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Özdemir Ç, Durmaz A. Association of second and fourth digit (2D:4D) ratios with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease risk. Early Hum Dev 2024; 195:106078. [PMID: 39013212 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2024.106078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aimed to investigate the association of second and fourth-digit (2D:4D) ratios with metabolic syndrome (MS) and cardiovascular disease risk (CVR). METHOD This case-control study was conducted between February and March 2024 with 200 participants (100 patients +100 controls). Biochemical parameters (glucose, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, haemogram, HbA1C) were recorded. All participants were evaluated in terms of MS diagnostic criteria. CVR was calculated with the ESC CVD Risk Calculator. Second-digit and fourth-digit measurements were performed and the 2D:4D ratio of both hands and the difference between 2D:4D of both hands (Dr-l) were obtained. The relationship between 2D:4D and MS, CVR, and gender was evaluated. p < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Forty-one percent of the study participants were male. The right-hand 2D:4D (R2D:4D) ratio was 1.009 ± 0.04 and the left-hand 2D:4D (L2D:4D) ratio was 0.991 ± 0.04 (p < .001). R2D:4D ratio was 1.010 ± 0.04 in women and 0.985 ± 0.03 in men (p = .019). R2D:4D (p < .001), Dr-l (p = .001), and CVR (p < .001) were significantly higher in men with MS (+) compared to MS (-). CONCLUSION In our study, the R2D:4D ratio was found to be associated with MS and CVR in men. Low intrauterine androgen exposure may affect the development of MS, but this effect is more prominent in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağla Özdemir
- Kütahya Health Sciences University, Evliya Çelebi Training and Research Hospital, Family Medicine Department, Kütahya, Turkey.
| | - Adem Durmaz
- Kütahya Health Sciences University, Evliya Çelebi Training and Research Hospital, Family Medicine Department, Kütahya, Turkey
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Butovskaya M, Adam Y, Batsevich V, Shackelford TK, Fink B. Associations between 2D:4D from direct and radiographic measurements with handgrip strength in young adult Tuvans. Early Hum Dev 2024; 193:106037. [PMID: 38743999 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2024.106037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digit ratio (2D:4D) - the relative lengths of the index and ring finger - is sexually dimorphic (male < female), possibly because of the sex-differentiated impact of prenatal androgenization on fetal development in the 1st trimester. The sex difference remains stable with age and has been reported in children, adolescents, and adults from industrialized and non-industrialized societies. Handgrip strength (HGS) also is sexually dimorphic (males > females) and correlates negatively with 2D:4D. AIMS To examine in a sample of young adult Tuvans from Siberia (Russian Federation): i) the association between 2D:4D measured directly from the palms with 2D:4D measured from radiographic images of the same individuals and ii) the associations between 2D:4D and HGS in Tuvan men and women. STUDY DESIGN AND SUBJECTS The study was cross-sectional. Participants were Tuvans (n = 185; 80 men; mean age = 21.02 years). 2D:4D was measured with a caliper from the ventral surface of the palm (both hands) and from radiographic images (left hand). HGS of both hands was measured with a digital hand dynamometer. Body height and weight were measured with an anthropometer and a body composition scale. RESULTS 2D:4D ratios and anthropometric measures (including HGS) were sexually dimorphic. Men had lower 2D:4D and higher HGS than women. Direct measures of 2D:4D correlated positively with 2D:4D measured from radiographs. Body mass index (BMI) was a significant predictor of HGS for both sexes. Male right 2D:4D and female right and left 2D:4D correlated negatively with HGS after controlling for the influence of BMI. There were no associations with radiographic measurements of 2D:4D. CONCLUSION Our findings provide evidence of sexual dimorphism in 2D:4D among young adult Tuvans. Together with previous research on Tuvan children and adolescents, these findings provide clear evidence of 2D:4D sexual dimorphism in pre- and postpubertal Tuvans. The small negative association between 2D:4D and HGS corresponds to similar reports across populations, suggesting that 2D:4D is a weak correlate of muscular fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Butovskaya
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, Russian Federation; National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Yulia Adam
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Valery Batsevich
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Bernhard Fink
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences (HEAS), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Biosocial Science Information, Biedermannsdorf, Austria
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Kozieł S, Konarski JM, Konarska A, Huechert J, Ignasiak Z, Chakraborty R. The change in handgrip strength, after physical exercise, is moderated by digit ratio (2D:4D): A study among the young adults in Poland. Am J Hum Biol 2024:e24078. [PMID: 38576074 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The digit ratio (2D:4D), the ratio of the lengths of second (2D) to the fourth (4D) fingers, is a proxy indicator of prenatal androgen exposure. On average, males display lower 2D:4D than females. Previous studies have shown that lower 2D:4D ratios were associated with better sports and physical abilities. AIM To assess whether a challenge condition, imposed by intense exercise, could increase handgrip strength (HGS) associated with 2D:4D. METHODS This cross-sectional experimental study included 90 healthy young Polish adults (40 males, 50 females). They underwent intense physical exercise, before (7 days) and after which they were measured for HGS and 2D:4D. Height and weight were also measured. Analyses of Covariance were employed to delineate associations. RESULTS 2D:4D had significant predictive effects on the differences in HGS (DHGS) measured in two occasions, without and after, physical exercises. The lower was the 2D:4D, the higher the DHGS, particularly, for the left hand. CONCLUSION The results reconfirmed that the link between prenatal testosterone exposure (indicated by 2D:4D) and physical strength depends on the context, such as a challenged condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Kozieł
- Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jan M Konarski
- Department of Theory of Sports, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agata Konarska
- Department of Physiotherapy, Stanisław Staszic University of Applied Science, Piła, Poland
| | - Joanna Huechert
- Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Ignasiak
- Faculty of Physical Education, University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Raja Chakraborty
- Department of Anthropology and Tribal Studies, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia, West Bengal, India
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Kasović M, Sagat P, Kalčik Z, Štefan L, Hubinák A, Krška P. Allometric normalization of handgrip strength in older adults: Which body size parameter is the most appropriate? BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:18. [PMID: 36755305 PMCID: PMC9907875 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although absolute handgrip strength has been associated with health-related outcomes in older adults, little evidence has been provided regarding its adjustment by a variety of body size dimensions. Therefore, the main purpose of the study was to establish the most appropriate normalization of handgrip strength by different body size parameters in a large sample of noninstitutionalized older adults. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 643 men and women aged > 60, who were part of the rehabilitation center facility program. Handgrip strength was objectively measured using a Jamar Plus* + Digital Hand Dynamometer. Body size parameters included body weight and height, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, fat mass and fat-free mass. The most appropriate parameter associated with handgrip strength was identified using allometry. RESULTS Findings showed that the most appropriate body size parameter for handgrip strength normalization was height (allometric exponent: 0.85), compared to fat-free mass (0.26) and body mass (0.12). Other body size variables were not significantly associated with handgrip strength and were omitted from further analyses. The correlations between normalized handgrip strength were significant when handgrip strength was normalized by body mass and fat-free mass, while no significant correlations were found, when handgrip strength was normalized by body height. CONCLUSION Based on the study results, body height seems to be the best body size parameter for handgrip strength normalization in older adults, omitting the influence of body size on strength performance. If handgrip strength is measured, body height may help normalize strength for large-scale research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Kasović
- grid.4808.40000 0001 0657 4636Department of General and Applied Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Horvaćanski zavoj 15, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia ,grid.10267.320000 0001 2194 0956Department of Physical Activities and Health Sciences, Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Sagat
- grid.443351.40000 0004 0367 6372Albert Einstein, Bc., Prince Sultan University, Sport Sciences and Diagnostics Research Group, GSD-HPE Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Lovro Štefan
- Department of General and Applied Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Horvaćanski zavoj 15, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia. .,Department of Physical Activities and Health Sciences, Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Recruitment and Examination (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Andrej Hubinák
- grid.445184.80000 0004 0400 2732Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, Catholic University in Ružomberok, Ružomberok, Slovakia
| | - Peter Krška
- grid.445184.80000 0004 0400 2732Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, Catholic University in Ružomberok, Ružomberok, Slovakia
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Huang X, Alcantara LS, Tan CS, Ng YL, van Dam RM, Hilal S. Handgrip Strength and Cognitive Performance in a Multiethnic Cohort in Singapore. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:1547-1555. [PMID: 36314200 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Handgrip strength (HGS) is an important marker of frailty but there is limited research on lifestyle and vascular determinants of HGS and its relationship with cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVE To identify determinants of HGS and the association of HGS with cognitive impairment in a multiethnic cohort from Singapore. METHODS This study (n = 2,109, median [Q1, Q3] age: 53 [48, 60] years, 59.6% women) was based on cross-sectional data from Singapore Multi-Ethnic Cohort. HGS was collected using hand-held Electronic Dynamometer. The potential determinants of HGS included age, sex, ethnicity, smoking, physical activity, serum cholesterol and history of hypertension, diabetes, and stroke. Cognition, assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), was analyzed as both continuous and binary outcome (cognitively impaired [scores < 26] and cognitively normal [scores≥26]). RESULTS In total, 239 (11.3%) participants were cognitively impaired. Older age, female sex, Malay or Indian compared with Chinese ethnicity, and diabetes history were associated with decreased HGS, whereas higher education, higher body mass index, and more physical activity were associated with higher HGS. Higher HGS was associated with higher MMSE scores (β: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.20, 0.49) and 37% lower odds of cognitive impairment (OR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.49-0.82). These associations were significantly stronger in participants who were older (50-90 years), female, of Malay and Indian ethnicity (compared with Chinese), and less educated. CONCLUSION In this multi-ethnic Asian population, demographics, vascular risk factors, and lifestyle behaviors were associated with HGS. Additionally, higher HGS was associated with substantially better cognitive function, which association was modified by age, sex, ethnicity, and education level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyuan Huang
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Leicester Shawn Alcantara
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Chuen Seng Tan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Yi Lin Ng
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore.,Departments of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Saima Hilal
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Memory Aging and Cognition Center, National University Health System, Singapore
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Bäck N, Schaefer K, Windhager S. Handgrip strength and 2D : 4D in women: homogeneous samples challenge the (apparent) gender paradox. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20212328. [PMID: 34875193 PMCID: PMC8651413 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The length ratio between the second and the fourth digit (2D : 4D) is a retrospective, non-invasive biomarker for prenatal androgen exposure. It was found to be negatively correlated with handgrip strength (HGS) in men, but the evidence for women is mixed. Such studies in women call for increased detection sensitivity. The present study was designed to reduce potential confounding factors, especially age and ethnicity variation. We measured the digit ratios and HGS of 125 healthy women between 19 and 31 years of age from a remote region in Austria. 2D : 4D of both hands was significantly and negatively correlated with HGS (n = 125, right hand: r = -0.255, p = 0.002, left hand: r = -0.206, p = 0.011). Size, direction and significance of correlation coefficients remained stable when statistically controlling for age, body weight, body height, body mass index or hours of exercise per week. This yields theory-consistent evidence that HGS and 2D : 4D are clearly associated in women-when sufficiently reducing genetic variation (confounding 2D : 4D), the ontogenetic environment and age ranges (confounding HGS) in the study population. This finding implies similar organizing effects of prenatal androgens as in men, pointing to a more parsimonious developmental mechanism and a new look into its proximate and ultimate causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Bäck
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Schaefer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences (HEAS), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Windhager
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Butovskaya M, Burkova V, Apalkova Y, Dronova D, Rostovtseva V, Karelin D, Mkrtchyan R, Negasheva M, Batsevich V. Sex, population origin, age and average digit length as predictors of digit ratio in three large world populations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8157. [PMID: 33854119 PMCID: PMC8046776 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a number of authors have claimed that sexual dimorphism in the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is simply dependent on digit length and is an artifact of allometry. The goal of our study is to verify the validity of these assumptions. The study sample comprised 7,582 individuals (3,802 men and 3,780 women) from three large world populations: Europeans (n = 3043), East Africans (n = 2844), and Central Asians (n = 1695). The lengths of the second and fourth digits on both hands were measured. Digit ratios were computed according to standard procedures. Analyses were conducted separately for each hand for the whole sample and in succession for the three large populations. Additionally, we separately tested four age cohorts (≤ 13, 14-18, 19-30, and 31 ≥ years) to test the effect of developmental allometry. The second and fourth digits showed strong positive linear relationships on both hands, and demonstrated an increase with age; digit length in women from the youngest age cohort was longer or equal to that of men, and shorter than men in older age cohorts. However, the 2D:4D magnitude and its sexual dimorphism remained stable throughout the ontogeny. To test for an allometric effect on 2D:4D, the average digit lengths were calculated. Both sex and population origin were permanent reliable predictors of 2D:4D, whereas average digit length was not. Height was applied as another measure of allometric effect on the limited sample (≤ 30 years) from the European population, along with sex and age. No allometric effect was observed in this case. We conclude that sex differences in 2D:4D are not an artifact of allometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Butovskaya
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr., 32a, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
- Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Valentina Burkova
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr., 32a, Moscow, Russia, 119991
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia Apalkova
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr., 32a, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Daria Dronova
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr., 32a, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Victoria Rostovtseva
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr., 32a, Moscow, Russia, 119991
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8
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Nepomuceno MV, Stenstrom E. Consumption on steroids: The effect of testosterone on preferences for conspicuous consumption and the moderating role of intrasexual competition. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Stenstrom
- Marketing Department, Farmer School of Business Miami University Oxford OH USA
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9
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Misiak M, Butovskaya M, Oleszkiewicz A, Sorokowski P. Digit ratio and hand grip strength are associated with male competition outcomes: A study among traditional populations of the Yali and Hadza. Am J Hum Biol 2019; 32:e23321. [PMID: 31512345 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Indirect measures of physiological features, such as digit ratio and hand grip strength (HGS), are associated with the outcome of male competition activities. However, most of the studies were conducted in developed and industrialized societies. We tested the hypothesis that both digit ratio and HGS are associated with performance in male-specific activities in two traditional preindustrial societies: Yali and Hadza. METHODS To measure masculine behavioral traits, we determined warriorship status (Yali; n = 49) and assessed hunting skills (Yali n = 47 and Hadza n = 49). We also assessed the digit ratio and HGS of each male. We conducted our analyses using the Bayesian approach. RESULTS Bayesian regression models indicated that greater hand grip strength is associated with better hunting outcomes among Hadza males. We did not find a similar link for the Yali. We found anecdotal evidence for the link between left hand digit ratio and the number of birds hunted by Hadza. We found no evidence for the link between digit ratio and performance in male-male competition. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that male-male competition outcomes are determined by upper body strength, but only in the Hadza population. We also found limited support for the hypothesis that digit ratio is associated with hunting success among the Hadza. We found no support for the hypothesis concerning the digit ratio or HGS among the Yali. Our research provides partial support for the evolutionary hypotheses based on studies conducted in industrialized populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Misiak
- Faculty of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marina Butovskaya
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Oleszkiewicz
- Faculty of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, Dresden, Germany
| | - Piotr Sorokowski
- Faculty of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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10
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Agha-Alinejad H, Farzad B, Akbari M, Moffit DM, Dakhili A. Digit ratios and motor and health-related fitness in pre-adolescent females. Ann Hum Biol 2019; 46:225-230. [PMID: 31106581 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2019.1620332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Assessing different aspects of physical fitness in children whose abilities are undeveloped and their associations with second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) may better determine the potential athleticism of an individual.Aim: The purpose of the study was to examine relationships between the digit ratios and selected motor and health-related fitness parameters in a large sample of pre-adolescent females.Subjects and methods: Participants included 8-12 year old Iranian and Afghan girls. The length of the left and right second and fourth digits was measured by scanning and computer-assisted image analysis. Motor- and health-related fitness tests were evaluated.Results: No significant correlations were noted between right 2D:4D ratio and physical fitness components. Left 2D:4D and physical fitness components were not correlated, with the exception of handgrip strength (r = -0.193). However, right and left second digit lengths were negatively correlated with predicted VO2max (p ≤ 0.01). In addition, right-left 2D:4D was significantly negatively correlated with flexibility, and significantly positively correlated with height and body fat percentage.Conclusion: In contrast to previous investigations, it seems that left 2D:4D is a predictor of strength, but not aerobic exercise. It is suggested there may be a potential relationship between prenatal androgen exposure and high flexibility, low body fat percentage and the generation of muscular strength in pre-adolescent females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Agha-Alinejad
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Farzad
- Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physical Education & Sports Science, Azad University, Tehran North Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Akbari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education & Sports Science, Azad University, Tehran Central Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dani M Moffit
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
| | - Amirbahador Dakhili
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Kociuba M, Chakraborty R, Ignasiak Z, Kozieł S. Digit ratio (2D:4D) moderates the change in handgrip strength on an aggressive stimulus: A study among Polish young adults. Early Hum Dev 2019; 128:62-68. [PMID: 30530102 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ratio of the lengths of second finger (2D) to the fourth (4D) is a putative indicator of foetal hormonal exposure. The link between 2D:4D and physical strength or sports performance in not consistent. It was suggested that the association of 2D:4D with the sporting and physical ability is better demonstrated in the context of challenge and competition, either real or simulated. However the evidence is limited to a few studies till date. AIM The objective of this study was to assess whether an aggressive video show could increase muscular strength and if 2D:4D moderated such increase. STUDY DESIGN We compared outcome measures in two experimental conditions. OUTCOME MEASURES Lengths of second (2D) and fourth (4D) digits and their ratio (2D:4D) for both hands, height and weight, handgrip strength of both hands. SUBJECTS 250 healthy young adults (76 female). RESULTS The mean left-, right- and average HGS values increased after aggressive video watching than after control blank screen show. The increase was higher in females compared to males. The increase was higher among the individuals with lower 2D:4D, more clearly among females. CONCLUSIONS The 2D:4D correlated negatively with HGS after exposure to challenge condition and this relationship is pronounced in females than males. Thus there is link between prenatal androgenisation and enhanced physical power in challenge situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Kociuba
- General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military Academy of Land Forces, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Raja Chakraborty
- Department of Anthropology, Dinabandhu Mahavidyalaya, Bongaon, West Bengal, India
| | - Zofia Ignasiak
- Faculty of Physical Education, University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Kozieł
- Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
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12
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Bakholdina VY, Movsesian AA, Negasheva MA. Association between the digit ratio (2D:4D) and body fat distribution in Mordovian students. Ann Hum Biol 2018; 45:414-418. [PMID: 30328710 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2018.1495264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The length ratio of the second to the fourth finger (2D:4D) is a possible biomarker of prenatal sex hormone levels, which play a significant role in determining sex-related body traits. AIMS To evaluate the value of the 2D:4D ratio in a Mordovian sample and to test the associations between the 2D:4D ratio and sexually dimorphic morphological traits, such as height and body weight, body mass index, waist and hip circumference, the waist-to-hip ratio, handgrip strength and the skinfold thickness. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The sample studied included 106 individuals of Mordovian ethnicity: 58 males and 48 females, 16-23 years old. The associations between the 2D:4D ratio and morphological traits were evaluated by multivariate regression analysis and correlation analysis. RESULTS The 2D:4D ratio in males was significantly lower than in females. Most of the associations of the 2D:4D ratio with morphological traits were statistically insignificant. The 2D:4D ratio is only significantly correlated with skinfold thickness of the forearm and the abdomen in females. CONCLUSION The association between the 2D:4D ratio and skinfold thickness is indicative of the role of prenatal sex hormones in shaping the body fat distribution in females, along with the significant impact of sex hormones at puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alla A Movsesian
- a Department of Anthropology , Lomonosov State University , Moscow , Russian
| | - Marina A Negasheva
- a Department of Anthropology , Lomonosov State University , Moscow , Russian
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Hsu CC, Fong TH, Chang HM, Su B, Chi CP, Kan NW, Hsu MC. Low Second-To-Fourth Digit Ratio Has High Explosive Power? A Prepubertal Study. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:2091-2095. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Keshavarz M, Bayati M, Farzad B, Dakhili A, Agha-Alinejad H. The Second to Fourth Digit Ratio in Elite and Non-Elite Greco-Roman Wrestlers. J Hum Kinet 2017; 60:145-151. [PMID: 29339994 PMCID: PMC5765794 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A low second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) has been reported to correlate with high performance and athletic potential of an individual in sport. It has been suggested that 2D:4D is a relatively weak predictor of strength and a stronger predictor of efficiency in aerobic exercise. Comparing extreme groups on a continuum of sports performance requiring high power (physical strength) output would be helpful to resolve this issue. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to compare the 2D:4D ratio of world-class elite Greco-Roman wrestlers (n = 10) taking part in Olympic fitness camps in 2013 with the 2D:4D ratio of non-elite collegiate wrestlers (n = 20), and age-matched sedentary males (n = 40). The 2D:4D ratios of elite wrestlers were lower compared to non-elite athletes (p < 0.01, right hand d = 1.70, left hand d = 1.67) and the control group (p < 0.0001, right hand d = 3.16, left hand d = 2.00). No significant differences were noted among the groups for right - left 2D:4D. We concluded that 2D:4D may discriminate between non-elite and world-class wrestlers. We also suggest that a low 2D:4D ratio could be linked to performance potential in wrestlers. As such, 2D:4D may provide additional information, which is valuable in determining the potential athleticism of an individual, when it is used in conjunction with other measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Keshavarz
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Mohammad Keshavarz Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University. Jalal AleAhmad Highway, Nasr Bridge, Tehran, Iran. Phone number: +98 912 759 3799
| | - Mahdi Bayati
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Sports Medicine Research Center, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Farzad
- Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirbahador Dakhili
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Agha-Alinejad
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Tomkinson JM, Tomkinson GR. Digit ratio (2D:4D) and muscular strength in adolescent boys. Early Hum Dev 2017; 113:7-9. [PMID: 28697407 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Using a cross-sectional design, this study quantified the relationship between the digit ratio (2D:4D) and muscular strength in 57 adolescent boys. 2D:4D was very likely a moderate negative correlate of handgrip strength, even after adjustment for age and body size. This result may reflect the organizational benefits of prenatal testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grant R Tomkinson
- Department of Kinesiology and Public Health Education, University of North Dakota, 2751 2nd Avenue North, Stop 8235, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences & Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
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16
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Yang H, Zhong L, Bai S, Dong Y, Wang Y, Li Q, Yang Q, Jiang D, Bi H, Xiao C, Zheng B. Association of Dopamine D1 and D3 Receptor Gene Polymorphisms with Essential Hypertension in 3 Ethnic Groups in China. Med Sci Monit Basic Res 2017; 23:234-239. [PMID: 28579604 PMCID: PMC5476181 DOI: 10.12659/msmbr.900432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Essential hypertension (EH) is one of the major cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies demonstrated that dopamine D1 and D3 receptor gene polymorphisms (DRD1 and DRD3) play an important role in EH. Material/Methods To investigate whether DRD1 and DRD3 polymorphisms are associated with EH, 3 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the DRD1 and 6 SNPs of DRD3 gene were analyzed in 3 ethnic groups. SNPStats was used to obtain odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and P values. Multiple logistic regression models (co-dominant, dominant, recessive, over-dominant, and log-additive) and chi-squared test were conducted to analyze the genetic data by chi-squared test. Results Synonymous SNPs (rs1799914 and rs4867798) of the DRD1 gene and SNPs (rs9880168) of the DRD3 were associated with EH in Hani nationality (OR 3.77, 0.63, 1.43, 5.00, respectively; 95% CI 1.05–13.54, p=0.024; 0.44–0.90, p=0.0121; 1.06–1.94, p=0.019; 1.08–23.10, p=0.017, respectively; Recessive, over-dominant model, respectively). However, none SNPs of DRD1 and DRD3 of best models showed association with EH in Han and Yi nationality. Conclusion These results suggest that SNPs of DRD1 and DRD3 may be contributed to essential hypertension in Hani nationality of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongju Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Lianmei Zhong
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Song Bai
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - YiLong Dong
- Human Genetics Center of Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Yanmei Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Qian Li
- Human Genetics Center of Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Qiuping Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Dejun Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Hongyan Bi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Chunjie Xiao
- Human Genetics Center of Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Bingron Zheng
- Human Genetics Center of Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
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Lu H, Shen D, Wang L, Niu S, Bai C, Ma Z, Huo Z. Digit ratio (2D:4D) and handgrip strength are correlated in women (but not in men) in Hui ethnicity. Early Hum Dev 2017; 109:21-25. [PMID: 28426948 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Digit ratio, especially second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is used as a biomarker of prenatal testosterone exposure and was found associated with physical ability, such as handgrip strength (HGS). Recently, this association has been discussed in several ethnic groups. AIMS To investigate correlations between 2D:4D and HGS in Chinese population of Ningxia Hui ethnicity. METHODS Here we firstly present the evidence on digit ratio and HGS of 346 college students (119 males and 227 females) by collecting photographs and HGS of both hands at Yinchuan city, in the Ningxia province of China. RESULTS Females have higher mean values of digit ratio than males; significant variances of 3D:5D (left and right: P<0.05), 2D:3D, 3D:4D (left and right: P<0.01) and 2D:4D, 2D:5D (left and right: P<0.001) were found between different sex. Males showed significantly greater HGS than females on both hands. 2D:4D of both hands were significantly negative correlated with HGS in females (but not in males). CONCLUSIONS 2D:4D ratio is negatively correlated with HGS in a Chinese population (especially in females) of Ningxia Hui ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Ningxia Medical University, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics in Ningxia/Basic Medicine Science, Department of Medical Genetic and Cell Biology, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Dan Shen
- Ningxia Medical University, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics in Ningxia/Basic Medicine Science, Department of Medical Genetic and Cell Biology, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- Clinical Medicine Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Shibo Niu
- Ningxia Medical University, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics in Ningxia/Basic Medicine Science, Department of Medical Genetic and Cell Biology, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Chunyue Bai
- Ningxia Medical University, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics in Ningxia/Basic Medicine Science, Department of Medical Genetic and Cell Biology, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Zhanbing Ma
- Ningxia Medical University, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics in Ningxia/Basic Medicine Science, Department of Medical Genetic and Cell Biology, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Zhenghao Huo
- Ningxia Medical University, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics in Ningxia/Basic Medicine Science, Department of Medical Genetic and Cell Biology, Yinchuan 750004, PR China.
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18
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Normalizing handgrip strength in older adults: An allometric approach. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2017; 70:230-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Handgrip strength and associated sociodemographic and lifestyle factors: A systematic review of the adult population. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2017; 21:401-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Shen D, Ma Z, Wang L, Huo Z, Lu H, Zhao J, Qian W. Digit ratio (2D:4D) and handgrip strength in a Chinese population of Han ethnicity. Early Hum Dev 2016; 103:141-145. [PMID: 27685464 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, the relative lengths of the index finger to the ring finger (2D:4D) is a sexually dimorphic trait which correlated with prenatal sex steroids and has been increasingly used as a promising tool to evaluate the impact of prenatal hormone exposure in some traits, such as physical performance. Handgrip strength (HGS) is one potent index of physical ability and its relationship with 2D:4D ratio has been discussed in several ethnic groups. AIMS To investigate whether there is a correlation between 2D:4D ratio and HGS in Chinese college students of Ningxia Han ethnicity. METHODS 608 students (211 males and 397 females) of Han ethnicity were recruited from Ningxia medical university. Photocopies and HGS of both hands were collected at Yinchuan city, in the Ningxia province of China. RESULTS Sexual dimorphism of 2D:4D and HGS were found, males had significantly lower 2D:4D and greater HGS than females. 2D:4D in both hands were significantly negative correlated with HGS in females and not in males. CONCLUSIONS 2D:4D ratio is negative correlated with HGS in a Chinese population of Ningxia Han ethnicity and this association should be considered on the anthropological research within an evolutionary concept in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation, Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University/Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics in Ningxia, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Zhanbing Ma
- Department of Medical Genetic and Cell Biology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- Clinical Medicine Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Zhenghao Huo
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation, Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University/Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics in Ningxia, Yinchuan 750004, PR China; Department of Medical Genetic and Cell Biology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Hong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation, Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University/Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics in Ningxia, Yinchuan 750004, PR China; Department of Medical Genetic and Cell Biology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, PR China.
| | - Junli Zhao
- Medical Reproductive Center of General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Wenli Qian
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation, Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University/Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics in Ningxia, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
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Shen SS, Chu JJ, Cheng L, Zeng XK, He T, Xu LY, Li JR, Chen XJ. Effects of a nutrition plus exercise programme on physical function in sarcopenic obese elderly people: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e012140. [PMID: 27694489 PMCID: PMC5051493 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With a rapidly ageing population, sarcopenic obesity, defined as decreased muscle mass and function combined with increased body fat, is a complex health problem. Although sarcopenic obesity contributes to a decline in physical function and exacerbates frailty in older adults, evidence from clinical trials about the effect of exercise and nutrition on this complex syndrome in Chinese older adults is lacking. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We devised a study protocol for a single-blind randomised controlled trial. Sarcopenia is described as age-related decline in muscle mass plus low muscle strength and/or low physical performance. Obesity is defined as a percentage of body fat above the 60th centile. Ninety-two eligible participants will be randomly assigned to a control group, nutrition group, exercise group and nutrition plus exercise group to receive an 8-week intervention and 12-week follow-up. The primary outcomes will be the change in short physical performance battery scores, grip strength and 6 m usual gait speed. The secondary outcomes will include basic activities of daily living scores, instrumental activity daily living scores, body composition and body anthropometric indexes. For all main analyses, the principle of intention-to-treat will be used. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study was approved by the medical ethics committee of Zhejiang Hospital on 25 November 2015. The study will present data targeting the clinical effects of nutrition and exercise on physical function and body composition in a Chinese older population with sarcopenic obesity. The results will help to provide important clinical evidence of the role of complex non-pharmaceutical interventions for sarcopenic obese older people. The findings of this study will be submitted to peer-reviewed medical journals for publication and presented at relevant academic conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR-IOR-15007501; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Shen
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Chu
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xing-Kun Zeng
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting He
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Yu Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiang-Ru Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xu-Jiao Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Digit ratio (2D:4D), testosterone, cortisol, aggression, personality and hand-grip strength: Evidence for prenatal effects on strength. Early Hum Dev 2016; 100:21-5. [PMID: 27393866 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digit ratio (2D:4D) is a putative marker for prenatal testosterone and is correlated with performance in many sports. Low 2D:4D has been linked to strength but the evidence is mixed and strength is also influenced by mass, testosterone, and behavioural factors. It has been hypothesised that the 2D:4D-strength correlation may be strongest in challenge conditions when short-term changes occur in steroid hormones. AIMS We tested this suggestion in men. STUDY DESIGN We used a cross-over study design with a challenge (an aggressive video of rugby tackles) and control (a blank screen) condition. SUBJECTS 89 healthy men. OUTCOME MEASURES Finger lengths (2nd and 4th for both hands), hand-grip strength (HGS), testosterone (T), cortisol (C), aggression (Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire) and personality type (Ten Item Personality Measure). In both conditions participants provided saliva samples (for hormone assays). RESULTS In the challenge condition there was a highly significant increase in HGS, and modest changes in T, physical aggression and emotional stability. HGS correlated negatively with left hand 2D:4D. In a multiple regression, left hand 2D:4D was negatively related to HGS and emotional stability was positively related to HGS. In the control condition HGS was not correlated with 2D:4D. In a multiple regression, BMI, physical aggression, and emotional stability were significantly related to HGS. CONCLUSIONS 2D:4D is a negative correlate of strength in challenge situations. This finding may in part explain associations between 2D:4D and sports performance.
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Bakholdina VY, Movsesian AA, Sineva IM. Digit ratio (2D:4D): Is it possible to use it for sex determination in the study of human skeletal remains? Am J Hum Biol 2015; 28:591-3. [PMID: 26705133 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sexual dimorphism in the relative length of the second-to-fourth digits (the digit ratio, or 2D:4D) in humans has been reported in many studies. The aim of our study was to ascertain possibility of using the 2D:4D ratio as an additional marker for sex determination in the study of human skeletal remains. METHODS We have studied 2D:4D ratios obtained from measurements of finger phalanges and metacarpal bones in Russian (45 adult males and 26 adult females) and German (58 adult males and 29 adult females) skeletal series. RESULTS The difference in 2D:4D ratio between the male and female subsamples in both skeletal series was not statistically significant. Analysis of variance revealed that the 2D:4D ratios in our sample varied more by ethnicity than by the sexual identity of the skeletal material. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the 2D:4D ratio cannot be used as an appropriate trait for the sex determination of human skeletal remains. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:591-593, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Yu Bakholdina
- Department of Anthropology, Lomonosov State University, Moscow, 119234, Russian Federation
| | - Alla A Movsesian
- Department of Anthropology, Lomonosov State University, Moscow, 119234, Russian Federation
| | - Irina M Sineva
- Department of Anthropology, Lomonosov State University, Moscow, 119234, Russian Federation
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Digit ratio (2D:4D) and physical fitness (Eurofit test battery) in school children. Early Hum Dev 2015; 91:327-31. [PMID: 25846842 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relative lengths of the index finger to the ring finger (2D:4D) is sexually dimorphic and is thought to be a correlate of prenatal sex steroids (low 2D:4D=high prenatal testosterone and low prenatal oestrogen). In adults there have been reports that low 2D:4D is consistently associated with high sports performance. AIMS To investigate correlations between 2D:4D and fitness levels in children. STUDY DESIGN Right 2D:4D and body size were measured, in addition to flexibility, speed, endurance and strength (Eurofit tests). SUBJECTS 922 boys and 835 girls (mean ages (years): 10.8 ± 1.01 and 10.07 ± 1.00 respectively). OUTCOME MEASURES height, mass, BMI, triceps and subscapular skinfolds, 20 m shuttle run, sit and reach, standing broad jump, hand grip strength, 10 × 5m sprint, and the sit and reach test. RESULTS Boys significantly outperformed the girls in the 10 × 5m sprints, the 20 m shuttle run, standing broad jump, and hand grip strength. In boys but not girls, 2D:4D was significantly negatively correlated with scores in all these tests except the standing broad jump. In girls but not boys, 2D:4D was significantly positively correlated to stature, mass, BMI and waist circumference. CONCLUSIONS It is suggested that high prenatal testosterone and low prenatal oestrogen (low 2D:4D) is implicated in high sprinting speed, endurance and hand grip strength in boys. In girls low prenatal testosterone and high prenatal oestrogen is associated with large body size.
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Butovskaya M, Burkova V, Karelin D, Fink B. Digit ratio (2D:4D), aggression, and dominance in the Hadza and the Datoga of Tanzania. Am J Hum Biol 2015; 27:620-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Butovskaya
- Department of Cross-Cultural Psychology and Human Ethology; Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Valentina Burkova
- Department of Cross-Cultural Psychology and Human Ethology; Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Dmitry Karelin
- Department of General Ecology, Biological Faculty; Moscow State University; Moscow Russia
| | - Bernhard Fink
- Institute of Psychology and Courant Research Center Evolution of Social Behavior, University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
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Isen J, McGue M, Iacono W. Genetic influences on the development of grip strength in adolescence. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 154:189-200. [PMID: 24936605 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced physical strength is a secondary sex characteristic in males. Sexual dimorphism in physical strength far exceeds sex differences in stature or total body mass, suggesting a legacy of intense sexual selection. Upper-body strength is a particularly promising marker of intrasexual competitiveness in young men. Consequently, it is assumed that sex-influenced gene expression contributes to the development of physical strength. It is unclear, however, whether the underlying sources of individual differences in strength development are comparable across sex. We obtained three measurements of hand-grip strength (HGS) over a six-year period spanning adolescence in male and female same-sex twins (N = 2,513). Biometrical latent growth models were used to partition the HGS variance at age 11 (intercept) and its growth over time (slope) into genetic and environmental components. Results demonstrated that variance around the intercept was highly heritable in both males and females (88% and 79%, respectively). In males, variance around the slope exceeded that of the intercept, while the reverse held for females. Additive genetic effects accounted for most (80%) of the variance around the slope in males, but were of less importance in females (heritability = 28%). Absolute genetic variance around the slope was nearly nine-fold higher in males. This striking disparity suggests that the developmental processes shaping HGS growth are different between the sexes. We propose that this might account for the sex-specific pattern of associations between HGS and external measures (e.g., digit ratio and physical aggression) typically reported in the literature. Our results underscore the role of endogenous androgenic influences in the development of physical strength.
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Xu Y, Zheng Y. The digit ratio (2D:4D) in China: A meta-analysis. Am J Hum Biol 2014; 27:304-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Xu
- School of Psychology, Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zheng
- School of Psychology, Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 People's Republic of China
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Hull MJ, Schranz NK, Manning JT, Tomkinson GR. Relationships between digit ratio (2D:4D) and female competitive rowing performance. Am J Hum Biol 2014; 27:157-63. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Hull
- Health and Use of Time Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Division of Health Sciences; University of South Australia; Adelaide Australia
| | - Natasha K. Schranz
- Health and Use of Time Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Division of Health Sciences; University of South Australia; Adelaide Australia
| | - John T. Manning
- Department of Psychology; Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon Tyne; United Kingdom
| | - Grant R. Tomkinson
- Health and Use of Time Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Division of Health Sciences; University of South Australia; Adelaide Australia
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Park IN, Yum HK, Lee SC, Oh JK, Kim TB. Second to fourth digit ratio: a predictor of adult lung function. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:140-5. [PMID: 24369148 PMCID: PMC3901873 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.122195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex and sex hormones play a major role in lung physiology. It has been proposed that the ratio of the second to fourth digits (digit ratio) is correlated with fetal sex hormones. We therefore hypothesized that digit ratio might help predict lung function. We investigated the relationship between digit ratio and pulmonary function test (PFT) findings. A total of 245 South Korean patients (162 male, 83 female) aged from 34 to 90 years who were hospitalized for urological surgery were prospectively enrolled. Before administering the PFTs, the lengths of the second and fourth digits of the right hand were measured by a single investigator using a digital Vernier caliper. In males (n = 162), univariate and multivariate analysis using linear regression models showed that digit ratio was a significant predictive factor of forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (FVC: r = 0.156, P = 0.047; FEV1: r = 0.160, P = 0.042). In male ever-smokers (n = 69), lung functions (FVC and FEV1) were correlated with smoking exposure rather than digit ratio. In female never-smokers (n = 83), lung functions (FEV1 and FEV1/FVC ratio) were positively correlated with digit ratio on univariate analysis (FEV1: r = 0.242, P = 0.027; FEV1/FVC ratio: r = 0.245, P = 0.026). Patients with lower digit ratios tend to have decreased lung function. These results suggest that digit ratio is a predictor of airway function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tae Beom Kim
- Department of Urology, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea
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Zhao D, Li Y, Zheng L. Ethnic inequalities and sex differences in body mass index among tibet minorities in China: implication for overweight and obesity risks. Am J Hum Biol 2014; 26:856-8. [PMID: 25053456 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the present study, we for the first time investigated overweight and obesity level among Tibet minorities (Deng, Lhoba, Monba) living in remote villages at the south slope of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. For each ethnicity, the total number of population is less than 10 thousands in China. METHODS Anthropometric measurements were conducted on adult participants of three ethnicities in Tibet, China. Totally, the whole sample consists of 141 males and 163 females. Body mass index (BMI) was adopted to evaluate the overweight and obesity level. RESULTS Within each ethnicity, there was no significant sex difference on BMI. The general prevalence of overweight and obesity level of Lhoba ethnicity (18.42%) is higher than that of Monba (17.65%) and Deng ethnicity (6.29%). For each sex, the distribution of BMI classification was found to be significantly associated with ethnicity identity. CONCLUSION One possible reason for ethnic disparity among Tibet minorities in the present study is special dietary elements. Measures to prevent and cope with the problem of overweight and obesity among Tibet minorities are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
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Klimek M, Galbarczyk A, Nenko I, Alvarado LC, Jasienska G. Digit ratio (2D:4D) as an indicator of body size, testosterone concentration and number of children in human males. Ann Hum Biol 2014; 41:518-23. [DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2014.902993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Barrett CK, Case DT. Use of 2D:4D digit ratios to determine sex. J Forensic Sci 2014; 59:1315-20. [PMID: 24611551 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Second to fourth digit ratios (2D:4D) are sexually dimorphic in human hands and established by the 13th gestational week. Application of 2D:4D for determining sex in living individuals by Kanchan et al. (Forensic Sci Int, 181, 2008, 53.e1) produced classification rates of 80% for males and 74-78% for females. Few studies have explored the use of 2D:4D for sexing skeletal remains. We test estimated finger lengths, phalanx lengths, and 2D:4D derived from hand bones for determining sex. Maximum phalanx length was collected using a mini-osteometric board from 451 individuals of known age, sex, and ancestry in four skeletal collections. Logistic regression of 2nd and 4th digit finger and phalanx lengths produced classification rates greater than 80%. Digit ratios, however, failed to reach classification rates greater than 59%. Our results support those of Voracek (Forensic Sci Int, 185, 2009, e29) and suggest that 2D:4D may be population-specific and thus inappropriate for universal application as a means of determining sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Barrett
- Social Sciences Department, Washtenaw Community College, 4800 E. Huron River Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48105-4800
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Holland AK, Newton SE, Hinson DW, Hardin J, Coe M, Harrison DW. Physiological and behavioural indices of hostility: an extension of the capacity model to include exposure to affective stress and right lateralized motor stress. Laterality 2014; 19:560-84. [PMID: 24575850 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2014.886586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Right hemisphere functional cerebral systems have reliably been associated with sympathetic nervous system arousal and the perception of negative affective events. The goal of the current research was to provide additional support for the capacity model of hostility by examining changes attributable to functional cerebral systems within the right hemisphere using a dual concurrent task paradigm. To incorporate exposure to negative affective and right-lateralized motor stress using this approach, high and low hostile individuals completed a series of grip-strength tasks before and after hearing a recording of angry infant vocalizations. Results supported the capacity model in that high hostile individuals were unable to maintain regulatory control over right hemisphere activation as indicated through increased motor perseveration in the pre- and post-affective stress conditions, heightened systolic blood pressure (SBP) upon exposure to negative emotional sounds, and increased heart rate (HR) following stress. Conversely, low hostile individuals showed improved regulatory control over these regions as evidenced by reduced motor perseveration in the pre- and post-affective stress conditions, maintenance of SBP and reductions in HR following stress. The current data support the capacity model and extend its scope to include exposure to affective and right-lateralized motor stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa K Holland
- a Department of Psychology , University of South Carolina Lancaster , Lancaster , SC , USA
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Zhao D, Yu K, Zhang X, Zheng L. Digit ratio (2D:4D) and handgrip strength in Hani ethnicity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77958. [PMID: 24205044 PMCID: PMC3813549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The ratio of the length of the second finger to the fourth finger (2D:4D) in humans is considered as a putative marker of prenatal exposure to testosterone, and has been progressively adopted as one useful tool to evaluate the effect of prenatal hormones in some traits such as physical ability. Handgrip strength is one authentic measure of physical ability and is generally used on the anthropological research within an evolutionary viewpoint. Methods Here we present the first evidence on 2D:4D and handgrip strength on adult participants of Hani ethnicity and explore the relationship between digit ratio (2D:4D) and handgrip strength. We examined 2D:4D and handgrip strength of 80 males and 60 females at Bubeng village, in the Yunnan province of China. Results The mean 2D:4D in females was higher than that in males for each hand. Females showed significantly higher 2D:4D than males in the right hand rather than in the left hand. Males displayed significantly higher handgrip strength than females for both hands. Handgrip strength decreased with age for both sexes. A significant negative correlation between 2D:4D and handgrip strength was found in the right hand of males. Conclusion The relationship between 2D:4D and handgrip strength may be attributed to evolutionary drive of sexual selection operating on fetal programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China ; College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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Zhao D, Li Y, Zheng L, Yu K. Brief communication: Body mass index, body adiposity index, and percent body fat in Asians. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 152:294-9. [PMID: 23996556 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human obesity is a growing epidemic throughout the world. Body mass index (BMI) is commonly used as a good indicator of obesity. Body adiposity index (BAI = hip circumference (cm)/stature (m)(1.5) - 18), as a new surrogate measure, has been proposed recently as an alternative to BMI. This study, for the first time, compares BMI and BAI for predicting percent body fat (PBF; estimated from skinfolds) in a sample of 302 Buryat adults (148 men and 154 women) living in China. The BMI and BAI were strongly correlated with PBF in both men and women. The correlation coefficient between BMI and PBF was higher than that between BAI and PBF for both sexes. For the linear regression analysis, BMI better predicted PBF in both men and women; the variation around the regression lines for each sex was greater for BAI comparisons. For the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the area under the ROC curve for BMI was higher than that for BAI for each sex, which suggests that the discriminatory capacity of the BMI is higher than the one of BAI. Taken together, we conclude that BMI is a more reliable indicator of PBF derived from skinfold thickness in adult Buryats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
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The left hand second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is not related to any physical fitness component in adolescent girls. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59766. [PMID: 23565167 PMCID: PMC3614960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The second to fourth-digit-ratio (2D:4D), a putative marker of prenatal androgen action and a sexually dimorphic trait, has been suggested to be related with fitness and sports performance, although results are not univocal. Most studies however focus on a single aspect of physical fitness or one sports discipline. Methods In this study the 2D:4D ratio of 178 adolescent girls (age 13,5–18 y) was measured on X-rays of the left hand. The relation between 2D:4D digit ratio and multiple aspects of physical fitness (balance, speed of limb movement, flexibility, explosive strength, static strength, trunk strength, functional strength, running speed/agility, and endurance) was studied by correlation analyses and stepwise multiple regression. For comparison the relation between these physical fitness components and a selected number of objectively measured anthropometric traits (stature, mass, BMI, somatotype components and the Bayer & Bailey androgyny index) are presented alongside the results of 2D:4D digit ratio. Results Left hand 2D:4D digit ratio (0.925±0.019) was not significantly correlated with any of the physical fitness components nor any of the anthropometric variables included in the present study. 2D:4D did not enter the multiple stepwise regression for any of the physical fitness components in which other anthropometric traits explained between 9,2% (flexibility) and 33,9% (static strength) of variance. Conclusion Unlike other anthropometric traits the 2D:4D digit ratio does not seem to be related to any physical fitness component in adolescent girls and therefore most likely should not be considered in talent detection programs for sporting ability in girls.
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Wu XL, Yang DY, Chai WH, Jin ML, Zhou XC, Peng L, Zhao YS. The ratio of second to fourth digit length (2D:4D) and coronary artery disease in a Han Chinese population. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:1584-8. [PMID: 24046536 PMCID: PMC3775119 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.6360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between index finger to ring finger length ratio (2D:4D) and cardiac disorders has been reported, however it has not been discussed in terms of coronary artery disease (CAD). We investigated whether 2D:4D could be used as a marker for predisposition to CAD as assessed by coronary angiography in Chinese men and women. METHODS This study included 1764 persons divided into 4 groups, 441 cases with CAD and 441 persons without CAD as control in each sex of the same age. Finger lengths were measured twice for both hands using electronic calipers. Student t test was used to detect the difference of 2D:4D among groups. The receiver operator characteristic curves (ROCs) were used to detect the diagnostic effect of 2D:4D for CAD. RESULTS There were no significant differences in age among the four groups. A significant difference of 2D:4D ratios between right and left hand were observed only in men in both control and CAD groups. On the right hand in the control group and on both hands in the CAD group, the 2D:4D ratios were higher in women than in men (all, P < 0.001). In men with CAD, mean 2D:4D was higher than mean 2D:4D in control men (right hand 0.962±0.042:0.927±0.038; left hand 0.950±0.044:0.934±0.048; both hands, P < 0.001), but this was not observed in women. No relationship was found between 2D:4D and age (all, P >0.05). The area under the curve of right hand 2D:4D in male was 0.72 (95% CI 0.683-0.753, p<0.001), while it was 0.602 (95% CI 0.565-0.639, p<0.001) in left hand. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed an association between high 2D:4D ratio and CAD in both hands in men. There were no significant differences in mean 2D:4D between women with CAD and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Li Wu
- 1. Institute of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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