1
|
Norman M, Jones C, Watson K, Previdelli RL. Social Network Analysis as a Tool in the Care and Wellbeing of Zoo Animals: A Case Study of a Family Group of Black Lemurs ( Eulemur macaco). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3501. [PMID: 38003118 PMCID: PMC10668822 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Social network analysis (SNA) is an increasingly utilised technique in the literature examining the social structures and organisation of animals and understanding the bonds between groups and individuals. Using a case study as an illustration, the applications of SNA are explored, including the identification of dominance hierarchies and detection of sources of social pressure, with a particular focus on the applications of SNA to holistic assessments of animal welfare alongside other methods. Based on the examination of social dynamics in a family group of four black lemurs (Eulemur macaco), a primate whose social organisation is characterised by patterns of female dominance, it is demonstrated that SNA can be used to examine the affiliative and agonistic interactions between individuals living in human care. SNA showed species-typical forms of female dominance that were largely directed towards the two males, characterised by the initiation of aggressive interactions and male submission. More intricate relationships and consistent social roles across networks were revealed through the examination of SNA. It is concluded that SNA has wide-ranging benefits in the assessment of effects of environmental changes, such as informing social management decisions, developing enrichment and intervention programs, and guiding overall improvements to the housing and care of individual animals. SNA, as part of an animal welfare toolbox, could, therefore, be a pivotal technique for modern animal welfare assessment that considers individual animals and their social lives. By sharing a case study of the technique in use, it is hoped that animal collections may adopt similar modern and evidence-based assessment methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Norman
- Department of Animal Management and Saddlery, Capel Manor College, London EN1 4RQ, UK
| | - Cassie Jones
- Paradise Wildlife Park, Zoological Society of Hertfordshire, Broxbourne EN10 7QA, UK; (C.J.); (K.W.)
| | - Kara Watson
- Paradise Wildlife Park, Zoological Society of Hertfordshire, Broxbourne EN10 7QA, UK; (C.J.); (K.W.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hair Microbiome Diversity within and across Primate Species. mSystems 2022; 7:e0047822. [PMID: 35876529 PMCID: PMC9426569 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00478-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primate hair and skin are substrates upon which social interactions occur and are host-pathogen interfaces. While human hair and skin microbiomes display body site specificity and immunological significance, little is known about the nonhuman primate (NHP) hair microbiome. Here, we collected hair samples (n = 158) from 8 body sites across 12 NHP species housed at three zoological institutions in the United States to examine the following: (1) the diversity and composition of the primate hair microbiome and (2) the factors predicting primate hair microbiome diversity and composition. If both environmental and evolutionary factors shape the microbiome, then we expect significant differences in microbiome diversity across host body sites, sexes, institutions, and species. We found our samples contained high abundances of gut-, respiratory-, and environment-associated microbiota. In addition, multiple factors predicted microbiome diversity and composition, although host species identity outweighed sex, body site, and institution as the strongest predictor. Our results suggest that hair microbial communities are affected by both evolutionary and environmental factors and are relatively similar across nonhuman primate body sites, which differs from the human condition. These findings have important implications for understanding the biology and conservation of wild and captive primates and the uniqueness of the human microbiome. IMPORTANCE We created the most comprehensive primate hair and skin data set to date, including data from 12 nonhuman primate species sampled from 8 body regions each. We find that the nonhuman primate hair microbiome is distinct from the human hair and skin microbiomes in that it is relatively uniform-as opposed to distinct-across body regions and is most abundant in gut-, environment-, and respiratory-associated microbiota rather than human skin-associated microbiota. Furthermore, we found that the nonhuman primate hair microbiome varies with host species identity, host sex, host environment, and host body site, with host species identity being the strongest predictor. This result demonstrates that nonhuman primate hair microbiome diversity varies with both evolutionary and environmental factors and within and across primate species. These findings have important implications for understanding the biology and conservation of wild and captive primates and the uniqueness of the human microbiome.
Collapse
|
3
|
Temporal variation in the behaviour of a cooperatively breeding bird, Jungle Babbler (Argya striata). Trop Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42965-022-00254-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
4
|
Rudolph K, Schneider D, Fichtel C, Daniel R, Heistermann M, Kappeler PM. Drivers of gut microbiome variation within and between groups of a wild Malagasy primate. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:28. [PMID: 35139921 PMCID: PMC8827170 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various aspects of sociality can benefit individuals' health. The host social environment and its relative contributions to the host-microbiome relationship have emerged as key topics in microbial research. Yet, understanding the mechanisms that lead to structural variation in the social microbiome, the collective microbial metacommunity of an animal's social network, remains difficult since multiple processes operate simultaneously within and among animal social networks. Here, we examined the potential drivers of the convergence of the gut microbiome on multiple scales among and within seven neighbouring groups of wild Verreaux's sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi) - a folivorous primate of Madagascar. RESULTS Over four field seasons, we collected 519 faecal samples of 41 animals and determined gut communities via 16S and 18S rRNA gene amplicon analyses. First, we examined whether group members share more similar gut microbiota and if diet, home range overlap, or habitat similarity drive between-group variation in gut communities, accounting for seasonality. Next, we examined within-group variation in gut microbiota by examining the potential effects of social contact rates, male rank, and maternal relatedness. To explore the host intrinsic effects on the gut community structure, we investigated age, sex, faecal glucocorticoid metabolites, and female reproductive state. We found that group members share more similar gut microbiota and differ in alpha diversity, while none of the environmental predictors explained the patterns of between-group variation. Maternal relatedness played an important role in within-group microbial homogeneity and may also explain why adult group members shared the least similar gut microbiota. Also, dominant males differed in their bacterial composition from their group mates, which might be driven by rank-related differences in physiology and scent-marking behaviours. Links to sex, female reproductive state, or faecal glucocorticoid metabolites were not detected. CONCLUSIONS Environmental factors define the general set-up of population-specific gut microbiota, but intrinsic and social factors have a stronger impact on gut microbiome variation in this primate species. Video abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Rudolph
- Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- Leibniz Science Campus "Primate Cognition", Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Dominik Schneider
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University Göttingen, Grisebachstraße 8, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Fichtel
- Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Leibniz Science Campus "Primate Cognition", Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University Göttingen, Grisebachstraße 8, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Heistermann
- Endocrinology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter M Kappeler
- Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Leibniz Science Campus "Primate Cognition", Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Perofsky AC, Ancel Meyers L, Abondano LA, Di Fiore A, Lewis RJ. Social groups constrain the spatiotemporal dynamics of wild sifaka gut microbiomes. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:6759-6775. [PMID: 34558751 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Primates acquire gut microbiota from conspecifics through direct social contact and shared environmental exposures. Host behaviour is a prominent force in structuring gut microbial communities, yet the extent to which group or individual-level forces shape the long-term dynamics of gut microbiota is poorly understood. We investigated the effects of three aspects of host sociality (social groupings, dyadic interactions, and individual dispersal between groups) on gut microbiome composition and plasticity in 58 wild Verreaux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi) from six social groups. Over the course of three dry seasons in a 5-year period, the six social groups maintained distinct gut microbial signatures, with the taxonomic composition of individual communities changing in tandem among coresiding group members. Samples collected from group members during each season were more similar than samples collected from single individuals across different years. In addition, new immigrants and individuals with less stable social ties exhibited elevated rates of microbiome turnover across seasons. Our results suggest that permanent social groupings shape the changing composition of commensal and mutualistic gut microbial communities and thus may be important drivers of health and resilience in wild primate populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Perofsky
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Lauren Ancel Meyers
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
| | - Laura A Abondano
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,Primate Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,Primate Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca J Lewis
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wojciechowski FJ, Kaszycka KA, Řeháková M. Social Behavior of a Reproducing Pair of the Philippine Tarsier (Tarsius syrichta) in Captivity. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2019; 23:493-507. [DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2019.1689505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filip J. Wojciechowski
- Department of Human Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Anthropology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- Wings of Serenity Inc., Tagbilaran City, Bohol, Philippines
| | - Katarzyna A. Kaszycka
- Department of Human Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Anthropology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lewis RJ. Subordination signals improve the quality of social relationships in Verreaux's Sifaka: Implications for the evolution of power structures and social complexity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 169:599-607. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Lewis
- Department of Anthropology; University of Texas-Austin; Austin Texas
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cherevko LS. Comfort Behavior of Black-and-White (Varecia variegata variegata) and Red (Varecia variegata rubra) Ruffed Lemurs (Primates, Lemuridae). BIOL BULL+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359018090042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
9
|
Wolovich CK, Tapanes E, Evans S. Allogrooming in Male-Female Pairs of Captive Owl Monkeys ( Aotus nancymaae). Folia Primatol (Basel) 2018; 88:483-496. [DOI: 10.1159/000485134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
10
|
Perofsky AC, Lewis RJ, Abondano LA, Di Fiore A, Meyers LA. Hierarchical social networks shape gut microbial composition in wild Verreaux's sifaka. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20172274. [PMID: 29212730 PMCID: PMC5740288 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In wild primates, social behaviour influences exposure to environmentally acquired and directly transmitted microorganisms. Prior studies indicate that gut microbiota reflect pairwise social interactions among chimpanzee and baboon hosts. Here, we demonstrate that higher-order social network structure-beyond just pairwise interactions-drives gut bacterial composition in wild lemurs, which live in smaller and more cohesive groups than previously studied anthropoid species. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and social network analysis of grooming contacts, we estimate the relative impacts of hierarchical (i.e. multilevel) social structure, individual demographic traits, diet, scent-marking, and habitat overlap on bacteria acquisition in a wild population of Verreaux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi) consisting of seven social groups. We show that social group membership is clearly reflected in the microbiomes of individual sifaka, and that social groups with denser grooming networks have more homogeneous gut microbial compositions. Within social groups, adults, more gregarious individuals, and individuals that scent-mark frequently harbour the greatest microbial diversity. Thus, the community structure of wild lemurs governs symbiotic relationships by constraining transmission between hosts and partitioning environmental exposure to microorganisms. This social cultivation of mutualistic gut flora may be an evolutionary benefit of tight-knit group living.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Perofsky
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Rebecca J Lewis
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Laura A Abondano
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Primate Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Primate Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Lauren Ancel Meyers
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Eppley TM, Watzek J, Hall K, Donati G. Climatic, social and reproductive influences on behavioural thermoregulation in a female-dominated lemur. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
12
|
Wallace GL, Paquette LB, Glander KE. A comparison of activity patterns for captive Propithecus tattersalli and Propithecus coquereli. Zoo Biol 2016; 35:128-36. [PMID: 26802736 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The activity patterns and social interactions of two species of captive sifaka were observed during a 2-year period. Allogrooming was not observed in golden-crowned sifaka and they spent significantly more time resting than the Coquerel's sifaka. Females of both species were found to be dominant to males. The golden-crowned sifaka (Propithecus tattersalli) spent significantly less time feeding than the Coquerel's sifaka. Temperature, time of day, species, and interpair comparisons for the golden-crowned sifaka were found to affect activity and social interactions, while gender did not. Like the Coquerel's sifaka, the golden-crowned sifaka was found to be diurnal; however, they differed in that the golden-crowned sifaka did not descend to the ground.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa B Paquette
- University of Southern California, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Akinyi MY, Tung J, Jeneby M, Patel NB, Altmann J, Alberts SC. Role of Grooming in Reducing Tick Load in Wild Baboons ( Papio cynocephalus). Anim Behav 2013; 85:559-568. [PMID: 24659824 PMCID: PMC3961061 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nonhuman primate species spend a conspicuous amount of time grooming during social interactions, a behavior that probably serves both social and health-related functions. While the social implications of grooming have been relatively well studied, less attention has been paid to the health benefits, especially the removal of ectoparasites, which may act as vectors in disease transmission. In this study, we examined the relationship between grooming behavior, tick load (number of ticks), and haemoprotozoan infection status in a population of wild free-ranging baboons (Papio cynocephalus). We found that the amount of grooming received was influenced by an individual's age, sex and dominance rank. The amount of grooming received, in turn, affected the tick load of an individual. Baboons with higher tick loads had lower packed red cell volume (PCV or haematocrit), one general measure of health status. We detected a tick-borne haemoprotozoan, Babesia microti, but its low prevalence in the population precluded identifying sources of variance in infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mercy Y Akinyi
- Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, P.O.Box 24481-00502, Nairobi, Kenya ; Department of Medical Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197- 00100, Nairobi, Kenya ; Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708-0338, USA
| | - Jenny Tung
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708-0338, USA ; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Box 90383, Durham, NC 27708-0338, USA ; Duke Population Research Institute, Duke University Box 90420, Durham, NC 27708-0338, USA
| | - Maamun Jeneby
- Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, P.O.Box 24481-00502, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nilesh B Patel
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197- 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jeanne Altmann
- Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, P.O.Box 24481-00502, Nairobi, Kenya ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Susan C Alberts
- Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, P.O.Box 24481-00502, Nairobi, Kenya ; Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708-0338, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wei W, Qi XG, Guo ST, Zhao DP, Zhang P, Huang K, Li BG. Market powers predict reciprocal grooming in golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana). PLoS One 2012; 7:e36802. [PMID: 22590611 PMCID: PMC3348896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Social grooming is a common form of affiliative behavior in primates. Biological market theory suggests that grooming can be traded either for grooming or other social commodities and services. When no other services are exchanged, grooming is predicted to be approximately reciprocated within a dyad. In contrast, the amount of reciprocal grooming should decrease as other offered services increase. We studied grooming patterns between polygamous male and female in golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) from the Qinling Mountains of central China and found that about 29.7% of grooming bouts were reciprocated. However, the durations of grooming bouts offered and returned was asymmetrical within dyads. In bisexual dyads, more grooming was initiated by females than males, which became more pronounced as the number of females per one-male unit increased. The rate of copulation per day for each female was positively correlated with the total duration of grooming time females invested in males.. Females without an infant (non-mothers) directed more grooming towards females with an infant (mothers) and were significantly more likely to be non-reciprocated. There was a significant negative relationship between non-mother and mother grooming duration and the rate of infants per female in each one-male unit. High-ranking females also received more grooming from low-ranking females than vice versa. The rate of food-related aggressive interactions was per day for low-ranking females was negatively correlated with the duration of grooming that low-ranking females gave to high-ranking females. Our results showed that grooming reciprocation in R. roxellana was discrepancy. This investment-reciprocity rate could be explained by the exchange of other social services in lieu of grooming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Qi
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Song-Tao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Da-Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bao-Guo Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Zoology, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bolivar VJ. Book Review: "Neurobiology of Grooming Behavior" Allan V. Kalueff, Justin L. LaPorte and Carisa L. Bergner, eds. (2010). J Integr Neurosci 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219635211002713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
16
|
Fruteau C, van de Waal E, van Damme E, Noë R. Infant access and handling in sooty mangabeys and vervet monkeys. Anim Behav 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|