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Murata M, Kovba A, Kaneko A, Morimoto M, Ishigami A, Natsume T, Washizaki A, Miyabe-Nishiwaki T, Suzuki J, Akari H. Annual two-dose tetanus toxoid vaccination induces protective humoral immunity to all age groups of rhesus macaques. Exp Anim 2023; 72:490-495. [PMID: 37286479 PMCID: PMC10658093 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.23-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A tetanus outbreak occurred during 2014-2015 in the rhesus macaques reared in an open enclosure in our facility. As the soil of the facility was suspected to be contaminated with Clostridium tetani spores, there was a risk of further tetanus occurring among the macaques. To protect them from tetanus, a tetanus toxoid vaccination was recommended; however, the vaccinated elderly animals might not be effectively protected due to insufficient humoral immune responses. Hence, we evaluated the dynamics of antibody responses among rhesus macaques of all age groups vaccinated with two-dose tetanus toxoid at a 1-year interval during a 3-year follow-up study. The vaccination developed anti-tetanus toxin-specific antibodies in animals of all age groups, the antibody levels peaked 1 year after the second vaccination, and the peak levels decreased with age. However, the levels among elderly individuals (aged ≥13 years) were still higher than the threshold level, which was supposed to protect them from tetanus development. Although the rhesus macaques in our facility had a risk of occasional exposure to the spores due to the outbreak, no incidence of tetanus has ever occurred to date. These results indicate that the vaccination protocol is effective in protecting not only younger but also older animals from tetanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Murata
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Anastasiia Kovba
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Akihisa Kaneko
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Mayumi Morimoto
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Akiyo Ishigami
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Natsume
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Ayaka Washizaki
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Takako Miyabe-Nishiwaki
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Juri Suzuki
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Akari
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
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2
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Makowska IJ, Weary DM. A Good Life for Laboratory Rodents? ILAR J 2021; 60:373-388. [PMID: 32311030 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most would agree that animals in research should be spared "unnecessary" harm, pain, or distress, and there is also growing interest in providing animals with some form of environmental enrichment. But is this the standard of care that we should aspire to? We argue that we need to work towards a higher standard-specifically, that providing research animals with a "good life" should be a prerequisite for their use. The aims of this paper are to illustrate our vision of a "good life" for laboratory rats and mice and to provide a roadmap for achieving this vision. We recognize that several research procedures are clearly incompatible with a good life but describe here what we consider to be the minimum day-to-day living conditions to be met when using rodents in research. A good life requires that animals can express a rich behavioral repertoire, use their abilities, and fulfill their potential through active engagement with their environment. In the first section, we describe how animals could be housed for these requirements to be fulfilled, from simple modifications to standard housing through to better cage designs and free-ranging options. In the second section, we review the types of interactions with laboratory rodents that are compatible with a good life. In the third section, we address the potential for the animals to have a life outside of research, including the use of pets in clinical trials (the animal-as-patient model) and the adoption of research animals to new homes when they are no longer needed in research. We conclude with a few suggestions for achieving our vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Joanna Makowska
- Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Animal Welfare Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Daniel M Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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3
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Stammen RL, Cohen JK, Meeker TL, Crane MM, Amara RR, Hicks SL, Meyer JS, Ethun KF. Effect of Chronic Social Stress on Prenatal Transfer of Antitetanus Immunity in Captive Breeding Rhesus Macaques ( Macaca mulatta). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2018; 57:357-367. [PMID: 29764539 PMCID: PMC6059219 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-17-000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Because tetanus can cause significant morbidity and mortality in NHP, colonywide vaccination with tetanus toxoid is recommended for outdoor breeding colonies of rhesus macaques, with primary immunizations commonly given to infants at 6 mo of age followed by booster vaccines every 10 y. Maternal antibodies are thought to offer protective immunity to infants younger than 6 mo. However, historical colony data from the Yerkes National Primate Research Center show a higher incidence of tetanus among infants (≤ 6 mo old) born to subordinate dams. Whether this higher incidence of infantile tetanus is due to a higher incidence of trauma among subordinate animals or is a stress-induced impairment of maternal antibody protection is unknown. Studies in other NHP species suggest that chronic exposure to social stressors interferes with the receptor-mediated transplacental transfer of IgG. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to determine whether chronic stress associated with social subordination impairs prenatal transfer of antitetanus immunity in breeding female rhesus macaques. Subjects included 26 high- and 26 low-ranking adult female rhesus macaques that were nearly 5 or 10 y after their initial immunization and their nonimmunized infants. We hypothesized that infants born to subordinate dams that were nearly 10 y after immunization would have the lowest infant-to-dam antibody ratios and thus would be at greatest risk for infection. Results revealed no significant intergroup differences in infant antitetanus IgG levels. However, infant-to-dam IgG ratios against tetanus were significantly lower among subordinate animals compared with dominant macaques, after accounting for the number of years since the dam's initial vaccination. In addition, higher maternal hair cortisol levels predicted lower infantto-dam tetanus toxoid IgG ratios. Together, these findings suggest that chronic social stress in female rhesus macaques may hamper the prenatal transfer of antitetanus immunity to offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle L Stammen
- Divisions of Animal Resources, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joyce K Cohen
- Divisions of Animal Resources, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tracy L Meeker
- Divisions of Animal Resources, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Maria M Crane
- Divisions of Animal Resources, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rama R Amara
- Divisions of Microbiology and Immunology, Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sakeenah L Hicks
- Divisions of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jerrold S Meyer
- Departments of Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Kelly F Ethun
- Divisions of Animal Resources, Developmental and Cognitive Neurosciences, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia;,
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4
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Maestripieri D, Georgiev AV. What cortisol can tell us about the costs of sociality and reproduction among free-ranging rhesus macaque females on Cayo Santiago. Am J Primatol 2016; 78:92-105. [PMID: 25643836 PMCID: PMC4627861 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Research with the rhesus macaque population on Cayo Santiago can provide a unique perspective on the costs of sociality and reproduction in primates. Because the Cayo macaques live in unusually large groups and in a predator-free environment, in which their artificial food source lacks seasonal variation in abundance or quality, these monkeys constitute a semi-experimental study of the costs and benefits of group living. Here we review several long- and short-term studies that have focused on female life history and stress physiology. Long-term demographic data have shown that rhesus macaque females of middle- and low-ranking matrilines have lower adult survival probabilities than females of high-ranking matrilines. Costs of reproductive effort are also evident: adult females were more likely to die during the birth than during the mating season and they experienced higher cortisol levels when lactating. Lower-ranking females, in particular, experienced greater relative increase in cortisol production during lactation, in comparison to middle- and high-ranking females. Older high-ranking females had lower plasma cortisol levels than younger ones but cortisol levels were similarly high among young and old middle- and low-ranking females. Higher plasma cortisol levels and/or fecal glucocorticoid concentrations are associated with higher plasma concentrations of some proinflammatory cytokines. High cortisol, in turn, may be associated with chronic inflammation, and perhaps also with immunosuppression. In sum, the studies reviewed here provide multiple lines of evidence that sociality and reproductive effort impose measurable costs on female rhesus macaques. In line with socio-ecological theory, female dominance rank consistently emerges as an important modulator of variation in female life histories and physiology. The Cayo Santiago macaques are therefore a valuable model for elucidating the mechanisms by which within-group competition and reproduction impact health and survival in nonhuman primates and in humans.
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5
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Kessler MJ, Rawlins RG. A 75-year pictorial history of the Cayo Santiago rhesus monkey colony. Am J Primatol 2016; 78:6-43. [PMID: 25764995 PMCID: PMC4567979 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a pictorial history of the free-ranging colony of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, in commemoration of the 75th anniversary of its establishment by Clarence R. Carpenter in December 1938. It is based on a presentation made by the authors at the symposium, Cayo Santiago: 75 Years of Leadership in Translational Research, held at the 36th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Primatologists in San Juan, Puerto Rico, on 20 June 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Kessler
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Richard G Rawlins
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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6
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Wang Q, Turnquist JE, Kessler MJ. Free-ranging Cayo Santiago rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): III. Dental eruption patterns and dental pathology. Am J Primatol 2015; 78:127-42. [PMID: 26118545 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the dental eruption patterns, dentition, and dental wear, including tooth loss and breakage, of the free-ranging population of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago (CS), Puerto Rico, ranging from 24 hr to 25 years old. Of the 694 monkeys on the island in the year 1985, 688 (99.1%; 366 males, 322 females) were captured and the dentition of 685 subjects (98.7% of the total population; 366 males, 319 females) was examined. Animals ranged in age from less than 24 hr to 331 months (27.58 years), encompassing the entire life span of the CS macaques. Results demonstrated that the first deciduous teeth appeared as early as the third day of life and that the sequence of dental eruption was comparable to the pattern observed in laboratory rhesus. However, there were slight differences in the age of eruption of individual teeth. For example, the canines and third molars erupted about a year later in the CS macaques compared to some laboratory rhesus. Overall, CS rhesus had good oral health and dental condition although tooth wear, loss, and breakage were common in aged animals, especially in males. This report, combined with earlier studies on morphological characteristics and skeletal remains of the CS macaques, provides the basis for further studies on the biology, genetics, life history, and effects of the environment on rhesus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University Health Science Center Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jean E Turnquist
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (Retired), University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Matthew J Kessler
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico.,Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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7
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KESSLER MATTHEWJ, PACHECO RAISAHERNÁNDEZ, RAWLINS RICHARDG, RUIZ-LAMBRIDES ANGELINA, DELGADO DIANAL, SABAT ALBERTOM. Long-term effects of tetanus toxoid inoculation on the demography and life expectancy of the Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques. Am J Primatol 2015; 77:211-21. [PMID: 25230585 PMCID: PMC4308566 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tetanus was a major cause of mortality in the free-ranging population of rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago prior to 1985 when the entire colony was given its first dose of tetanus toxoid. The immediate reduction in mortality that followed tetanus toxoid inoculation (TTI) has been documented, but the long-term demographic effects of eliminating tetanus infections have not. This study uses the Cayo Santiago demographic database to construct comparative life tables 12 years before, and 12 years after, TTI. Life tables and matrix projection models are used to test for differences in: (i) survival among all individuals as well as among social groups, (ii) long-term fitness of the population, (iii) age distribution, (iv) reproductive value, and (v) life expectancy. A retrospective life table response experiment (LTRE) was performed to determine which life cycle transition contributed most to observed changes in long-term fitness of the population post-TTI. Elimination of clinical tetanus infections through mass inoculation improved the health and well-being of the monkeys. It also profoundly affected the population by increasing survivorship and long-term fitness, decreasing the differences in survival rates among social groups, shifting the population's age distribution towards older individuals, and increasing reproductive value and life expectancy. These findings are significant because they demonstrate the long-term effects of eradicating a major cause of mortality at a single point in time on survival, reproduction, and overall demography of a naturalistic population of primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- MATTHEW J. KESSLER
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - RAISA HERNÁNDEZ PACHECO
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - RICHARD G. RAWLINS
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - ANGELINA RUIZ-LAMBRIDES
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - DIANA L. DELGADO
- University of Puerto Rico, Department of Biology, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - ALBERTO M. SABAT
- University of Puerto Rico, Department of Biology, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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8
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Dubuc C, Ruiz-Lambides A, Widdig A. Variance in male lifetime reproductive success and estimation of the degree of polygyny in a primate. Behav Ecol 2014; 25:878-889. [PMID: 25024637 PMCID: PMC4095946 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The degree of polygyny is predicted to influence the strength of direct male-male competition, leading to a high variance in male lifetime reproductive success and to reproduction limited to the prime period of adulthood. Here, we explore the variance in male lifetime reproductive success and reproductive time in an anthropoid primate forming multimale-multifemale groups. Males of this species form dominance hierarchies, which are expected to skew reproduction toward few high-ranking males. At the same time, however, females mate with multiple males (polygynandry), which should limit the degree of polygyny. Using 20 years of genetic and demographic data, we calculated lifetime reproductive success for the free-ranging rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) population of Cayo Santiago for subjects that died naturally or reached senescence. Our results show that 1) male lifetime reproductive success was significantly skewed (range: 0-47 offspring; males reproducing below average: 62.8%; nonbreeders: 17.4%), 2) variance in male lifetime reproductive success was 5 times larger than in females, and 3) male lifetime reproductive success was more influenced by variation in fecundity (60%) than longevity (25%), suggesting that some direct male-male competition takes place. However, the opportunity for selection (i.e., standardized variance in male lifetime reproductive success) is low compared with that in other large mammal species characterized by a high degree of polygyny. Moreover, male reproductive life extended much beyond the prime period, showing that physical strength was not required to acquire mates. We conclude that rhesus macaques exhibit a moderate degree of polygyny and, therefore, low levels of direct male-male competition for fertile females, despite the fact that males form linear dominance hierarchies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Dubuc
- Junior Research Group of Primate Kin Selection, Department of Primatology, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology , Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig , Germany , ; Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University , 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003 , USA
| | - Angelina Ruiz-Lambides
- Junior Research Group of Primate Kin Selection, Department of Primatology, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology , Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig , Germany , ; Cayo Santiago, Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico , PO Box 306, Punta Santiago, PR 00741 , USA , and
| | - Anja Widdig
- Junior Research Group of Primate Kin Selection, Department of Primatology, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology , Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig , Germany , ; Research Group of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Bioscience, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig , Talstrasse 33, 04103 Leipzig , Germany
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9
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Hernández-Pacheco R, Rawlins RG, Kessler MJ, Williams LE, Ruiz-Maldonado TM, González-Martínez J, Ruiz-Lambides AV, Sabat AM. Demographic variability and density-dependent dynamics of a free-ranging rhesus macaque population. Am J Primatol 2013; 75:1152-64. [PMID: 23847126 PMCID: PMC3920185 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Density-dependence is hypothesized as the major mechanism of population regulation. However, the lack of long-term demographic data has hampered the use of density-dependent models in nonhuman primates. In this study, we make use of the long-term demographic data from Cayo Santiago's rhesus macaques to parameterize and analyze both a density-independent and a density-dependent population matrix model, and compare their projections with the observed population changes. We also employ a retrospective analysis to determine how variance in vital rates, and covariance among them, contributed to the observed variation in long-term fitness across different levels of population density. The population exhibited negative density-dependence in fertility and the model incorporating this relationship accounted for 98% of the observed population dynamics. Variation in survival and fertility of sexually active individuals contributed the most to the variation in long-term fitness, while vital rates displaying high temporal variability exhibited lower sensitivities. Our findings are novel in describing density-dependent dynamics in a provisioned primate population, and in suggesting that selection is acting to lower the variance in the population growth rate by minimizing the variation in adult survival at high density. Because density-dependent mechanisms may become stronger in wild primate populations due to increasing habitat loss and food scarcity, our study demonstrates that it is important to incorporate variation in population size, as well as demographic variability into population viability analyses for a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating the growth of primate populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard G. Rawlins
- Department of Ob/Gyn and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Matthew J. Kessler
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, Sabana Seca Field Station, P.O. Box 1053, Sabana Seca, PR, 00952
| | - Lawrence E. Williams
- UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, Department of Veterinary Sciences, 650 Coolwater Drive, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
| | - Tagrid M. Ruiz-Maldonado
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 365067, San Juan, PR, 00936-5067
| | - Janis González-Martínez
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, Sabana Seca Field Station, P.O. Box 1053, Sabana Seca, PR, 00952
| | | | - Alberto M. Sabat
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 23360, San Juan, PR, 00931-3360
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Abstract
A zoonotic disease is transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. This article focuses on pertinent zoonotic diseases that have to be taken into consideration when working with nonhuman primate (NHP) species. Many factors may influence the occurrence of these diseases. Human and NHPs share many similarities, not only anatomically but also physiologically. NHP are valuable models for many human infectious diseases; therefore, staff can be exposed to many potential pathogens. In general, the disease state of a primate can range from asymptomatic carrier to death from infection.
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11
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Blomquist GE, Sade DS, Berard JD. Rank-Related Fitness Differences and Their Demographic Pathways in Semi-Free-Ranging Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta). INT J PRIMATOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-010-9461-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Hoffman CL, Ayala JE, Mas-Rivera A, Maestripieri D. Effects of reproductive condition and dominance rank on cortisol responsiveness to stress in free-ranging female rhesus macaques. Am J Primatol 2010; 72:559-65. [PMID: 20039328 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis modulates individuals' physiological responses to social stress, which is an inevitable aspect of the daily lives of group-living animals. Previous nonhuman primate studies have reported that sex, age, rank, and reproductive condition influence cortisol levels under stressful conditions. In this study we investigated cortisol responses to stress among 70 multiparous, free-ranging female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) on the island of Cayo Santiago, PR. Plasma cortisol samples were collected in two consecutive years under similar conditions. Twenty-two females were sampled both years, and most of those females were lactating in only one of the years. Individual differences in cortisol levels were stable across years, even though reproductive condition changed for most individuals. No relationship was found between age or social rank and cortisol levels. Of the females that changed reproductive conditions, cortisol levels were higher when they were lactating than when they were cycling, and the amount of change in cortisol from cycling to lactating was greatest for low-ranking individuals. Heightened reactivity to stress during lactation may be the result of concerns about infant safety, and such concerns may be higher among low-ranking mothers than among higher ranking mothers. Psychosocial stress and hyperactivation of the HPA axis during lactation can suppress immune function and increase vulnerability to infectious diseases, thus explaining why adult females in the free-ranging rhesus macaque population on Cayo Santiago have a higher probability of mortality during the birth season than during the mating season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy L Hoffman
- Department of Comparative Human Development, The University of Chicago, 940 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Springer DA, Phillippi-Falkenstein K, Smith G. Retrospective analysis of wound characteristics and tetanus development in captive macaques. J Zoo Wildl Med 2009; 40:95-102. [PMID: 19368246 PMCID: PMC3409561 DOI: 10.1638/2008-0055.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic wounds and access to outdoor enclosures containing soil contribute to development of tetanus in nonhuman primates. A retrospective, matched case-control study was conducted at a primate center to evaluate these factors by analysis of medical records of animals sustaining traumatic injuries during a 3-yr study period. Thirty-one macaques with traumatic injuries and a clinical diagnosis of tetanus were selected as cases, and 62 macaques with traumatic injuries and no diagnosis of tetanus were selected as controls. For an animal with injuries to the digits, the odds of developing tetanus were 9.6 times those of a similar animal without injuries to the digits (Odds Ratio [OR] = 9.55, 95% CI = 1.56-58.59); with injuries to the tail, the odds of developing tetanus were 8.0 times those of a similar animal without injuries to the tail (OR = 7.95, 95% CI = 0.82-77.04); and with injuries in more than one location, the odds of developing tetanus were 8.5 times those for a similar animal with injuries in just one location (OR = 8.45, 95% CI = 1.01-70.46). A nonhuman primate with injuries to the leg was less likely to develop tetanus than a similar nonhuman primate without injuries to the leg (OR = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.03-1.2). Results indicated that wound location is associated with development of tetanus infection in rhesus macaques. Identification of high-risk trauma cases will allow better allocation of wound management and tetanus prophylaxis in institutions, especially in those housing nonhuman primates outdoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Springer
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 14E, Room 107A, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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14
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Hoffman CL, Ruiz-Lambides AV, Davila E, Maldonado E, Gerald MS, Maestripieri D. Sex differences in survival costs of reproduction in a promiscuous primate. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2008; 62:1711-1718. [PMID: 23645968 PMCID: PMC3643690 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-008-0599-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In sexually promiscuous mammals, female reproductive effort is mainly expressed through gestation, lactation, and maternal care, whereas male reproductive effort is mainly manifested as mating effort. In this study, we investigated whether reproduction has significant survival costs for a seasonally breeding, sexually promiscuous species, the rhesus macaque, and whether these costs occur at different times of the year for females and males, namely in the birth and the mating season, respectively. The study was conducted with the rhesus macaque population on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. Data on 7,402 births and 922 deaths over a 45-year period were analyzed. Births were concentrated between November and April, while conceptions occurred between May and October. As predicted, female mortality probability peaked in the birth season whereas male mortality probability peaked in the mating season. Furthermore, as the onset of the birth season gradually shifted over the years in relation to climatic changes, there was a concomitant shift in the seasonal peaks of male and female mortality. Taken together, our findings provide the first evidence of sex differences in the survival costs of reproduction in nonhuman primates and suggest that reproduction has significant fitness costs even in environments with abundant food and absence of predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy L. Hoffman
- Department of Comparative Human Development, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Angelina V. Ruiz-Lambides
- Caribbean Primate Research Center—Sabana Seca, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, Sabana Seca, PR 00952, USA
| | - Edgar Davila
- Caribbean Primate Research Center—Cayo Santiago, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, Punta Santiago, PR 00741, USA
| | - Elizabeth Maldonado
- Caribbean Primate Research Center—Sabana Seca, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, Sabana Seca, PR 00952, USA
| | - Melissa S. Gerald
- Caribbean Primate Research Center—Cayo Santiago, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, Punta Santiago, PR 00741, USA
- Laboratory for Primate Morphology and Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
| | - Dario Maestripieri
- Department of Comparative Human Development, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA e-mail:
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