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Sun Y, Meng S, Li J, Shi J, Lu L. Advances in genetic studies of substance abuse in China. SHANGHAI ARCHIVES OF PSYCHIATRY 2014; 25:199-211. [PMID: 24991158 PMCID: PMC4054556 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Summary The importance of genetic factors in substance addiction has long been established. The rationale for this work is that understanding of the function of addiction genes and delineation of the key molecular pathways of these genes would enhance the development of novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers that could be used in the prevention and management of substance abuse. Over the past few years, there has been a substantial increase in the number of genetic studies conducted on addiction in China; these studies have primarily focused on heroin, alcohol, and nicotine dependence. Most studies of candidate genes have concentrated on the dopamine, opioid, and serotonin systems. A number of genes associated with substance abuse in Caucasians are also risk factors in Chinese, but several novel genes and genetic risk factors associated with substance abuse in Chinese subjects have also been identified. This paper reviews the genetic studies of substance abuse performed by Chinese researchers. Genotypes and alleles related to addictive behavior in Chinese individuals are discussed and the contributions of Chinese researchers to the international corpus of knowledge about the genetic understanding of substance abuse are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiqiu Meng
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Li
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Shi
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Xu Y, Guo WJ, Wang Q, Lanzi G, Luobu O, Ma XH, Wang YC, Zhen P, Deng W, Liu X, Zhuoma B, Liu XH, Li T, Hu X. Polymorphisms of genes in neurotransmitter systems were associated with alcohol use disorders in a Tibetan population. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80206. [PMID: 24312204 PMCID: PMC3842251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of linkage and association in various ethnic populations have revealed many predisposing genes of multiple neurotransmitter systems for alcohol use disorders (AUD). However, evidence often is contradictory regarding the contribution of most candidate genes to the susceptibility of AUD. We, therefore, performed a case-control study to investigate the possible associations of genes selected from multiple neurotransmitter systems with AUD in a homogeneous Tibetan community population in China. AUD cases (N = 281) with an alcohol use disorder identification test (AUDIT) score ≥10, as well as healthy controls (N = 277) with an AUDIT score ≤5, were recruited. All participants were genotyped for 366 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 34 genes selected from those involved in neurotransmitter systems. Association analyses were performed using PLINK version 1.07 software. Allelic analyses before adjustment for multiple tests showed that 15 polymorphisms within seven genes were associated with AUD (p<0.05). After adjustment for the number of SNPs genotyped within each gene, only the association of a single marker (rs10044881) in HTR4 remained statistically significant. Haplotype analysis for two SNPs in HTR4 (rs17777298 and rs10044881) showed that the haplotype AG was significantly associated with the protective effect for AUD. In conclusion, the present study discovered that the HTR4 gene may play a marked role in the pathogenesis of AUD. In addition, this Tibetan population sample marginally replicated previous evidence regarding the associations of six genes in AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Biorepository, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wan-jun Guo
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gongga Lanzi
- Tibet University Medical College, Lasha, Tibet, China
| | - Ouzhu Luobu
- Tibet University Medical College, Lasha, Tibet, China
| | - Xiao-hong Ma
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying-cheng Wang
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Puo Zhen
- Tibet University Medical College, Lasha, Tibet, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Basang Zhuoma
- Tibet University Medical College, Lasha, Tibet, China
| | - Xie-he Liu
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Li
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (TL); (XH)
| | - Xun Hu
- Biorepository, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (TL); (XH)
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Li D, Zhao H, Gelernter J. Strong protective effect of the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (ALDH2) 504lys (*2) allele against alcoholism and alcohol-induced medical diseases in Asians. Hum Genet 2012; 131:725-37. [PMID: 22102315 PMCID: PMC3548401 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-1116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol is oxidized to acetaldehyde, which in turn is oxidized to acetate. The aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene (ALDH2) is the most important gene responsible for acetaldehyde metabolism. Individuals heterozygous or homozygous for the lys (A or *2) allele at the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) glu504lys (rs671) of ALDH2 have greatly reduced ability to metabolize acetaldehyde, which greatly decreases their risk for alcohol dependence (AD). Case-control studies have shown association between this SNP and alcohol dependence as well as alcohol-induced liver disease. However, some studies have produced insignificant results. Using cumulative data from the past 20 years predominately from Asian populations (from both English and Chinese publications), this meta-analysis sought to examine and update whether the aggregate data provide new evidence of statistical significance for the proposed association. Our results (9,678 cases and 7,331 controls from 53 studies) support a strong association of alcohol abuse and dependence, with allelic P value of 3 × 10(-56) and OR of 0.23 (0.2, 0.28) under the random effects model. The dominant model (lys-lys + lys-glu vs. glu-glu) also showed strong association with P value of 1 × 10(-44) and OR of 0.22 (0.18, 0.27). When stricter criteria and various sub-group analyses were applied, the association remained strong (for example, OR = 0.23 (0.18, 0.3) and P = 2 × 10(-28) for the alcoholic patients with alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis, or pancreatitis). These findings provide confirmation of the involvement of the human ALDH2 gene in the pathogenesis of AD as well as alcohol-induced medical illnesses in East-Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Li
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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Li D, Zhao H, Gelernter J. Strong association of the alcohol dehydrogenase 1B gene (ADH1B) with alcohol dependence and alcohol-induced medical diseases. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 70:504-12. [PMID: 21497796 PMCID: PMC3142297 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The alcohol dehydrogenase 1B gene (ADH1B) is hypothesized to affect predisposition to alcohol dependence (AD) and abuse. A variant of the ADH1B gene (rs1229984 or Arg48His; previously referred to as Arg [*1] and His [*1]) has been reported to be associated with reduced rates of alcohol and drug dependence. Different studies have produced inconclusive results regarding association between rs1229984 (or rs2066702) and substance dependence. METHODS Using the cumulative association study literature from the past 21 years from both English- and Chinese-language publications, this meta-analysis seeks to clarify the contradictory findings and to examine whether the aggregate data provide new evidence of significant association. RESULTS The results, based on a large sample size (9638 cases and 9517 controls), suggested strong associations with alcohol dependence and abuse as well as alcohol-induced liver diseases, with an allelic (Arg vs. His) p value being 1 × 10(-36) and odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence intervals [CI]) 2.06 (1.84-2.31) under the random effects model. The dominant and recessive models produced larger ORs of 2.17 and 3.05, respectively. When more stringent criteria and subgroup analyses were imposed, the associations remained consistent and were strongest in various Asian groups (allelic p = 7 × 10(-42) and OR (95% CI) = 2.24 [1.99-2.51] with ORs of 2.16 and 4.11 for dominant and recessive models, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide further strong evidence for the involvement of the ADH1B gene in the pathogenesis of alcohol dependence and abuse as well as for some alcohol-induced medical diseases in the multiple ethnic populations--in particular, certain Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Li
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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Guo WJ, Wang Q, Lanzi G, Luobu O, Ma XH, Wang YC, Zhen P, Wei G, Deng W, Zhuoma B, Shi XM, Liu XH, Wu YJ, Xu Y, Collier DA, Ball D, Hu X, Li T. Gender-specific interactions between alcohol metabolism genes and severity of quantitative alcohol-related-traits in a Tibetan population. Neurosci Lett 2011; 495:22-5. [PMID: 21402122 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Association between genes influencing alcohol metabolism and alcohol use disorders (AUD) has been extensively studied, but the effect of interactions between these genes and AUD have rarely been tested. Our previous case-control study in a Tibetan population noted that the positive association between c2 allele of cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) gene and AUD might only exist in males who are homozygotes for 1 alleles of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) and alcohol dehydrogenase-1B (ADH1B) genes, but this interaction did not reach statistical significance. Using the same set of data, the present study was aimed at exploring interactions between these genes and quantitative alcohol-related-trait scores (QARTs), and whether these are influenced by gender. The sample included 383 AUD cases with the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) score ≥10 and 350 normal controls with the AUDIT score ≤5. QARTs were measured using three factors from AUDIT. Possible associations of QARTs with interactions among genotypes of ALDH2 1/ 2, ADH1B1/2 and CYP2E1 c1/c2 and sex were analyzed in AUD cases and normal controls separately. The subjects with 2 alleles of ALDH2 or/and ADH1B had significantly lower scores of alcohol intake among controls but had significantly higher scores of alcohol related problems among cases. The score of alcohol intake in male cases who are homozygous for ALDH2 1 and ADH1B 1 and with CYP2E1 c2 allele was significantly higher than that of other cases. These findings suggest that interactions between genes influencing alcohol metabolism are influenced by gender and might affect QARTs differently between the milder-/non-drinkers and AUD cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Jun Guo
- Mental Health Centre Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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