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Zhou F, Quan J, Ruan D, Qiu Y, Ding R, Xu C, Ye Y, Cai G, Liu L, Zhang Z, Yang J, Wu Z, Zheng E. Identification of Candidate Genes for Economically Important Carcass Cutting in Commercial Pigs through GWAS. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3243. [PMID: 37893967 PMCID: PMC10603759 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During the process of pork production, the carcasses of pigs are divided and sold, which provides better economic benefits and market competitiveness for pork production than selling the carcass as a whole. Due to the significant cost of post-slaughter phenotypic measurement, the genetic architecture of tenderloin weight (TLNW) and rib weight (RIBW)-important components of pig carcass economic value-remain unknown. In this study, we conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for TLNW and RIBW traits in a population of 431 Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire (DLY) pigs. In our study, the most significant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associated with TLNW was identified as ASGA0085853 (3.28 Mb) on Sus scrofa chromosome 12 (SSC12), while for RIBW, it was Affx-1115046258 (172.45 Mb) on SSC13. Through haplotype block analysis, we discovered a novel quantitative trait locus (QTL) associated with TLNW, spanning a 5 kb region on SSC12, and a novel RIBW-associated QTL spanning 1.42 Mb on SSC13. Furthermore, we hypothesized that three candidate genes, TIMP2 and EML1, and SMN1, are associated with TLNW and RIBW, respectively. Our research not only addresses the knowledge gap regarding TLNW, but also serves as a valuable reference for studying RIBW. The identified SNP loci strongly associated with TLNW and RIBW may prove useful for marker-assisted selection in pig breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchen Zhou
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (J.Q.); (D.R.); (Y.Q.); (R.D.); (C.X.); (Y.Y.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jianping Quan
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (J.Q.); (D.R.); (Y.Q.); (R.D.); (C.X.); (Y.Y.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Donglin Ruan
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (J.Q.); (D.R.); (Y.Q.); (R.D.); (C.X.); (Y.Y.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yibin Qiu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (J.Q.); (D.R.); (Y.Q.); (R.D.); (C.X.); (Y.Y.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Rongrong Ding
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (J.Q.); (D.R.); (Y.Q.); (R.D.); (C.X.); (Y.Y.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Cineng Xu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (J.Q.); (D.R.); (Y.Q.); (R.D.); (C.X.); (Y.Y.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yong Ye
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (J.Q.); (D.R.); (Y.Q.); (R.D.); (C.X.); (Y.Y.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Gengyuan Cai
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (J.Q.); (D.R.); (Y.Q.); (R.D.); (C.X.); (Y.Y.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Y.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Zhongxin Breeding Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Langqing Liu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (J.Q.); (D.R.); (Y.Q.); (R.D.); (C.X.); (Y.Y.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Zebin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (J.Q.); (D.R.); (Y.Q.); (R.D.); (C.X.); (Y.Y.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (J.Q.); (D.R.); (Y.Q.); (R.D.); (C.X.); (Y.Y.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Y.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (J.Q.); (D.R.); (Y.Q.); (R.D.); (C.X.); (Y.Y.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Y.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Zhongxin Breeding Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510642, China
- Yunfu Subcenter of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Yunfu 527400, China
| | - Enqin Zheng
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (J.Q.); (D.R.); (Y.Q.); (R.D.); (C.X.); (Y.Y.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Y.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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2
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Duy PQ, Rakic P, Alper SL, Robert SM, Kundishora AJ, Butler WE, Walsh CA, Sestan N, Geschwind DH, Jin SC, Kahle KT. A neural stem cell paradigm of pediatric hydrocephalus. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:4262-4279. [PMID: 36097331 PMCID: PMC10110448 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric hydrocephalus, the leading reason for brain surgery in children, is characterized by enlargement of the cerebral ventricles classically attributed to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) overaccumulation. Neurosurgical shunting to reduce CSF volume is the default treatment that intends to reinstate normal CSF homeostasis, yet neurodevelopmental disability often persists in hydrocephalic children despite optimal surgical management. Here, we discuss recent human genetic and animal model studies that are shifting the view of pediatric hydrocephalus from an impaired fluid plumbing model to a new paradigm of dysregulated neural stem cell (NSC) fate. NSCs are neuroprogenitor cells that comprise the germinal neuroepithelium lining the prenatal brain ventricles. We propose that heterogenous defects in the development of these cells converge to disrupt cerebrocortical morphogenesis, leading to abnormal brain-CSF biomechanical interactions that facilitate passive pooling of CSF and secondary ventricular distention. A significant subset of pediatric hydrocephalus may thus in fact be due to a developmental brain malformation leading to secondary enlargement of the ventricles rather than a primary defect of CSF circulation. If hydrocephalus is indeed a neuroradiographic presentation of an inborn brain defect, it suggests the need to focus on optimizing neurodevelopment, rather than CSF diversion, as the primary treatment strategy for these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phan Q Duy
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Pasko Rakic
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Seth L Alper
- Division of Nephrology and Vascular Biology Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Stephanie M Robert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Adam J Kundishora
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - William E Butler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Christopher A Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Department of Pediatrics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sheng Chih Jin
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Harvard Center for Hydrocephalus and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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3
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Duy PQ, Timberlake AT, Lifton RP, Kahle KT. Molecular genetics of human developmental neurocranial anomalies: towards "precision surgery". Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:2912-2918. [PMID: 35739418 PMCID: PMC10016031 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent trio-based whole-exome sequencing studies of congenital hydrocephalus and nonsyndromic craniosynostosis have identified multiple novel disease genes that have illuminated the pathogenesis of these disorders and shed new insight into the genetic regulation of human brain and skull development. Continued study of these and other historically understudied developmental anomalies has the potential to replace the current antiquated, anatomically based disease classification systems with a molecular nomenclature that may increase precision for genetic counseling, prognostication, and surgical treatment stratification-including when not to operate. Data will also inform future clinical trials, catalyze the development of targeted therapies, and generate infrastructure and publicly available data sets relevant for other related nonsurgical neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard P Lifton
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Corresponding author: Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Damianidou E, Mouratidou L, Kyrousi C. Research models of neurodevelopmental disorders: The right model in the right place. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1031075. [PMID: 36340790 PMCID: PMC9630472 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1031075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a heterogeneous group of impairments that affect the development of the central nervous system leading to abnormal brain function. NDDs affect a great percentage of the population worldwide, imposing a high societal and economic burden and thus, interest in this field has widely grown in recent years. Nevertheless, the complexity of human brain development and function as well as the limitations regarding human tissue usage make their modeling challenging. Animal models play a central role in the investigation of the implicated molecular and cellular mechanisms, however many of them display key differences regarding human phenotype and in many cases, they partially or completely fail to recapitulate them. Although in vitro two-dimensional (2D) human-specific models have been highly used to address some of these limitations, they lack crucial features such as complexity and heterogeneity. In this review, we will discuss the advantages, limitations and future applications of in vivo and in vitro models that are used today to model NDDs. Additionally, we will describe the recent development of 3-dimensional brain (3D) organoids which offer a promising approach as human-specific in vitro models to decipher these complex disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Damianidou
- University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis”, Athens, Greece
| | - Lidia Mouratidou
- University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis”, Athens, Greece
- First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Kyrousi
- University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis”, Athens, Greece
- First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- *Correspondence: Christina Kyrousi,
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5
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Primary Cilia Influence Progenitor Function during Cortical Development. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182895. [PMID: 36139475 PMCID: PMC9496791 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticogenesis is an intricate process controlled temporally and spatially by many intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Alterations during this important process can lead to severe cortical malformations. Apical neuronal progenitors are essential cells able to self-amplify and also generate basal progenitors and/or neurons. Apical radial glia (aRG) are neuronal progenitors with a unique morphology. They have a long basal process acting as a support for neuronal migration to the cortical plate and a short apical process directed towards the ventricle from which protrudes a primary cilium. This antenna-like structure allows aRG to sense cues from the embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (eCSF) helping to maintain cell shape and to influence several key functions of aRG such as proliferation and differentiation. Centrosomes, major microtubule organising centres, are crucial for cilia formation. In this review, we focus on how primary cilia influence aRG function during cortical development and pathologies which may arise due to defects in this structure. Reporting and cataloguing a number of ciliary mutant models, we discuss the importance of primary cilia for aRG function and cortical development.
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6
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Congenital Brain Malformations: An Integrated Diagnostic Approach. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2022; 42:100973. [PMID: 35868725 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2022.100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Congenital brain malformations are abnormalities present at birth that can result from developmental disruptions at various embryonic or fetal stages. The clinical presentation is nonspecific and can include developmental delay, hypotonia, and/or epilepsy. An informed combination of imaging and genetic testing enables early and accurate diagnosis and management planning. In this article, we provide a streamlined approach to radiologic phenotyping and genetic evaluation of brain malformations. We will review the clinical workflow for brain imaging and genetic testing with up-to-date ontologies and literature references. The organization of this article introduces a streamlined approach for imaging-based etiologic classification into malformative, destructive, and migrational abnormalities. Specific radiologic ontologies are then discussed in detail, with correlation of key neuroimaging features to embryology and molecular pathogenesis.
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7
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Jabali A, Hoffrichter A, Uzquiano A, Marsoner F, Wilkens R, Siekmann M, Bohl B, Rossetti AC, Horschitz S, Koch P, Francis F, Ladewig J. Human cerebral organoids reveal progenitor pathology in EML1-linked cortical malformation. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54027. [PMID: 35289477 PMCID: PMC9066063 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Malformations of human cortical development (MCD) can cause severe disabilities. The lack of human‐specific models hampers our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of the intricate processes leading to MCD. Here, we use cerebral organoids derived from patients and genome edited‐induced pluripotent stem cells to address pathophysiological changes associated with a complex MCD caused by mutations in the echinoderm microtubule‐associated protein‐like 1 (EML1) gene. EML1‐deficient organoids display ectopic neural rosettes at the basal side of the ventricular zone areas and clusters of heterotopic neurons. Single‐cell RNA sequencing shows an upregulation of basal radial glial (RG) markers and human‐specific extracellular matrix components in the ectopic cell population. Gene ontology and molecular analyses suggest that ectopic progenitor cells originate from perturbed apical RG cell behavior and yes‐associated protein 1 (YAP1)‐triggered expansion. Our data highlight a progenitor origin of EML1 mutation‐induced MCD and provide new mechanistic insight into the human disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Jabali
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne Hoffrichter
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ana Uzquiano
- INSERM U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Fabio Marsoner
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ruven Wilkens
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Siekmann
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bettina Bohl
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea C Rossetti
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Horschitz
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fiona Francis
- INSERM U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Julia Ladewig
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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8
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Ossola C, Kalebic N. Roots of the Malformations of Cortical Development in the Cell Biology of Neural Progenitor Cells. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:817218. [PMID: 35069108 PMCID: PMC8766818 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.817218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is a structure that underlies various brain functions, including cognition and language. Mammalian cerebral cortex starts developing during the embryonic period with the neural progenitor cells generating neurons. Newborn neurons migrate along progenitors’ radial processes from the site of their origin in the germinal zones to the cortical plate, where they mature and integrate in the forming circuitry. Cell biological features of neural progenitors, such as the location and timing of their mitoses, together with their characteristic morphologies, can directly or indirectly regulate the abundance and the identity of their neuronal progeny. Alterations in the complex and delicate process of cerebral cortex development can lead to malformations of cortical development (MCDs). They include various structural abnormalities that affect the size, thickness and/or folding pattern of the developing cortex. Their clinical manifestations can entail a neurodevelopmental disorder, such as epilepsy, developmental delay, intellectual disability, or autism spectrum disorder. The recent advancements of molecular and neuroimaging techniques, along with the development of appropriate in vitro and in vivo model systems, have enabled the assessment of the genetic and environmental causes of MCDs. Here we broadly review the cell biological characteristics of neural progenitor cells and focus on those features whose perturbations have been linked to MCDs.
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9
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Vriend I, Oegema R. Genetic causes underlying grey matter heterotopia. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2021; 35:82-92. [PMID: 34666232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Grey matter heterotopia (GMH) can cause of seizures and are associated with a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders and syndromes. They are caused by a failure of neuronal migration during fetal development, leading to clusters of neurons that have not reached their final destination in the cerebral cortex. We have performed an extensive literature search in Pubmed, OMIM, and Google scholar and provide an overview of known genetic associations with periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNVH), subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) and other subcortical heterotopia (SUBH). We classified the heterotopias as PVNH, SBH, SUBH or other and collected the genetic information, frequency, imaging features and salient features in tables for every subtype of heterotopia. This resulted in 105 PVNH, 16 SBH and 25 SUBH gene/locus associations, making a total of 146 genes and chromosomal loci. Our study emphasizes the extreme genetic heterogeneity underlying GMH. It will aid the clinician in establishing an differential diagnosis and eventually a molecular diagnosis in GMH patients. A diagnosis enables proper counseling of prognosis and recurrence risks, and enables individualized patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Vriend
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Renske Oegema
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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10
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Kundishora AJ, Singh AK, Allington G, Duy PQ, Ryou J, Alper SL, Jin SC, Kahle KT. Genomics of human congenital hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:3325-3340. [PMID: 34232380 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-021-05230-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Congenital hydrocephalus (CH), characterized by enlarged brain ventricles, is considered a disease of pathological cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulation and, therefore, treated largely by neurosurgical CSF diversion. The persistence of ventriculomegaly and poor neurodevelopmental outcomes in some post-surgical patients highlights our limited knowledge of disease mechanisms. Recent whole-exome sequencing (WES) studies have shown that rare, damaging de novo and inherited mutations with large effect contribute to ~ 25% of sporadic CH. Interestingly, multiple CH genes are key regulators of neural stem cell growth and differentiation and converge in human transcriptional networks and cell types pertinent to fetal neurogliogenesis. These data implicate genetic disruption of early brain development as the primary pathomechanism in a substantial minority of patients with sporadic CH, shedding new light on human brain development and the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus. These data further suggest WES as a clinical tool with potential to re-classify CH according to a molecular nomenclature of increased precision and utility for genetic counseling, outcome prognostication, and treatment stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Kundishora
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Amrita K Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Garrett Allington
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Phan Q Duy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jian Ryou
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Seth L Alper
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheng Chih Jin
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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11
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Yin H, Zhang T, Wang H, Hu X, Hou X, Fang X, Yin Y, Li H, Shi L, Su YQ. Echinoderm Microtubule Associated Protein Like 1 Is Indispensable for Oocyte Spindle Assembly and Meiotic Progression in Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:687522. [PMID: 34124073 PMCID: PMC8194061 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.687522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Completion of the first meiosis is an essential prerequisite for producing a functionally normal egg for fertilization and embryogenesis, but the precise mechanisms governing oocyte meiotic progression remains largely unclear. Here, we report that echinoderm microtubule associated protein (EMAP) like 1 (EML1), a member of the conserved EMAP family proteins, plays a crucial role in the control of oocyte meiotic progression in the mouse. Female mice carrying an ENU-induced nonsense mutation (c.1956T > A; p.Tyr652∗) of Eml1 are infertile, and the majority of their ovulated oocytes contain abnormal spindles and misaligned chromosomes. In accordance with the mutant oocyte phenotype, we find that EML1 is colocalized with spindle microtubules during the process of normal oocyte meiotic maturation, and knockdown (KD) of EML1 by specific morpholinos in the fully grown oocytes (FGOs) disrupts the integrity of spindles, and delays meiotic progression. Moreover, EML1-KD oocytes fail to progress to metaphase II (MII) stage after extrusion of the first polar body, but enter into interphase and form a pronucleus containing decondensed chromatins. Further analysis shows that EML1-KD impairs the recruitment of γ-tubulin and pericentrin to the spindle poles, as well as the attachment of kinetochores to microtubules and the proper inactivation of spindle assembly checkpoint at metaphase I (MI). The loss of EML1 also compromises the activation of maturation promoting factor around the time of oocyte resumption and completion of the first meiosis, which, when corrected by WEE1/2 inhibitor PD166285, efficiently rescues the phenotype of oocyte delay of meiotic resumption and inability of reaching MII. Through IP- mass spectrometry analysis, we identified that EML1 interacts with nuclear distribution gene C (NUDC), a critical mitotic regulator in somatic cells, and EML1-KD disrupts the specific localization of NUDC at oocyte spindles. Taken together, these data suggest that EML1 regulates acentrosomal spindle formation and the progression of meiosis to MII in mammalian oocytes, which is likely mediated by distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianbao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaoxue Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lanying Shi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - You-Qiang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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12
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International consensus recommendations on the diagnostic work-up for malformations of cortical development. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 16:618-635. [PMID: 32895508 PMCID: PMC7790753 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-0395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malformations of cortical development (MCDs) are neurodevelopmental disorders that result from abnormal development of the cerebral cortex in utero. MCDs place a substantial burden on affected individuals, their families and societies worldwide, as these individuals can experience lifelong drug-resistant epilepsy, cerebral palsy, feeding difficulties, intellectual disability and other neurological and behavioural anomalies. The diagnostic pathway for MCDs is complex owing to wide variations in presentation and aetiology, thereby hampering timely and adequate management. In this article, the international MCD network Neuro-MIG provides consensus recommendations to aid both expert and non-expert clinicians in the diagnostic work-up of MCDs with the aim of improving patient management worldwide. We reviewed the literature on clinical presentation, aetiology and diagnostic approaches for the main MCD subtypes and collected data on current practices and recommendations from clinicians and diagnostic laboratories within Neuro-MIG. We reached consensus by 42 professionals from 20 countries, using expert discussions and a Delphi consensus process. We present a diagnostic workflow that can be applied to any individual with MCD and a comprehensive list of MCD-related genes with their associated phenotypes. The workflow is designed to maximize the diagnostic yield and increase the number of patients receiving personalized care and counselling on prognosis and recurrence risk.
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13
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Gavrilovici C, Jiang Y, Kiroski I, Teskey GC, Rho JM, Nguyen MD. Postnatal Role of the Cytoskeleton in Adult Epileptogenesis. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa024. [PMID: 32864616 PMCID: PMC7446231 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in cytoskeletal proteins can cause early infantile and childhood epilepsies by misplacing newly born neurons and altering neuronal connectivity. In the adult epileptic brain, cytoskeletal disruption is often viewed as being secondary to aberrant neuronal activity and/or death, and hence simply represents an epiphenomenon. Here, we review the emerging evidence collected in animal models and human studies implicating the cytoskeleton as a potential causative factor in adult epileptogenesis. Based on the emerging evidence, we propose that cytoskeletal disruption may be an important pathogenic mechanism in the mature epileptic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezar Gavrilovici
- Departments of Neurosciences & Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Yulan Jiang
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology & Anatomy, and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ivana Kiroski
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology & Anatomy, and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - G Campbell Teskey
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jong M Rho
- Departments of Neurosciences & Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Minh Dang Nguyen
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology & Anatomy, and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada
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14
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Oegema R, McGillivray G, Leventer R, Le Moing AG, Bahi-Buisson N, Barnicoat A, Mandelstam S, Francis D, Francis F, Mancini GMS, Savelberg S, van Haaften G, Mankad K, Lequin MH. EML1-associated brain overgrowth syndrome with ribbon-like heterotopia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 181:627-637. [PMID: 31710781 PMCID: PMC6916563 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
EML1 encodes the protein Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 1 or EMAP-1 that binds to the microtubule complex. Mutations in this gene resulting in complex brain malformations have only recently been published with limited clinical descriptions. We provide further clinical and imaging details on three previously published families, and describe two novel unrelated individuals with a homozygous partial EML1 deletion and a homozygous missense variant c.760G>A, p.(Val254Met), respectively. From review of the clinical and imaging data of eight individuals from five families with biallelic EML1 variants, a very consistent imaging phenotype emerges. The clinical syndrome is characterized by mainly neurological features including severe developmental delay, drug-resistant seizures and visual impairment. On brain imaging there is megalencephaly with a characteristic ribbon-like subcortical heterotopia combined with partial or complete callosal agenesis and an overlying polymicrogyria-like cortical malformation. Several of its features can be recognized on prenatal imaging especially the abnormaly formed lateral ventricles, hydrocephalus (in half of the cases) and suspicion of a neuronal migration disorder. In conclusion, biallelic EML1 disease-causing variants cause a highly specific pattern of congenital brain malformations, severe developmental delay, seizures and visual impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske Oegema
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - George McGillivray
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard Leventer
- Department of Neurology, Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and, University of Melbourne Department of Pediatrics, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Nadia Bahi-Buisson
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cités, Paris, France.,Embryology and genetics of congenital malformations, Institut Imagine-INSERM, Paris, France.,Pediatric Neurology, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Angela Barnicoat
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Simone Mandelstam
- Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Radiology, University of Melbourne, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Francis
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fiona Francis
- INSERM U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Grazia M S Mancini
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Savelberg
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Haaften
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kshitij Mankad
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Maarten H Lequin
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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