we treated cortical neurons overexpressing NOS1AP with different antipsychotics (haloperidol, clozapine, fluphenazine) or d-serine for 24 h and determined the effects of these drugs on NOS1AP expression and dendrite branching. While antipsychotics did not affect NOS1AP protein expression or dendrite branching in vitro, d-serine reduced NOS1AP expression and rescued NOS1AP-mediated reductions in dendrite branching. Taken together, our data suggest that d-serine influences the function and expression of NOS1AP, D2 receptor, and DISC1 in a sex-specific manner and reverses the effects of NOS1AP overexpression on dendrite morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten C Svane
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ericka-Kate Asis
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Anton Omelchenko
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ansley J Kunnath
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Linda M Brzustowicz
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Steven M Silverstein
- Division of Schizophrenia Research, Rutgers University Behavioral Health Care, 671 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Bonnie L Firestein
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Costas J. The highly pleiotropic gene SLC39A8 as an opportunity to gain insight into the molecular pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:274-283. [PMID: 28557351 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a long way from the initial discovery of a genome-wide significant signal to mechanistic understanding of the association. Identification of the gene and causal polymorphism usually requires an extensive additional effort. The schizophrenia genome-wide significant locus at 4q24 may be a rare exception to this pattern. As discussed in this review, the association at this locus is most probably driven by a functional missense variant at the metal cations transporter SLC39A8. The variant, rs13107325, is almost exclusive of European populations and is one of the most pleiotropic variants of the genome, being associated at genome-wide significant level with several additional traits, such as body mass index, Crohn's disease, blood pressure related-traits, and serum levels of manganese, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and HDL-cholesterol. SLC39A8 seems to be subject to recent natural selection in Europeans. It is almost ubiquitously expressed and its physiological role is beginning to be elucidated, mainly in relation to immunity. This manuscript presents arguments in favor of the rs13107325 variant as the functional variant responsible for the association of this locus with schizophrenia, reviews the genetic associations with this gene, the evidences of natural selection on the gene, and the known aspects about its structure and physiological functions. Finally, some hypotheses about putative mechanisms for its association with schizophrenia are presented based on this knowledge, including impaired immunity/inflammation, interference with glutamatergic neurotransmission, homeostasis of essential metals in brain, such as iron, zinc or manganese, or neurotoxicity by heavy metals, such as cadmium or lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Costas
- Grupo de Xenética Psiquiátrica, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Viscardi LH, Paixão-Côrtes VR, Comas D, Salzano FM, Rovaris D, Bau CD, Amorim CEG, Bortolini MC. Searching for ancient balanced polymorphisms shared between Neanderthals and Modern Humans. Genet Mol Biol 2018; 41:67-81. [PMID: 29658973 PMCID: PMC5901502 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2017-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hominin evolution is characterized by adaptive solutions often rooted in behavioral and cognitive changes. If balancing selection had an important and long-lasting impact on the evolution of these traits, it can be hypothesized that genes associated with them should carry an excess of shared polymorphisms (trans- SNPs) across recent Homo species. In this study, we investigate the role of balancing selection in human evolution using available exomes from modern (Homo sapiens) and archaic humans (H. neanderthalensis and Denisovan) for an excess of trans-SNP in two gene sets: one associated with the immune system (IMMS) and another one with behavioral system (BEHS). We identified a significant excess of trans-SNPs in IMMS (N=547), of which six of these located within genes previously associated with schizophrenia. No excess of trans-SNPs was found in BEHS, but five genes in this system harbor potential signals for balancing selection and are associated with psychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders. Our approach evidenced recent Homo trans-SNPs that have been previously implicated in psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, suggesting that a genetic repertoire common to the immune and behavioral systems could have been maintained by balancing selection starting before the split between archaic and modern humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Henriques Viscardi
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - David Comas
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de LaSalut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Mauro Salzano
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Rovaris
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Claiton Dotto Bau
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo G. Amorim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, U.S.A
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, U.S.A
| | - Maria Cátira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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McGregor NW, Hemmings SMJ, Erdman L, Calmarza-Font I, Stein DJ, Lochner C. Modification of the association between early adversity and obsessive-compulsive disorder by polymorphisms in the MAOA, MAOB and COMT genes. Psychiatry Res 2016; 246:527-532. [PMID: 27821364 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The monoamine oxidases (MAOA/B) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) enzymes break down regulatory components within serotonin and dopamine pathways, and polymorphisms within these genes are candidates for OCD susceptibility. Childhood trauma has been linked OCD psychopathology, but little attention has been paid to the interactions between genes and environment in OCD aetiology. This pilot study investigated gene-by-environment interactions between childhood trauma and polymorphisms in the MAOA, MAOB and COMT genes in OCD. Ten polymorphisms (MAOA: 3 variants, MAOB: 4 variants, COMT: 3 variants) were genotyped in a cohort of OCD patients and controls. Early-life trauma was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Gene-by-gene (GxG) and gene-by-environment interactions (GxE) of the variants and childhood trauma were assessed using logistic regression models. Significant GxG interactions were found between rs362204 (COMT) and two independent polymorphisms in the MAOB gene (rs1799836 and rs6651806). Haplotype associations for OCD susceptibility were found for MAOB. Investigation of GxE interactions indicated that the sexual abuse sub-category was significantly associated with all three genes in haplotype x environment interaction analyses. Preliminary findings indicate that polymorphisms within the MAOB and COMT genes interact resulting in risk for OCD. Childhood trauma interacts with haplotypes in COMT, MAOA and MAOB, increasing risk for OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W McGregor
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - S M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - L Erdman
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - I Calmarza-Font
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - D J Stein
- US/UCT MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C Lochner
- US/UCT MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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Taub DR, Page J. Molecular Signatures of Natural Selection for Polymorphic Genes of the Human Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Systems: A Review. Front Psychol 2016; 7:857. [PMID: 27375535 PMCID: PMC4896960 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of research has examined the behavioral and mental health consequences of polymorphisms in genes of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. Along with this, there has been considerable interest in the possibility that these polymorphisms have developed and/or been maintained due to the action of natural selection. Episodes of natural selection on a gene are expected to leave molecular “footprints” in the DNA sequences of the gene and adjacent genomic regions. Here we review the research literature investigating molecular signals of selection for genes of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. The gene SLC6A4, which codes for a serotonin transport protein, was the one gene for which there was consistent support from multiple studies for a selective episode. Positive selection on SLC6A4 appears to have been initiated ∼ 20–25,000 years ago in east Asia and possibly in Europe. There are scattered reports of molecular signals of selection for other neurotransmitter genes, but these have generally failed at replication across studies. In spite of speculation in the literature about selection on these genes, current evidence from population genomic analyses supports selectively neutral processes, such as genetic drift and population dynamics, as the principal drivers of recent evolution in dopaminergic and serotonergic genes other than SLC6A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Taub
- Department of Biology, Southwestern University, Georgetown TX, USA
| | - Joshua Page
- Department of Biology, Southwestern University, GeorgetownTX, USA; School of Medicine, Washington University, St LouisMO, USA
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González-Peñas J, Arrojo M, Paz E, Brenlla J, Páramo M, Costas J. Cumulative role of rare and common putative functional genetic variants at NPAS3 in schizophrenia susceptibility. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168:528-35. [PMID: 25982957 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia may be considered a human-specific disorder arisen as a maladaptive by-product of human-specific brain evolution. Therefore, genetic variants involved in susceptibility to schizophrenia may be identified among those genes related to acquisition of human-specific traits. NPAS3, a transcription factor involved in central nervous system development and neurogenesis, seems to be implicated in the evolution of human brain, as it is the human gene with most human-specific accelerated elements (HAEs), i.e., .mammalian conserved regulatory sequences with accelerated evolution in the lineage leading to humans after human-chimpanzee split. We hypothesize that any nucleotide variant at the NPAS3 HAEs may lead to altered susceptibility to schizophrenia. Twenty-one variants at these HAEs detected by the 1000 genomes Project, as well as five additional variants taken from psychiatric genome-wide association studies, were genotyped in 538 schizophrenic patients and 539 controls from Galicia. Analyses at the haplotype level or based on the cumulative role of the variants assuming different susceptibility models did not find any significant association in spite of enough power under several plausible scenarios regarding direction of effect and the specific role of rare and common variants. These results suggest that, contrary to our hypothesis, the special evolution of the NPAS3 HAEs in Homo relaxed the strong constraint on sequence that characterized these regions during mammalian evolution, allowing some sequence changes without any effect on schizophrenia risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier González-Peñas
- Instituto de investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Arrojo
- Instituto de investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Servizo de Psiquiatría, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eduardo Paz
- Instituto de investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Servizo de Psiquiatría, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Julio Brenlla
- Instituto de investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Servizo de Psiquiatría, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mario Páramo
- Instituto de investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Servizo de Psiquiatría, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Javier Costas
- Instituto de investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Andreou D, Söderman E, Axelsson T, Sedvall GC, Terenius L, Agartz I, Jönsson EG. Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolite concentrations as intermediate phenotypes between glutamate-related genes and psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:497-504. [PMID: 26142836 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate-related genes have been associated with schizophrenia, but the results have been ambiguous and difficult to replicate. Homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) are the major degradation products of the monoamines dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline, respectively, and their concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), mainly HVA, have been associated with schizophrenia. In the present study, we hypothesized that CSF HVA, 5-HIAA and MHPG concentrations represent intermediate phenotypes in the association between glutamate-related genes and psychosis. To test this hypothesis, we searched for association between 238 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ten genes shown to be directly or indirectly implicated in glutamate transmission and CSF HVA, 5-HIAA and MHPG concentrations in 74 patients with psychotic disease. Thirty-eight nominally significant associations were found. Further analyses in 111 healthy controls showed that 87% of the nominal associations were restricted to the patients with psychosis. Some of the psychosis-only-associated SNPs found in the d-amino acid oxidase activator (DAOA) and the kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) genes have previously been reported to be associated with schizophrenia. The present results suggest that CSF monoamine metabolite concentrations may represent intermediate phenotypes in the association between glutamate-related genes and psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Andreou
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Erik Söderman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Axelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran C Sedvall
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Terenius
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Andreou D, Söderman E, Axelsson T, Sedvall GC, Terenius L, Agartz I, Jönsson EG. Polymorphisms in genes implicated in dopamine, serotonin and noradrenalin metabolism suggest association with cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolite concentrations in psychosis. Behav Brain Funct 2014; 10:26. [PMID: 25073638 PMCID: PMC4123495 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-10-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) are the major monoamine metabolites in the central nervous system (CNS). Their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations, reflecting the monoamine turnover rates in CNS, are partially under genetic influence and have been associated with schizophrenia. We have hypothesized that CSF monoamine metabolite concentrations represent intermediate steps between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes implicated in monoaminergic pathways and psychosis. METHODS We have searched for association between 119 SNPs in genes implicated in monoaminergic pathways [tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), TPH2, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), DOPA decarboxylase (DDC), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and MAOB] and monoamine metabolite concentrations in CSF in 74 patients with psychotic disorder. RESULTS There were 42 nominally significant associations between SNPs and CSF monoamine metabolite concentrations, which exceeded the expected number (20) of nominal associations given the total number of tests performed. The strongest association (p = 0.0004) was found between MAOB rs5905512, a SNP previously reported to be associated with schizophrenia in men, and MHPG concentrations in men with psychotic disorder. Further analyses in 111 healthy individuals revealed that 41 of the 42 nominal associations were restricted to patients with psychosis and were absent in healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that altered monoamine turnover rates in CNS reflect intermediate steps in the associations between SNPs and psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Andreou
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, R5:00, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Zhang W, Tang J, Zhang AM, Peng MS, Xie HB, Tan L, Xu L, Zhang YP, Chen X, Yao YG. A Matrilineal Genetic Legacy from the Last Glacial Maximum Confers Susceptibility to Schizophrenia in Han Chinese. J Genet Genomics 2014; 41:397-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Godar SC, Bortolato M. Gene-sex interactions in schizophrenia: focus on dopamine neurotransmission. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:71. [PMID: 24639636 PMCID: PMC3944784 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder, with a highly complex and heterogenous clinical presentation. Our current perspectives posit that the pathogenic mechanisms of this illness lie in complex arrays of gene × environment interactions. Furthermore, several findings indicate that males have a higher susceptibility for schizophrenia, with earlier age of onset and overall poorer clinical prognosis. Based on these premises, several authors have recently begun exploring the possibility that the greater schizophrenia vulnerability in males may reflect specific gene × sex (G×S) interactions. Our knowledge on such G×S interactions in schizophrenia is still rudimentary; nevertheless, the bulk of preclinical evidence suggests that the molecular mechanisms for such interactions are likely contributed by the neurobiological effects of sex steroids on dopamine (DA) neurotransmission. Accordingly, several recent studies suggest a gender-specific association of certain DAergic genes with schizophrenia. These G×S interactions have been particularly documented for catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO), the main enzymes catalyzing DA metabolism. In the present review, we will outline the current evidence on the interactions of DA-related genes and sex-related factors, and discuss the potential molecular substrates that may mediate their cooperative actions in schizophrenia pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Godar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas Lawrence, KS, USA ; Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse, University of Kansas Lawrence, KS, USA
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Goldstein JM, Cherkerzian S, Tsuang MT, Petryshen TL. Sex differences in the genetic risk for schizophrenia: history of the evidence for sex-specific and sex-dependent effects. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:698-710. [PMID: 24132902 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although there is a long history to examinations of sex differences in the familial (and specifically, genetic) transmission of schizophrenia, there have been few investigators who have systematically and rigorously studied this issue. This is true even in light of population and clinical studies identifying significant sex differences in incidence, expression, neuroanatomic and functional brain abnormalities, and course of schizophrenia. This review highlights the history of work in this arena from studies of family transmission patterns, linkage and twin studies to the current molecular genetic strategies of large genome-wide association studies. Taken as a whole, the evidence supports the presence of genetic risks of which some are sex-specific (i.e., presence in one sex and not the other) or sex-dependent (i.e., quantitative differences in risk between the sexes). Thus, a concerted effort to systematically investigate these questions is warranted and, as we argue here, necessary in order to fully understand the etiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Goldstein
- Brigham & Women's Hospital Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Division of Women's Health, Connors Center for Women's Health & Gender Biology, Boston, Massachusetts; Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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19
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Choi KH, Le T, McGuire J, Coyner J, Higgs BW, Diglisic S, Johnson LR, Benedek DM, Ursano RJ. Expression profiles of mitochondrial genes in the frontal cortex and the caudate nucleus of developing humans and mice selectively bred for high and low fear. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49183. [PMID: 23152871 PMCID: PMC3496717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that mitochondrial function may be important in brain development and psychiatric disorders. However, detailed expression profiles of those genes in human brain development and fear-related behavior remain unclear. Using microarray data available from the public domain and the Gene Ontology analysis, we identified the genes and the functional categories associated with chronological age in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the caudate nucleus (CN) of psychiatrically normal humans ranging in age from birth to 50 years. Among those, we found that a substantial number of genes in the PFC (115) and the CN (117) are associated with the GO term: mitochondrion (FDR qv <0.05). A greater number of the genes in the PFC (91%) than the genes in the CN (62%) showed a linear increase in expression during postnatal development. Using quantitative PCR, we validated the developmental expression pattern of four genes including monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), NADH dehydrogenase flavoprotein (NDUFV1), mitochondrial uncoupling protein 5 (SLC25A14) and tubulin beta-3 chain (TUBB3). In mice, overall developmental expression pattern of MAOB, SLC25A14 and TUBB3 in the PFC were comparable to the pattern observed in humans (p<0.05). However, mice selectively bred for high fear did not exhibit normal developmental changes of MAOB and TUBB3. These findings suggest that the genes associated with mitochondrial function in the PFC play a significant role in brain development and fear-related behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang H Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
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Camarena B, Fresán A, Aguilar A, Escamilla R, Saracco R, Palacios J, Tovilla A, Nicolini H. Monoamine oxidase a and B gene polymorphisms and negative and positive symptoms in schizophrenia. ISRN PSYCHIATRY 2012; 2012:852949. [PMID: 23738213 PMCID: PMC3658801 DOI: 10.5402/2012/852949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Given that schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder, the analysis of clinical characteristics could help to identify homogeneous phenotypes that may be of relevance in genetic studies. Linkage and association studies have suggested that a locus predisposing to schizophrenia may reside within Xp11. We analyzed uVNTR and rs1137070, polymorphisms from MAOA and rs1799836 of MAOB genes to perform single SNP case-control association study in a sample of 344 schizophrenia patients and 124 control subjects. Single polymorphism analysis of uVNTR, rs1137070 and rs1799836 SNPs did not show statistical differences between cases and controls. Multivariate ANOVA analysis of clinical characteristics showed statistical differences between MAOB/rs1799836 and affective flattening scores (F = 4.852, P = 0.009), and significant association between MAOA/uVNTR and affective flattening in female schizophrenia patients (F = 4.236, P = 0.016) after Bonferroni's correction. Our preliminary findings could suggest that severity of affective flattening may be associated by modifier variants of MAOA and MAOB genes in female Mexican patients with schizophrenia. However, further large-scale studies using quantitative symptom-based phenotypes and several candidate variants should be analyzed to obtain a final conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Camarena
- Posgrado de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, 03100 México, DF, Mexico ; Departmento de Genética Psiquiátrica, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, 14370 México, DF, Mexico
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Wei YL, Li CX, Li SB, Liu Y, Hu L. Association study of monoamine oxidase A/B genes and schizophrenia in Han Chinese. Behav Brain Funct 2011; 7:42. [PMID: 21978760 PMCID: PMC3201892 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-7-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) catalyze the metabolism of dopaminergic neurotransmitters. Polymorphisms of isoforms MAOA and MAOB have been implicated in the etiology of mental disorders such as schizophrenia. Association studies detected these polymorphisms in several populations, however the data have not been conclusive to date. Here, we investigated the association of MAOA and MAOB polymorphisms with schizophrenia in a Han Chinese population. Methods Two functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs6323 of MAOA and rs1799836 of MAOB, were selected for association analysis in 537 unrelated schizophrenia patients and 536 healthy controls. Single-locus and Haplotype associations were calculated. Results No differences were found in the allelic distribution of rs6323. The G allele of rs1799836 was identified as a risk factor in the development of schizophrenia (P = 0.00001). The risk haplotype rs6323T-rs1799836G was associated with schizophrenia in female patients (P = 0.0002), but the frequency difference was not significant among male groups. Conclusions Our results suggest that MAOB is a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia. In contrast, no significant associations were observed for the MAOA functional polymorphism with schizophrenia in Han Chinese. These data support further investigation of the role of MAO genes in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Liang Wei
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University/Key Laboratory of Ministry of Public Health for Forensic Science, Xi'an 710061, PR China
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Zhang F, Fan H, Xu Y, Zhang K, Huang X, Zhu Y, Sui M, Sun G, Feng K, Xu B, Zhang X, Su Z, Peng C, Liu P. Converging evidence implicates the dopamine D3 receptor gene in vulnerability to schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2011; 156B:613-9. [PMID: 21595009 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D3 receptor has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ). A glycine-to-serine polymorphism at codon 9 of the dopamine D3 receptor gene (DRD3), rs6280, has been widely studied for its association with SZ, but with conflicting results. Altered levels of DRD3 mRNA have also been reported in SZ compared with normal controls. Moreover, it has been suggested that DRD3 is subject to recent positive selection in European populations. To explore the potential role of DRD3 in SZ from these various aspects, we conducted a threefold study. First, we tested the genetic association of rs6280 with SZ in 685 SZ patients and 768 normal controls. Second, we examined DRD3 mRNA levels in peripheral leukocytes in a subset of 37 patients and 37 controls. Finally, we investigated the possible recent positive selection on DRD3 in an East Asian population. Consequently, we observed that the genotypic distribution of rs6280 was nominally associated with SZ (P = 0.045), with the ancestral CC genotype being significantly over-represented in SZ patients. DRD3 mRNA levels were significantly lower in patients than in controls (P = 5.91E-5). The derived C-allele of rs6280 might have been subject to recent positive selection (P < 0.001) in the East Asian population. Taken together, our results suggest that DRD3, a gene possibly under natural selection, might be involved in vulnerability to SZ in the Han Chinese population. These findings may further add to the body of data implicating DRD3 as a schizophrenia risk gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuquan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tsinghua University Yuquan Hospital, Beijing, China
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Goldstein JM, Cherkerzian S, Seidman LJ, Petryshen TL, Fitzmaurice G, Tsuang MT, Buka SL. Sex-specific rates of transmission of psychosis in the New England high-risk family study. Schizophr Res 2011; 128:150-5. [PMID: 21334180 PMCID: PMC3085650 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent molecular genetic studies have demonstrated X-chromosome abnormalities in the transmission of psychosis, a finding that may contribute to understanding sex differences in the disorder. Using our family high risk paradigm, we tested the hypothesis that there are sex-specific patterns of transmission of psychosis and whether there is specificity comparing nonaffective- with affective-type psychoses. We identified 159 parents with psychoses (schizophrenia psychosis spectrum disorders (SPS, n=59) and affective (AP, n=100)) and 114 comparable, healthy control parents. 203 high risk (HR) and 147 control offspring were diagnostically assessed (185 females; 165 males). We compared the proportion of male:female offspring with psychoses by affected parent sex and the consistency for SPS compared to AP parents, and tested (using exact logistic regression) whether the male:female ratio for affected offspring differed significantly between affected mothers and affected fathers. Risk of psychosis in offspring was a function of the sex of the parent and offspring. Among ill mothers, 18.8% of their male offspring developed psychosis compared with 9.5% of their daughters. In contrast, among ill fathers, 3.1% of their male offspring developed psychosis compared with 15.2% of their daughters. The male:female ratio for affected offspring differed significantly (p < 0.05) between affected mothers and fathers. Similar patterns held for SPS and AP. Results demonstrated sex-specific transmission of psychosis regardless of psychosis-type and suggest X-linked inheritance. This has important implications for molecular genetic studies of psychoses underscoring the impact of one's gender on gene-brain-behavior phenotypes of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Goldstein
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Division of Women's Health, Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology, Boston, MA 02120, USA.
| | - Sara Cherkerzian
- Brigham & Women’s Hospital Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Division of Women’s Health, Connors Center for Women’s Health & Gender Biology, Boston, MA, USA,Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Larry J Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Public Psychiatry, Massachusetts Mental Health Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tracey L Petryshen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Garrett Fitzmaurice
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Ming T Tsuang
- Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Public Psychiatry, Massachusetts Mental Health Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,University of California at San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavior Genomics, San Diego, CA, USA,Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, Harvard School of Public Heath, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen L Buka
- Brown University, Department of Community Health, Providence, RI, USA
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Costas J, Sanjuán J, Ramos-Ríos R, Paz E, Agra S, Ivorra JL, Páramo M, Brenlla J, Arrojo M. Heterozygosity at catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met and schizophrenia: new data and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45:7-14. [PMID: 20488458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) has been largely studied in relation to schizophrenia susceptibility. Most studies focused on the functional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs4680 that causes a substitution of Val by Met at codon 158 of the COMT protein. Recent meta-analyses do not support an association between allelic variants at rs4680 and schizophrenia. However, the putative role of overdominance has not been tested in meta-analyses, despite its biological plausibility. In this work, we tested the overdominant model in two Spanish samples (from Valencia and Santiago de Compostela), representing a total of 762 schizophrenic patients and 1042 controls, and performed a meta-analysis of the available studies under this model. A total of 51 studies comprising 13,894 schizophrenic patients and 16,087 controls were included in the meta-analysis, that revealed a small but significant protective effect for heterozygosity at rs4680 (pooled OR=0.947, P=0.023). Post-hoc analysis on southwestern European samples suggested a stronger effect in these populations (pooled OR=0.813, P=0.0009). Thus, the COMT functional polymorphism rs4680 contributes to schizophrenia genetic susceptibility under an overdominant model, indicating that both too high and too low levels of dopamine (DA) signalling may be risk factors. This effect can be modulated by genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Costas
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica-SERGAS, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Edif. Consultas Planta 2, E-15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Carrera N, Arrojo M, Paz E, Ramos-Ríos R, Agra S, Páramo M, Brenlla J, Costas J. Testing the antagonistic pleiotropy model of schizophrenia susceptibility by analysis of DAOA, PPP1R1B, and APOL1 genes. Psychiatry Res 2010; 179:126-9. [PMID: 20483474 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a common disease associated with reduced fertility. Therefore, the existence of common susceptibility alleles not removed by natural selection may be considered an evolutionary paradox. The antagonistic pleiotropy model, proposed to explain this paradox, states that an allele may be common because of its overall selective advantage, in spite of deleterious effects on specific traits. Recent work on DAOA, PPP1R1B, and APOL1 suggests that these genes present common alleles associated to increase risk of schizophrenia but conferring an overall selective advantage, related to better cognitive performance (DAOA and PPP1R1B) or protection against pathogens (APOL1). To test if these genes fit the antagonistic pleiotropy model, we searched for recent natural selection at these loci applying the long-range haplotype test on data from the HapMap Project; and performed case-control association analysis in a well-powered sample, including 301 schizophrenic patients and 604 controls from Spain. For DAOA and PPP1R1B, we genotyped the Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) needed to replicate previous associations, while for APOL1, we genotyped 15 tagSNPs, and seven putative functional SNPs. We did not detect evidence of recent natural selection. Furthermore, we did not find significant associations. Thus, these genes do not fit the antagonistic pleiotropy model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Carrera
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Tolosa A, Sanjuán J, Dagnall AM, Moltó MD, Herrero N, de Frutos R. FOXP2 gene and language impairment in schizophrenia: association and epigenetic studies. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 11:114. [PMID: 20649982 PMCID: PMC2918571 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-11-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is considered a language related human specific disease. Previous studies have reported evidence of positive selection for schizophrenia-associated genes specific to the human lineage. FOXP2 shows two important features as a convincing candidate gene for schizophrenia vulnerability: FOXP2 is the first gene related to a language disorder, and it has been subject to positive selection in the human lineage. METHODS Twenty-seven SNPs of FOXP2 were genotyped in a cohort of 293 patients with schizophrenia and 340 controls. We analyzed in particular the association with the poverty of speech and the intensity of auditory hallucinations. Potential expansion of three trinucleotide repeats of FOXP2 was also screened in a subsample. Methylation analysis of a CpG island, located in the first exon of the gene, was performed in post-mortem brain samples, as well as qRT-PCR analysis. RESULTS A significant association was found between the SNP rs2253478 and the item Poverty of speech of the Manchester scale (p = 0.038 after Bonferroni correction). In patients, we detected higher degree of methylation in the left parahippocampus gyrus than in the right one. CONCLUSIONS FOXP2 might be involved in the language disorder in patients with schizophrenia. Epigenetic factors might be also implicated in the developing of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Tolosa
- Department of Genetics, Faculty in Biology, University of Valencia, C/Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Torri F, Akelai A, Lupoli S, Sironi M, Amann-Zalcenstein D, Fumagalli M, Dal Fiume C, Ben-Asher E, Kanyas K, Cagliani R, Cozzi P, Trombetti G, Strik Lievers L, Salvi E, Orro A, Beckmann JS, Lancet D, Kohn Y, Milanesi L, Ebstein RB, Lerer B, Macciardi F. Fine mapping of AHI1 as a schizophrenia susceptibility gene: from association to evolutionary evidence. FASEB J 2010; 24:3066-82. [PMID: 20371615 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-152611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, we identified a locus for schizophrenia on 6q23.3 and proposed the Abelson helper integration site 1 (AHI1) as the candidate gene. AHI1 is expressed in the brain and plays a key role in neurodevelopment, is involved in Joubert syndrome, and has been recently associated with autism. The neurodevelopmental role of AHI1 fits with etiological hypotheses of schizophrenia. To definitively confirm our hypothesis, we searched for associations using a dense map of the region. Our strongest findings lay within the AHI1 gene: single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs11154801 and rs7759971 showed significant associations (P=6.23E-06; P=0.84E-06) and haplotypes gave P values in the 10E-8 to 10E-10 range. The second highest significant region maps close to AHI1 and includes the intergenic region between BC040979 and PDE7B (rs2038549 at P=9.70E-06 and rs1475069 at P=6.97E-06), and PDE7B and MAP7. Using a sample of Palestinian Arab families to confirm these findings, we found isolated signals. While these results did not retain their significance after correction for multiple testing, the joint analysis across the 2 samples supports the role of AHI1, despite the presence of heterogeneity. Given the hypothesis of positive selection of schizophrenia genes, we resequenced a 11 kb region within AHI1 in ethnically defined populations and found evidence for a selective sweep. Network analysis indicates 2 haplotype clades, with schizophrenia-susceptibility haplotypes clustering within the major clade. In conclusion, our data support the role of AHI1 as a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia and confirm it has been subjected to positive selection, also shedding light on new possible candidate genes, MAP7 and PDE7B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Torri
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, University of Milan-Fondazione Filarete, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Oruch R, Lund A, Pryme IF, Holmsen H. An intercalation mechanism as a mode of action exerted by psychotropic drugs: results of altered phospholipid substrate availabilities in membranes? J Chem Biol 2010; 3:67-88. [PMID: 21270935 PMCID: PMC2852515 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-009-0034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients respond differently to psychotropic drugs, and this is currently a controversial theme among psychiatrists. The effects of 16 psychotropics on cell membrane parameters have been reported. These drugs belong to three major groups used in therapeutic psychiatry: antipsychotics, antidepressants, and anxiolytic/hypnotics. Human platelets, lacking dopamine (D(2)) receptors (proposed targets of most psychotropics), have been used as a cell model. Here we discuss the effects of these drugs on three metabolic phenomena and also results from Langmuir experiments. Diazepam, in contrast to the remaining drugs, had negligible effects on metabolic phenomena and had no effects in Langmuir experiments. Psychotropic drugs may work through intercalation in membrane phospholipids. It is possible that the fluidity of membranes, rich in essential fatty acids, the content being influenced by diet, could be a contributing factor to the action of psychotropics. This might in turn explain the observed major differences in therapeutic response among patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadhan Oruch
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders Lund
- MoodNet, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ian F. Pryme
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Holm Holmsen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
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Bergen SE, Fanous AH, Walsh D, O’Neill FA, Kendler KS. Polymorphisms in SLC6A4, PAH, GABRB3, and MAOB and modification of psychotic disorder features. Schizophr Res 2009; 109:94-7. [PMID: 19268543 PMCID: PMC2682723 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We tested four genes [phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), and the gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor beta-3 subunit (GABRB3)] for their impact on five schizophrenia symptom factors: delusions, hallucinations, mania, depression, and negative symptoms. In a 90 family subset of the Irish Study of High Density Schizophrenia Families, the PAH 232 bp microsatellite allele demonstrated significant association with the delusions factor using both QTDT (F=8.0, p=.031) and QPDTPHASE (chi-square=12.54, p=.028). Also, a significant association between the GABRB3 191 bp allele and the hallucinations factor was detected using QPDTPHASE (chi-square=15.51, p=.030), but not QTDT (chi-square=2.07, p=.560).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Bergen
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Richmond, Virginia, USA,Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ayman H. Fanous
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychiatry, Richmond, Virginia, USA,Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA,Georgetown University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington, DC, USA,Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Dermot Walsh
- Health Research Board and St. Loman’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Richmond, Virginia, USA,Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychiatry, Richmond, Virginia, USA,Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Costas J, Carrera N, Domínguez E, Vilella E, Martorell L, Valero J, Gutiérrez-Zotes A, Labad A, Carracedo Á. A common haplotype of DRD3 affected by recent positive selection is associated with protection from schizophrenia. Hum Genet 2008; 124:607-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-008-0584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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