1
|
Damelang T, Brinkhaus M, van Osch TLJ, Schuurman J, Labrijn AF, Rispens T, Vidarsson G. Impact of structural modifications of IgG antibodies on effector functions. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1304365. [PMID: 38259472 PMCID: PMC10800522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1304365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are a critical component of the adaptive immune system, binding to and neutralizing pathogens and other foreign substances. Recent advances in molecular antibody biology and structural protein engineering enabled the modification of IgG antibodies to enhance their therapeutic potential. This review summarizes recent progress in both natural and engineered structural modifications of IgG antibodies, including allotypic variation, glycosylation, Fc engineering, and Fc gamma receptor binding optimization. We discuss the functional consequences of these modifications to highlight their potential for therapeutical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timon Damelang
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Antibody Research & Technologies’, Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maximilian Brinkhaus
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thijs L. J. van Osch
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Janine Schuurman
- Department of Antibody Research & Technologies’, Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aran F. Labrijn
- Department of Antibody Research & Technologies’, Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aurelia LC, Purcell RA, Chung AW. Identification of IgG1 and IgG3 Allotypes by PCR and Sanger Sequencing. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2826:201-218. [PMID: 39017895 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3950-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma (IGHG) gene cluster encoding immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses is highly polymorphic, resulting in amino acid variation along the antibody constant heavy chain referred to as allotypes. IGHG1 and IGHG3 are the two most polymorphic IgG subclasses in humans, with 4 classical IgG1 allotypes and 13 allotypes described for IgG3, though recent studies suggest greater allelic diversity, especially in underrepresented ethnic populations. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing of IGHG amplicons allow for the identification of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) responsible for the observed amino acid substitutions. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the amplification of IGHG1 and IGHG3 segments by PCR, sample preparation for Sanger sequencing, and analysis of sequencing data to identify SNPs associated with different IgG1 and IgG3 allotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Carissa Aurelia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ruth A Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Luo H, Zhang P, Zhang W, Zheng Y, Hao D, Shi Y, Niu Y, Song T, Li Y, Zhao S, Chen H, Xu T, He S. Recent positive selection signatures reveal phenotypic evolution in the Han Chinese population. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:2391-2404. [PMID: 37661541 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing natural selection signatures and relationships with phenotype spectra is important for understanding human evolution and both biological and pathological mechanisms. Here, we identified 24 genetic loci under recent selection by analyzing rare singletons in 3946 high-depth whole-genome sequencing data of Han Chinese. The loci include immune-related gene regions (MHC cluster, IGH cluster, STING1, and PSG), alcohol metabolism-related gene regions (ADH1B, ALDH2, and ALDH3B2), and the olfactory perception gene OR4C16, in which the MHC cluster, ADH1B, and ALDH2 were also identified by TOPMed and WestLake Biobank. Among the signals, the IGH cluster is particularly interesting, in which the favored allele of variant 14_105737776_C_T (rs117518546, IgG1-G396R) promotes immune response, but also increases the risk of an autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It is also surprising that our newly discovered ALDH3B2 evolved in the opposite direction to ALDH2 for alcohol metabolism. Besides monogenic traits, we found that multiple complex traits experienced polygenic adaptation. Particularly, multi-methods consistently revealed that lower blood pressure was favored in natural selection. Finally, we built a database named RePoS (recent positive selection, http://bigdata.ibp.ac.cn/RePoS/) to integrate and display multi-population selection signals. Our study extended our understanding of natural evolution and phenotype adaptation in Han Chinese as well as other populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaxia Luo
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wanyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Di Hao
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yirong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiwei Niu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingrui Song
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shilei Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hua Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Tao Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271016, China.
| | - Shunmin He
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Purcell RA, Theisen RM, Arnold KB, Chung AW, Selva KJ. Polyfunctional antibodies: a path towards precision vaccines for vulnerable populations. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183727. [PMID: 37600816 PMCID: PMC10433199 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine efficacy determined within the controlled environment of a clinical trial is usually substantially greater than real-world vaccine effectiveness. Typically, this results from reduced protection of immunologically vulnerable populations, such as children, elderly individuals and people with chronic comorbidities. Consequently, these high-risk groups are frequently recommended tailored immunisation schedules to boost responses. In addition, diverse groups of healthy adults may also be variably protected by the same vaccine regimen. Current population-based vaccination strategies that consider basic clinical parameters offer a glimpse into what may be achievable if more nuanced aspects of the immune response are considered in vaccine design. To date, vaccine development has been largely empirical. However, next-generation approaches require more rational strategies. We foresee a generation of precision vaccines that consider the mechanistic basis of vaccine response variations associated with both immunogenetic and baseline health differences. Recent efforts have highlighted the importance of balanced and diverse extra-neutralising antibody functions for vaccine-induced protection. However, in immunologically vulnerable populations, significant modulation of polyfunctional antibody responses that mediate both neutralisation and effector functions has been observed. Here, we review the current understanding of key genetic and inflammatory modulators of antibody polyfunctionality that affect vaccination outcomes and consider how this knowledge may be harnessed to tailor vaccine design for improved public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A. Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert M. Theisen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kelly B. Arnold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Amy W. Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin J. Selva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Crowley AR, Richardson SI, Tuyishime M, Jennewein M, Bailey MJ, Lee J, Alter G, Ferrari G, Morris L, Ackerman ME. Functional consequences of allotypic polymorphisms in human immunoglobulin G subclasses. Immunogenetics 2023; 75:1-16. [PMID: 35904629 PMCID: PMC9845132 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-022-01272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Heritable polymorphisms within the human IgG locus, collectively termed allotypes, have often been linked by statistical associations, but rarely mechanistically, to a wide range of disease states. One potential explanation for these associations is that IgG allotype alters host cell receptors' affinity for IgG, dampening or enhancing an immune response depending on the nature of the change and the receptors. In this work, a panel of allotypic antibody variants were evaluated using multiplexed, label-free biophysical methods and cell-based functional assays to determine what effect, if any, human IgG polymorphisms have on antibody function. While we observed several differences in FcγR affinity among allotypes, there was little evidence of dramatically altered FcγR-based effector function or antigen recognition activity associated with this aspect of genetic variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Crowley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Simone I Richardson
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2131, Gauteng, South Africa
- MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marina Tuyishime
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Meredith J Bailey
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lynn Morris
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2131, Gauteng, South Africa
- MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fall AKDJ, Kana IH, Dechavanne C, Garcia-Senosiain A, Guitard E, Milet J, Massougbodji A, Garcia A, Dugoujon JM, Migot-Nabias F, Theisen M, Courtin D. Naturally acquired antibodies from Beninese infants promote Plasmodium falciparum merozoite-phagocytosis by human blood leukocytes: implications for control of asymptomatic malaria infections. Malar J 2022; 21:356. [PMCID: PMC9707106 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04361-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are thought to play important roles in the protection against Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) malaria. A longitudinal cohort study performed in the Southern part of Benin, identified a group of infants who were able to control asymptomatic malaria infections (CAIG).
Methods
IgG antibodies against distinct merozoite antigens were quantified in plasma from Beninese infants. Functionality of these antibodies was assessed by the merozoite-phagocytosis assay using THP-1 cells and primary neutrophils as effector cells. Gm allotypes were determined by a serological method of haemagglutination inhibition.
Results
Purified IgG from infants in CAIG promoted higher levels of merozoite-phagocytosis than did IgG from children who were unable to control asymptomatic infections (Ologit multivariate regression model, Coef. = 0.06, 95% CI 0.02;0.10, P = 0.002). High level of merozoite-phagocytosis activity was significantly associated with high levels of IgG against AMA1 (Coef. = 1.76, 95% CI 0.39;3.14, P = 0.012) and GLURP-R2 (Coef. = 12.24, 95% CI 1.35;23.12, P = 0.028). Moreover, infants of the G3m5,6,10,11,13,14,24 phenotype showed higher merozoite-phagocytosis activity (Generalized linear model multivariate regression, Coef. = 7.46, 95% CI 0.31;14.61, P = 0.041) than those presenting other G3m phenotypes.
Conclusion
The results of the present study confirm the importance of antibodies to merozoite surface antigens in the control of asymptomatic malaria infection in Beninese infants. The study also demonstrated that G3m phenotypes impact the functional activity of IgG. This last point could have a considerable impact in the research of candidate vaccines against malaria parasites or other pathogens.
Collapse
|
7
|
Bashirova AA, Zheng W, Akdag M, Augusto DG, Vince N, Dong KL, O'hUigin C, Carrington M. Population-specific diversity of the immunoglobulin constant heavy G chain (IGHG) genes. Genes Immun 2021; 22:327-334. [PMID: 34864821 PMCID: PMC8674132 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-021-00156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules, IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3, exhibit substantial inter-individual variation in their constant heavy chain regions, as discovered by serological methods. This polymorphism is encoded by the IGHG1, IGHG2, and IGHG3 genes and may influence antibody function. We sequenced the coding fragments of these genes in 95 European Americans, 94 African Americans, and 94 Black South Africans. Striking differences were observed between the population groups, including extremely low amino acid sequence variation in IGHG1 among South Africans, and higher IGHG2 and IGHG3 diversity in individuals of African descent compared to individuals of European descent. Molecular definition of the loci illustrates a greater level of allelic polymorphism than previously described, including the presence of common IGHG2 and IGHG3 variants that were indistinguishable serologically. Comparison of our data with the 1000 Genome Project sequences indicates overall agreement between the datasets, although some inaccuracies in the 1000 Genomes Project are likely. These data represent the most comprehensive analysis of IGHG polymorphisms across major populations, which can now be applied to deciphering their functional impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arman A Bashirova
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wanjing Zheng
- The Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marjan Akdag
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Danillo G Augusto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Vince
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Krista L Dong
- Females Rising through Education, Support, and Health, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Colm O'hUigin
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary Carrington
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fall AKDJ, Dechavanne C, Sabbagh A, Guitard E, Milet J, Garcia A, Dugoujon JM, Courtin D, Migot-Nabias F. Susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum Malaria: Influence of Combined Polymorphisms of IgG3 Gm Allotypes and Fc Gamma Receptors IIA, IIIA, and IIIB. Front Immunol 2020; 11:608016. [PMID: 33424858 PMCID: PMC7786284 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.608016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The binding of immunoglobulin (Ig) to Fc gamma receptors (FcgR) at the immune cell surface is an important step to initiate immunological defense against malaria. However, polymorphisms in receptors and/or constant regions of the IgG heavy chains may modulate this binding. Here, we investigated whether polymorphisms located in FcgR and constant regions of the heavy chain of IgG are associated with susceptibility to P. falciparum malaria. For this purpose, a clinical and parasitological follow-up on malaria was conducted among 656 infants in southern Benin. G3m allotypes (from total IgG3) were determined by a serological method of hemagglutination inhibition. FcgRIIA 131R/H and FcgRIIIA 176F/V genotypes were determined using the TaqMan method and FcgRIIIB NA1/NA2 genotypes were assessed by polymerase chain reaction using allele-specific primers. Association analyses between the number of malaria infections during the follow-up and polymorphisms in IgG G3m allotypes and FcgR were studied independently by zero inflated binomial negative regression. The influence of combinations of G3m allotypes and FcgRIIA/FcgRIIIA/FcgRIIIB polymorphisms on the number of P. falciparum infections, and their potential interaction with environmental exposure to malaria was assessed by using the generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) method. Results showed that individual carriage of G3m24 single allotype and of G3m5,6,10,11,13,14,24 phenotype was independently associated with a high risk of malaria infection. A risk effect for G3m6 was observed only under high environmental exposure. FcgRIIIA 176VV single genotype and combined carriage of FcgRIIA 131RH/FcgRIIIA 176VV/FcgRIIIB NA1NA2, FcgRIIA 131HH/FcgRIIIA 176FF/FcgRIIIB NA1NA1, FcgRIIA 131HH/FcgRIIIA 176VV/FcgRIIIB NA2NA2 and FcgRIIA 131HH/FcgRIIIA 176VV/FcgRIIIB NA1NA2 genotypes were related to a high number of malaria infections. The risk was accentuated for FcgRIIIA 176VV when considering the influence of environmental exposure to malaria. Finally, the GMDR analysis including environmental exposure showed strengthened associations with a malaria risk when FcgRIIA/FcgRIIIA/FcgRIIIB genotypes were combined to G3m5,6,11,24 and G3m5,6,10,11,13,15,24 phenotypes or G3m10 and G3m13 single allotypes. Our results highlight the relevance of studying IgG heavy chain and FcgR polymorphisms, independently as well as in combination, in relation to the individual susceptibility to P. falciparum infection. The intensity of individual exposure to mosquito bites was demonstrated to impact the relationships found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Celia Dechavanne
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 261 MERIT, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Sabbagh
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 261 MERIT, Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Guitard
- CNRS UMR 5288 Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse (AMIS), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacqueline Milet
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 261 MERIT, Paris, France
| | - André Garcia
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 261 MERIT, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Dugoujon
- CNRS UMR 5288 Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse (AMIS), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - David Courtin
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 261 MERIT, Paris, France
| | - Florence Migot-Nabias
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 261 MERIT, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Warrender AK, Kelton W. Beyond Allotypes: The Influence of Allelic Diversity in Antibody Constant Domains. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2016. [PMID: 32973808 PMCID: PMC7461860 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphic diversity in antibody constant domains has long been defined by allotypic motifs that cross react with the sera of other individuals. Improvements in sequencing technologies have led to the discovery of a large number of new allelic sequences that underlie this diversity. Many of the point mutations lie outside traditional allotypic motifs suggesting they do not elicit immunogenic responses. As antibodies play an important role in immune defense and biotechnology, understanding how this newly resolved diversity influences the function of antibodies is important. This review investigates the current known diversity of antibody alleles at a protein level for each antibody isotype as well as the kappa and lambda light chains. We focus on evidence emerging for how these mutations perturb antibody interactions with antigens and Fc receptors that are critical for function, as well as the influence this might have on the use of antibodies as therapeutics and reagents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - William Kelton
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
de Taeye SW, Bentlage AEH, Mebius MM, Meesters JI, Lissenberg-Thunnissen S, Falck D, Sénard T, Salehi N, Wuhrer M, Schuurman J, Labrijn AF, Rispens T, Vidarsson G. FcγR Binding and ADCC Activity of Human IgG Allotypes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:740. [PMID: 32435243 PMCID: PMC7218058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is an Fc-dependent effector function of IgG important for anti-viral immunity and anti-tumor therapies. NK-cell mediated ADCC is mainly triggered by IgG-subclasses IgG1 and IgG3 through the IgG-Fc-receptor (FcγR) IIIa. Polymorphisms in the immunoglobulin gamma heavy chain gene likely form a layer of variation in the strength of the ADCC-response, but this has never been studied in detail. We produced all 27 known IgG allotypes and assessed FcγRIIIa binding and ADCC activity. While all IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 allotypes behaved similarly within subclass, large allotype-specific variation was found for IgG3. ADCC capacity was affected by residues 291, 292, and 296 in the CH2 domain through altered affinity or avidity for FcγRIIIa. Furthermore, allotypic variation in hinge length affected ADCC, likely through altered proximity at the immunological synapse. Thus, these functional differences between IgG allotypes have important implications for therapeutic applications and susceptibility to infectious-, allo- or auto-immune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven W de Taeye
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arthur E H Bentlage
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Suzanne Lissenberg-Thunnissen
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David Falck
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Sénard
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Nima Salehi
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Howie HL, Collins B, Wang X, Kapp L, Delaney M, Er LS, Lebedev JN, Zimring JC. Characterization and refinement of monoclonal anti-human globulins that lack reactivity with human IgG4. Transfusion 2020; 60:1060-1068. [PMID: 32369193 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-red blood cell (RBC) alloantibodies consisting of only the immunoglobulin G (IgG) 4 subtype are typically considered clinically insignificant. A US Food and Drug Administration-approved monoclonal anti-human globulin (16H8) is nonreactive with IgG4, which has been considered a benefit to avoid testing interference from IgG4. However, 16H8 also does not recognize two natural IgG3 variants (IgG3-03 and IgG3-13). Thus, 16H8 may miss clinically significant alloantibodies in some settings. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Novel mouse anti-human IgG hybridomas were generated and screened for reactivity with 32 human variants of anti-KEL1 across different IgG subtypes, as well as mutants to allow epitope mapping. Anti-IgG reactivity was determined using KEL1+ RBCs bound by each IgG variant as targets. Binding of anti-IgG was determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS 16H8 recognized an epitope involving amino acid 419, which is glutamate in IgG4, IgG3-03, and IgG3-13, explaining the lack of 16H8 reactivity with these subtypes/isoallotypes. A new monoclonal antibody (PUMA8) was isolated that, like 16H8, was nonreactive with IgG4 but without blind spots for known variants of IgG1, IgG2, or IgG3. PUMA8 recognized an epitope containing arginine at position 355, which is glutamine in IgG4. However, a recently described new IgG4 variant with an arginine at position 355 results in PUMA8 reactivity. CONCLUSION PUMA8 represents an alternative to 16H8 that avoids IgG4 but without blind spots for IgG3 variants. However, PUMA8 reacts with one recently described IgG4 variant. In addition to relevance to immunohematology, these studies highlight the importance of patient variation with regards to assay performance in an era of personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Howie
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Baodan Collins
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Linda Kapp
- Bloodworks NW Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Meghan Delaney
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Division, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Pathology & Pediatrics, The George Washington University Medical School, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Lay See Er
- Bloodworks NW Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - James C Zimring
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cen SY, Holton MB, Binnington B, Denomme GA, Howie HL, Lebedev JN, Zimring JC, Branch DR. IgG3 anti-Kell allotypic variation results in differential antigen binding and phagocytosis. Transfusion 2020; 60:688-693. [PMID: 31930726 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunoglobulin G (hIgG) includes four different subtypes (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4). Due to genetic variations, each IgG subtype contains different isoallotypes. It was previously shown that a Food and Drug Administration-approved monoclonal anti-IgG failed to recognize 2 of 15 recombinant, human IgG3 anti-Kell (K1) isoallotypes (rIgG3-03 and rIgG3-13) by indirect antiglobulin test (IAT). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We expressed and purified 15 recombinant human rIgG3 anti-K1 isoallotypes and investigated their antigen binding and ability to induce phagocytosis using homozygous (KK) and heterozygous (Kk) K1-positive red blood cells (RBCs) by gel IAT, flow cytometry, and a monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) with peripheral blood monocytes and cultured inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages. RESULTS MMA results showed that differences in the Fc region of rIgG3 anti-K1 led to distinctive phagocytic activity with both monocytes and M1 macrophages. rIgG3-18 and rIgG3-19 showed an enhanced ability to induce phagocytosis. Differences in Fc regions also led to variations in the number of antibodies bound to KK RBCs. Despite the differences in phagocytic activity, all 15 rIgG3 clones are predicted to induce clinically significant hemolysis if K1-positive blood was transfused into patients. CONCLUSION These results argue that antiglobulin reagents that fail to detect isoallotype rIgG3-03 or rIgG3-13 could present a transfusion risk or lack of detection of a potentially clinically significant anti-K1 in hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selena Y Cen
- Center for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mairead B Holton
- Center for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Beth Binnington
- Center for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Donald R Branch
- Center for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The radial expansion of the Diego blood group system polymorphisms in Asia: mark of co-migration with the Mongol conquests. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 27:125-132. [PMID: 30143806 PMCID: PMC6303257 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Red cell polymorphisms can provide evidence of human migration and adaptation patterns. In Eurasia, the distribution of Diego blood group system polymorphisms remains unaddressed. To shed light on the dispersal of the Dia antigen, we performed analyses of correlations between the frequencies of DI*01 allele, C2-M217 and C2-M401 Y-chromosome haplotypes ascribed as being of Mongolian-origin and language affiliations, in 75 Eurasian populations including DI*01 frequency data from the HGDP-CEPH panel. We revealed that DI*01 reaches its highest frequency in Mongolia, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan, expanding southward and westward across Asia with Altaic-speaking nomadic carriers of C2-M217, and even more precisely C2-M401, from their homeland presumably in Mongolia, between the third century BCE and the thirteenth century CE. The present study has highlighted the gene-culture co-migration with the demographic movements that occurred during the past two millennia in Central and East Asia. Additionally, this work contributes to a better understanding of the distribution of immunogenic erythrocyte polymorphisms with a view to improve transfusion safety.
Collapse
|
14
|
Howie HL, Wang X, Kapp L, Lebedev JN, Zimring JC. Identification of IgG3-specific epitope that remedies problem in diagnostic IgG subclass determination due to human genetic variation. J Clin Pathol 2018; 71:559-561. [PMID: 29550761 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There are four subtypes of human IgG with different effector functions. Quantifying the relative amount of each IgG subtype is important for laboratory diagnosis in multiple settings. However, in an evolving landscape of the appreciation of human variability and the need for precision/personalised laboratory diagnosis, it has also been shown that there are numerous natural variants of IgG subtypes, with at least 29 having been described. It has recently been reported that commercially available polyclonal antisera to IgG3 cross react with variants of other IgG subtypes, while available monoclonal anti-IgG3 have a blind-spot for the IgG3-04 variant. Herein, we report that IgG3-04 contains an epitope in common with all known IgG3 variants and absent in other subtypes. A novel monoclonal anti-IgG3 is described that is specific to IgG3 but without any blind-spots for known IgG3 variants, providing a remedy to the problem of genetic variability of IgG3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Bloodworks NW Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Linda Kapp
- Bloodworks NW Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - James C Zimring
- Bloodworks NW Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Howie HL, Delaney M, Wang X, Er LS, Kapp L, Lebedev JN, Zimring JC. Errors in data interpretation from genetic variation of human analytes. JCI Insight 2017; 2:94532. [PMID: 28679954 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.94532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the extent of our vulnerability to misinterpretation due to poorly characterized reagents has become an issue of great concern. Antibody reagents have been identified as a major source of error, contributing to the "reproducibility crisis." In the current report, we define an additional dimension of the crisis; in particular, we define variation of the targets being analyzed. We report that natural variation in the immunoglobulin "constant" region alters the reactivity with commonly used subtype-specific anti-IgG reagents, resulting in cross-reactivity of polyclonal regents with inappropriate targets and blind spots of monoclonal reagents for desired targets. This raises the practical concern that numerous studies characterizing IgG subtypes in human disease may contain errors due to such previously unappreciated defects. These studies also focus attention on the broader concern that genetic variation may affect the performance of any laboratory or research test that uses antibodies for detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Meghan Delaney
- BloodworksNW Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,University of Washington Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- BloodworksNW Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lay See Er
- BloodworksNW Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Linda Kapp
- BloodworksNW Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - James C Zimring
- BloodworksNW Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,University of Washington Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dambrun M, Dechavanne C, Emmanuel A, Aussenac F, Leduc M, Giangrande C, Vinh J, Dugoujon JM, Lefranc MP, Guillonneau F, Migot-Nabias F. Human Immunoglobulin Heavy Gamma Chain Polymorphisms: Molecular Confirmation Of Proteomic Assessment. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:824-839. [PMID: 28265047 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.064733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) proteins are known for the huge diversity of the variable domains of their heavy and light chains, aimed at protecting each individual against foreign antigens. The IgG also harbor specific polymorphism concentrated in the CH2 and CH3-CHS constant regions located on the Fc fragment of their heavy chains. But this individual particularity relies only on a few amino acids among which some could make accurate sequence determination a challenge for mass spectrometry-based techniques.The purpose of the study was to bring a molecular validation of proteomic results by the sequencing of encoding DNA fragments. It was performed using ten individual samples (DNA and sera) selected on the basis of their Gm (gamma marker) allotype polymorphism in order to cover the main immunoglobulin heavy gamma (IGHG) gene diversity. Gm allotypes, reflecting part of this diversity, were determined by a serological method. On its side, the IGH locus comprises four functional IGHG genes totalizing 34 alleles and encoding the four IgG subclasses. The genomic study focused on the nucleotide polymorphism of the CH2 and CH3-CHS exons and of the intron. Despite strong sequence identity, four pairs of specific gene amplification primers could be designed. Additional primers were identified to perform the subsequent sequencing. The nucleotide sequences obtained were first assigned to a specific IGHG gene, and then IGHG alleles were deduced using a home-made decision tree reading of the nucleotide sequences. IGHG amino acid (AA) alleles were determined by mass spectrometry. Identical results were found at 95% between alleles identified by proteomics and those deduced from genomics. These results validate the proteomic approach which could be used for diagnostic purposes, namely for a mother-and-child differential IGHG detection in a context of suspicion of congenital infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magalie Dambrun
- From the ‡Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 216 Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, Paris, France.,§COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,¶¶Magalie Dambrun, Célia Dechavanne and Alexandra Emmanuel contributed equally to this work
| | - Célia Dechavanne
- From the ‡Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 216 Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, Paris, France.,§COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,¶¶Magalie Dambrun, Célia Dechavanne and Alexandra Emmanuel contributed equally to this work
| | - Alexandra Emmanuel
- From the ‡Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 216 Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, Paris, France.,§COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,¶ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique (SMBP), CNRS USR 3149, Paris, France.,¶¶Magalie Dambrun, Célia Dechavanne and Alexandra Emmanuel contributed equally to this work
| | - Florentin Aussenac
- From the ‡Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 216 Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, Paris, France.,§COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marjorie Leduc
- ‖Plate-forme protéomique de l'Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Chiara Giangrande
- ¶ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique (SMBP), CNRS USR 3149, Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Vinh
- ¶ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique (SMBP), CNRS USR 3149, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Dugoujon
- **Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, UMR 5288, CNRS et Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Paule Lefranc
- ‡‡IMGT®, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system®, Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire, LIGM, Institut de Génétique Humaine, IGH, UMR 9002, CNRS et Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,§§Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - François Guillonneau
- ‖Plate-forme protéomique de l'Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,‖‖François Guillonneau and Florence Migot-Nabias contributed equally to this work
| | - Florence Migot-Nabias
- From the ‡Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 216 Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, Paris, France; .,§COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,‖‖François Guillonneau and Florence Migot-Nabias contributed equally to this work
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Branch DR, Westhoff CM. Shining a light on AHG “blind” spot(s). Transfusion 2016; 56:2913-2915. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.13921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
18
|
Howie HL, Delaney M, Wang X, Er LS, Vidarsson G, Stegmann TC, Kapp L, Lebedev JN, Wu Y, AuBuchon JP, Zimring JC. Serological blind spots for variants of human IgG3 and IgG4 by a commonly used anti-immunoglobulin reagent. Transfusion 2016; 56:2953-2962. [PMID: 27632931 DOI: 10.1111/trf.13812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunoglobulin G (IgG) includes four different subtypes (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4), and it is also now appreciated that there are genetic variations within IgG subtypes (called isoallotypes). Twenty-nine different isoallotypes have been described, with 7, 4, 15, and 3 isoallotypes described for IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4, respectively. The reactivity of anti-IgG with different isoallotypes has not been characterized. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A novel monoclonal anti-K antibody (PugetSound Monoclonal Antibody 1 [PUMA1]) was isolated and sequenced, and a panel of PUMA1 variants was expressed, consisting of the 29 known IgG isoallotypes. The resulting panel of antibodies was preincubated with K-positive red blood cells (RBCs) and then subjected to testing with currently approved anti-IgG by flow cytometry, solid phase systems, gel cards, and tube testing. RESULTS A US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved monoclonal anti-IgG (gamma-clone) failed to recognize 2 of 15 IgG3 isoallotypes (IgG3-03 and IgG3-13) and 3 of 3 IgG4 isoallotypes (IgG4-01, IgG4-02, and IgG4-03). In contrast, an FDA-approved rabbit polyclonal anti-IgG recognized each of the known human IgG isoallotypes. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate "blind spots" in isoalloantibody detection by a monoclonal anti-IgG. If a patient has anti-RBC antibodies predominantly of an IgG3 subtype (the IgG3-03 and/or IgG3-13 variety), then it is possible that a clinically significant alloantibody would be missed. IgG-03 and IgG-13 have an estimated frequency of 1% to 3% in Caucasian populations and 20% to 30% in certain African populations. Nonreactivity with IgG4 is a known characteristic of this monoclonal anti-IgG, but IgG4 isoallotypes have not been previously reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Meghan Delaney
- BloodworksNW Research Institute.,Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara C Stegmann
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - James P AuBuchon
- BloodworksNW Research Institute.,Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - James C Zimring
- BloodworksNW Research Institute.,Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ternant D, Arnoult C, Pugnière M, Dhommée C, Drocourt D, Perouzel E, Passot C, Baroukh N, Mulleman D, Tiraby G, Watier H, Paintaud G, Gouilleux-Gruart V. IgG1 Allotypes Influence the Pharmacokinetics of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies through FcRn Binding. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:607-13. [PMID: 26685205 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Because IgG1 allotypes might have different half-lives, their influence on infliximab (G1m17,1 allotype) pharmacokinetics was investigated in a group of spondyloarthritis patients. Infliximab was found to have a shorter half-life in patients homozygous for the G1m17,1 allotypes than in those carrying the G1m3 with no G1m1 (G1m3,-1) allotype. Because the neonatal FcR (FcRn) is involved in the pharmacokinetics of mAbs, the interaction of different IgG1 allotypes with FcRn was examined using cellular assays and surface plasmon resonance. G1m17,1 mAbs, such as infliximab and rituximab, were shown to bind more efficiently to FcRn and to be transcytosed better than the G1m3,-1 mAb cetuximab, which explains why infliximab is a better competitor for endogenous IgG1 in G1m3,-1 allotype-bearing patients. A set of four allotype variants of adalimumab (G1m17,1; G1m17,-1; G1m3,1; and G1m3,-1) was also tested for its binding to FcRn, revealing that the G1m3,1 variant, not present in commercial mAbs, binds more efficiently to FcRn and is transcytosed better than the other three variants, all of which are found in therapeutic mAbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Ternant
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, CNRS UMR7292, Tours F-37032, France; Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours F-37032, France
| | - Christophe Arnoult
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, CNRS UMR7292, Tours F-37032, France
| | - Martine Pugnière
- INSERM, U1194, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier; Montpellier F-34298, France
| | - Christine Dhommée
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, CNRS UMR7292, Tours F-37032, France
| | | | | | - Christophe Passot
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, CNRS UMR7292, Tours F-37032, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours F-37032, France; and
| | - Nadine Baroukh
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, CNRS UMR7292, Tours F-37032, France
| | - Denis Mulleman
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, CNRS UMR7292, Tours F-37032, France; Service de Rhumatologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours F-37032, France
| | | | - Hervé Watier
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, CNRS UMR7292, Tours F-37032, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours F-37032, France; and
| | - Gilles Paintaud
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, CNRS UMR7292, Tours F-37032, France; Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours F-37032, France
| | - Valérie Gouilleux-Gruart
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, CNRS UMR7292, Tours F-37032, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours F-37032, France; and
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Amir N, Sahnoune M, Chikhi L, Atmani D. STR-based genetic structure of the Berber population of Bejaia (Northern Algeria) and its relationships to various ethnic groups. Gene 2015; 574:140-8. [PMID: 26253162 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Patterns of genetic variation in human populations have been described for decades. However, North Africa has received little attention and Algeria, in particular, is poorly studied, Here we genotyped a Berber-speaking population from Algeria using 15 short tandem repeat (STR) loci D8S1179, D21S11, D7S820, CSF1PO, D3S1358, TH01, D13S317, D16S539, D2S1338, D19S433, vWA, TPOX, D18S51, D5S818 and FGA from the commercially available AmpF/STR Identifiler kit. Altogether 150 unrelated North Algerian individuals were sampled across 10 administrative regions or towns from the Bejaia Wilaya (administrative district). We found that all of the STR loci met Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations, after Bonferroni correction and that the Berber-speaking population of Bejaia presented a high level of observed heterozygosity for the 15 STR system (>0.7). Genetic parameters of forensic interest such as combined power of discrimination (PD) and combined probability of exclusion (PE) showed values higher than 0.999, suggesting that this set of STRs can be used for forensic studies. Our results were also compared to those published for 42 other human populations analyzed with the same set. We found that the Bejaia sample clustered with several North African populations but that some geographically close populations, including the Berber-speaking Mozabite from Algeria were closer to Near-Eastern populations. While we were able to detect some genetic structure among samples, we found that it was not correlated to language (Berber-speaking versus Arab-speaking) or to geography (east versus west). In other words, no significant genetic differences were found between the Berber-speaking and the Arab-speaking populations of North Africa. The genetic closeness of European, North African and Near-Eastern populations suggest that North Africa should be integrated in models aiming at reconstructing the demographic history of Europe. Similarly, the genetic proximity with sub-Saharan Africa is a reminder of the links that connect all African regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadir Amir
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, 06000 Algeria
| | - Mohamed Sahnoune
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, 06000 Algeria
| | - Lounes Chikhi
- CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, ENFA; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique); 118, Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS; UMR5174 EDB, F-31062 Toulouse, France; Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, n°6, 2780-56 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Djebbar Atmani
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, 06000 Algeria.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bégat C, Bailly P, Chiaroni J, Mazières S. Revisiting the Diego Blood Group System in Amerindians: Evidence for Gene-Culture Comigration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132211. [PMID: 26148209 PMCID: PMC4493026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Six decades ago the DI*A allele of the Diego blood group system was instrumental in proving Native American populations originated from Siberia. Since then, it has received scant attention. The present study was undertaken to reappraise distribution of the DI*A allele in 144 Native American populations based on current knowledge. Using analysis of variance tests, frequency distribution was studied according to geographical, environmental, and cultural parameters. Frequencies were highest in Amazonian populations. In contrast, DI*A was undetectable in subarctic, Fuegian, Panamanian, Chaco and Yanomama populations. Closer study revealed a correlation that this unequal distribution was correlated with language, suggesting that linguistic divergence was a driving force in the expansion of DI*A among Native Americans. The absence of DI*A in circumpolar Eskimo-Aleut and Na-Dene speakers was consistent with a late migratory event confined to North America. Distribution of DI*A in subtropical areas indicated that gene and culture exchanges were more intense within than between ecozones. Bolstering the utility of classical genetic markers in biological anthropology, the present study of the expansion of Diego blood group genetic polymorphism in Native Americans shows strong evidence of gene-culture comigration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Bégat
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, EFS, ADES UMR 7268, 13916 Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Bailly
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, EFS, ADES UMR 7268, 13916 Marseille, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang Alpes Méditerranée, 13392 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - Jacques Chiaroni
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, EFS, ADES UMR 7268, 13916 Marseille, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang Alpes Méditerranée, 13392 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - Stéphane Mazières
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, EFS, ADES UMR 7268, 13916 Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fortes-Lima C, Dugoujon JM, Hernández CL, Reales G, Calderón R. Immunoglobulin genes in Andalusia (Spain). Genetic diversity in the Mediterranean space. C R Biol 2014; 337:646-56. [PMID: 25444709 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Andalusia is the most densely populated region of Spain since ancient times, and has a rich history of contacts across the Mediterranean. Earlier studies have underlined the relatively high frequency of the Sub-Saharan GM 1,17 5* haplotype in western Andalusia (Huelva province, n=252) and neighbouring Atlantic regions. Here, we provide novel data on GM/KM markers in eastern Andalusians (n=195) from Granada province, where African GM*1,17 5* frequency is relatively high (0.044). The most frequent GM haplotypes in Andalusia parallel the most common in Europe. Altogether, these data allow us to gain insight into the genetic diversity of southern Iberia. Additionally, we assess population structure by comparing our Iberian samples with 41 Mediterranean populations. GM haplotype variation across the Mediterranean reflects intense and complex interactions between North Africans and South Europeans along human history, highlighting that African influence over the Iberian Peninsula does not follow an isotropic pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- César Fortes-Lima
- Laboratoire D'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, UMR 5288, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse-3-Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Michel Dugoujon
- Laboratoire D'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, UMR 5288, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse-3-Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
| | - Candela L Hernández
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Reales
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Calderón
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pandey JP, Namboodiri AM, Kistner-Griffin E, Iwasaki M, Kasuga Y, Hamada GS, Tsugane S. Racially restricted contribution of immunoglobulin Fcγ and Fcγ receptor genotypes to humoral immunity to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 in breast cancer. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 171:273-7. [PMID: 23379433 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour-associated antigen human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is over-expressed in 25-30% of breast cancer patients and is associated with poor prognosis. Naturally occurring anti-HER2 antibody responses have been described in patients with HER2 over-expressing tumours. There is significant interindividual variability in antibody responsiveness, but the host genetic factors responsible for this variability are poorly understood. The aim of the present investigation was to determine whether immunoglobulin genetic markers [GM (genetic determinants of γ chains)] and Fcγ receptor (FcγR) alleles contribute to the magnitude of natural antibody responsiveness to HER2 in patients with breast cancer. A total of 855 breast cancer patients from Japan and Brazil were genotyped for several GM and FcγR alleles. They were also characterized for immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibodies to HER2. In white subjects (n = 263), GM 23-carriers had higher levels of anti-HER2 antibodies than non-carriers of this allele (p = 0·004). At the GM 5/21 locus, the homozygotes for the GM 5 allele had higher levels of anti-HER2 antibodies than the other two genotypes (P = 0·0067). In black subjects (n = 42), FcγRIIa-histidine/histidine homozygotes and FcγRIIIa-phenylalanine/valine heterozygotes were associated with high antibody responses (P = 0·0071 and 0·0275, respectively). FcγR genotypes in white subjects and GM genotypes in black subjects were not associated with anti-HER2 antibody responses. No significant associations were found in other study groups. These racially restricted contributions of GM and FcγR genotypes to humoral immunity to HER2 have potential implications for immunotherapy of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Pandey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425-2230, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Brucato N, Mazières S, Guitard E, Giscard PH, Bois E, Larrouy G, Dugoujon JM. The Hmong Diaspora: preserved South-East Asian genetic ancestry in French Guianese Asians. C R Biol 2012. [PMID: 23199638 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The Hmong Diaspora is one of the widest modern human migrations. Mainly localised in South-East Asia, the United States of America, and metropolitan France, a small community has also settled the Amazonian forest of French Guiana. We have biologically analysed 62 individuals of this unique Guianese population through three complementary genetic markers: mitochondrial DNA (HVS-I/II and coding region SNPs), Y-chromosome (SNPs and STRs), and the Gm allotypic system. All genetic systems showed a high conservation of the Asian gene pool (Asian ancestry: mtDNA=100.0%; NRY=99.1%; Gm=96.6%), without a trace of founder effect. When compared across various Asian populations, the highest correlations were observed with Hmong-Mien groups still living in South-East Asia (Fst<0.05; P-value<0.05). Despite a long history punctuated by exodus, the French Guianese Hmong have maintained their original genetic diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Brucato
- UMR 5288 CNRS, Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse (AMIS), Université Paul-Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dechavanne C, Guillonneau F, Chiappetta G, Sago L, Lévy P, Salnot V, Guitard E, Ehrenmann F, Broussard C, Chafey P, Le Port A, Vinh J, Mayeux P, Dugoujon JM, Lefranc MP, Migot-Nabias F. Mass spectrometry detection of G3m and IGHG3 alleles and follow-up of differential mother and neonate IgG3. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46097. [PMID: 23049948 PMCID: PMC3457951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis for detection of immunoglobulins (IG) of the human IgG3 subclass is described that relies on polymorphic amino acids of the heavy gamma3 chains. IgG3 is the most polymorphic human IgG subclass with thirteen G3m allotypes located on the constant CH2 and CH3 domains of the gamma3 chain, the combination of which leads to six major G3m alleles. Amino acid changes resulting of extensive sequencing previously led to the definition of 19 IGHG3 alleles that have been correlated to the G3m alleles. As a proof of concept, MS proteotypic peptides were defined which encompass discriminatory amino acids for the identification of the G3m and IGHG3 alleles. Plasma samples originating from ten individuals either homozygous or heterozygous for different G3m alleles, and including one mother and her baby (drawn sequentially from birth to 9 months of age), were analyzed. Total IgG3 were purified using affinity chromatography and then digested by a combination of AspN and trypsin proteases, and peptides of interest were detected by mass spectrometry. The sensitivity of the method was assessed by mixing variable amounts of two plasma samples bearing distinct G3m allotypes. A label-free approach using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) retention time of peptides and their MS mass analyzer peak intensity gave semi-quantitative information. Quantification was realized by selected reaction monitoring (SRM) using synthetic peptides as internal standards. The possibility offered by this new methodology to detect and quantify neo-synthesized IgG in newborns will improve knowledge on the first acquisition of antibodies in infants and constitutes a promising diagnostic tool for vertically-transmitted diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Célia Dechavanne
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 216 Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pandey JP, Kistner-Griffin E, Iwasaki M, Bu S, Deepe R, Black L, Kasuga Y, Hamada GS, Tsugane S. Genetic markers of immunoglobulin G and susceptibility to breast cancer. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:1155-8. [PMID: 22884983 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.07.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin GM allotypes, antigenic determinants of γ chains, are encoded by three very closely linked codominant genes on chromosome 14q32. Particular GM alleles/haplotypes are associated with antibody responses to certain tumor antigens and contribute to the cytotoxicity of breast cancer cells, but their possible role in susceptibility to this malignancy has not been adequately examined. Using a matched case-control design, we genotyped a large (1710 subjects) study population from Japan and Brazil for several GM alleles to determine whether these determinants are associated with susceptibility to breast cancer. After adjusting for the potential confounders, the GM 3 allele of IgG1 was significantly associated with susceptibility to breast cancer in white subjects from Brazil (OR=2.07, CI 1.16-3.71; p=0.0147). These data show that Caucasians with the GM 3 allele are over twice as likely to develop breast cancer as those who lack this allele. Since this allele modulates an immune evasion strategy of cytomegalovirus, the results also shed light on the possible mechanism underlying the reported involvement of this virus in the etiology of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janardan P Pandey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425-2230, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tatarewicz SM, Juan G, Swanson SJ, Moxness MS. Epitope characterization of pre-existing and developing antibodies to an aglycosylated monoclonal antibody therapeutic of G1m17,1 allotype. J Immunol Methods 2012; 382:93-100. [PMID: 22609464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Allotypes of IgG1 molecules can influence the immunogenicity of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and may account for the presence of some pre-existing antibodies. An electrochemiluminescent (ECL) bridging immunoassay was used to characterize the binding epitopes of anti-therapeutic antibodies (ATAs) in a Phase 1 single ascending dose clinical trial of a therapeutic aglycosylated IgG1monoclonal antibody (mAb). There was no evidence for ATAs specific for a possible neo-epitope created due to the lack of glycosylation. ATAs that developed post-treatment were specific for the F(ab')2, whereas, pre-existing ATAs were specific to the Fc region. Further characterization of the pre-existing ATAs identified the specific epitope to be the G1m1 allotype determinant in the Fc of the therapeutic. A novel competitive bridging assay was developed to verify that serum IgG1 from subjects with pre-existing anti-G1m1 antibodies was homozygous for the antithetical allotype (G1m3). The endogenous G1m allotype of all subjects was assessed and correlation to ATA incidence and adverse events was evaluated. Interestingly, the pre-existing anti-allotype antibody in subjects persisted but was not augmented after dosing, indicating the lack of a secondary immune response to this epitope. These studies indicate the relationship of the therapeutic allotype and the corresponding allotype of subjects is an important component to further understand the impact of immunogenicity on the safety and efficacy of therapeutic antibodies.
Collapse
|
28
|
METRI AMMARIAAOUAR, SIDI-YAKHLEF ADEL, BIÉMONT CHRISTIAN, SAÏDI MOHAMED, CHAÏF OKACHA, OURAGHI SIDAHMED. A genetic study of nine populations from the region of Tlemcen in Western Algeria: a comparative analysis on the Mediterranean scale. ANTHROPOL SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.120618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AMMARIA AOUAR METRI
- Faculté des Sciences, Université Abou Bakr Belkaïd de Tlemcen, 13000, Algeria
| | - ADEL SIDI-YAKHLEF
- Faculté des Sciences Humaines et Sociales, Université Abou Bakr Belkaïd de Tlemcen, 13000, Algeria
- Centre de Recherches Comparatives en Ethnologie, Université Paul Valéry, route de Mende, 34199 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - CHRISTIAN BIÉMONT
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - MOHAMED SAÏDI
- Faculté des Sciences Humaines et Sociales, Université Abou Bakr Belkaïd de Tlemcen, 13000, Algeria
| | - OKACHA CHAÏF
- Faculté des Sciences Humaines et Sociales, Université Abou Bakr Belkaïd de Tlemcen, 13000, Algeria
| | - SID AHMED OURAGHI
- Faculté des Sciences Humaines et Sociales, Université Abou Bakr Belkaïd de Tlemcen, 13000, Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Capredon M, Sanchez-Mazas A, Guitard E, Razafindrazaka H, Chiaroni J, Champion B, Dugoujon JM. The Arabo-Islamic migrations in Madagascar: first genetic study of the GM system in three Malagasy populations. Int J Immunogenet 2011; 39:161-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2011.01069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
30
|
Goetze AM, Zhang Z, Liu L, Jacobsen FW, Flynn GC. Rapid LC–MS screening for IgG Fc modifications and allelic variants in blood. Mol Immunol 2011; 49:338-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
31
|
Migot-Nabias F, Lokossou AG, Vigan-Womas I, Guitard E, Guillotte M, Noukpo JM, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Dugoujon JM, Garcia A. Combined effects of Gm or Km immunoglobulin allotypes and age on antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum VarO rosetting variant in Benin. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:771-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
32
|
Sanchez-Mazas A, Fernandez-Viña M, Middleton D, Hollenbach JA, Buhler S, Di D, Rajalingam R, Dugoujon JM, Mack SJ, Thorsby E. Immunogenetics as a tool in anthropological studies. Immunology 2011; 133:143-64. [PMID: 21480890 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The genes coding for the main molecules involved in the human immune system--immunoglobulins, human leucocyte antigen (HLA) molecules and killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR)--exhibit a very high level of polymorphism that reveals remarkable frequency variation in human populations. 'Genetic marker' (GM) allotypes located in the constant domains of IgG antibodies have been studied for over 40 years through serological typing, leading to the identification of a variety of GM haplotypes whose frequencies vary sharply from one geographic region to another. An impressive diversity of HLA alleles, which results in amino acid substitutions located in the antigen-binding region of HLA molecules, also varies greatly among populations. The KIR differ between individuals according to both gene content and allelic variation, and also display considerable population diversity. Whereas the molecular evolution of these polymorphisms has most likely been subject to natural selection, principally driven by host-pathogen interactions, their patterns of genetic variation worldwide show significant signals of human geographic expansion, demographic history and cultural diversification. As current developments in population genetic analysis and computer simulation improve our ability to discriminate among different--either stochastic or deterministic--forces acting on the genetic evolution of human populations, the study of these systems shows great promise for investigating both the peopling history of modern humans in the time since their common origin and human adaptation to past environmental (e.g. pathogenic) changes. Therefore, in addition to mitochondrial DNA, Y-chromosome, microsatellites, single nucleotide polymorphisms and other markers, immunogenetic polymorphisms represent essential and complementary tools for anthropological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Sanchez-Mazas
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Anthropology unit, Laboratory of Anthropology, Genetics and peopling history, University of Geneva, 12 rue Gustave-Revilliod, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Predictions of native American population structure using linguistic covariates in a hidden regression framework. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16227. [PMID: 21305006 PMCID: PMC3031544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mainland of the Americas is home to a remarkable diversity of languages, and the relationships between genes and languages have attracted considerable attention in the past. Here we investigate to which extent geography and languages can predict the genetic structure of Native American populations. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Our approach is based on a Bayesian latent cluster regression model in which cluster membership is explained by geographic and linguistic covariates. After correcting for geographic effects, we find that the inclusion of linguistic information improves the prediction of individual membership to genetic clusters. We further compare the predictive power of Greenberg's and The Ethnologue classifications of Amerindian languages. We report that The Ethnologue classification provides a better genetic proxy than Greenberg's classification at the stock and at the group levels. Although high predictive values can be achieved from The Ethnologue classification, we nevertheless emphasize that Choco, Chibchan and Tupi linguistic families do not exhibit a univocal correspondence with genetic clusters. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The Bayesian latent class regression model described here is efficient at predicting population genetic structure using geographic and linguistic information in Native American populations.
Collapse
|
34
|
Brucato N, Cassar O, Tonasso L, Tortevoye P, Migot-Nabias F, Plancoulaine S, Guitard E, Larrouy G, Gessain A, Dugoujon JM. The imprint of the Slave Trade in an African American population: mitochondrial DNA, Y chromosome and HTLV-1 analysis in the Noir Marron of French Guiana. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:314. [PMID: 20958967 PMCID: PMC2973943 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retracing the genetic histories of the descendant populations of the Slave Trade (16th-19th centuries) is particularly challenging due to the diversity of African ethnic groups involved and the different hybridisation processes with Europeans and Amerindians, which have blurred their original genetic inheritances. The Noir Marron in French Guiana are the direct descendants of maroons who escaped from Dutch plantations in the current day Surinam. They represent an original ethnic group with a highly blended culture. Uniparental markers (mtDNA and NRY) coupled with HTLV-1 sequences (env and LTR) were studied to establish the genetic relationships linking them to African American and African populations. Results All genetic systems presented a high conservation of the African gene pool (African ancestry: mtDNA = 99.3%; NRY = 97.6%; HTLV-1 env = 20/23; HTLV-1 LTR = 6/8). Neither founder effect nor genetic drift was detected and the genetic diversity is within a range commonly observed in Africa. Higher genetic similarities were observed with the populations inhabiting the Bight of Benin (from Ivory Coast to Benin). Other ancestries were identified but they presented an interesting sex-bias. Whilst male origins spread throughout the north of the bight (from Benin to Senegal), female origins were spread throughout the south (from the Ivory Coast to Angola). Conclusions The Noir Marron are unique in having conserved their African genetic ancestry, despite major cultural exchanges with Amerindians and Europeans through inhabiting the same region for four centuries. Their maroon identity and the important number of slaves deported in this region have maintained the original African diversity. All these characteristics permit to identify a major origin located in the former region of the Gold Coast and the Bight of Benin; regions highly impacted by slavery, from which goes a sex-biased longitudinal gradient of ancestry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Brucato
- Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS and Université Paul Sabatier, FRE2960, Toulouse, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Catanzaro D, Andrien M, Labbé M, Toungouz-Nevessignsky M. Computer-aided human leukocyte antigen association studies: A case study for psoriasis and severe alopecia areata. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:783-8. [PMID: 20447432 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
36
|
Frigi S, Ennafaa H, Ben Amor M, Cherni L, Ben Ammar-Elgaaied A. Assessing human genetic diversity in Tunisian Berber populations by Alu insertion polymorphisms. Ann Hum Biol 2010; 38:53-8. [DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2010.490241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
37
|
Giha HA, Nasr A, Iriemenam NC, Arnot D, Troye-Blomberg M, Theander TG, Berzins K, ElGhazali G, Pandey JP. Antigen-specific influence of GM/KM allotypes on IgG isotypes and association of GM allotypes with susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Malar J 2009; 8:306. [PMID: 20028548 PMCID: PMC2805690 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a complex disease in which genetic and environmental factors influence susceptibility. IgG isotypes are in part genetically controlled, and GM/KM allotypes are believed to be involved in this control. METHODS In this study, 216 individuals from Daraweesh, an area of seasonal malaria transmission in Sudan, were followed for nine years for malaria infection. Total IgG and IgG isotypes against four malaria antigens, MSP2-3D7, MSP2-FC27, AMA1, and Pf332-C231 were measured in plasma obtained from the cohort at the end of the study, during the dry malaria-free period. The GM/KM allotypes of the donors were determined. RESULTS The GM 1,17 5,13,14,6 phenotype was associated with a higher incidence of malaria compared with the non-1,17 5,13,14,6 phenotypes (P = 0.037). Paradoxically, the carriers of the GM 1,17 5,13,14,6 phenotype had significantly higher baseline levels of total IgG and non-cytophilic IgG isotypes as compared to non-carriers. The KM allotypes influence on IgG isotypes level was limited. Finally, the differences in the baseline concentrations of total IgG and IgG isotypes between the different GK/KM phenotype carriers were antigen-dependent. DISCUSSION The results show that GM but not KM allotypes appeared to influence host susceptibility to uncomplicated malaria as well as the antibody profile of the donors, and the carriers of the GM 1,17 5,13,14,6 phenotype were the most susceptible CONCLUSIONS The GM allotypes have significant influence on susceptibility to uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria and antigen-dependent influence on total IgG and IgG subclasses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayder A Giha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University (AGU), PO Box 26671, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Brucato N, Tortevoye P, Plancoulaine S, Guitard E, Sanchez-Mazas A, Larrouy G, Gessain A, Dugoujon JM. The genetic diversity of three peculiar populations descending from the slave trade: Gm study of Noir Marron from French Guiana. C R Biol 2009; 332:917-26. [PMID: 19819412 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Noir Marron communities are the direct descendants of African slaves brought to the Guianas during the four centuries (16th to 19th) of the Atlantic slave trade. Among them, three major ethnic groups have been studied: the Aluku, the Ndjuka and the Saramaka. Their history led them to share close relationships with Europeans and Amerindians, as largely documented in their cultural records. The study of Gm polymorphisms of immunoglobulins may help to estimate the amount of gene flow linked to these cultural exchanges. Surprisingly, very low levels of European contribution (2.6%) and Amerindian contribution (1.7%) are detected in the Noir Marron gene pool. On the other hand, an African contribution of 95.7% redraws their origin to West Africa (F(ST) < or = 0.15). This highly preserved African gene pool of the Noir Marron is unique in comparison to other African American populations of Latin America, who are notably more admixed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Brucato
- Laboratoire d'anthropologie moléculaire et imagerie de synthèse, FRE 2960, CNRS, université de Toulouse III, 37, allées Jules-Guesde, 31073 Toulouse, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jefferis R, Lefranc MP. Human immunoglobulin allotypes: possible implications for immunogenicity. MAbs 2009; 1:332-8. [PMID: 20073133 PMCID: PMC2726606 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.1.4.9122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
More than twenty recombinant monoclonal antibodies are approved as therapeutics. Almost all of these are based on the whole IgG isotype format, but vary in the origin of the variable regions between mouse (chimeric), humanized mouse and fully human sequences; all of those with whole IgG format employ human constant region sequences. Currently, the opposing merits of the four IgG subclasses are considered with respect to the in vivo biological activities considered to be appropriate to the disease indication being treated. Human heavy chain genes also exhibit extensive structural polymorphism(s) and, being closely linked, are inherited as a haplotype. Polymorphisms (allotypes) within the IgG isotype were originally discovered and described using serological reagents derived from humans; demonstrating that allotypic variants can be immunogenic and provoke antibody responses as a result of allo-immunization. The serologically defined allotypes differ widely within and between population groups; therefore, a mAb of a given allotype will, inevitably, be delivered to a cohort of patients homozygous for the alternative allotype. This publication reviews the serologically defined human IgG allotypes and considers the potential for allotype differences to contribute to or potentiate immunogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roy Jefferis
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Migot-Nabias F, Noukpo JM, Guitard E, Doritchamou J, Garcia A, Dugoujon JM. Imbalanced distribution of GM immunoglobulin allotypes according to the clinical presentation of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Beninese children. J Infect Dis 2009; 198:1892-5. [PMID: 18983245 DOI: 10.1086/593210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection pressure exerted by pathogens contributes to the persistence of polymorphisms in GM and KM allotypes, which are antigenic determinants of immunoglobulins. This study investigated the impact of GM and KM allotypes on the clinical response to Plasmodium falciparum infection among Beninese children, including 65 with severe malaria, 37 with uncomplicated malaria, and 53 with asymptomatic carriage. An inverse relationship was found between the GM 5,6,13,14; 1,17 phenotype and uncomplicated malaria. Genetic markers implicated in the composition and activity of immunoglobulins may be associated with the genetic control of both malaria infection and morbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Migot-Nabias
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité de Recherche 010, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé et Institut des Sciences Biomédicales Appliquées, Cotonou, Bénin.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Schanfield MS, Ferrell RE, Hossaini AA, Gerald Sandler S, Stevenson JC. Immunoglobulin allotypes in Southwest Asia: Populations at the Crossroads. Am J Hum Biol 2008; 20:671-82. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
|
42
|
Calderón R, Lodeiro R, Varela TA, Fariña J, Ambrosio B, Guitard E, González-Martín A, Dugoujon JM. GM and KM immunoglobulin allotypes in the Galician population: new insights into the peopling of the Iberian Peninsula. BMC Genet 2007; 8:37. [PMID: 17597520 PMCID: PMC1934380 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-8-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The current genetic structure of Iberian populations has presumably been affected by the complex orography of its territory, the different people and civilizations that settled there, its ancient and complex history, the diverse and persistent sociocultural patterns in its different regions, and also by the effects of the Iberian Peninsula representing a refugium area after the last glacial maximum. This paper presents the first data on GM and KM immunoglobulin allotypes in the Galician population and, thus, provides further insights into the extent of genetic diversity in populations settled in the geographic extremes of the Cantabrian region of northern Spain. Furthermore, the genetic relationships of Galicians with other European populations have been investigated. Results Galician population shows a genetic profile for GM haplotypes that is defined by the high presence of the European Mediterranean GM*3 23 5* haplotype, and the relatively high incidence of the African marker GM*1,17 23' 5*. Data based on comparisons between Galician and other Spanish populations (mainly from the north of the peninsula) reveal a poor correlation between geographic and genetic distances (r = 0.30, P = 0.105), a noticeable but variable genetic distances between Galician and Basque subpopulations, and a rather close genetic affinity between Galicia and Valencia, populations which are geographically separated by a long distance and have quite dissimilar cultures and histories. Interestingly, Galicia occupies a central position in the European genetic map, despite being geographically placed at one extreme of the European continent, while displaying a close genetic proximity to Portugal, a finding that is consistent with their shared histories over centuries. Conclusion These findings suggest that the population of Galicia is the result of a relatively balanced mixture of European populations or of the ancestral populations that gave rise to them. This would support the importance of the migratory movements that have taken place in Europe over the course of recent human history and their effects on the European genetic landscape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Calderón
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Lodeiro
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Unidad de Antropología Física, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tito A Varela
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Unidad de Antropología Física, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Fariña
- Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal, Área de Antropología Física, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Ambrosio
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Evelyne Guitard
- Centre d'Anthropologie, FRE 2960, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Antonio González-Martín
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jean M Dugoujon
- Centre d'Anthropologie, FRE 2960, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ilić V, Milosević-Jovcić N, Marković D, Petrović S, Stefanović G. A biased Gm haplotype and Gm paraprotein allotype in multiple myeloma suggests a role for the Gm system in myeloma development. Int J Immunogenet 2007; 34:119-25. [PMID: 17373937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2007.00673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The association between a particular Gm haplotype and susceptibility to multiple myeloma (MM) is not clear. The reason is probably because no investigations have so far been carried out on the relationship between the Gm haplotype, which represents the inherited combination of IgG Gm allotypes, and the Gm allotype expressed at the IgG paraprotein (M-component), which reflects the enhanced gene expression within the haplotype in MM. We studied the incidence of Gm allotypic markers present in IgG subclasses in the serum from 52 patients with MM and in parallel with the isolated IgG paraproteins. The results showed that 84.6% of the patients were heterozygous for haplotypes Gm(a; z; n-; g;)/Gm(f; n+/n-; b1; b0; b5) and 15.3% were homozygous for Gm(f; n/n-; b1; b0; b5), while no homozygous Gm(a; z; n-; g) individuals were found among the studied patients. The incidence of these combinations in the healthy population in Serbia is 34%, 66% and < 1%, respectively. Subjects with Gm(a; z; n-; g)/Gm(f; n+/n-; b1; b0; b5) combination are over 10 times [odds ratio (OR) = 10.69; 95% confidence interval 1.67-68] as likely to be affected by the disease as the subjects with homozygous Gm(f; n+/n-; b1; b0; b5) combination (OR = 0.35, 95% confidence interval 0.06-2.23). However, despite the Gm heterozygosity, most of the Gm(a; z; n-; g;)/Gm(f; n+/n-; b1; b0; b5) positive patients with MM (86.3%) had IgG paraprotein with the allotypic marker from the Gm(f; n+/n-; b1; b0; b5) haplotype. Together with patients homozygous for this haplotype, the relative number of patients with serum IgG paraprotein carrying allotypic marker from the Gm(f; n/n-; b1; b0; b5) haplotype was 88.5%. These results suggest that the development of an M-component could be related to a disturbance on chromosome 14q32 carrying the Gm (f; n+/n-; b1; b0; b5) set of genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Ilić
- Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Marchani EE, Rogers AR, O'Rourke DH. Brief communication: The Thule migration: Rejecting population histories using computer simulation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2007; 134:281-4. [PMID: 17568448 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Locked within our genetic code are the histories of our genes and the genes of our ancestors. Deciphering a population's history from genetic data often involves lengthy investigations of many loci for many individuals. We test hypothetical population histories of the Thule expansion using a new coalescent simulation method that uses little more than mitochondrial haplogroup data. This new methodology rejects a severe bottleneck at expansion and reveals the range of probable population histories on which to focus future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E E Marchani
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Coudray C, Guitard E, Kandil M, Harich N, Melhaoui M, Baali A, Sevin A, Moral P, Dugoujon JM. Study of GM immunoglobulin allotypic system in Berbers and Arabs from Morocco. Am J Hum Biol 2005; 18:23-34. [PMID: 16378347 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The GM immunoglobulin allotype polymorphism was investigated in four Moroccan populations: three Berber groups from Khenifra (Middle Atlas), Amizmiz (High Atlas), and Bouhria (Beni Snassen) and one Arabic-speaking sample from the Doukkala area (Abda, Chaouia, Doukkali, and Tadla districts in south-central Morocco). In order to characterize the genetic relationships between the populations, our results were compared with those obtained for other North African groups (from Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Niger) and for Middle-East Africans, sub-Saharans, and Southwest Europeans. Based on GM haplotype frequencies, Factorial Correspondence Analyses, F(ST) significance testing, and hierarchical analyses of variance were performed. Our results reveal that Moroccan populations have heterogeneous GM profiles with high frequencies of GM haplotypes in Europeans (from 76% for Doukkala to 88% for Bouhria) and relatively high frequencies of GM haplotypes in sub-Saharans (from 11% for Bouhria to 23% for Amizmiz). The genetic diversity observed among Moroccans is not significantly correlated with either geographic or linguistic differentiation. In spite of their cultural and historical differentiation, we did not discover any significant genetic differences between Berbers and Arabic-speakers from Morocco. However, when large geographical areas are considered, our population samples are integrated in the North African GM variation, significantly distant from sub-Saharan groups but with a close relationship with Southwest European populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Coudray
- Centre d'Anthropologie, UMR 8555, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|