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Valença T, Oliveira Affonço G, Falótico T. Wild capuchin monkeys use stones and sticks to access underground food. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10415. [PMID: 38710945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Primates employ different tools and techniques to overcome the challenges of obtaining underground food resources. Humans and chimpanzees are known to tackle this problem with stick tools and one population of capuchin monkeys habitually uses stone tools. Although early hominids could have used stones as digging tools, we know little about when and how these could be useful. Here, we report a second primate population observed using stone tools and the first capuchin monkey population to habitually use the 'stick-probing' technique for obtaining underground resources. The bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) from Ubajara National Park, Brazil, use 'hands-only' and 'stone-digging' techniques for extracting underground storage organs and trapdoor spiders. Males also use 'stick-probing' and 'stone-stick' techniques for capturing trapdoor spiders. Tool use does not increase success in obtaining these resources. Stone-digging is less frequent in this population than in the only other known population that uses this technique. Females use stones in a lower proportion of their digging episodes than males in both populations. Ecological and cultural factors potentially influence technique choice and sex differences within and between populations. This population has a different pattern of underground food exploration using tools. Comparing this population with others and exploring the ecological and cultural factors under which capuchin monkeys employ different tools and techniques will allow us to better understand the pressures that may have shaped the evolution of those behaviors in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Valença
- University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Capuchin Culture Project, Neotropical Primates Research Group, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Gabriela Oliveira Affonço
- University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Capuchin Culture Project, Neotropical Primates Research Group, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago Falótico
- University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Capuchin Culture Project, Neotropical Primates Research Group, São Paulo, Brazil
- Technological Primates Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Fragaszy DM. Moving. Am J Primatol 2023:e23571. [PMID: 37960946 PMCID: PMC11090999 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Examples of realized scientific careers can provide ideas and inspiration for others aiming to pursue such careers. Here I recount in brief the story of my long career in primatology (1973 to the present), focusing on one enduring theme in my research: the nature and genesis of goal-directed action (evident in movement). The story begins in graduate school, passes through developing my own laboratory, on to pursuing a spectrum of studies with mentees and collaborators, developing a theoretical explanatory framework for goal-directed action that I think holds promise for the field as a whole, and ends with an exciting field project that seems a suitable finale to my career. I mention the value to me, the field, and society of participation in scientific societies, including the American Society of Primatologists, throughout my career.
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3
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Salmi R, Le K, Silva JM, Conceição DP, Presotto A, Rodrigues Dos Santos R. Hand preference in wild crab-eating capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) in the coastal area of Northest Brazil. Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23546. [PMID: 37635447 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Handedness is a fundamental human trait, although recent research, especially on nonhuman primates, has shown that it is displayed by other animals as well (e.g., chimpanzees, gorillas). In this study, we explore hand preference in wild crab-eating tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) inhabiting a mangrove forest located on the coastal area of Northeast Brazil (Maranhão State). Tufted capuchin monkeys at our site use facultatively wooden tools to crack open crabs. We observed hand preference in 12 subjects who spontaneously participated in experiment sessions, in which we provided crabs and tools on wooden platforms. We recorded (using events and bouts) two unimanual tasks, (tool or crab) grabbing and (tool or crab) pounding, and one bimanual task, crab pulling, where one hand kept the crab in place while the other pulled off parts of the crab. Hand preference increased with greater strength needed to perform the task and its complexity. While only 17%-25% of capuchins showed hand preference during grabbing, 44%-64% showed hand preference during pounding, and most subjects 64%-80% displayed a right-hand preference when performing the bimanual task, for which all lateralized individuals were right-handed. Hand preference did not vary between adults and juvenile individuals and was not consistent across tasks. Group-level hand preference was found only for the bimanual task, for which all lateralized individuals were right-handed. Our findings are in concordance with those of other primate studies showing the emergence of hemispheric specialization for bimanual actions, highlight the importance of conducting such studies on diverse type of tasks, and show the feasibility to conduct experimental manipulation under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Salmi
- Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Mangrove Primate Center, Maranhão State, Brazil
| | - Kristie Le
- Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jardeani M Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Daiana P Conceição
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Andrea Presotto
- Mangrove Primate Center, Maranhão State, Brazil
- Department of Geography and Geosciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, Maryland, USA
| | - Ricardo Rodrigues Dos Santos
- Mangrove Primate Center, Maranhão State, Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Sao Luis, Brazil
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4
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Omena J, Izar P. Ontogenesis of sociability of wild immature capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus): Sex more than personality explains interindividual variation. Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23533. [PMID: 37394768 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Sociability is a fundamental trait that social animals need to survive and reproduce in societies. Sociability predicts how an individual can consistently interact with its conspecifics across time and situations. By studying capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus), a neotropical primate with complex social behavior and high cognitive capacity, our research aims to analyze the development of the social axis of personality of immature individuals, from birth to the third year of life. We studied wild monkeys belonging to a group with infants, juveniles, and adults of both sexes that inhabits northeastern Brazil. We analyzed the behavior of 12 immature capuchins (6 males and 6 females) in 94 h of videos recorded weekly from birth until 36 months, through daily focal sampling. We verified whether there was intraindividual consistency throughout development by fitting regression models for the effect of age on initiating affiliative social behaviors, controlling for monkey identity and sex. Our results indicate that the individuals of this study exhibit high variation in the initiation of behaviors at the beginning of infancy; there was low repeatability and high intra-individual variation during the first 3 years of life of these individuals, indicating that the social personality is not consolidated in this period. Immature females were more sociable than immature males. Therefore, differences in sociability in early life of bearded capuchin monkeys are best explained by sex rather than personality. We suggest that the high initial behavioral variation in the social axis of personality allows for plasticity influenced by the environment throughout development. The high sociability of females in infancy may be related to female philopatry and their high sociability in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Omena
- Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Izar
- Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Negrey JD, Deschner T, Langergraber KE. Lean muscle mass, not aggression, mediates a link between dominance rank and testosterone in wild male chimpanzees. Anim Behav 2023; 202:99-109. [PMID: 37483564 PMCID: PMC10358427 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone promotes mating effort, which involves intraspecific aggression for males of many species. Therefore, males with higher testosterone levels are often thought to be more aggressive. For mammals living in multimale groups, aggression is hypothesized to link male social status (i.e. dominance rank) and testosterone levels, given that high status predicts mating success and is acquired partly through aggressive intragroup competition. In male chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, dominance rank has been repeatedly linked to interindividual variation in testosterone levels, but evidence directly linking interindividual variation in testosterone and aggression is lacking. In the present study, we test both aggression levels and lean muscle mass, as measured by urinary creatinine, as links between dominance rank and testosterone levels in a large sample of wild male chimpanzees. Multivariate analyses indicated that dominance rank was positively associated with total rates of intragroup aggression, average urinary testosterone levels and average urinary creatinine levels. Testosterone was positively associated with creatinine levels but negatively associated with total aggression rates. Furthermore, mediation analyses showed that testosterone levels facilitated an association between dominance rank and creatinine levels. Our results indicate that (1) adult male chimpanzees with higher average testosterone levels are often higher ranking but not more aggressive than males with lower testosterone and (2) lean muscle mass links dominance rank and testosterone levels in Ngogo males. We assert that aggression rates are insufficient to explain links between dominance rank and testosterone levels in male chimpanzees and that other social variables (e.g. male-male relationship quality) may regulate testosterone's links to aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D. Negrey
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, U.S.A
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, U.S.A
- Department of Pathology/Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-
Salem, NC, U.S.A
| | - Tobias Deschner
- Comparative BioCognition, Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück,
Germany
| | - Kevin E. Langergraber
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, U.S.A
- Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, U.S.A
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Delval I, Fernández-Bolaños M, Visalberghi E, Izar P, Valentova JV. Homosexual Courtship in Young Wild Capuchin Monkeys: A Case Study. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:2303-2315. [PMID: 37286765 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02632-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In primates, many species exhibit same-sex sexual behaviors (SSB), defined as "genital contact or genital manipulation between same-sex individuals." Several sociosexual functions have been proposed, including proceptivity enhancement, receptivity reduction, dominance assertion, practice for heterosexual copulation, tension regulation, reconciliation, and alliance formation. Capuchin monkeys are known for their rich and flexible sexual behavioral repertoire and elaborated courtships. At present, the few reports of SSB in capuchin monkeys (genera Sapajus and Cebus) focused on mounting. Here, we describe the case observed in a population of wild yellow-breasted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus xanthosternos) in which two young males, aged 5-6 years and 19 months, performed a 15-min uninterrupted sequence of courtship behaviors and mounting. Comparing with a previously established ethogram of 20 behaviors typical for heterosexual behavior of tufted capuchins, we show that these males performed 16 of them. Thus, SSBs are already present in the repertoire of young individuals and the practice may serve to create or strengthen bonds. Although same-sex mounting and genital inspection are common in capuchins' play and other social interactions, the almost entire array of courtship behaviors has never been observed in youngsters. Additionally, this example supports the notion that primate (homo)sexual behavior is not limited to genitalia and copulation, since the observed courtship included diverse behaviors different from genital contact. Thus, we propose a broader definition of sexual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Delval
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Mello Moraes, 1721, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Fernández-Bolaños
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Mello Moraes, 1721, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Elisabetta Visalberghi
- Unit of Cognitive Primatology and Primate Center, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrícia Izar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Mello Moraes, 1721, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Jaroslava Varella Valentova
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Mello Moraes, 1721, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
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7
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Sandel AA, Negrey JD, Arponen M, Clark IR, Clift JB, Reddy RB, Ivaska KK. The evolution of the adolescent growth spurt: Urinary biomarkers of bone turnover in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J Hum Evol 2023; 177:103341. [PMID: 36905703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Life history theory addresses how organisms balance development and reproduction. Mammals usually invest considerable energy into growth in infancy, and they do so incrementally less until reaching adult body size, when they shift energy to reproduction. Humans are unusual in having a long adolescence when energy is invested in both reproduction and growth, including rapid skeletal growth around puberty. Although many primates, especially in captivity, experience accelerated growth in mass around puberty, it remains unclear whether this represents skeletal growth. Without data on skeletal growth in nonhuman primates, anthropologists have often assumed the adolescent growth spurt is uniquely human, and hypotheses for its evolution have focused on other uniquely human traits. The lack of data is largely due to methodological difficulties of assessing skeletal growth in wild primates. Here, we use two urinary markers of bone turnover-osteocalcin and collagen-to study skeletal growth in a large, cross-sectional sample of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. For both bone turnover markers, we found a nonlinear effect of age, which was largely driven by males. For male chimpanzees, values for osteocalcin and collagen peaked at age 9.4 years and 10.8 years, respectively, which corresponds to early and middle adolescence. Notably, collagen values increased from 4.5 to 9 years, suggesting faster growth during early adolescence compared to late infancy. Biomarker levels plateaued at 20 years in both sexes, suggesting skeletal growth continues until then. Additional data, notably on females and infants of both sexes, are needed, as are longitudinal samples. However, our cross-sectional analysis suggests an adolescent growth spurt in the skeleton of chimpanzees, especially for males. Biologists should avoid claiming that the adolescent growth spurt is uniquely human, and hypotheses for the patterns of human growth should consider variation in our primate relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A Sandel
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, WCP 4.102, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Primate Ethology and Endocrinology Lab, University of Texas at Austin, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Jacob D Negrey
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, 900 S. Cady Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; Department of Pathology/Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Milja Arponen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Isabelle R Clark
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, WCP 4.102, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Primate Ethology and Endocrinology Lab, University of Texas at Austin, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jeremy B Clift
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, 216 Memorial Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Rachna B Reddy
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 104 Biological Sciences, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Kaisa K Ivaska
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Fragaszy DM, Aiempichitkijkarn N, Eshchar Y, Mangalam M, Izar P, Resende B, Visalberghi E. The development of expertise at cracking palm nuts by wild bearded capuchin monkeys, Sapajus libidinosus. Anim Behav 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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9
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Stone tools differences across three capuchin monkey populations: food's physical properties, ecology, and culture. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14365. [PMID: 35999444 PMCID: PMC9399116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18661-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust capuchin monkeys (Sapajus) are known for processing mechanically challenging foods, having morphological adaptations to do so. However, several populations go beyond body limitations by using stone tools to expand their food range. Those populations use stones in a variety of ways, goals, and with different frequencies. Stone tool size correlates with the food's resistance within some populations. However, we have no detailed comparisons to identify if this correlation is the same across populations. This study described and compared stone raw material availability, food's physical properties (hardness and elasticity), and stone tool weight in three populations of bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus), including a newly described site (Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, CVNP). The differences we observed regarding stone tool weight selection among sites were not correlated to the food's physical properties we analyzed. Lithic resource availability could partly explain some differences in the stone tools used. However, the tool weight differences are larger than the raw material variance across sites, meaning some distinctions are possible behavioral traditions, such as the same fruit (Hymenaea) being processed with bigger than needed tools in CVNP than in the other two sites. Capuchin monkey behavioral variability in stone tool use can be caused by several interacting factors, from ecological to cultural.
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Izar P, Peternelli-Dos-Santos L, Rothman JM, Raubenheimer D, Presotto A, Gort G, Visalberghi EM, Fragaszy DM. Stone tools improve diet quality in wild monkeys. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4088-4092.e3. [PMID: 35985326 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Tool use is a fundamental feature of human evolution. Stone tools are in the archaeological record from 3.4 Ma, even before Homo,1 and the use of stone tools probably predated the split between hominins and panins.2 Using tools (hereafter, tooling cf Fragaszy and Mangalam3) is hypothesized to have improved hominins' foraging efficiency or access to high-quality foods.4-7 This hypothesis is supported if feeding with tools positively contributes to diet quality in extant non-human primates or if foraging efficiency is increased by tooling. However, the contribution of tooling to non-human primates' foraging success has never been investigated through a direct analysis of nutritional ecology.8,9 We used multi-dimensional nutritional geometry to analyze energy and macronutrients (nonstructural carbohydrates, lipids, and protein) in the diets of wild capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinous) that routinely crack palm nuts with stone hammers.10,11 We show that eating nuts obtained through tooling helps monkeys to achieve more consistent dietary intakes. Tooling increased the net energy gain by 50% and decreased the proportion of fiber ingested by 7%. Tooling also increased the daily non-protein energy intake. By contrast, protein intake remained constant across foraging days, suggesting a pattern of macronutrient regulation called protein prioritization, which is also found in contemporary humans.8,9 In addition, tooling reduced dispersion in the ratio of protein to non-protein energy, suggesting a role in macronutrient balancing. Our findings suggest that tooling prior to tool making could have substantially increased the nutritional security of ancestral hominins, sowing the seeds for cultural development.5,7 VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Izar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil.
| | | | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andrea Presotto
- Department of Geography and Geosciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD 21801, USA
| | - Gerrit Gort
- Biometris, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6700 AE, the Netherlands
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Falótico T. Vertebrate Predation and Tool-Aided Capture of Prey by Savannah Wild Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus). INT J PRIMATOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Hernández-Cruz G, Ferreira RG, Rooney NJ, Guidi RDS, Rego RDPD, Costa TSF, Klefasz A, Oliveira WF, Gaio FC, Duarte NFH, Viana VDF, Mendl M. Haematology, physiological parameters, morphometry and parasitological status of rescued bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus). J Med Primatol 2022; 51:213-222. [PMID: 35383937 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few studies on the physiology and haematology of rescued bearded capuchin monkeys. These are necessary to better understand the health and welfare status of the animals, including when performing reintroductions, and to avoid zoonoses. METHODS We aimed to obtain physiological and haematological values, morphometry and parasitological status of 26 bearded capuchins in two rescue centres in Northeast Brazil. RESULTS We found sex- and age-related differences in respiratory rate, body weight and body mass index, but not haematology. The haematological values obtained were significantly different from published data but within the reference intervals for the species. Animals infected with Ancylostoma spp. had significantly lower values in the parameters: haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration than non-infected individuals. CONCLUSION Physiological and haematological values of rescued capuchins were similar to those found in previous studies. Ancylostomiasis appears to cause alterations to haematological values of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renata G Ferreira
- Department of Physiology, School of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Nicola J Rooney
- Animal Welfare and Behaviour Group, Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Raiane Dos Santos Guidi
- Department of Physiology, School of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Tiago Saulo Freire Costa
- Wildlife Rescue Centre, Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, Natal, Brazil
| | - Alberto Klefasz
- Wildlife Rescue Centre, Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Walber Feijó Oliveira
- Wildlife Rescue Centre, Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Conceição Gaio
- Wildlife Rescue Centre, Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | - Michael Mendl
- Animal Welfare and Behaviour Group, Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Parallel lasers and digital photography to estimate limb size of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. Primates 2022; 63:217-224. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-022-00982-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lousa TC, Mendes FDC. Inter-group conflicts involving adult female and male bearded capuchins, Sapajus libidinosus (Primates: Cebidae), in the context of provisioned resources: resource defense or sexual selection? ZOOLOGIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-4689.v39.e21020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Paukner A, Slonecker EM, Wooddell LJ. Effects of dominance and female presence on secondary sexual characteristics in male tufted capuchin monkeys ( Sapajus apella). Ecol Evol 2021; 11:6315-6325. [PMID: 34141220 PMCID: PMC8207437 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha status may lead to physiological changes that enhance secondary sexual characteristics, which may serve as competitive signals to conspecific males, sexual signals to females, or possibly a combination of both. Here, we report measurements of secondary sexual characteristics in captive dominant and subordinate male tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella) with varying access to females. An adult male (who had previously been subordinate while housed with other males) was paired with an adult female. This male-female pair was introduced into a room that housed three other male-male pairs with stable hierarchy arrangements. We analyzed weight, body measurements, facial photographs, and hair cortisol before, during, and after introducing a female into the room. While there were no differences in weight or measurements between alphas and subordinates without physical access to the female prior to or during the female's presence, we found that direct access to the female resulted in dramatic changes in facial appearance, body size, and testicular volume in the male who was paired with her. Overall, we found little evidence to suggest that alpha males advertise their status within all-male groups via sexual secondary characteristics. However, direct physical access to females appears to trigger the development of such characteristics in alpha males. It remains of continued interest to identify the endocrine mechanisms responsible for the development, and possible loss, of secondary sexual characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Paukner
- Department of PsychologyNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUK
| | - Emily M. Slonecker
- Department of Psychological ScienceUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCAUSA
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16
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Wild robust capuchin monkey interactions with sympatric primates. Primates 2021; 62:659-666. [PMID: 33948760 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-021-00913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Examining interactions among sympatric primate species can provide interesting information about competition, cooperation, and avoidance between those species. Those interactions can be neutral, positive, or negative for the species involved. Capuchin monkeys are medium-sized primates that can encounter both larger and smaller primates in their varied habitats. Gracile capuchins (Cebus) are reported to present different types of interactions with other primates. Interactions with howler monkeys frequently include physical aggression, while interactions with spider monkeys are mostly threats and chases. Moreover, interaction types are not consistent across populations. Among robust capuchins (Sapajus spp.), however, no reports have been published. Here we describe and classify encounters of Sapajus libidinosus and S. nigritus with Alouatta caraya, A. guariba, Brachyteles arachnoides, and Callithrix jacchus in three sites in the environments of Cerrado, Caatinga (savannah-like), and Atlantic forest, and compare the interaction patterns among sites and different group sizes. The latter is a factor that can influence the outcome, and we expected capuchins in larger groups to be more aggressive toward other primates. Our results of 8421 h of total contact with the capuchin groups show that, indeed, capuchins in sites with larger groups presented aggressive interactions with higher frequency. However, the other species' body size also seems important as smaller primates apparently avoided capuchins, and interactions with the larger muriquis were mostly neutral for the capuchin. Capuchins showed neutral or aggressive behaviors toward howler monkeys, with differences between the rainforest and savannah groups. We found that robust capuchins can present aggressive interactions even to primates larger than themselves and that aggressive behavior was the most common response in populations living in larger groups and drier environments.
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17
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Izar P, Fernández-Bolaños M, Seex L, Gort G, Suscke P, Tokuda M, Mendonça-Furtado O, Verderane MP, Hemelrijk CK. Female emancipation in a male dominant, sexually dimorphic primate under natural conditions. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249039. [PMID: 33872318 PMCID: PMC8055024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In most group-living animals, a dominance hierarchy reduces the costs of competition for limited resources. Dominance ranks may reflect prior attributes, such as body size, related to fighting ability or reflect the history of self-reinforcing effects of winning and losing a conflict (the winner-loser effect), or both. As to prior attributes, in sexually dimorphic species, where males are larger than females, males are assumed to be dominant over females. As to the winner-loser effect, the computational model DomWorld has shown that despite the female’s lower initial fighting ability, females achieve some degree of dominance of females over males. In the model, this degree of female dominance increases with the proportion of males in a group. This increase was supposed to emerge from the higher fraction of fights of males among themselves. These correlations were confirmed in despotic macaques, vervet monkeys, and in humans. Here, we first investigate this hypothesis in DomWorld and next in long-term data of 9,300 observation hours on six wild groups of robust capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus; S. nigritus, and S. xanthosternos) in three Brazilian sites. We test whether both the proportion of males and degree of female dominance over males are indeed associated with a higher relative frequency of aggression among males and a higher relative frequency of aggression of females to males. We confirm these correlations in DomWorld. Next, we confirm in empirical data of capuchin monkeys that with the proportion of males in the group there is indeed an increase in female dominance over males, and in the relative frequency of both male-male aggression and aggression of females to males and that the female dominance index is significantly positively associated with male male aggression. Our results reveal that adult sex ratio influences the power relation between the sexes beyond predictions from socioecological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Izar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Lauren Seex
- Theoretical Research in Evolutionary Life Sciences, TRÊS, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Gort
- Biometris, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Priscila Suscke
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Tokuda
- Parque Zoológico Municipal Quinzinho de Barros, Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Olívia Mendonça-Furtado
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of the Atlantic Forest, Santa Teresa, Brazil
| | - Michele P. Verderane
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Charlotte K. Hemelrijk
- Theoretical Research in Evolutionary Life Sciences, TRÊS, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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18
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Filho RF, Veiga S, Bezerra B. Bearded capuchin (Sapajus libidinosus) predation on a rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris) followed by prey sharing. Primates 2021; 62:463-466. [PMID: 33772692 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-021-00894-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe predation on an adult rodent rock cavy and sharing of the carcass by a group of male bearded capuchins. Despite many studies, such an interaction has never been observed in bearded capuchins. Rock cavies are large rodents weighing around 25% of the weight of an adult male bearded capuchin. The capuchins chased, caught, and shared the adult rock cavy. We observed no strong evidence of communication or division of roles in the successful capture, suggesting that the social hunting episode was not necessarily coordinated or collaborative. Instead, the individuals apparently tried to achieve the same goal of capturing the prey simultaneously (i.e., individuals synchronously performed similar actions to achieve the task), with the strongest individual emerging victorious and tolerating prey sharing afterwards. Our observations add to the understanding of cooperative behaviours such as social hunting and food sharing in bearded capuchins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robério Freire Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamento e Conservação (LECC), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil.
| | - Sanjay Veiga
- Faculdade de Veterinaria-FAVET, UECE, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE, 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Bruna Bezerra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamento e Conservação (LECC), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil
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19
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Resende B, Ballesteros-Ardilla A, Fragaszy D, Visalberghi E, Izar P. Revisiting the fourth dimension of tool use: how objects become tools for capuchin monkeys. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2021; 3:e18. [PMID: 37588559 PMCID: PMC10427319 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2021.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture allows humans to adapt to a diversity of contexts. Participatory experience in technical activities and activity with artefacts provide the basis for learning traditional technical skills. Some populations of non-human animals use tools. The ways in which artefacts influence the development of a traditional skill in non-human species can provide insight into essential supports for technical traditions in humans and shared learning processes across species. In wild bearded capuchins, nut cracking leaves edible pieces of nuts, nut shells and stones used as hammers at anvil sites. We addressed how mastery of cracking nuts by young monkeys is associated with interactions with these objects. We studied monkeys' reuse of nuts, hammers and anvils and the outcome of attempts to crack nuts, and from these data derived their behavioural variability and proficiency in nut cracking. Behavioural variability was the most robust predictor of whether a monkey collects pieces of nuts cracked by others or reuses stones and nuts, and was a stronger predictor of proficiency than age. Young monkeys were increasingly likely to reuse the stone used by another after the other monkey had left the anvil as they increasingly focused their behaviour on actions relevant to cracking nuts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elisabetta Visalberghi
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrícia Izar
- Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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20
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Visalberghi E, Barca V, Izar P, Fragaszy D, Truppa V. Optional tool use: The case of wild bearded capuchins (Sapajus libidinosus) cracking cashew nuts by biting or by using percussors. Am J Primatol 2020; 83:e23221. [PMID: 33300618 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tool use in humans can be optional, that is, the same person can use different tools or no tool to achieve a given goal. Strategies to reach the same goal may differ across individuals and cultures and at the intra-individual level. This is the first experimental study at the intra-individual level on the optional use of a tool in wild nonhuman primates. We investigated optional tool use by wild bearded capuchins (Sapajus libidinosus) of Fazenda Boa Vista (FBV; Piauí, Brazil). These monkeys habitually succeed in cracking open the mesocarp of dry cashew nuts (Anacardium spp.) by pounding them with stones and/or by biting. We assessed whether availability of a stone and resistance of the nut affected capuchins' choice to pound or to bite the nuts and their rates of success. Sixteen capuchins (1-16 years) received small and large dry cashew nuts by an anvil together with a stone (Stone condition) or without a stone (No-Stone condition). In the Stone conditions, subjects used it to crack the nut in 89.1% (large nuts) and 90.1% (small nut) of the trials. Nut size significantly affected the number of strikes used to open it. Availability of the stone significantly increased the average percent of success. In the No-Stone conditions, monkeys searched for and used other percussors to crack the nuts in 54% of trials. In all conditions, age affects percentage of success and number of strikes to reach success. We argue that exclusive use of stones in other sites may be due to the higher abundance of stones at these sites compared with FBV. Since capuchins opened cashews with a tool 1-2 years earlier than they succeed at cracking more resistant palm nuts, we suggest that success at opening cashew nuts with percussors may support the monkeys' persistent efforts to crack palm nuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Visalberghi
- National Research Council, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Barca
- National Research Council, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Università di Roma Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Patricia Izar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dorothy Fragaszy
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Valentina Truppa
- National Research Council, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, Rome, Italy
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21
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Heldstab SA, van Schaik CP, Müller DWH, Rensch E, Lackey LB, Zerbe P, Hatt JM, Clauss M, Matsuda I. Reproductive seasonality in primates: patterns, concepts and unsolved questions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:66-88. [PMID: 32964610 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Primates, like other mammals, exhibit an annual reproductive pattern that ranges from strictly seasonal breeding to giving birth in all months of the year, but factors mediating this variation are not fully understood. We applied both a categorical description and quantitative measures of the birth peak breadth based on daily observations in zoos to characterise reproductive seasonality in 141 primate species with an average of 941 birth events per species. Absolute day length at the beginning of the mating season in seasonally reproducing species was not correlated between populations from natural habitats and zoos. The mid-point of latitudinal range was a major factor associated with reproductive seasonality, indicating a correlation with photoperiod. Gestation length, annual mean temperature, natural diet and Malagasy origin were other important factors associated with reproductive seasonality. Birth seasons were shorter with increasing latitude of geographical origin, corresponding to the decreasing length of the favourable season. Species with longer gestation periods were less seasonal than species with shorter ones, possibly because shorter gestation periods more easily facilitate the synchronisation of reproductive activity with annual cycles. Habitat conditions with higher mean annual temperature were also linked to less-seasonal reproduction, independently of the latitude effect. Species with a high percentage of leaves in their natural diet were generally non-seasonal, potentially because the availability of mature leaves is comparatively independent of seasons. Malagasy primates were more seasonal in their births than species from other regions. This might be due to the low resting metabolism of Malagasy primates, the comparatively high degree of temporal predictability of Malagasy ecosystems, or historical constraints peculiar to Malagasy primates. Latitudinal range showed a weaker but also significant association with reproductive seasonality. Amongst species with seasonal reproduction in their natural habitats, smaller primate species were more likely than larger species to shift to non-seasonal breeding in captivity. The percentage of species that changed their breeding pattern in zoos was higher in primates (30%) than in previous studies on Carnivora and Ruminantia (13 and 10%, respectively), reflecting a higher concentration of primate species in the tropics. When comparing only species that showed seasonal reproduction in natural habitats at absolute latitudes ≤11.75°, primates did not differ significantly from these two other taxa in the proportion of species that changed to a less-seasonal pattern in zoos. However, in this latitude range, natural populations of primates and Carnivora had a significantly higher proportion of seasonally reproducing species than Ruminantia, suggesting that in spite of their generally more flexible diets, both primates and Carnivora are more exposed to resource fluctuation than ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Heldstab
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Anthropology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carel P van Schaik
- Department of Anthropology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dennis W H Müller
- Zoological Garden Halle (Saale), Fasanenstrasse 5a, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Eberhard Rensch
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laurie Bingaman Lackey
- World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA), Carrer de Roger de Llúria, 2, 2-2, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Michel Hatt
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ikki Matsuda
- Chubu University Academy of Emerging Sciences, 1200, Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai-shi, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan.,Wildlife Research Center of Kyoto University, 2-24 Tanaka-Sekiden-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8203, Japan.,Japan Monkey Centre, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-0081, Japan.,Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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22
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Hecht EE, Reilly OT, Benítez ME, Phillips KA, Brosnan SF. Sex differences in the brains of capuchin monkeys (Sapajus [Cebus] apella). J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:327-339. [PMID: 32410227 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study reports an analysis of 20 T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans from tufted capuchin monkeys (5 male, 15 female). We carried out a data-driven, whole-brain volumetric analysis on regional gray matter anatomy using voxel-based morphometry. This revealed that males showed statistically significant expansion of a region of the hypothalamus, while females showed significant expansion in a distributed set of regions, including the cerebellum, early visual cortex, and higher-order visual regions spanning occipital and temporal cortex. In order to elucidate the network connectivity of these regions, we employed probabilistic tractography on diffusion tensor imaging data. This showed that the female-enlarged regions connect with distributed association networks across the brain. Notably, this contrasts with rodent studies, where sex differences are focused in deep, ancestral limbic regions involved in the control of reproductive behavior. Additionally, in our data set, for several regions, male and female volumetric measures were completely nonoverlapping. This contrasts with human studies, where sex differences in cortical regions have been reported but are characterized by overlapping rather than divergent male and female values. We suggest that these results can be understood in the context of the different lifetime experiences of males and females, which may produce increased experience-dependent cortical plasticity in capuchins compared to rodents, and in humans compared to capuchins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Hecht
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olivia T Reilly
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marcela E Benítez
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kimberley A Phillips
- Department of Psychology, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Sarah F Brosnan
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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23
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Fragaszy DM, Barton SA, Keo S, Patel R, Izar P, Visalberghi E, Haslam M. Adult and juvenile bearded capuchin monkeys handle stone hammers differently during nut-cracking. Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23156. [PMID: 32458474 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) habitually use stone hammers to crack open palm nuts and seeds on anvils. This activity requires strength, balance, and precise movement of a large stone with respect to the item placed on an anvil. We explored how well young monkeys cope with these challenges by examining their behavior and the behavior of adults while they cracked palm nuts using a stone. Using video records, we compared actions of six juvenile (2-5 years) and six adult (7+ years) wild monkeys during their first 20 strikes with one unfamiliar ellipsoid, quartzite stone (540 g), and the outcomes of these strikes. Compared with adults, juveniles cracked fewer nuts, performed a more diverse set of exploratory actions, and less frequently placed one or both hands on top of the stone on the downward motion. Adults and juveniles displayed similar low frequencies of striking with a slanted trajectory, missing the nut, and losing control over the nut or stone after striking. These findings indicate that young monkeys control the trajectory of a stone adequately but that is not sufficient to crack nuts as effectively as adults do. Compared with juveniles, adults more quickly perceive how to grip the stone efficiently, and they are able to adjust their grip dynamically during the strike. Young monkeys develop expertise in the latter aspects of cracking nuts over the course of several years of regular practice, indicating that perceptual learning about these aspects of percussion occurs slowly. Juvenile and adult humans learning to use stones to crack nuts also master these features of cracking nuts very slowly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Patrícia Izar
- University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Delval I, Fernández-Bolaños M, Izar P. A longitudinal assessment of behavioral development in wild capuchins: Personality is not established in the first 3 years. Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23116. [PMID: 32096276 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Animal personality is defined as consistent individual differences across time and situations, but little is known about how or when those differences are established during development. Likewise, several studies described the personality structure of adult capuchin monkeys, without assessing the ontogeny of these personality traits. We analyzed the behavioral repertoire of 12 wild infants (9 males, 3 females) yellow-breasted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus xanthosternos), in Una Biological Reserve (Bahia, Brazil). Each infant was observed and filmed weekly from birth until 36 months, through daily focal sampling. We analyzed the behavior of each individual in 10 developmental points. By means of component reduction (principal component analysis), we obtained four behavioral traits: Sociability, Anxiety, Openness, and Activity. We investigated whether there were developmental effects on those traits by fitting regression models for the effect of time on behavioral traits, controlling for monkey identity, sex, and cohort. Sociability (decreasing) and Anxiety (increasing) changed significantly along development. By means of repeatability analysis, we did not find intra-individual consistency across time in those traits, so we cannot discriminate stable personality traits in early ontogeny. Our results show that the personality structure of capuchin monkeys is not established during early development, in agreement with the literature on human personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Delval
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo (IP-USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Fernández-Bolaños
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo (IP-USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Izar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo (IP-USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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25
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Verderane MP, Aguiar RM, Izar P. Face-to-face interactions between mothers and female infants in wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus). Dev Psychobiol 2019; 62:941-949. [PMID: 31891984 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Once considered uniquely human, mother-infant face-to-face interactions (FF) were observed in a few captive primates. In these studies, FF were correlated to physical contact suggesting a mechanism mediating proximity between mother and infant, as is the case for humans. We investigated this hypothesis in wild capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) during the first year of life of eight female infants. Data were weekly focal-day videos of infants from which we recorded FF with mothers. We expected FF would increase with infants' age (as time in contact with mothers decreased) and would more likely occur in the absence of physical contact between the dyad. There was no effect of age in the proportion of interaction time spent in FF, nor in types of FF. A quarter of FF episodes occurred in the absence of physical contact between the dyad, and in most of them physical contact was resumed following the FF. Contrary to predictions, the stability in the first year, mainly when mothers-female infants were in contact, indicates that FF act primarily promoting opportunities for affective communication and intuitive care. However, we found some supportive evidence for the hypothesis that FF regulate proximity between mother and infant, mainly in resume physical contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Pereira Verderane
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Mendes Aguiar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Izar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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26
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Individuals in urban dwelling primate species face unequal benefits associated with living in an anthropogenic environment. Primates 2019; 61:249-255. [PMID: 31773350 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-019-00775-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In primates, living in an anthropogenic environment can significantly improve an individual's fitness, which is likely attributed to access to anthropogenic food resources. However, in non-professionally provisioned groups, few studies have examined whether individual attributes, such as dominance rank and sex, affect primates' ability to access anthropogenic food. Here, we investigated whether rank and sex explain individual differences in the proportion of anthropogenic food consumed by macaques. We observed 319 individuals living in nine urban groups across three macaque species. We used proportion of anthropogenic food in the diet as a proxy of access to those food resources. Males and high-ranking individuals in both sexes had significantly higher proportions of anthropogenic food in their diets than other individuals. We speculate that unequal access to anthropogenic food resources further increases within-group competition, and may limit fitness benefits in an anthropogenic environment to certain individuals.
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27
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Wright KA, Biondi L, Visalberghi E, Ma Z, Izar P, Fragaszy D. Positional behavior and substrate use in wild adult bearded capuchin monkeys (
Sapajus libidinosus
). Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e23067. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A. Wright
- Department of Anatomy, School of MedicineUniversity of Missouri‐Kansas CityKansas City Missouri
| | - Luiz Biondi
- Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of Sao PauloSao Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Elisabetta Visalberghi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheIstituto do Scienze e Tecnologie della CognizioneRome Italy
| | - Ziyang Ma
- Department of StatisticsUniversity of GeorgiaAthens Georgia
| | - Patricia Izar
- Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of Sao PauloSao Paulo SP Brazil
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28
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Truppa V, Marino LA, Izar P, Fragaszy DM, Visalberghi E. Manual skills for processing plant underground storage organs by wild bearded capuchins. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 170:48-64. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Truppa
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and TechnologiesNational Research Council (CNR) Rome Italy
| | - Luca A. Marino
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and TechnologiesNational Research Council (CNR) Rome Italy
- Department of SciencesRoma Tre University Rome Italy
| | - Patricia Izar
- Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Elisabetta Visalberghi
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and TechnologiesNational Research Council (CNR) Rome Italy
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29
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Irwin MT, Samonds KE, Raharison JL, Junge RE, Mahefarisoa KL, Rasambainarivo F, Godfrey LR, Glander KE. Morphometric signals of population decline in diademed sifakas occupying degraded rainforest habitat in Madagascar. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8776. [PMID: 31217457 PMCID: PMC6584568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic habitat change can have varied impacts on primates, including both negative and positive outcomes. Even when behavioural shifts are seen, they may reflect decreased health, or simply behavioural flexibility; understanding this distinction is important for conservation efforts. This study examines habitat-related variation in adult and immature morphometrics among diademed sifakas (Propithecus diadema). We collected morphometric data from sifakas at Tsinjoarivo, Madagascar (19 years, 188 captures, 113 individuals). Captures spanned 12 groups, five within continuous forest ("CONT"), and seven in degraded fragments ("FRAG") where sifakas have lower nutritional intakes. Few consistent differences were found between CONT and FRAG groups. However, using home range quality as a covariate rather than a CONT/FRAG dichotomy revealed a threshold: the two FRAG groups in the lowest-quality habitat showed low adult mass and condition (wasting), and low immature mass and length (stunting). Though less-disturbed fragments apparently provide viable habitat, we suggest the sifakas in the most challenging habitats cannot evolve fast enough to keep up with such rapid habitat change. We suggest other long-lived organisms will show similar morphometric "warning signs" (wasting in adults, stunting in immatures); selected morphometric variables can thus be useful at gauging vulnerability of populations in the face of anthropogenic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell T Irwin
- Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA.
| | - Karen E Samonds
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Laurie R Godfrey
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Kenneth E Glander
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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Fragaszy DM, Morrow KS, Baldree R, Unholz E, Izar P, Visalberghi E, Haslam M. How bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) prepare to use a stone to crack nuts. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e22958. [PMID: 30811071 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bearded capuchin monkeys crack nuts with naturally varying stone hammers, suggesting they may tune their grips and muscular forces to each stone. If so, they might use discrete actions on a stone before lifting and striking, and they would likely use these actions more frequently when the stone is larger and/or less familiar and/or when first initiating striking. We examined the behavior of (a) four monkeys (all proficient at cracking nuts) with two larger (1 kg) and two smaller (0.5 kg) stones, (b) 12 monkeys with one 1 kg stone, and (c) one monkey during its first 100 strikes with an initially unfamiliar 1 kg stone. Bearded capuchin monkeys used three discrete actions on the stone before striking, all more often with the larger stones than the smaller stones. We infer that the first discrete action (Spin) aided the monkey in determining where to grip the stone, the second (Flip) allowed it to position the stone on the anvil ergonomically before lifting it, and the third (Preparatory Lift) readied the monkey for the strenuous lifting action. The monkey that provided 100 strikes with one initially unfamiliar stone performed fewer Spins in later strikes but performed Flip and Preparatory Lift at consistent rates. The monkeys gripped the stone with both hands along the sides to lift it, but usually moved one or both hands to the top of the stone at the zenith of the lift for the downward strike. The findings highlight two new aspects of the capuchins' nut-cracking: (a) Anticipatory actions with the stone before striking, especially when the stone is larger or unfamiliar, and when initiating striking and (b) shifting grips on the stone during a strike. We invite researchers to investigate if other taxa use anticipatory actions and shift their grips during percussive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristen S Morrow
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Rhianna Baldree
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Emily Unholz
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Patricia Izar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisabetta Visalberghi
- Institute of Science and Technology of Cognition, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael Haslam
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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31
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Mangalam M, Rein R, Fragaszy DM. Bearded capuchin monkeys use joint synergies to stabilize the hammer trajectory while cracking nuts in bipedal stance. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1797. [PMID: 30333210 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition from occasional to obligate bipedalism is a milestone in human evolution. However, because the fossil record is fragmentary and reconstructing behaviour from fossils is difficult, changes in the motor control strategies that accompanied this transition remain unknown. Quadrupedal primates that adopt a bipedal stance while using percussive tools provide a unique reference point to clarify one aspect of this transition, which is maintaining bipedal stance while handling massive objects. We found that while cracking nuts using massive stone hammers, wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) produce hammer trajectories with highly repeatable spatial profiles. Using an uncontrolled manifold analysis, we show that the monkeys used strong joint synergies to stabilize the hammer trajectory while lifting and lowering heavy hammers. The monkeys stringently controlled the motion of the foot. They controlled the motion of the lower arm and hand rather loosely, showing a greater variability across strikes. Overall, our findings indicate that while standing bipedally to lift and lower massive hammers, an arboreal quadrupedal primate must control motion in the joints of the lower body more stringently than motion in the joints of the upper body. Similar changes in the structure of motor variability required to accomplish this goal could have accompanied the evolutionary transition from occasional to obligate bipedalism in ancestral hominins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhur Mangalam
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert Rein
- Institute of Training and Computer Science in Sports, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
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32
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Truppa V, Carducci P, Sabbatini G. Object grasping and manipulation in capuchin monkeys (genera Cebus and Sapajus). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Truppa
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Via Ulisse Aldrovandi, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Carducci
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Via Ulisse Aldrovandi, Rome, Italy
- Environmental and Evolutionary Biology PhD Program, Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, Rome, Italy
| | - Gloria Sabbatini
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Via Ulisse Aldrovandi, Rome, Italy
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33
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Howard A, Mainali K, Fagan WF, Visalberghi E, Izar P, Jones C, Fragaszy D. Foraging and inter‐individual distances of bearded capuchin monkeys. Am J Primatol 2018; 80:e22900. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Howard
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia
- Department of BiologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland
| | - Kumar Mainali
- Department of BiologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland
| | | | | | - Patrícia Izar
- Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Caroline Jones
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia
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34
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Mangalam M, Pacheco MM, Izar P, Visalberghi E, Fragaszy DM. Unique perceptuomotor control of stone hammers in wild monkeys. Biol Lett 2018; 14:rsbl.2017.0587. [PMID: 29321246 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We analysed the patterns of coordination of striking movement and perceptuomotor control of stone hammers in wild bearded capuchin monkeys, Sapajus libidinosus as they cracked open palm nut using hammers of different mass, a habitual behaviour in our study population. We aimed to determine why these monkeys cannot produce conchoidally fractured flakes as do contemporary human knappers or as did prehistoric hominin knappers. We found that the monkeys altered their patterns of coordination of movement to accommodate changes in hammer mass. By altering their patterns of coordination, the monkeys kept the strike's amplitude and the hammer's velocity at impact constant with respect to hammer mass. In doing so, the hammer's kinetic energy at impact-which determines the propagation of a fracture/crack in a nut-varied across hammers of different mass. The monkeys did not control the hammer's kinetic energy at impact, the key parameter a perceiver-actor should control while knapping stones. These findings support the hypothesis that the perceptuomotor control of stone hammers in wild bearded capuchin monkeys is inadequate to produce conchoidally fractured flakes by knapping stones, as do humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrícia Izar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisabetta Visalberghi
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00197 Rome, Italy
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35
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36
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Jack KM, Fedigan LM. Alpha Male Capuchins (Cebus capucinus imitator) as Keystone Individuals. PRIMATE LIFE HISTORIES, SEX ROLES, AND ADAPTABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-98285-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Brasington LF, Wikberg EC, Kawamura S, Fedigan LM, Jack KM. Infant mortality in white-faced capuchins: The impact of alpha male replacements. Am J Primatol 2017; 79. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva C. Wikberg
- Department of Integrated Biosciences; University of Tokyo; Kashiwa Chiba Japan
| | - Shoji Kawamura
- Department of Integrated Biosciences; University of Tokyo; Kashiwa Chiba Japan
| | - Linda M. Fedigan
- Department of Anthropology; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Katharine M. Jack
- Department of Anthropology; Tulane University; New Orleans Louisiana
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38
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Mangalam M, Fragaszy DM, Newell KM, Visalberghi E. Stone-Tool Use in Wild Monkeys: Implications for the Study of the Body-Plus-Tool System. ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2017.1369852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elisabetta Visalberghi
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy (CNR)
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39
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Validation of an Enzyme Immunoassay for Measuring Fecal Cortisol Metabolites of Bearded (Sapajus libidinosus) and Black (Sapajus nigritus) Capuchins. INT J PRIMATOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-017-9993-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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40
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Synchronized practice helps bearded capuchin monkeys learn to extend attention while learning a tradition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:7798-7805. [PMID: 28739944 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621071114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture extends biology in that the setting of development shapes the traditions that individuals learn, and over time, traditions evolve as occasional variations are learned by others. In humans, interactions with others impact the development of cognitive processes, such as sustained attention, that shape how individuals learn as well as what they learn. Thus, learning itself is impacted by culture. Here, we explore how social partners might shape the development of psychological processes impacting learning a tradition. We studied bearded capuchin monkeys learning a traditional tool-using skill, cracking nuts using stone hammers. Young monkeys practice components of cracking nuts with stones for years before achieving proficiency. We examined the time course of young monkeys' activity with nuts before, during, and following others' cracking nuts. Results demonstrate that the onset of others' cracking nuts immediately prompts young monkeys to start handling and percussing nuts, and they continue these activities while others are cracking. When others stop cracking nuts, young monkeys sustain the uncommon actions of percussing and striking nuts for shorter periods than the more common actions of handling nuts. We conclude that nut-cracking by adults can promote the development of sustained attention for the critical but less common actions that young monkeys must practice to learn this traditional skill. This work suggests that in nonhuman species, as in humans, socially specified settings of development impact learning processes as well as learning outcomes. Nonhumans, like humans, may be culturally variable learners.
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41
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Galbany J, Abavandimwe D, Vakiener M, Eckardt W, Mudakikwa A, Ndagijimana F, Stoinski TS, McFarlin SC. Body growth and life history in wild mountain gorillas (
Gorilla beringei beringei
) from Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 163:570-590. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Galbany
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human PaleobiologyThe George Washington UniversityWashington, District Columbia
| | | | - Meagan Vakiener
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human PaleobiologyThe George Washington UniversityWashington, District Columbia
| | | | - Antoine Mudakikwa
- Department of Tourism and ConservationRwanda Development BoardKigali Rwanda
| | | | | | - Shannon C. McFarlin
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human PaleobiologyThe George Washington UniversityWashington, District Columbia
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42
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Schaebs FS, Perry SE, Cohen D, Mundry R, Deschner T. Social and demographic correlates of male androgen levels in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus). Am J Primatol 2017; 79. [PMID: 28388817 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Challenge Hypothesis, designed originally to explain the patterning of competitive behavior and androgen levels in seasonally breeding birds, predicts that males will increase their androgen levels in order to become more competitive in reproductive contexts. Here we test predictions derived from the Challenge Hypothesis in white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus), a species that has somewhat seasonal reproduction. We analyzed demographic and hormonal data collected over a 5.25-year period, from 18 males in nine social groups living in or near Lomas Barbudal Biological Reserve, Costa Rica. Alpha males had higher androgen levels than subordinates. Contrary to our predictions, neither the number of breeding-age males nor the number of potentially fertile females was obviously associated with androgen levels. Furthermore, male androgen levels were not significantly linked to social stability, as measured by stability of male group membership or recency of change in the alpha male position. Androgen levels changed seasonally, but not in a manner that had an obvious relationship to predictions from the Challenge Hypothesis: levels were generally at their lowest near the beginning of the conception season, but instead of peaking when reproductive opportunities were greatest, they were at their highest near the end of the conception season or shortly thereafter. This lack of correspondence to the timing of conceptions suggests that there may be ecological factors not yet identified that influence ifA levels. We expected that the presence of offspring who were young enough to be vulnerable to infanticide during an alpha male takeover might influence androgen levels, at least in the alpha male, but this variable did not significantly impact results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franka S Schaebs
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susan E Perry
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Behavior, Evolution and Culture, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,Proyecto de Monos, Apdo 5, Bagaces, GTE, Costa Rica
| | - Don Cohen
- Proyecto de Monos, Apdo 5, Bagaces, GTE, Costa Rica
| | - Roger Mundry
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Deschner
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, Germany
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43
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Growing up tough: Comparing the effects of food toughness on juvenile feeding in Sapajus libidinosus and Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus. J Hum Evol 2016; 98:76-89. [PMID: 27544691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies of primate feeding ontogeny provide equivocal support for reduced juvenile proficiency. When immatures exhibit decreased feeding competency, these differences are attributed to a spectrum of experience- and strength-related constraints and are often linked to qualitative assessments of food difficulty. However, few have investigated age-related differences in feeding ability relative to mechanical property variation across the diet, both within and among food types. In this study, we combined dietary toughness and feeding behavior data collected in the wild from cross-sectional samples of two primate taxa, Sapajus libidinosus and Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus, to test the prediction that small-bodied juveniles are less efficient at processing tough foods than adults. We defined feeding efficiency as the time spent to ingest and masticate one food item (item bout length) and quantified the toughness and size of foods processed during those feeding bouts. To make the datasets comparable, we limited the dataset to foods processed by more than one age class and opened without tools. The overall toughness of foods processed by both species overlapped considerably, and juveniles and adults in both taxa processed foods of comparable toughness. Feeding efficiency decreased in response to increasing food toughness in leaf monkeys and in response to food size in both taxa. Age was found to be a significant predictor of bout length in leaf monkeys, but not in bearded capuchins. Juvenile S. libidinosus processed smaller fruits than adults, suggesting they employ behavioral strategies to mitigate the effect of consuming large (and occasionally large and tough) foods. We suggest future intra- and interspecific research of juvenile feeding competency utilize intake rates scaled by food size and geometry, as well as by detailed measures of feeding time (e.g., ingestion vs. mastication), in addition to food mechanical properties to facilitate comparisons across diverse food types and feeding behaviors.
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44
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Liu Q, Fragaszy DM, Visalberghi E. Wild capuchin monkeys spontaneously adjust actions when using hammer stones of different mass to crack nuts of different resistance. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 161:53-61. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Psychology Department; State University of New York at Oswego; Oswego NY
- Psychology Department; University of Georgia; Athens GA
| | | | - Elisabetta Visalberghi
- Unit of Cognitive Primatology and Primate Center; Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies; Rome Italy
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45
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Visalberghi E, Albani A, Ventricelli M, Izar P, Schino G, Fragazsy D. Factors affecting cashew processing by wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus, Kerr 1792). Am J Primatol 2016; 78:799-815. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Visalberghi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Rome Italy
| | - Alessandro Albani
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze; Università degli Studi Roma Tre; Rome Italy
| | - Marialba Ventricelli
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Rome Italy
| | - Patricia Izar
- Department of Experimental Psychology; University of São Paolo; São Paolo Brazil
| | - Gabriele Schino
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Rome Italy
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