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Soares JB, Ribeiro ECDO, Do Nascimento JJC, Da Silva Neto EJ. There are no deciduous molars: A comment on human molariform dental terminology. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 39323083 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
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Kenessey DE, Stojanowski CM, Paul KS. Evaluating predictions of the patterning cascade model of crown morphogenesis in the human lower mixed and permanent dentition. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304455. [PMID: 38935640 PMCID: PMC11210800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The patterning cascade model of crown morphogenesis has been studied extensively in a variety of organisms to elucidate the evolutionary history surrounding postcanine tooth form. The current research is the first to use a large modern human sample to examine whether the crown configuration of lower deciduous and permanent molars aligns with expectations derived from the model. This study has two main goals: 1) to determine if metameric and antimeric pairs significantly differ in size, accessory trait expression, and relative intercusp spacing, and 2) assess whether the relative distance among early-forming cusps accounts for observed variation in accessory cusp expression. METHODS Tooth size, intercusp distance, and morphological trait expression data were collected from 3D scans of mandibular dental casts representing participants of the Harvard Solomon Islands Project. Paired tests were utilized to compare tooth size, accessory trait expression, and relative intercusp distance between diphyodont metameres and permanent antimeres. Proportional odds logistic regression was implemented to investigate how the odds of greater accessory cusp expression vary as a function of the distance between early-developing cusps. RESULTS/SIGNIFICANCE Comparing paired molars, significant differences were identified for tooth size and cusp 5 expression. Several relative intercusp distances emerged as important predictors of cusp 6 expression, however, results for cusp 5 and cusp 7 did not match expected patterns. These findings support previous quantitative genetic results and suggest the development of neighboring crown structures represents a zero-sum partitioning of cellular territory and resources. As such, this study contributes to a better understanding of the foundations of deciduous and permanent molar crown variation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dori E. Kenessey
- Department of Anthropology, U niversity of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Stojanowski
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kathleen S. Paul
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
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Blankenship-Sefczek EC, Goodman AH, Hubbe M, Hunter JP, Guatelli-Steinberg D. Nutritional supplementation, tooth crown size, and trait expression in individuals from Tezonteopan, Mexico. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305123. [PMID: 38843220 PMCID: PMC11156277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding how epigenetic factors impact dental phenotypes can help refine the use of teeth for elucidating biological relationships among human populations. We explored relationships among crown size, principal cusp spacing, and accessory cusp expression in maxillary dental casts of nutritionally supplemented (n = 34) and non-supplemented (n = 39) individuals from Tezonteopan, Mexico. We hypothesized that the non-supplemented group would exhibit smaller molar crowns and reduced intercusp spacing. Since intercusp spacing is thought to be more sensitive to epigenetic influences than crown size, we predicted that the supplemented and non-supplemented groups would differ more in the former than the latter. Previous work suggests that molar accessory cusp expression may be elevated under conditions of stress. We therefore expected evidence of greater Carabelli and Cusp 5 trait expression in the non-supplemented group. We further hypothesized that anterior teeth would be affected by nutritional stress during development, with the non-supplemented group having smaller anterior tooth crowns and therefore limited space to form the tuberculum dentale. Finally, we tested whether the presence of molar accessory traits followed predictions of the Patterning Cascade Model of tooth morphogenesis in the entire sample. Our results supported the expectation that cusp spacing would differ more than molar crown size between the two groups. Carabelli trait showed little evidence of frequency differences between groups, but some evidence of greater trait scores in the non-supplemented group. The non-supplemented group also showed evidence of greater Cusp 5 frequency and expression. In the central incisors and canines, there was strong evidence for smaller crown sizes and reduced tuberculum dentale frequency in the non-supplemented group. With both groups pooled together, there was strong evidence of closer mesiodistal distances among principal cusps in molars with accessory cusps, a finding that is consistent with the PCM. Overall, our findings suggest that nutritional stress may affect accessory cusp expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C. Blankenship-Sefczek
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Alan H. Goodman
- School of Natural Sciences, Hampshire College, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark Hubbe
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John P. Hunter
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Newark, Ohio, United States of America
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Gade L, Kamble PP, Kanna ASA, Patil K, Saraf K, Singh BP. The Prevalence and Association of Non-metric Dental Traits With Dentoskeletal Malocclusion and ABO Blood Groups in the Maharashtrian Population. Cureus 2024; 16:e59853. [PMID: 38854309 PMCID: PMC11157158 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Non-metric dental traits (NMDTs) are a fundamental data source in forensic dentistry. Nevertheless, the insufficiency of data regarding the occurrence of these traits has instigated the present research endeavor aimed at ascertaining the prevalence, sexual dimorphism, and extent of inter-trait correlations within the Maharashtrian population of India. The secondary objective was to determine the correlations between NMDTs, dentoskeletal malocclusion, and ABO blood groups. Materials and methods This prospective, observational study included 528 individuals aged 18-30 years with dentoskeletal Class I, II, and III malocclusions. NMDTs such as the presence of Cusp of Carabelli (CoC) on the upper first molars, hypocone on the upper second molars, and tri- or bicuspid lower second premolars were observed on the dental casts of all individuals. The dental relationship was assessed clinically according to Angle's system for the classification of malocclusion. The skeletal relationship was assessed using lateral cephalograms of the individuals. ABO blood groups were obtained from their medical records. The Chi-square test of independence was used to assess the associations between various variables. The correlation between each measurement was determined using Spearman's correlation test. Multivariate analysis enabled the identification of parameters that exhibited independent associations with NMDTs. A multinomial logistic regression model was constructed using NMDTs as the outcome variable. Results The mean age of males was 20.82 ± 1.71 years and 21.15 ± 1.76 years was in females. NMDTs were predominantly seen in females (n=394, 75%), with Class II dentoskeletal malocclusion (n=265, 50%) and B blood group ((n=199, 38%). All traits showed bilateral predominance. A statistically significant association was found between CoC, dentoskeletal malocclusion, hypocone, and tricuspid lower second premolars (p <0.05). All NMDTs showed a negative correlation with sex, a positive correlation between age and the presence of hypocones and CoC, a negative correlation between age and tricuspid lower second premolars, a strong positive correlation with dentoskeletal malocclusion, and a weak positive correlation with ABO blood groups. Multinomial logistic regression model analysis revealed that none of the independent variables were statistically significant predictors of the presence of CoC and tricuspid lower second premolars, while dentoskeletal malocclusion and sex were significant predictors of the presence of the hypocone trait. Conclusion NMDTs showed a female predilection with bilateral predominance. A significant association was observed between these traits and dentoskeletal malocclusions. The most commonly observed NMDT was the presence of a hypocone on the upper second molars, followed by the tricuspid lower second premolars and the CoC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitkumar Gade
- Department of Oral Pathology, Sau Mathurabai Bhausaheb Thorat (SMBT) Dental College and Hospital, Sangamner, IND
| | - Priyanka P Kamble
- Department of Oral Pathology, Jawahar Medical Foundation (JMF) Annasaheb Chudaman Patil Memorial (ACPM) Dental College, Dhule, IND
| | - Abdul Suban A Kanna
- Department of Orthodontics, Sri Ramakrishna Dental College and Hospital, Coimbatore, IND
| | - Kishor Patil
- Department of Oral Pathology, Sau Mathurabai Bhausaheb Thorat (SMBT) Dental College and Hospital, Sangamner, IND
| | - Ketan Saraf
- Department of Oral Pathology, Sau Mathurabai Bhausaheb Thorat (SMBT) Dental College and Hospital, Sangamner, IND
| | - Bhanu P Singh
- Department of Orthodontics, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, IND
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Buikstra JE, DeWitte SN, Agarwal SC, Baker BJ, Bartelink EJ, Berger E, Blevins KE, Bolhofner K, Boutin AT, Brickley MB, Buzon MR, de la Cova C, Goldstein L, Gowland R, Grauer AL, Gregoricka LA, Halcrow SE, Hall SA, Hillson S, Kakaliouras AM, Klaus HD, Knudson KJ, Knüsel CJ, Larsen CS, Martin DL, Milner GR, Novak M, Nystrom KC, Pacheco-Forés SI, Prowse TL, Robbins Schug G, Roberts CA, Rothwell JE, Santos AL, Stojanowski C, Stone AC, Stull KE, Temple DH, Torres CM, Toyne JM, Tung TA, Ullinger J, Wiltschke-Schrotta K, Zakrzewski SR. Twenty-first century bioarchaeology: Taking stock and moving forward. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 178 Suppl 74:54-114. [PMID: 36790761 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This article presents outcomes from a Workshop entitled "Bioarchaeology: Taking Stock and Moving Forward," which was held at Arizona State University (ASU) on March 6-8, 2020. Funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the School of Human Evolution and Social Change (ASU), and the Center for Bioarchaeological Research (CBR, ASU), the Workshop's overall goal was to explore reasons why research proposals submitted by bioarchaeologists, both graduate students and established scholars, fared disproportionately poorly within recent NSF Anthropology Program competitions and to offer advice for increasing success. Therefore, this Workshop comprised 43 international scholars and four advanced graduate students with a history of successful grant acquisition, primarily from the United States. Ultimately, we focused on two related aims: (1) best practices for improving research designs and training and (2) evaluating topics of contemporary significance that reverberate through history and beyond as promising trajectories for bioarchaeological research. Among the former were contextual grounding, research question/hypothesis generation, statistical procedures appropriate for small samples and mixed qualitative/quantitative data, the salience of Bayesian methods, and training program content. Topical foci included ethics, social inequality, identity (including intersectionality), climate change, migration, violence, epidemic disease, adaptability/plasticity, the osteological paradox, and the developmental origins of health and disease. Given the profound changes required globally to address decolonization in the 21st century, this concern also entered many formal and informal discussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Buikstra
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Sharon N DeWitte
- Department of Anthropology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sabrina C Agarwal
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Brenda J Baker
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Eric J Bartelink
- Department of Anthropology, California State University, Chico, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth Berger
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | | | - Katelyn Bolhofner
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Alexis T Boutin
- Department of Anthropology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California, USA
| | - Megan B Brickley
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michele R Buzon
- Department of Anthropology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Carlina de la Cova
- Department of Anthropology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Lynne Goldstein
- Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Anne L Grauer
- Department of Anthropology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lesley A Gregoricka
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, & Social Work, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Siân E Halcrow
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah A Hall
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Simon Hillson
- Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ann M Kakaliouras
- Department of Anthropology, Whittier College, Whittier, California, USA
| | - Haagen D Klaus
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Kelly J Knudson
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Christopher J Knüsel
- Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA, UMR5199, F-33615, Pessac, France
| | | | - Debra L Martin
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - George R Milner
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mario Novak
- Center for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kenneth C Nystrom
- Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at New Paltz, New Paltz, New York, USA
| | | | - Tracy L Prowse
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gwen Robbins Schug
- Environmental Health Program, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Jessica E Rothwell
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Ana Luisa Santos
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Christopher Stojanowski
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Anne C Stone
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Kyra E Stull
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Daniel H Temple
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Christina M Torres
- Department of Anthropology and Heritage Studies, University of California, Merced, USA, and Instituto de Arqueología y Antropología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - J Marla Toyne
- Department of Anthropology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Tiffiny A Tung
- Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jaime Ullinger
- Bioanthropology Research Institute, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut, USA
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Paul KS, Stojanowski CM, Hughes T, Brook AH, Townsend GC. Genetic Correlation, Pleiotropy, and Molar Morphology in a Longitudinal Sample of Australian Twins and Families. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13060996. [PMID: 35741762 PMCID: PMC9222655 DOI: 10.3390/genes13060996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to expand our understanding of the genetic architecture of crown morphology in the human diphyodont dentition. Here, we present bivariate genetic correlation estimates for deciduous and permanent molar traits and evaluate the patterns of pleiotropy within (e.g., m1–m2) and between (e.g., m2–M1) dentitions. Morphology was observed and scored from dental models representing participants of an Australian twin and family study (deciduous n = 290, permanent n = 339). Data collection followed Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System standards. Genetic correlation estimates were generated using maximum likelihood variance components analysis in SOLAR v.8.1.1. Approximately 23% of deciduous variance components models and 30% of permanent variance components models yielded significant genetic correlation estimates. By comparison, over half (56%) of deciduous–permanent homologues (e.g., m2 hypocone–M1 hypocone) were significantly genetically correlated. It is generally assumed that the deciduous and permanent molars represent members of a meristic molar field emerging from the primary dental lamina. However, stronger genetic integration among m2–M1/M2 homologues than among paired deciduous traits suggests the m2 represents the anterior-most member of a “true” molar field. The results indicate genetic factors act at distinct points throughout development to generate homologous molar form, starting with the m2, which is later replaced by a permanent premolariform crown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S. Paul
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-479-718-1352
| | - Christopher M. Stojanowski
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
| | - Toby Hughes
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (T.H.); (A.H.B.)
| | - Alan H. Brook
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (T.H.); (A.H.B.)
- Barts and the London Dental Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6AX, UK
| | - Grant C. Townsend
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (T.H.); (A.H.B.)
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Paul KS, Stojanowski CM, Hughes T, Brook A, Townsend GC. The genetic architecture of anterior tooth morphology in a longitudinal sample of Australian twins and families. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 129:105168. [PMID: 34174590 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study presents a quantitative genetic analysis of human anterior dental morphology in a longitudinal sample of known genealogy. The primary aim of this work is to generate a suite of genetic correlations within and between deciduous and permanent characters to access patterns of integration across the diphyodont dental complex. DESIGN Data were recorded from casted tooth crowns representing participants of a long-term Australian twin and family study (deciduous n = 290, permanent n = 339). Morphological trait expression was observed and scored following Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System standards. Bivariate genetic correlations were estimated using maximum likelihood variance decomposition models in SOLAR v.8.1.1. RESULTS Genetic correlation estimates indicate high levels of integration between antimeres but low to moderate levels among traits within a tooth row. Only 9% of deciduous model comparisons were significant, while pleiotropy was indicated for one third of permanent trait pairs. Canine characters stood out as strongly integrated, especially in the deciduous dentition. For homologous characters across dentitions (e.g., deciduous i1 shoveling and permanent I1 shoveling), ∼70% of model comparisons yielded significant genetic correlations. CONCLUSIONS Patterns of genetic correlation suggest a morphological canine module that spans the primary and secondary dentition. Results also point to the existence of a genetic mechanism conserving morphology across the diphyodont dental complex, such that paired deciduous and permanent traits are more strongly integrated than characters within individual tooth rows/teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S Paul
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States.
| | - Christopher M Stojanowski
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States
| | - Toby Hughes
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Alan Brook
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Barts and the London Dental Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1, UK
| | - Grant C Townsend
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Evans AR, Pollock TI, Cleuren SGC, Parker WMG, Richards HL, Garland KLS, Fitzgerald EMG, Wilson TE, Hocking DP, Adams JW. A universal power law for modelling the growth and form of teeth, claws, horns, thorns, beaks, and shells. BMC Biol 2021; 19:58. [PMID: 33781258 PMCID: PMC8008625 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00990-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A major goal of evolutionary developmental biology is to discover general models and mechanisms that create the phenotypes of organisms. However, universal models of such fundamental growth and form are rare, presumably due to the limited number of physical laws and biological processes that influence growth. One such model is the logarithmic spiral, which has been purported to explain the growth of biological structures such as teeth, claws, horns, and beaks. However, the logarithmic spiral only describes the path of the structure through space, and cannot generate these shapes. Results Here we show a new universal model based on a power law between the radius of the structure and its length, which generates a shape called a ‘power cone’. We describe the underlying ‘power cascade’ model that explains the extreme diversity of tooth shapes in vertebrates, including humans, mammoths, sabre-toothed cats, tyrannosaurs and giant megalodon sharks. This model can be used to predict the age of mammals with ever-growing teeth, including elephants and rodents. We view this as the third general model of tooth development, along with the patterning cascade model for cusp number and spacing, and the inhibitory cascade model that predicts relative tooth size. Beyond the dentition, this new model also describes the growth of claws, horns, antlers and beaks of vertebrates, as well as the fangs and shells of invertebrates, and thorns and prickles of plants. Conclusions The power cone is generated when the radial power growth rate is unequal to the length power growth rate. The power cascade model operates independently of the logarithmic spiral and is present throughout diverse biological systems. The power cascade provides a mechanistic basis for the generation of these pointed structures across the tree of life. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-00990-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair R Evans
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia. .,Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia.
| | - Tahlia I Pollock
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Silke G C Cleuren
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - William M G Parker
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Hazel L Richards
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Kathleen L S Garland
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Erich M G Fitzgerald
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Tim E Wilson
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - David P Hocking
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Justin W Adams
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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Bailey SE, Sorrentino R, Mancuso G, Hublin JJ, Benazzi S. Taxonomic differences in deciduous lower first molar crown outlines of Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis. J Hum Evol 2020; 147:102864. [PMID: 32927399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that the outline shapes of deciduous upper and lower second molars and the deciduous upper first molar are useful for diagnosing hominin taxa-especially Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens. Building on these studies, we use geometric morphometric methods to assess the taxonomic significance of the crown outline of the lower first deciduous molar (dm1). We test whether the crown shape of the dm1 distinguishes H. neanderthalensis from H. sapiens and explore whether dm1 crown shape can be used to accurately assign individuals to taxa. Our fossil sample includes 3 early H. sapiens, 7 Upper Paleolithic H. sapiens, and 13 H. neanderthalensis individuals. Our recent human sample includes 103 individuals from Africa, Australia, Europe, South America, and South Asia. Our results indicate that H. neanderthalensis dm1s cluster fairly tightly and separate well from those of Upper Paleolithic H. sapiens. However, we also found that the range of shapes in the recent human sample completely overlaps the ranges of all fossil samples. Consequently, results of the quadratic discriminant analysis based on the first 8 principal components (PCs) representing more than 90% of the variation were mixed. Lower dm1s were correctly classified in 87.3% of the individuals; the combined H. sapiens sample had greater success (90.2%) in assigning individuals than did the H. neanderthalensis sample (61.5%). When the analysis was run removing the highly variable recent human sample, accuracy increased to 84.6% for H. neanderthalensis, and 57.1% of Upper Paleolithic H. sapiens were classified correctly by using the first 4 PCs (70.3%). We conclude that caution is warranted when assigning isolated dm1 crowns to taxa; while an assignment to H. neanderthalensis has a high probability of being correct, assignment to Upper Paleolithic H. sapiens is less certain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Bailey
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, USA; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - R Sorrentino
- Department of Biological Geological and Environmental Sciences - BiGeA, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - G Mancuso
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - J-J Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; Collège de France, 70005, Paris, France
| | - S Benazzi
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
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Fung S, Lee J, Yong R, Ranjitkar S, Kaidonis J, Pilbrow V, Panagiotopoulou O, Fiorenza L. A functional analysis of Carabelli trait in Australian aboriginal dentition. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 174:375-383. [PMID: 32779189 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Carabelli is a nonmetric dental trait variably expressed as a small pit to a prominent cusp in the maxillary molars of modern humans. Investigations on the occurrence and expression rates of this trait have been conducted extensively, tracing its origin to genetic sources. However, there remains a lack of understanding about its potential role in chewing. In this study, we examine molar macrowear with the aim of reconstructing Carabelli trait occlusal dynamics occurring during chewing. METHODS We have examined 96 deciduous and permanent maxillary molars of children and young adults from Yuendumu, an Australian Aboriginal population that was at an early stage of transition from a nomadic and hunter-gatherer way of life to a more settled existence. We apply a well-established method, called Occlusal Fingerprint Analysis, which is a digital approach for analyzing dental macrowear allowing the reconstruction of jaw movements required to produce wear pattern specific to each tooth. RESULTS Carabelli trait slightly enlarges the surface functional area, especially in those molars where this feature is expressed in its cuspal form and it is closer to the occlusal plane. Moreover, the highly steep contact planes would also indicate that Carabelli wear areas contribute to increasing the shearing abilities of the occluded teeth, which are particularly important when processing fibrous and tough foods. CONCLUSIONS The macrowear analysis suggests that Carabelli trait in the Aboriginal people from Yuendumu slightly enhanced occlusion and probably played some functional role during mastication. Future biomechanical and microwear analyses could provide additional information on the mechanical adaptation of Carabelli trait in modern human dentition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fung
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jinyoung Lee
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin Yong
- Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sarbin Ranjitkar
- Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John Kaidonis
- Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Varsha Pilbrow
- Australian Institute of Archaeology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luca Fiorenza
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Earth Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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Fiorenza L, Menter CG, Fung S, Lee J, Kaidonis J, Moggi-Cecchi J, Townsend G, Kullmer O. The functional role of the Carabelli trait in early and late hominins. J Hum Evol 2020; 145:102816. [PMID: 32580080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The Carabelli trait is a dental feature that forms along the lingual margin of the protocone of deciduous and permanent maxillary molars. It is variably expressed, ranging from a small pit or furrow to a large cusp, and its development seems to be associated with crown size and molar cusp spatial configuration. The degree of expression of the Carabelli trait differs systematically between hominin taxa, and for this reason, it has been used extensively in the reconstruction of their phylogeny. However, the functional implications of having a large Carabelli trait remain unclear. In this study, we analyze the macrowear pattern of maxillary molars of early and late hominins using the occlusal fingerprint analysis method, an approach based on digital models of teeth that helps in reconstructing occlusal dynamics occurring during mastication. Tooth crowns with a small Carabelli cusp generally exhibit larger wear contact areas that extended cervically, while two additional new occlusal contact areas are common in teeth characterized by a large Carabelli cusp. These wear areas are created at the beginning of the chewing cycle, when occluding with the slopes of the lingual groove of the lower molars, between the metaconid and entoconid cusps. Advancing tooth wear leads to a slight enlargement of Carabelli occlusal contacts increasing their functional area. A steep inclination could be mechanically important in food reduction and in balancing the functional load distribution during mastication contacts. Steep wear areas are particularly developed in primates that process foods characterized by tough and fibrous textural properties. Future biomechanical and microwear texture analyses could provide additional information on the mechanical adaptation of this dental trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fiorenza
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia; Earth Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.
| | - Colin G Menter
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, 50122, Firenze, Italy
| | - Sarah Fung
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jinyoung Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - John Kaidonis
- Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | | | - Grant Townsend
- Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Ottmar Kullmer
- Department of Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt a. M., Germany; Department of Paleobiology and Environment, Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
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Bailey SE, Brophy JK, Moggi-Cecchi J, Delezene LK. The deciduous dentition of Homo naledi: A comparative study. J Hum Evol 2019; 136:102655. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Nakayama M, Kondo O, Pesonen P, Alvesalo L, Lähdesmäki R. Influence of long and short arms of X chromosome on maxillary molar crown morphology. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207070. [PMID: 30439977 PMCID: PMC6237344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although genes on the human X chromosome reportedly influence tooth crown morphology, little is known about X chromosome activation or inactivation systems relevant to morphological variations. We assessed the relationships between tooth crown size and crown morphological traits in females with Turner syndrome, the variants of which include complete absence of one X chromosome, lack of the short arm (Xp), or duplication of the long arms (Xq), and then estimated the functions of Xp and Xq in the process of unilateral X chromosome inactivation during tooth crown development. The mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters in the maxillary first (M1) and second (M2) permanent molars were compared among X chromosome karyotypes by multiple regression analyses, and their relationships with the development of Carabelli’s cusp and the distolingual cusp were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. The crown sizes increased in the order of the 46,X,i(Xq) karyotype, 45,X and 45,X/46,XX karyotypes, and control group. A lower frequency of Carabelli’s cusp and higher frequency of a reduced distolingual cusp in M1 were characteristics of Turner syndrome. The overall M1 and M2 crown sizes differed among the X chromosome karyotypes, whereas a smaller crown size was associated with a reduced distolingual cusp but not with Carabelli’s cusp. Considering the differences in chromosome arrangement among females with Turner syndrome and the process of unilateral X chromosome inactivation, the observed results can be considered in terms of quantity or number of promoters/inhibitors during tooth crown development. The X chromosome karyotypes have a strong influence on the overall crown sizes of the M1 and M2 molars because those karyotypes with variable numbers of active gene regions directly influence tooth germ development in an early stage of human odontogenesis. The later forming cusps, such as the distolingual cusp and Carabelli’s cusp, may be affected by this developmental prerequisite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuko Nakayama
- Oral Development and Orthodontics, Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Anatomy I, Nihon University, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Osamu Kondo
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Paula Pesonen
- Northern Finland Birth Cohorts, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lassi Alvesalo
- Oral Development and Orthodontics, Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Raija Lähdesmäki
- Oral Development and Orthodontics, Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Ortiz A, Bailey SE, Schwartz GT, Hublin JJ, Skinner MM. Evo-devo models of tooth development and the origin of hominoid molar diversity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar2334. [PMID: 29651459 PMCID: PMC5895448 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The detailed anatomical features that characterize fossil hominin molars figure prominently in the reconstruction of their taxonomy, phylogeny, and paleobiology. Despite the prominence of molar form in human origins research, the underlying developmental mechanisms generating the diversity of tooth crown features remain poorly understood. A model of tooth morphogenesis-the patterning cascade model (PCM)-provides a developmental framework to explore how and why the varying molar morphologies arose throughout human evolution. We generated virtual maps of the inner enamel epithelium-an indelibly preserved record of enamel knot arrangement-in 17 living and fossil hominoid species to investigate whether the PCM explains the expression of all major accessory cusps. We found that most of the variation and evolutionary changes in hominoid molar morphology followed the general developmental rule shared by all mammals, outlined by the PCM. Our results have implications for the accurate interpretation of molar crown configuration in hominoid systematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Ortiz
- Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Shara E. Bailey
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Gary T. Schwartz
- Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Matthew M. Skinner
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK
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Heritability and genetic integration of tooth size in the South Carolina Gullah. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 164:505-521. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Paul KS, Stojanowski CM. Comparative performance of deciduous and permanent dental morphology in detecting biological relatives. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S. Paul
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change; Arizona State University; Tempe AZ 85287
| | - Christopher M. Stojanowski
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change; Arizona State University; Tempe AZ 85287
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