1
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Lynott D, Corker K, Connell L, O'Brien K. The effects of temperature on prosocial and antisocial behaviour: A review and meta-analysis. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36794795 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Research from the social sciences suggests an association between higher temperatures and increases in antisocial behaviours, including aggressive, violent, or sabotaging behaviours, and represents a heat-facilitates-aggression perspective. More recently, studies have shown that higher temperature experiences may also be linked to increases in prosocial behaviours, such as altruistic, sharing, or cooperative behaviours, representing a warmth-primes-prosociality view. However, across both literatures, there have been inconsistent findings and failures to replicate key theoretical predictions, leaving the status of temperature-behaviour links unclear. Here we review the literature and conduct meta-analyses of available empirical studies that have either prosocial (e.g., monetary reward, gift giving, helping behaviour) or antisocial (self-rewarding, retaliation, sabotaging behaviour) behavioural outcome variables, with temperature as an independent variable. In an omnibus multivariate analysis (total N = 4577) with 80 effect sizes, we found that there was no reliable effect of temperature on the behavioural outcome measured. Further, we find little support for either the warmth-primes-prosociality view or the heat-facilitates-aggression view. There were no reliable effects if we consider separately the type of behavioural outcome (prosocial or antisocial), different types of temperature experience (haptic or ambient), or potential interactions with the experimental social context (positive, neutral, or negative). We discuss how these findings affect the status of existing theoretical perspectives and provide specific suggestions advancing research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dermot Lynott
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland.,Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Katherine Corker
- Department of Psychology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan, USA
| | - Louise Connell
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland.,Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Kerry O'Brien
- School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Freymann E, Huffman MA, Muhumuza G, Gideon MM, Zuberbühler K, Hobaiter C. Friends in high places: Interspecific grooming between chimpanzees and primate prey species in Budongo Forest. Primates 2023; 64:325-337. [PMID: 36790568 PMCID: PMC9930027 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-023-01053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
While cases of interspecies grooming have been reported in primates, no comprehensive cross-site review has been published about this behavior in great apes. Only a few recorded observations of interspecies grooming events between chimpanzees and other primate species have been reported in the wild, all of which have thus far been in Uganda. Here, we review all interspecies grooming events recorded for the Sonso community chimpanzees in Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda, adding five new observations to the single, previously reported event from this community. A new case of interspecies play involving three juvenile male chimpanzees and a red-tailed monkey is also detailed. All events took place between 1993 and 2021. In all of the six interspecific grooming events from Budongo, the 'groomer' was a female chimpanzee between the ages of 4-6 years, and the 'recipient' was a member of the genus Cercopithecus. In five of these events, chimpanzee groomers played with the tail of their interspecific grooming partners, and except for one case, initiated the interaction. In three cases, chimpanzee groomers smelled their fingers after touching distinct parts of the receiver's body. While a single function of chimpanzee interspecies grooming remains difficult to determine from these results, our review outlines and assesses some hypotheses for the general function of this behavior, as well as some of the costs and benefits for both the chimpanzee groomers and their sympatric interspecific receivers. As allogrooming is a universal behavior in chimpanzees, investigating the ultimate and proximate drivers of chimpanzee interspecies grooming may reveal further functions of allogrooming in our closest living relatives, and help us to better understand how chimpanzees distinguish between affiliative and agonistic species and contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Freymann
- Primate Models for Behavioural Evolution Lab, Department of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, Institute of Human Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Budongo Conservation Field Station, Masindi, Uganda.
| | - Michael A. Huffman
- Wildlife Research Center, Inuyama Campus, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | | | | | - Klaus Zuberbühler
- Budongo Conservation Field Station, Masindi, Uganda ,Department of Comparative Cognition, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Hobaiter
- Wild Minds Lab, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK ,Budongo Conservation Field Station, Masindi, Uganda
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3
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The influence of sex, rearing history, and personality on abnormal behaviour in zoo-housed bonobos (Pan paniscus). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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4
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Mathewson PD, Porter WP, Barrett L, Fuller A, Henzi SP, Hetem RS, Young C, McFarland R. Field data confirm the ability of a biophysical model to predict wild primate body temperature. J Therm Biol 2020; 94:102754. [PMID: 33292995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the face of climate change there is an urgent need to understand how animal performance is affected by environmental conditions. Biophysical models that use principles of heat and mass transfer can be used to explore how an animal's morphology, physiology, and behavior interact with its environment in terms of energy, mass and water balances to affect fitness and performance. We used Niche Mapper™ (NM) to build a vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) biophysical model and tested the model's ability to predict core body temperature (Tb) variation and thermal stress against Tb and behavioral data collected from wild vervets in South Africa. The mean observed Tb in both males and females was within 0.5 °C of NM's predicted Tbs for 91% of hours over the five-year study period. This is the first time that NM's Tb predictions have been validated against field data from a wild endotherm. Overall, these results provide confidence that NM can accurately predict thermal stress and can be used to provide insight into the thermoregulatory consequences of morphological (e.g., body size, shape, fur depth), physiological (e.g. Tb plasticity) and behavioral (e.g., huddling, resting, shade seeking) adaptations. Such an approach allows users to test hypotheses about how animals adapt to thermoregulatory challenges and make informed predictions about potential responses to environmental change such as climate change or habitat conversion. Importantly, NM's animal submodel is a general model that can be adapted to other species, requiring only basic information on an animal's morphology, physiology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Mathewson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA.
| | - Warren P Porter
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Louise Barrett
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Canada; Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Andrea Fuller
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - S Peter Henzi
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Canada; Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Robyn S Hetem
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Christopher Young
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Canada; Applied Behavioural Ecology & Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, South Africa; Endocrine Research Laboratory, Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Richard McFarland
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA; Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
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5
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McFarland R, Barrett L, Fuller A, Hetem RS, Porter WP, Young C, Henzi SP. Infrared thermography cannot be used to approximate core body temperature in wild primates. Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23204. [PMID: 33043502 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the physiological processes that underpin primate performance is key if we are to assess how a primate might respond when navigating new and changing environments. Given the connection between a mammal's ability to thermoregulate and the changing demands of its thermal environment, increasing attention is being devoted to the study of thermoregulatory processes as a means to assess primate performance. Infrared thermography can be used to record the body surface temperatures of free-ranging animals. However, some uncertainty remains as to how these measurements can be used to approximate core body temperature. Here, we use data collected from wild vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) to examine the relationship between infrared body surface temperature, core body (intra-abdominal) temperature, and local climate, to determine to what extent surface temperatures reflect core body temperature. While we report a positive association between surface and core body temperature-a finding that has previously been used to justify the use of surface temperature measurements as a proxy for core temperature regulation-when we controlled for the effect of the local climate in our analyses, this relationship was no longer observed. That is, body surface temperatures were solely predicted by local climate, and not core body temperatures, suggesting that surface temperatures tell us more about the environment a primate is in, and less about the thermal status of its body core in that environment. Despite the advantages of a noninvasive means to detect and record animal temperatures, infrared thermography alone cannot be used to approximate core body temperature in wild primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard McFarland
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Louise Barrett
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Andrea Fuller
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Robyn S Hetem
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Warren P Porter
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christopher Young
- Applied Behavioural Ecology & Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.,Endocrine Research Laboratory, Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - S Peter Henzi
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada.,Applied Behavioural Ecology & Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
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6
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Balasubramaniam KN, Marty PR, Arlet ME, Beisner BA, Kaburu SSK, Bliss-Moreau E, Kodandaramaiah U, McCowan B. Impact of anthropogenic factors on affiliative behaviors among bonnet macaques. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 171:704-717. [PMID: 32064585 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In primates, allogrooming and other affiliative behaviors confer many benefits and may be influenced by many socioecological factors. Of these, the impact of anthropogenic factors remain relatively understudied. Here we ask whether interactions with humans decreased macaques' affiliative behaviors by imposing time-constraints, or increased these behaviors on account of more free-/available-time due to macaques' consumption of high-energy human foods. MATERIALS AND METHODS In Southern India, we collected data on human-macaque and macaque-macaque interactions using focal-animal sampling on two groups of semi-urban bonnet macaques for 11 months. For each macaque within each climatic season, we calculated frequencies of human-macaque interactions, rates of monitoring human activity and foraging on anthropogenic food, dominance ranks, grooming duration, number of unique grooming partners, and frequencies of other affiliative interactions. RESULTS We found strong evidence for time-constraints on grooming. Macaques that monitored humans more groomed for shorter durations and groomed fewer partners, independent of their group membership, sex, dominance rank, and season. However, monitoring humans had no impact on other affiliative interactions. We found no evidence for the free-time hypothesis: foraging on anthropogenic food was unrelated to grooming and other affiliation. DISCUSSION Our results are consistent with recent findings on other urban-dwelling species/populations. Macaques in such environments may be especially reliant on other forms of affiliation that are of short duration (e.g., coalitionary support, lip-smacking) and unaffected by time-constraints. We stress on the importance of evaluating human impact on inter-individual differences in primate/wildlife behavior for conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna N Balasubramaniam
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Pascal R Marty
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Małgorzata E Arlet
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań, Poland
| | - Brianne A Beisner
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.,Neuroscience and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Stefano S K Kaburu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Physiology, Faculty of Science & Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Eliza Bliss-Moreau
- Neuroscience and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Ullasa Kodandaramaiah
- IISER-TVM Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE), School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Brenda McCowan
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.,Neuroscience and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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7
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Lhota S, Roubová V, Gregorová V, Konečná M. Complex patterns of grooming and sexual activity in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e23040. [PMID: 31429113 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Grooming in primates is often considered a "currency" that can be exchanged for other "services" or "commodities" such as reciprocal grooming, coalitionary support, infant handling, tolerance around food sources, active food sharing, or mating opportunities. Previous studies on primate grooming-for-sex exchange viewed the males as the demanding class, with the females as suppliers of mating opportunities. In this study, we examine the broader context of grooming-for-mating exchange in Barbary macaques in Gibraltar. Our data show that Barbary macaque males groom females with whom they are mating more frequently and for longer periods than other females, and the relationship between grooming and mating remains significant in both sexual and nonsexual contexts. In addition, females groomed males with whom they were mating more frequently and for longer periods than other males. In both sexes, grooming was observed to be far more frequent and to occur for longer durations in sexual compared to nonsexual contexts. We did not find any difference in grooming behavior between presexual and postsexual contexts. Our data suggest that there is no simple model to describe Barbary macaque grooming patterns in sexual contexts. Although our results are partly consistent with male use of grooming as payment for mating, broadly assessed grooming-mating patterns cannot be solely explained by a male-driven grooming-for-mating exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Lhota
- Department of Animal Science and Food Processing, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Ústí nad Labem Zoo, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Roubová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Gregorová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Konečná
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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8
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IJzerman H, Lindenberg S, Dalğar İ, Weissgerber SSC, Vergara RC, Cairo AH, Čolić MV, Dursun P, Frankowska N, Hadi R, Hall CJ, Hong Y, Hu CP, Joy-Gaba J, Lazarević D, Lazarević LB, Parzuchowski M, Ratner KG, Rothman D, Sim S, Simão C, Song M, Stojilović D, Blomster JK, Brito R, Hennecke M, Jaume-Guazzini F, Schubert TW, Schütz A, Seibt B, Zickfeld JH. The Human Penguin Project: Climate, Social Integration, and Core Body Temperature. COLLABRA-PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1525/collabra.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Social thermoregulation theory posits that modern human relationships are pleisiomorphically organized around body temperature regulation. In two studies (N = 1755) designed to test the principles from this theory, we used supervised machine learning to identify social and non-social factors that relate to core body temperature. This data-driven analysis found that complex social integration (CSI), defined as the number of high-contact roles one engages in, is a critical predictor of core body temperature. We further used a cross-validation approach to show that colder climates relate to higher levels of CSI, which in turn relates to higher CBT (when climates get colder). These results suggest that despite modern affordances for regulating body temperature, people still rely on social warmth to buffer their bodies against the cold.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas W. Schubert
- Singapore Management University, SG
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, ISCTE-IUL, PT
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9
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10
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Eppley TM, Watzek J, Hall K, Donati G. Climatic, social and reproductive influences on behavioural thermoregulation in a female-dominated lemur. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Henning M, Fox GR, Kaplan J, Damasio H, Damasio A. A Potential Role for mu-Opioids in Mediating the Positive Effects of Gratitude. Front Psychol 2017; 8:868. [PMID: 28680408 PMCID: PMC5478726 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gratitude is a complex emotional feeling associated with universally desirable positive effects in personal, social, and physiological domains. Why or how gratitude achieves these functional outcomes is not clear. Toward the goal of identifying its' underlying physiological processes, we recently investigated the neural correlates of gratitude. In our study, participants were exposed to gratitude-inducing stimuli, and rated each according to how much gratitude it provoked. As expected, self-reported gratitude intensity correlated with brain activity in distinct regions of the medial pre-frontal cortex associated with social reward and moral cognition. Here we draw from our data and existing literature to offer a theoretical foundation for the physiological correlates of gratitude. We propose that mu-opioid signaling (1) accompanies the mental experience of gratitude, and (2) may account for the positive effects of gratitude on social relationships, subjective wellbeing, and physiological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Henning
- Psychology, Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, United States.,Performance Science Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Glenn R Fox
- Psychology, Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, United States.,Performance Science Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jonas Kaplan
- Psychology, Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hanna Damasio
- Psychology, Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Antonio Damasio
- Psychology, Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, United States
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12
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Newton-Fisher NE, Kaburu SS. Grooming decisions under structural despotism: the impact of social rank and bystanders among wild male chimpanzees. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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IJzerman H, Heine ECE, Nagel SK, Pronk TM. Modernizing Relationship Therapy through Social Thermoregulation Theory: Evidence, Hypotheses, and Explorations. Front Psychol 2017; 8:635. [PMID: 28507525 PMCID: PMC5410611 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present article the authors propose to modernize relationship therapy by integrating novel sensor and actuator technologies that can help optimize people's thermoregulation, especially as they pertain to social contexts. Specifically, they propose to integrate Social Thermoregulation Theory (IJzerman et al., 2015a; IJzerman and Hogerzeil, 2017) into Emotionally Focused Therapy by first doing exploratory research during couples' therapy, followed by Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs). The authors thus suggest crafting a Social Thermoregulation Therapy (STT) as enhancement to existing relationship therapies. The authors outline what is known and not known in terms of social thermoregulatory mechanisms, what kind of data collection and analyses are necessary to better understand social thermoregulatory mechanisms to craft interventions, and stress the need to conduct RCTs prior to implementation. They further warn against too hastily applying these theoretical perspectives. The article concludes by outlining why STT is the way forward in improving relationship functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans IJzerman
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, CharlottesvilleVA, USA
| | - Emma C. E. Heine
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Saskia K. Nagel
- Department of Philosophy, University of TwenteEnschede, Netherlands
| | - Tila M. Pronk
- Department of Social and Organisational Psychology, Tilburg UniversityTilburg, Netherlands
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14
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Henzi SP, Hetem R, Fuller A, Maloney S, Young C, Mitchell D, Barrett L, McFarland R. Consequences of sex-specific sociability for thermoregulation in male vervet monkeys during winter. J Zool (1987) 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. P. Henzi
- Department of Psychology; University of Lethbridge; Lethbridge AB Canada
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit; University of South Africa; Florida Gauteng South Africa
| | - R. Hetem
- Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - A. Fuller
- Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - S. Maloney
- Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology; University of Western Australia; Crawley WA Australia
| | - C. Young
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit; University of South Africa; Florida Gauteng South Africa
| | - D. Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - L. Barrett
- Department of Psychology; University of Lethbridge; Lethbridge AB Canada
- Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - R. McFarland
- Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
- Department of Anthropology; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
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15
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Jaeggi AV, Kramer KL, Hames R, Kiely EJ, Gomes C, Kaplan H, Gurven M. Human grooming in comparative perspective: People in six small-scale societies groom less but socialize just as much as expected for a typical primate. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 162:810-816. [PMID: 28164267 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Grooming has important utilitarian and social functions in primates but little is known about grooming and its functional analogues in traditional human societies. We compare human grooming to typical primate patterns to test its hygienic and social functions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were used to derive expected human grooming time given the potential associations between grooming, group size, body size, terrestriality, and several climatic variables across 69 primate species. This was compared against observed times dedicated to grooming, other hygienic behavior, and conversation among the Maya, Pumé, Sanöma, Tsimane', Yanomamö, and Ye'kwana (mean number of behavioral scans = 23,514). RESULTS Expected grooming time for humans was 4% (95% Credible Interval = 0.07%-14%), similar to values observed in primates, based largely on terrestriality and phylogenetic signal (mean λ = 0.56). No other covariates strongly associated with grooming across primates. Observed grooming time across societies was 0.8%, lower than 89% of the expected values. However, the observed times dedicated to any hygienic behavior (3.0%) or "vocal grooming," that is conversation (7.3%), fell within the expected range. CONCLUSIONS We found (i) that human grooming may be a (recent) phylogenetic outlier when defined narrowly as parasite removal but not defined broadly as personal hygiene, (ii) there was no support for thermoregulatory functions of grooming, and (iii) no support for the "vocal grooming" hypothesis of language having evolved as a less time-consuming means of bonding. Thus, human grooming reflects decreased hygienic needs, but similar social needs compared to primate grooming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian V Jaeggi
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
| | - Karen L Kramer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | - Raymond Hames
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588
| | - Evan J Kiely
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
| | - Cristina Gomes
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, 33124
| | - Hillard Kaplan
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131
| | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106
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16
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Duboscq J, Romano V, Sueur C, MacIntosh AJJ. Scratch that itch: revisiting links between self-directed behaviour and parasitological, social and environmental factors in a free-ranging primate. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160571. [PMID: 28018646 PMCID: PMC5180144 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Different hypotheses explain variation in the occurrence of self-directed behaviour such as scratching and self-grooming: a parasite hypothesis linked with ectoparasite load, an environmental hypothesis linked with seasonal conditions and a social hypothesis linked with social factors. These hypotheses are not mutually exclusive but are often considered separately. Here, we revisited these hypotheses together in female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata fuscata) of Kōjima islet, Japan. We input occurrences of scratching and self-grooming during focal observations in models combining parasitological (lice load), social (dominance rank, social grooming, aggression received and proximity), and environmental (rainfall, temperature and season) variables. Using an information-theory approach, we simultaneously compared the explanatory value of models against each other using variation in Akaike's information criterion and Akaike's weights. We found that evidence for models with lice load, with or without environmental-social parameters, was stronger than that for other models. In these models, scratching was positively associated with lice load and social grooming whereas self-grooming was negatively associated with lice load and positively associated with social grooming, dominance rank and number of female neighbours. This study indicates that the study animals scratch primarily because of an immune/stimulus itch, possibly triggered by ectoparasite bites/movements. It also confirms that self-grooming could act as a displacement activity in the case of social uncertainty. We advocate that biological hypotheses be more broadly considered even when investigating social processes, as one does not exclude the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Duboscq
- Kyoto University Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto, Japan; Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France; Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valéria Romano
- Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France; Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cédric Sueur
- Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France; Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Andrew J J MacIntosh
- Kyoto University Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto, Japan; Kyoto University Primate Research Institute, Inuyama, Japan
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17
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Brand CM, Boose KJ, Squires EC, Marchant LF, White FJ, Meinelt A, Snodgrass JJ. Hair plucking, stress, and urinary cortisol among captive bonobos (Pan paniscus). Zoo Biol 2016; 35:415-422. [PMID: 27533897 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hair plucking has been observed in many captive primate species, including the great apes; however, the etiology of this behavioral pattern is poorly understood. While this behavior has not been reported in wild apes, an ethologically identical behavior in humans, known as trichotillomania, is linked to chronic psychosocial stress and is a predominantly female disorder. This study examines hair plucking (defined here as a rapid jerking away of the hair shaft and follicle by the hand or mouth, often accompanied by inspection and consumption of the hair shaft and follicle) in a captive group of bonobos (N = 13) at the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium in Columbus, Ohio. Plucking data were collected using behavior and all-occurrence sampling; 1,450 social and self-directed grooming bouts were recorded during 128 hr of observation. Twenty-one percent of all grooming bouts involved at least one instance of plucking. Urine samples (N = 55) were collected and analyzed for the stress hormone cortisol. Analyses of urinary cortisol levels showed a significant positive correlation between mean cortisol and self-directed plucking for females (r = 0.88, P < 0.05) but not for males (r = -0.73, P = 0.09). These results demonstrate an association between relative self-directed hair plucking and cortisol among female bonobos. This is the first study to investigate the relationship between hair plucking and cortisol among apes. Overall, these data add to our knowledge of a contemporary issue in captive ape management. Zoo Biol. 35:415-422, 2016. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M Brand
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.
| | - Klaree J Boose
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Erica C Squires
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | | | - Frances J White
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | | | - J Josh Snodgrass
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
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18
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Kaburu SSK, Newton-Fisher NE. Bystanders, parcelling, and an absence of trust in the grooming interactions of wild male chimpanzees. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20634. [PMID: 26856371 PMCID: PMC4746632 DOI: 10.1038/srep20634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of cooperation remains a central issue in socio-biology with the fundamental problem of how individuals minimize the risks of being short-changed (‘cheated’) should their behavioural investment in another not be returned. Economic decisions that individuals make during interactions may depend upon the presence of potential partners nearby, which offers co operators a temptation to defect from the current partner. The parcelling model posits that donors subdivide services into parcels to force cooperation, and that this is contingent on opportunities for defection; that is, the presence of bystanders. Here we test this model and the effect of bystander presence using grooming interactions of wild chimpanzees. We found that with more bystanders, initiators gave less grooming at the beginning of the bout and were more likely to abandon a grooming bout, while bouts were less likely to be reciprocated. We also found that the groomer’s initial investment was not higher among frequent groomers or stronger reciprocators, suggesting that contrary to current assumptions, grooming decisions are not based on trust, or bonds, within dyads. Our work highlights the importance of considering immediate social context and the influence of bystanders for understanding the evolution of the behavioural strategies that produce cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano S K Kaburu
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of VeterinaryMedicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas E Newton-Fisher
- Living Primates Research Group, School of Anthropology and Conservation, Marlowe Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, UK
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