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Burgos MA, Bastir M, Pérez-Ramos A, Sanz-Prieto D, Heuzé Y, Maréchal L, Esteban-Ortega F. Assessing nasal airway resistance and symmetry: An approach to global perspective through computational fluid dynamics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2024:e3830. [PMID: 38700070 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the variability in nasal airflow patterns among different sexes and populations using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). We focused on evaluating the universality and applicability of dimensionless parameters R (bilateral nasal resistance) and ϕ (nasal flow asymmetry), initially established in a Caucasian Spanish cohort, across a broader spectrum of human populations to assess normal breathing function in healthy airways. In this retrospective study, CT scans from Cambodia (20 males, 20 females), Russia (20 males, 18 females), and Spain (19 males, 19 females) were analyzed. A standardized CFD workflow was implemented to calculate R-ϕ parameters from these scans. Statistical analyses were conducted to assess and compare these parameters across different sexes and populations, emphasizing their distribution and variances. Our results indicated no significant sex-based differences in the R parameter across the populations. However, moderate sexual dimorphism in the ϕ parameter was observed in the Cambodian group. Notably, no geographical differences were found in either R or ϕ parameters, suggesting consistent nasal airflow characteristics across the diverse human groups studied. The study also emphasized the importance of using dimensionless variables to effectively analyze the relationships between form and function in nasal airflow. The observed consistency of R-ϕ parameters across various populations highlights their potential as reliable indicators in both medical practice and further CFD research, particularly in diverse human populations. Our findings suggest the potential applicability of dimensionless CFD parameters in analyzing nasal airflow, highlighting their utility across diverse demographic and geographic contexts. This research advances our understanding of nasal airflow dynamics and underscores the need for additional studies to validate these parameters in broader population cohorts. The approach of employing dimensionless parameters paves the way for future research that eliminates confounding size effects, enabling more accurate comparisons across different populations and sexes. The implications of this study are significant for the advancement of personalized medicine and the development of diagnostic tools that accommodate individual variations in nasal airflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Burgos
- Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Engineering Group, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Markus Bastir
- Department of Paleobiology, Paleoanthropology Group, National Museum of Natural Sciences - Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Ramos
- Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology and Geology, Paleobiology, Paleoclimatology and Paleogeography Group, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Faculty of Science, Department of Surgery, Paleobiology, Paleoclimatology and Paleogeography Group, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Daniel Sanz-Prieto
- Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Engineering Group, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yann Heuzé
- PACEA UMR 5199, University of Bordeaux, French National Centre for Scientific Research, Ministère de la Culture, Pessac, France
| | - Laura Maréchal
- PACEA UMR 5199, University of Bordeaux, French National Centre for Scientific Research, Ministère de la Culture, Pessac, France
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Lee JH, Kim HS, Park JT. Comparison of Nasal Dimensions According to the Facial and Nasal Indices Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography. J Pers Med 2024; 14:415. [PMID: 38673042 PMCID: PMC11050927 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14040415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The nasal cavity constitutes the foremost portion of the respiratory system, composed of the anterior nasal aperture, nostrils, and choanae. It has an intricate anatomical structure since it has various functions, such as heat exchange, humidification, and filtration. Accordingly, clinical symptoms related to the nose, such as nasal congestion, snoring, and nasal septal deviation, are closely linked to the complex anatomical structure of the nasal cavity. Thus, the nasal cavity stands as a paramount structure in both forensic and clinical contexts. The majority of relevant studies have performed comparisons between sexes, with studies making comparisons according to the FI and NI only and examining relative percentages. Furthermore, the nasal cavity was measured in 2D, and not 3D, in most cases. In this study, we conducted a 3D modeling and anthropometric assessment of the nasal cavity using a 3D analysis software. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate whether the size of the nasal cavity differs according to sex, facial index (FI), and nasal index (NI). We retrospectively reviewed the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) data of 100 participants (50 males, 50 females) aged 20-29 years who visited the dental hospital of Dankook University (IRB approval no. DKUDH IRB 2020-01-007). Our findings showed that nasal cavity sizes generally differed according to sex, FI, and NI. These findings provide implications for performing patient-tailored surgeries in clinical practice and conducting further research on the nasal cavity. Therefore, we believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Dankook Institute for Future Science and Emerging Convergence, Dental College, Dan-Kook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hey-Suk Kim
- Department of Crime Scene Investigation Unit, Forensic Science Division, Daejeon Metropolitan Police, Daejeon 35403, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jong-Tae Park
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Dankook Institute for Future Science and Emerging Convergence, Dental College, Dan-Kook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Bio Health Convergency Open Sharing System, Dan-Kook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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Bastir M, Sanz-Prieto D, Burgos MA, Pérez-Ramos A, Heuzé Y, Maréchal L, Evteev A, Toro-Ibacache V, Esteban-Ortega F. Beyond skeletal studies: A computational analysis of nasal airway function in climate adaptation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024:e24932. [PMID: 38516761 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ecogeographic variation in human nasal anatomy has historically been analyzed on skeletal morphology and interpreted in the context of climatic adaptations to respiratory air-conditioning. Only a few studies have analyzed nasal soft tissue morphology, actively involved in air-conditioning physiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used in vivo computer tomographic scans of (N = 146) adult individuals from Cambodia, Chile, Russia, and Spain. We conducted (N = 438) airflow simulations during inspiration using computational fluid dynamics to analyze the air-conditioning capacities of the nasal soft tissue in the inflow, functional, and outflow tract, under three different environmental conditions: cold-dry; hot-dry; and hot-humid. We performed statistical comparisons between populations and sexes. RESULTS Subjects from hot-humid regions showed significantly lower air-conditioning capacities than subjects from colder regions in all the three conditions, specifically within the isthmus region in the inflow tract, and the anterior part of the internal functional tract. Posterior to the functional tract, no differences were detected. No differences between sexes were found in any of the tracts and under any of the conditions. DISCUSSION Our statistical analyses support models of climatic adaptations of anterior nasal soft tissue morphology that fit with, and complement, previous research on dry skulls. However, our results challenge a morpho-functional model that attributes air-conditioning capacities exclusively to the functional tract located within the nasal cavity. Instead, our findings support studies that have suggested that both, the external nose and the intra-facial soft tissue airways contribute to efficiently warming and humidifying air during inspiration. This supports functional interpretations in modern midfacial variation and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bastir
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural Sciences-Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Sanz-Prieto
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural Sciences-Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
- Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Engineering Group, Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel A Burgos
- Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Engineering Group, Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Ramos
- Paleobiology, Paleoclimatology, and Paleogeography Group, Department of Ecology and Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Yann Heuzé
- CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Laura Maréchal
- CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Andrej Evteev
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Viviana Toro-Ibacache
- Center for Quantitative Analysis in Dental Anthropology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Saadeh M, Shamseddine L, Hasan FK, Ayoub F. Nasal Morphology in a Young Adult Middle-Eastern Population: A Stereophotogrammetric Analysis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024; 25:199-206. [PMID: 38690690 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to describe gender-specific three-dimensional morphology of the soft-tissue nose in Lebanese young adults and to explore the associations between nasal morphology with age and body mass index (BMI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Three-dimensional photographs were captured for 176 young healthy Lebanese adults (75 males and 101 females) aged 18.1-37.68 years. Linear and angular nasal measurements were computed and compared between genders, in addition to other established norms. Associations with age and BMI were also assessed. RESULTS All linear measurements were greater in males than in females, and only the nasolabial angle was significantly larger in females by 2.97 degrees on average. Most of the measurements were found to be larger than the Caucasian norms. A few significant correlations were found between the measurements and age or BMI. CONCLUSION This study is the first to present the sex-specific norms for nasal morphology in the Lebanese population and highlights the presence of gender dimorphism in the majority of measurements. Additional studies are needed to validate our data and expand the associations with age and BMI. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The data offered in this study could help enhance the accuracy of facial reconstructive surgery and aid in personalized treatment planning for both medical and cosmetic nasal interventions. How to cite this article: Saadeh M, Shamseddine L, Fayyad-Kazan H, et al. Nasal Morphology in a Young Adult Middle-Eastern Population: A Stereophotogrammetric Analysis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(3):199-206.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Saadeh
- Department of Orthodontics, Lebanese University Faculty of Dental Medicine; Department of Dentofacial Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon, Phone: +961 3565028, e-mail: , Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0094-3570
| | - Loubna Shamseddine
- Department of Prosthodontics, Lebanese University Faculty of Dental Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon, Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5646-3683
| | - Fayyad-Kazan Hasan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Lebanese University Faculty of Dental Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon, Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7936-8606
| | - Fouad Ayoub
- Department of Forensic Odontology, Anthropology and Human Identification, Lebanese University Faculty of Dental Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon, Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6488-5301
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Ocobock C. Human cold adaptation: An unfinished agenda v2.0. Am J Hum Biol 2024; 36:e23937. [PMID: 37345289 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on human extreme cold climate adaptations has benefitted from a recent resurgence since Ted Steegmann laid out his Human Cold Adaptation Agenda in 2007. Human biologists have drastically expanded our knowledge in this area during the last 15 years, but we still have a great deal more work to do to fulfill the cold climate adaptation agenda. METHODS Here, I follow Steegmann's example by providing a review of cold climate adaptations and setting forth a new, expanded agenda. RESULTS I review the foundational work on cold climate adaptations including classic Bergmann, Allen, and Thomson rules as well as early work assessing metabolic differences among Indigenous cold climate populations. From there, I discuss some of the groundbreaking work currently taking place on cold climate adaptations such as brown adipose tissue (a heat generating organ), physical activity levels, metabolic rates, and behavioral/cultural mechanisms. Finally, I present a path forward for future research with a focus on some of the basic extreme cold adaptations as well as how human biologists should approach the effects of climate change on human health and well-being, particularly within a cold climate context. CONCLUSION The Arctic has felt the dramatic effects of climate change sooner and more acutely than other parts of the world, making it an ideal location for studying both cold climate adaptations and climate change resilience. Human biologists have a great deal to contribute to the conversation on not only adaptations to extreme cold, but also the ways in which climate change is being embodied by cold climate populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Ocobock
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Department of Gender Studies, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Institute for Educational Initiatives, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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McKenney EA, Hale AR, Anderson J, Larsen R, Grant C, Dunn RR. Hidden diversity: comparative functional morphology of humans and other species. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15148. [PMID: 37123005 PMCID: PMC10135406 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) morphology plays an important role in nutrition, health, and epidemiology; yet limited data on GI variation have been collected since 1885. Here we demonstrate that students can collect reliable data sets on gut morphology; when they do, they reveal greater morphological variation for some structures in the GI tract than has been documented in the published literature. We discuss trait variability both within and among species, and the implications of that variability for evolution and epidemiology. Our results show that morphological variation in the GI tract is associated with each organ's role in food processing. For example, the length of many structures was found to vary significantly with feeding strategy. Within species, the variability illustrated by the coefficients of variation suggests that selective constraints may vary with function. Within humans, we detected significant Pearson correlations between the volume of the liver and the length of the appendix (t-value = 2.5278, df = 28, p = 0.0174, corr = 0.4311) and colon (t-value = 2.0991, df = 19, p = 0.0494, corr = 0.4339), as well as between the lengths of the small intestine and colon (t-value = 2.1699, df = 17, p = 0.0445, corr = 0.4657), which are arguably the most vital organs in the gut for nutrient absorption. Notably, intraspecific variation in the small intestine can be associated with life history traits. In humans, females demonstrated consistently and significantly longer small intestines than males (t-value15 = 2.245, p = 0.0403). This finding supports the female canalization hypothesis, specifically, increased female investment in the digestion and absorption of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. McKenney
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Amanda R. Hale
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- SNA International for the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, HI, United States of America
| | - Janiaya Anderson
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Roxanne Larsen
- Office of Curricular Affairs, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Colleen Grant
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Robert R. Dunn
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
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Maréchal L, Dumoncel J, Santos F, Astudillo Encina W, Evteev A, Prevost A, Toro-Ibacache V, Venter RG, Heuzé Y. New insights into the variability of upper airway morphology in modern humans. J Anat 2022; 242:781-795. [PMID: 36585765 PMCID: PMC10093156 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological adaptation of the human lineage to its environment is a recurring question in paleoanthropology. Particularly, how eco-geographic factors (e.g., environmental temperature and humidity) have shaped upper airway morphology in hominins have been subject to continuing debate. Nasal shape is the result of many intertwined factors that include, but are not limited to, genetic drift, sexual selection, or adaptation to climate. A quantification of nasal airway (NA) morphological variation in modern human populations is crucial to better understand these multiple factors. In the present research, we study 195 in vivo CT scans of adult individuals collected in five different geographic areas (Chile, France, Cambodia, Russia, and South Africa). After segmentation of the nasal airway, we reconstruct 3D meshes that are analyzed with a landmark-free geometric morphometrics method based on surface deformation. Our results highlight subtle but statistically significant morphological differences between our five samples. The two morphologically closest groups are France and Russia, whose NAs are longer and narrower, with an important protrusion of the supero-anterior part. The Cambodian sample is the most morphologically distinct and clustered sample, with a mean NA that is wider and shorter. On the contrary, the Chilean sample form the most scattered cluster with the greatest intra-population variation. The South African sample is morphologically close to the Cambodian sample, but also partially overlaps the French and Russian variation. Interestingly, we record no correlation between NA volume and geographic groups, which raises the question of climate-related metabolic demands for oxygen consumption. The other factors of variation (sex and age) have no influence on the NA shape in our samples. However, NA volume varies significantly according both to sex and age: it is higher in males than in females and tends to increase with age. In contrast, we observe no effect of temperature or humidity on NA volume. Finally, we highlight the important influence of asymmetries related to nasal septum deviations in NA shape variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maréchal
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, Pessac, France
| | - Jean Dumoncel
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, Pessac, France
| | - Frédéric Santos
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, Pessac, France
| | | | - Andrej Evteev
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alice Prevost
- Plastic and Maxillo-facial Surgery Department, University Hospital Center of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Viviana Toro-Ibacache
- Centro de Análisis Cuantitativo en Antropología Dental, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rudolph G Venter
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Tygerberg Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yann Heuzé
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, Pessac, France
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8
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Cho EO, Cowgill LW, Middleton KM, Blomquist GE, Savoldi F, Tsoi J, Bornstein MM. The influence of climate and population structure on East Asian skeletal morphology. J Hum Evol 2022; 173:103268. [PMID: 36288639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that global variation in body proportions is more complex than previously thought as some traits formerly associated with climate adaptation are better explained by geographic proximity and neutral evolutionary forces. While the recent incorporation of quantitative genetic methodologies has improved understanding of patterns related to climate in Africa, Europe, and the Americas, Asia remains underrepresented in recent and historic studies of body form. As ecogeographic studies tend to focus on male morphology, potential sex differences in features influenced by climate remain largely unexplored. Skeletal measurements encompassing the dimensions of the skull, pelvis, limbs, hands, and feet were collected from male (n = 459) and female (n = 442) remains curated in 13 collections across seven countries in East Asia (n = 901). Osteological data were analyzed with sex and minimum temperature as covariates adjusted by autosomal single-nucleotide polymorphism population genetic distance using univariate Bayesian linear mixed models, and credible intervals were calculated for each trait. Analysis supports a relationship between specific traits and climate as well as providing the magnitude of response in both sexes. After accounting for genetic distance between populations, greater association between climate and morphology was found in postcranial traits, with the relationship between climate and the skull limited primarily to breadth measurements. Larger body size is associated with colder climates with most measurements increasing with decreased temperature. The same traits were not always associated with climate for males and females nor correlated with the same intensity for both sexes. The varied directional association with climate for different regions of the skeleton and between the sexes underscores the necessity of future ecogeographic research to holistically evaluate body form and to look for sex-specific patterns to better understand population responses to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth O Cho
- Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Center for Anatomical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Libby W Cowgill
- Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kevin M Middleton
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | - Fabio Savoldi
- Orthodontics, Division of Paediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong S.A.R., P.R. China
| | - James Tsoi
- Dental Materials Science, Division of Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong S.A.R., P.R. China
| | - Michael M Bornstein
- Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Division of Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong S.A.R., P.R. China; Department of Oral Health and Medicine, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel, Basel 4058, Switzerland
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9
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Cuerrier-Richer E. Missing and murdered indigenous women and girls in Canada: a new population affinity assessment technique to aid in identification using 3D technology. Forensic Sci Res 2022; 7:427-439. [DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2021.2023417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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10
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Shah R, Frank-Ito DO. The role of normal nasal morphological variations from race and gender differences on respiratory physiology. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2022; 297:103823. [PMID: 34883314 PMCID: PMC9258636 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study identifies anatomical and airflow-induced relationships based on nasal morphological variations due to inter- and intra-racial differences and gender. Subject-specific nasal airway reconstruction was created from computed tomography images in 16 subjects: 4 subjects from each ethnic group (Black, East Asian, Caucasian, and Latino) comprising of 2 males and 2 females. Volume, surface area and nasal index were calculated, as well as airflow rate and nasal resistance after computational fluid dynamics simulations in the nasal airway. Results showed that nasal airspace surface area (p = 0.0499) and volume (p = 0.0281) were significantly greater in males than in females. Nasal volume was greatest in East Asians (Median = 20.38cm3, Interquartile Range [IQR] = 4.58 cm3), Latinos had the greatest surface area (Median = 219.70cm2, IQR = 29.56cm2). On average, East Asian and Black females had larger nasal index than their male counterparts. Caucasians had the highest median nasal resistance (0.050 Pa.s/mL, IQR = 0.025 Pa.s/mL). Results indicate that there exist anatomical variabilities based on race and gender. However, these variabilities may not significantly influence nasal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reanna Shah
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dennis Onyeka Frank-Ito
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Computational Biology & Bioinformatics PhD Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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11
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Bastir M, Sanz-Prieto D, Burgos M. Three-dimensional form and function of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx in humans and chimpanzees. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:1962-1973. [PMID: 34636487 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The facial differences between recent Pan troglodytes and Homo sapiens can be used as a proxy for the reduction of facial prognathism that happened during evolutionary transition between Australopithecines and early Homo. The projecting nasal morphology of Homo has been considered both a passive consequence of anatomical reorganization related to brain and integrated craniofacial evolution as well as an adaptation related to air-conditioning during physiological and behavioral shifts in human evolution. Yet, previous research suggested impaired air-conditioning in Homo challenging respiratory adaptations based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and airflow simulations. Here we improved CFD model at the inflow region and also carried out three-dimensional (3D) geometric morphometrics to address the hypothesis of impaired air-conditioning in humans and species differences in airway shape. With the new CFD model we simulated pressure, velocity, and temperature changes in airflow of six adult humans and six chimpanzees and analyzed 164 semi-landmarks of 10 humans and 10 chimpanzees for 3D size and shape comparisons. Our finding shows significantly different internal 3D nasal airways. Also, species means of pressure, velocity, and temperature differed statistically significantly. However, form-related differences in temperature exchanges seem subtle and may question adaptive disadvantages. We rather support a hypothesis of craniofacial changes in the Australopithecus-Homo transition that are related to brain evolution and craniofacial integration with facial and nasal modifications that contribute to maintain respiratory adaptations related to air conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bastir
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Sanz-Prieto
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Ingeniería Térmica y Fluidos, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Manuel Burgos
- Departamento de Ingeniería Térmica y Fluidos, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
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12
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Abou Sleiman R, Saadé A. Effect of septal deviation on nasomaxillary shape: A geometric morphometric study. J Anat 2021; 239:788-800. [PMID: 34148243 PMCID: PMC8450481 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasal cavities in their primitive stage communicate with the oral cavity until the 8th week of intrauterine life where the posterior palate initiates its development. Hence, starting from the initial growth phases, a significant connection lays between the nasal structures and the maxillary bone and witnessing key functional roles, among which the respiration. Proper nasal breathing has been proven to be a crucial factor for the maturity of the craniofacial complex, and obstruction of the respiratory airway due to nasal septum deviation can generate clinically significant reduction of the nasal airflow. This situation will imply irreversible repercussions that hinders the harmonious development of the craniofacial complex. In order to understand such potential impacts of septal deviation, our first objective was to materialize the relation between septum deviation, and both nasal cavity and maxillary structures. For the second objective, we used Procrustes analysis to assess the shape variation of these two anatomical regions, the bivariate plots of Principal Components to evaluate their shape space, and a two-block Partial Least Square (PLS) to explore their covariation. We analysed, in this cross-sectional study, 62 posteroanterior cephalometric radiographs of adult subjects from both sexes (23 males, 39 females; mean age 25.3 years) collected from the database of the Department of Orthodontics at Lebanese University. Landmarks were plotted and variables were calculated and divided into nasal septum, nasal cavity and maxillary ones. The sample was further divided into two groups based on septal deviation severity (a septal deviation is considered minor if <6). The results suggested that nasal septum deviation was correlated to reduced nasal cavity area and a reduced maxillary area. Moreover, the comparison of the two groups concluded that the difference between all variables was statistically significant with higher scores in the minor septal deviation group. These findings were corroborated with the shape analysis where the mean centroid size of nasal cavity and that of the maxilla in the group of reduced septal deviation were significantly greater than those of the group with increased angle of deviation. Results of PLS analysis concluded to a strong covariation between nasal septum and nasomaxillary complex. These conclusions support the early septoplasty in growing patients as a solution to redirect the normal course of growth and re-establish a good function of the nasomaxillary complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Abou Sleiman
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial OrthopedicsLebanese UniversityBeirutLebanon
| | - Antoine Saadé
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial OrthopedicsLebanese UniversityBeirutLebanon
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13
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Butaric LN, Nicholas CL, Kravchuk K, Maddux SD. Ontogenetic variation in human nasal morphology. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:1910-1937. [PMID: 34549897 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Internal nasal cavity morphology has long been thought to reflect respiratory pressures related to heating and humidifying inspired air. Yet, despite the widely recognized importance of ontogeny in understanding climatic and thermoregulatory adaptations, most research on nasal variation in modern and fossil humans focuses on static adult morphology. This study utilizes cross-sectional CT data of three morphologically distinct samples (African, European, Arctic) spanning from infancy to adulthood (total n = 321). Eighteen landmarks capturing external and internal regions of the face and nose were subjected to generalized Procrustes and form-space principal component analyses (separately conducted on global and individual samples) to ascertain when adult-specific nasal morphology emerges during ontogeny. Across the global sample, PC1 (67.18% of the variation) tracks age-related size changes regardless of ancestry, while PC2 (6.86%) differentiates between the ancestral groups irrespective of age. Growth curves tracking morphological changes by age-in-years indicate comparable growth trajectories across all three samples, with the majority of nasal size and shape established early in ontogeny (<5 years of age). Sex-based trends are also evident, with females exhibiting a more truncated growth period than males, particularly for nasal height dimensions. Differences are also evident between the anterior and posterior nose, with the height and breadth dimensions of the anterior nasal aperture and nasal cavity showing differential ontogenetic patterns compared to the choanae. Cumulatively, these results suggest that multiple selective pressures influence human nasal morphology through ontogenetic processes, including metabolic demands for sufficient oxygen intake and climatic demands for adequate intranasal air conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Butaric
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Christina L Nicholas
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Katherine Kravchuk
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Scott D Maddux
- Center for Anatomical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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14
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Tran CNH, Schroeder L. Common evolutionary patterns in the human nasal region across a worldwide sample. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 176:422-433. [PMID: 34331455 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Variation in the external nasal region among human populations has long been proposed in the literature to reflect adaptations to facilitate thermoregulation, air conditioning, and moisture retention in local climates and environments. More specifically, adaptations in populations living in colder climates have often been assumed due to correlational relationships found between variation in the nasal region and climatic variables. Here, we test this hypothesis by applying a quantitative genetics approach based on the Lande model to assess whether variation in the nasal region can be explained by random neutral processes (e.g., genetic drift) or if non-random forces (i.e., adaptation) have contributed significantly to its diversity. MATERIALS AND METHODS A mixed-sex sample representing 28 population groups from Howells' craniometric dataset were analyzed (n = 2504). Twenty standard measurements were chosen to reflect the external skeletal morphology of the nasal region. We apply statistical tests developed from evolutionary quantitative genetics theory to analyze patterns of within- and between-population divergence under a null hypothesis of genetic drift. RESULTS This study finds a rejection of genetic drift in all analyses, across tests that involve all 28 populations, exclusively cold-climate populations, and with cold-climate populations excluded, indicating that non-random evolutionary forces have contributed significantly to variation in the nasal region overall. DISCUSSION These results show that nasal region adaptation is not exclusive to cold-climate populations, which have often been implicated in the literature to drive nasal variation, instead suggesting that the propensity for adaptation in the nasal region is shared among all human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Ngọc Hân Tran
- Forensic Science Program, Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada.,Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lauren Schroeder
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada.,Human Evolution Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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15
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Perspective of the Relationship between the Susceptibility to Initial SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity and Optimal Nasal Conditioning of Inhaled Air. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157919. [PMID: 34360686 PMCID: PMC8348706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as with the influenza virus, has been shown to spread more rapidly during winter. Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which can follow SARS-CoV-2 infection, disproportionately affects older persons and males as well as people living in temperate zone countries with a tropical ancestry. Recent evidence on the importance of adequately warming and humidifying (conditioning) inhaled air in the nasal cavity for reducing SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in the upper respiratory tract (URT) is discussed, with particular reference to: (i) the relevance of air-borne SARS-CoV-2 transmission, (ii) the nasal epithelium as the initial site of SARS-CoV-2 infection, (iii) the roles of type 1 and 3 interferons for preventing viral infection of URT epithelial cells, (iv) weaker innate immune responses to respiratory viral infections in URT epithelial cells at suboptimal temperature and humidity, and (v) early innate immune responses in the URT for limiting and eliminating SARS-CoV-2 infections. The available data are consistent with optimal nasal air conditioning reducing SARS-CoV-2 infectivity of the URT and, as a consequence, severe COVID-19. Further studies on SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and viral loads in the nasal cavity and nasopharynx in relation to inhaled air temperature, humidity, age, gender, and genetic background are needed in this context. Face masks used for reducing air-borne virus transmission can also promote better nasal air conditioning in cold weather. Masks can, thereby, minimise SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and are particularly relevant for protecting more vulnerable persons from severe COVID-19.
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16
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Chen J, Chen C, Xu W, Zhang X. Size selection of the Ambu AuraOnce laryngeal mask in Chinese men weighing >70 kg: a pilot study. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211016689. [PMID: 34024169 PMCID: PMC8142532 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211016689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To collect computed tomography data of the laryngeal anatomy of Chinese men and to determine the feasibility of using the size 4 Ambu AuraOnce laryngeal mask (Ambu A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark) in Chinese men weighing >70 kg. METHODS This prospective study involved men who underwent surgery from May 2018 to January 2019 at Jinshan Hospital. Pharyngeal and laryngeal parameters were measured by computed tomography. The laryngeal mask insertion success rate, requirement for tracheal tube insertion, laryngeal mask insertion time, fiberoptic bronchoscopy grading, air leakage pressure, and pharyngeal complications were analyzed. RESULTS In a comparison of the size 4 and 5 Ambu AuraOnce devices, the first insertion success rate was 100% and 87% and the three-times insertion success rate was 100% and 93%, respectively, with no significant differences. However, the insertion time was significantly different at 19.6 ± 5.9 versus 31.1 ± 11.2 s, respectively, and the proportions of fiberoptic grading levels were also significantly different. There were no significant differences in the air leakage pressure or pharyngeal complications. CONCLUSION The size 4 Ambu AuraOnce is more adequate than the size 5 for Chinese men weighing >70 kg, with a shorter insertion time and higher fiberoptic bronchoscopic grading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhuan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoguang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Kim S, Ward LA, Butaric LN, Maddux SD. Ancestry-based variation in maxillary sinus anatomy: Implications for health disparities in sinonasal disease. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:18-36. [PMID: 33890723 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Paranasal sinus drainage is mediated by mucociliary transport and gravity. However, human orthograde posture, along with the superior positioning of the maxillary sinus (MS) ostium, increases reliance on the mucociliary system. Previous research has thus suggested that differences in MS size and shape may impede mucociliary clearance, potentially contributing to disparities in sinusitis susceptibility. To further investigate this hypothesis, this study collected 29 three-dimensional (3D) coordinate landmarks and seven linear measurements of MS morphology from 167 computed tomography (CT) scans of crania of European, East Asian, or Equatorial African ancestry. MANOVA results reveal the Asian-derived individuals are characterized by both a significantly taller MS (F = 14.15, p < 0.0001) and a significantly greater distance from the MS floor to the ostium (F = 17.22, p < 0.0001) compared to those of European and African ancestry. A canonical variate (CV) analysis conducted on 3D landmark data provides corroborative results, distinguishing Asian-derived individuals predominantly on the basis of a relatively lower MS floor. As a greater distance between the MS floor and ostium may impede mucociliary clearance, our results suggest MS anatomy may be a more prominent factor in chronic sinusitis among individuals of Asian ancestry compared to those of European and African ancestries. This provides tentative evidence of an anatomical etiology for chronic sinusitis even in the absence of anatomical variants/abnormalities (e.g., nasal polyps, concha bullosa, Haller's cells, and Agger nasi cells). Further research into the relationship between MS anatomy and sinusitis, in addition to socioeconomic inequalities of healthcare, is warranted to continue evaluating possible contributions to health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhhyun Kim
- Center for Anatomical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Lyndee A Ward
- Center for Anatomical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Lauren N Butaric
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Scott D Maddux
- Center for Anatomical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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18
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Stansfield E, Mitteroecker P, Vasilyev SY, Vasilyev S, Butaric LN. Respiratory adaptation to climate in modern humans and Upper Palaeolithic individuals from Sungir and Mladeč. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7997. [PMID: 33846400 PMCID: PMC8042039 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
As our human ancestors migrated into Eurasia, they faced a considerably harsher climate, but the extent to which human cranial morphology has adapted to this climate is still debated. In particular, it remains unclear when such facial adaptations arose in human populations. Here, we explore climate-associated features of face shape in a worldwide modern human sample using 3D geometric morphometrics and a novel application of reduced rank regression. Based on these data, we assess climate adaptations in two crucial Upper Palaeolithic human fossils, Sungir and Mladeč, associated with a boreal-to-temperate climate. We found several aspects of facial shape, especially the relative dimensions of the external nose, internal nose and maxillary sinuses, that are strongly associated with temperature and humidity, even after accounting for autocorrelation due to geographical proximity of populations. For these features, both fossils revealed adaptations to a dry environment, with Sungir being strongly associated with cold temperatures and Mladeč with warm-to-hot temperatures. These results suggest relatively quick adaptative rates of facial morphology in Upper Palaeolithic Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Stansfield
- Unit of Theoretical Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Philipp Mitteroecker
- Unit of Theoretical Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sergey Y Vasilyev
- Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Vasilyev
- Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lauren N Butaric
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, USA
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19
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Ocobock C, Lacy S, Niclou A. Between a rock and a cold place: Neanderthal biocultural cold adaptations. Evol Anthropol 2021; 30:262-279. [PMID: 33797824 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A large body of work focuses on the unique aspects of Neanderthal anatomy, inferred physiology, and behavior to test the assumption that Neanderthals were hyper-adapted to living in cold environments. This research has expanded over the years to include previously unexplored and potentially adaptive features such as brown adipose tissue and fire-usage. Here we review the current state of knowledge of Neanderthal cold adaptations along morphological, physiological, and behavioral lines. While highlighting foundational as well as recent work, we also emphasize key areas for future research. Despite thriving in a variety of climates, it is well-accepted that Neanderthals appear to be the most cold-adapted of known fossil hominin groups; however, there are still many unknowns. There is a great deal yet to be uncovered about the nature and manifestation of Neanderthal adaptation and how the synergy of biology and culture helped buffer them against extreme and variable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Ocobock
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, USA.,Eck Institute for Global Health, Institute for Educational Initiatives, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, USA
| | - Sarah Lacy
- Department of Anthropology, California State University Dominguez Hills, Carson, California, USA
| | - Alexandra Niclou
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, USA
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20
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Schuh A, Gunz P, Villa C, Kupczik K, Hublin JJ, Freidline SE. Intraspecific variability in human maxillary bone modeling patterns during ontogeny. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:655-670. [PMID: 33029815 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study compares the ontogenetic bone modeling patterns of the maxilla to the related morphological changes in three human populations to better understand how morphological variability within a species is established during ontogeny at both micro- and macroscopic levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS The maxillary bones of an ontogenetic sample of 145 subadult and adult individuals from Greenland (Inuit), Western Europe (France, Germany, and Portugal), and South Africa (Khoekhoe and San) were analyzed. Bone formation and resorption were quantified using histological methods to visualize the bone modeling patterns. In parallel, semilandmark geometric morphometric techniques were used on 3D models of the same individuals to capture the morphological changes. Multivariate statistics were applied and shape differences between age groups were visualized through heat maps. RESULTS The three populations show differences in the degree of shape change acquired during ontogeny, leading to divergences in the developmental trajectories. Only subtle population differences in the bone modeling patterns were found, which were maintained throughout ontogeny. Bone resorption in adults mirrors the pattern found in subadults, but is expressed at lower intensities. DISCUSSION Our data demonstrate that maxillary morphological differences observed in three geographically distinct human populations are also reflected at the microscopic scale. However, we suggest that these differences are mostly driven by changes in rates and timings of the cellular activities, as only slight discrepancies in the location of bone resorption could be observed. The shared general bone modeling pattern is likely characteristic of all Homo sapiens, and can be observed throughout ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schuh
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp Gunz
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chiara Villa
- Laboratory of Advanced Imaging and 3D modelling, Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah E Freidline
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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21
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Bastir M, Megía I, Torres-Tamayo N, García-Martínez D, Piqueras FM, Burgos M. Three-dimensional analysis of sexual dimorphism in the soft tissue morphology of the upper airways in a human population. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 171:65-75. [PMID: 31837016 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several studies have analyzed the sexual dimorphism of the skeletal cranial airways. This study aimed to quantify the three-dimensional (3D) morphology of the soft tissues of the upper airways in a human population. We addressed hypotheses about morphological features related to respiratory and energetic aspects of nasal sexual dimorphism. METHODS We reconstructed 3D models of 41 male and female soft tissue nasal airways from computed tomography data. We measured 280 landmarks and semilandmarks for 3D-geometric morphometric analyses to test for differences in size and 3D morphology of different functional compartments of the soft tissue airways. RESULTS We found statistical evidence for sexual dimorphism: Males were larger than females. 3D features indicated taller and wider inflow tracts, taller outflow tracts and slightly taller internal airways in males. These characteristics are compatible with greater airflow in males. DISCUSSION The differences in 3D nasal airway morphology are compatible with the respiratory-energetics hypothesis according to which males differ from females because of greater energetic demands. Accordingly, structures related to inflow and outflow of air show stronger signals than structures relevant for air-conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bastir
- Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Megía
- Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicole Torres-Tamayo
- Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco M Piqueras
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital General Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Burgos
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Ingeniería Térmica y de Fluidos, Cartagena, Spain
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22
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Jung H, Simons E, von Cramon-Taubadel N. Ontogenetic changes in magnitudes of integration in the macaque skull. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 174:76-88. [PMID: 32803773 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Magnitudes of morphological integration may constrain or facilitate craniofacial shape variation. The aim of this study was to analyze how the magnitude of integration in the skull of Macaca fascicularis changes throughout ontogeny in relation to developmental and/or functional modules. MATERIALS AND METHODS Geometric morphometric methods were used to analyze the magnitude of integration in the macaque cranium and mandible in 80 juvenile and 40 adult M. fascicularis specimens. Integration scores in skull modules were calculated using integration coefficient of variation (ICV) of eigenvalues based on a resampling procedure. Resultant ICV scores between the skull as a whole, and developmental and/or functional modules were compared using Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS Results showed that most skull modules were more tightly integrated than the skull as a whole, with the exception of the chondrocranium in juveniles without canines, the chondrocranium/face complex and the mandibular corpus in adults, and the mandibular ramus in all juveniles. The chondrocranium/face and face/mandibular corpus complexes were more tightly integrated in juveniles than adults, possibly reflecting the influences of early brain growth/development, and the changing functional demands of infant suckling and later masticatory loading. This is also supported by the much higher integration of the mandibular ramus in adults compared with juveniles. DISCUSSION Magnitudes of integration in skull modules reflect developmental/functional mechanisms in M. fascicularis. However, the relationship between "evolutionary flexibility" and developmental/functional mechanisms was not direct or simple, likely because of the complex morphology, multifunctionality, and various ossification origins of the skull.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Jung
- Buffalo Human Evolutionary Morphology Lab, Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Evan Simons
- Buffalo Human Evolutionary Morphology Lab, Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Noreen von Cramon-Taubadel
- Buffalo Human Evolutionary Morphology Lab, Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, New York, USA
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23
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Marks TN, Maddux SD, Butaric LN, Franciscus RG. Climatic adaptation in human inferior nasal turbinate morphology: Evidence from Arctic and equatorial populations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 169:498-512. [PMID: 30993687 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The nasal turbinates directly influence the overall size, shape, and surface area of the nasal passages, and thus contribute to intranasal heat and moisture exchange. However, unlike the encapsulating walls of the nasal cavity, ecogeographic variation in nasal turbinate morphology among humans has not yet been established. Here we investigate variation in inferior nasal turbinate morphology in two populations from climatically extreme environments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-three linear measurements of the inferior turbinate, nasal cavity walls, and airway passages were collected from CT scans of indigenous modern human crania from Equatorial Africa (n = 35) and the Arctic Circle (n = 35). MANOVA and ANCOVA were employed to test for predicted regional and sex differences in morphology between the samples. RESULTS Significant morphological differences were identified between the two regional samples, with no evidence of significant sexual dimorphism or region-sex interaction effect. Individuals from the Arctic Circle possessed superoinferiorly and mediolaterally larger inferior turbinates compared to Equatorial Africans. In conjunction with the surrounding nasal cavity walls, these differences in turbinate morphology produced airway dimensions that were both consistent with functional expectations and more regionally distinct than either skeletal component independently. CONCLUSION This study documents the existence of ecogeographic variation in human nasal turbinate morphology reflecting climate-mediated evolutionary demands on intranasal heat and moisture exchange. Humans adapted to cold-dry environments exhibit turbinate morphologies that enhance contact between respired air and nasal mucosa to facilitate respiratory air conditioning. Conversely, humans adapted to hot-humid environments exhibit turbinate morphologies that minimize air-to-mucosa contact, likely to minimize airflow resistance and/or facilitate expiratory heat-shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarah N Marks
- Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Scott D Maddux
- Center for Anatomical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
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24
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Evteev AA, Grosheva AN. Nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses form variation among modern humans of Asian descent. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 169:513-525. [PMID: 30985926 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study explores variation, covariation, and ecogeographic pattern of the nasal cavity, maxillary sinuses, and external midfacial skeleton across 15 populations of east Asian origin inhabiting the Far East, Siberia, Alaska and Greenland. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have collected linear measurements of the internal nasal cavity, maxillary sinus and external midfacial skeleton as well as volumes and surface areas of three-dimensional models of the cavity. A set of seven climatic variables, mtDNA and Y-chromosome genetic matrices and a matrix of geographic distances were also utilized. RESULTS A strong association between form of the nasal cavity and climate was found, whereby all north Asian groups display increased volumes, areas and lengths of the cavity, and surface area to volume ratios (SA/V). Most of Siberian groups exhibit not only large and long, but also wide and tall nasal cavity. The Eskimo-Aleutian speaking groups possess cavities that are vertically short and narrow but of a high SA/V ratio. The sinuses exhibit an exceptionally high level of within- and between-group variation which supports the views on the sinus as an architectural byproduct. Both volume and area of the nasal cavity can be reliably estimated based on a set of simple and repeatable linear measurements. DISCUSSION While the nasal cavity and maxillary sinus are both larger in a larger facial skeleton, there is a strong inverse relationship between them at a given facial size. Our results do not support the notion that the shape of the internal nasal cavity is more strongly associated with climate compared to the external midfacial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej A Evteev
- Anuchin's Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra N Grosheva
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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25
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Ríos L, Kivell TL, Lalueza-Fox C, Estalrrich A, García-Tabernero A, Huguet R, Quintino Y, de la Rasilla M, Rosas A. Skeletal Anomalies in The Neandertal Family of El Sidrón (Spain) Support A Role of Inbreeding in Neandertal Extinction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1697. [PMID: 30737446 PMCID: PMC6368597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neandertals disappeared from the fossil record around 40,000 bp, after a demographic history of small and isolated groups with high but variable levels of inbreeding, and episodes of interbreeding with other Paleolithic hominins. It is reasonable to expect that high levels of endogamy could be expressed in the skeleton of at least some Neandertal groups. Genetic studies indicate that the 13 individuals from the site of El Sidrón, Spain, dated around 49,000 bp, constituted a closely related kin group, making these Neandertals an appropriate case study for the observation of skeletal signs of inbreeding. We present the complete study of the 1674 identified skeletal specimens from El Sidrón. Altogether, 17 congenital anomalies were observed (narrowing of the internal nasal fossa, retained deciduous canine, clefts of the first cervical vertebra, unilateral hypoplasia of the second cervical vertebra, clefting of the twelfth thoracic vertebra, diminutive thoracic or lumbar rib, os centrale carpi and bipartite scaphoid, tripartite patella, left foot anomaly and cuboid-navicular coalition), with at least four individuals presenting congenital conditions (clefts of the first cervical vertebra). At 49,000 years ago, the Neandertals from El Sidrón, with genetic and skeletal evidence of inbreeding, could be representative of the beginning of the demographic collapse of this hominin phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ríos
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Aranzadi Zientzia Elkartea, Zorroagagaina 11, 20014, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - T L Kivell
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Marlowe Building, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, UK.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - C Lalueza-Fox
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Estalrrich
- Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas de Cantabria IIIPC (Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Gobierno de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros 52, 39005, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - A García-Tabernero
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Huguet
- IPHES, Institut Catala de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), 43007, Tarragona, Spain.,Area de Prehistoria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda. Catalunya 35, 43002, Tarragona, Spain.,Unidad asociada al CSIC, Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Calle José Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Y Quintino
- Laboratorio de Evolución Humana, Dpto. de Ciencias Históricas y Geografía, Universidad de Burgos, Edificio I+D+i, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - M de la Rasilla
- Área de Prehistoria Departamento de Historia, Universidad de Oviedo, Calle Teniente Alfonso Martínez s/n, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - A Rosas
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Jacobs LF. The navigational nose: a new hypothesis for the function of the human external pyramid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:222/Suppl_1/jeb186924. [PMID: 30728230 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.186924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the outstanding questions in evolution is why Homo erectus became the first primate species to evolve the external pyramid, i.e. an external nose. The accepted hypothesis for this trait has been its role in respiration, to warm and humidify air as it is inspired. However, new studies testing the key assumptions of the conditioning hypothesis, such as the importance of turbulence to enhance heat and moisture exchange, have called this hypothesis into question. The human nose has two functions, however, respiration and olfaction. It is thus also possible that the external nose evolved in response to selection for olfaction. The genus Homo had many adaptations for long-distance locomotion, which allowed Homo erectus to greatly expand its species range, from Africa to Asia. Long-distance navigation in birds and other species is often accomplished by orientation to environmental odors. Such olfactory navigation, in turn, is enhanced by stereo olfaction, made possible by the separation of the olfactory sensors. By these principles, the human external nose could have evolved to separate olfactory inputs to enhance stereo olfaction. This could also explain why nose shape later became so variable: as humans became more sedentary in the Neolithic, a decreasing need for long-distance movements could have been replaced by selection for other olfactory functions, such as detecting disease, that would have been critical to survival in newly dense human settlements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia F Jacobs
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA
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27
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Reply to Evteev and Heuzé: How to overcome the problem of modeling respiration departing from bony structures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E4739-E4740. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804796115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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28
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Zhang C, Miller SF, Roosenboom J, Wehby GL, Moreno Uribe LM, Hecht JT, Deleyiannis FWB, Christensen K, Marazita ML, Weinberg SM. Soft tissue nasal asymmetry as an indicator of orofacial cleft predisposition. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:1296-1303. [PMID: 29663709 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The biological relatives of offspring with nonsyndromic orofacial clefts have been shown to exhibit distinctive facial features, including excess asymmetry, which are hypothesized to indicate the presence of genetic risk factors. The significance of excess soft tissue nasal asymmetry in at-risk relatives is unclear and was examined in the present study. Our sample included 164 unaffected parents from families with a history of orofacial clefting and 243 adult controls. Geometric morphometric methods were used to analyze the coordinates of 15 nasal landmarks collected from three-dimensional facial surface images. Following generalized Procrustes analysis, Procrustes ANOVA and MANOVA tests were applied to determine the type and magnitude of nasal asymmetry present in each group. Group differences in mean nasal asymmetry were also assessed via permutation testing. We found that nasal asymmetry in both parents and controls was directional in nature, although the magnitude of the asymmetry was greater in parents. This was confirmed with permutation testing, where the mean nasal asymmetry was significantly different (p < .0001) between parents and controls. The asymmetry was greatest for midline structures and the nostrils. When subsets of parents were subsequently analyzed and compared (parents with bilateral vs. unilateral offspring; parents with left vs. right unilateral offspring), each group showed a similar pattern of asymmetry and could not be distinguished statistically. Thus, the side of the unilateral cleft (right vs. left) in offspring was not associated with the direction of the nasal asymmetry in parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Zhang
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven F Miller
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois
| | - Jasmien Roosenboom
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - George L Wehby
- Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Jacqueline T Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas McGovern Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Kaare Christensen
- Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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29
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Wroe S, Parr WCH, Ledogar JA, Bourke J, Evans SP, Fiorenza L, Benazzi S, Hublin JJ, Stringer C, Kullmer O, Curry M, Rae TC, Yokley TR. Computer simulations show that Neanderthal facial morphology represents adaptation to cold and high energy demands, but not heavy biting. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20180085. [PMID: 29618551 PMCID: PMC5904316 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Three adaptive hypotheses have been forwarded to explain the distinctive Neanderthal face: (i) an improved ability to accommodate high anterior bite forces, (ii) more effective conditioning of cold and/or dry air and, (iii) adaptation to facilitate greater ventilatory demands. We test these hypotheses using three-dimensional models of Neanderthals, modern humans, and a close outgroup (Homo heidelbergensis), applying finite-element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This is the most comprehensive application of either approach applied to date and the first to include both. FEA reveals few differences between H. heidelbergensis, modern humans, and Neanderthals in their capacities to sustain high anterior tooth loadings. CFD shows that the nasal cavities of Neanderthals and especially modern humans condition air more efficiently than does that of H. heidelbergensis, suggesting that both evolved to better withstand cold and/or dry climates than less derived Homo We further find that Neanderthals could move considerably more air through the nasal pathway than could H. heidelbergensis or modern humans, consistent with the propositions that, relative to our outgroup Homo, Neanderthal facial morphology evolved to reflect improved capacities to better condition cold, dry air, and, to move greater air volumes in response to higher energetic requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Wroe
- Function, Evolution and Anatomy Research Lab, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - William C H Parr
- Surgical and Orthopaedic Research Laboratory (SORL), Level 1, Clinical Sciences Bld, Gate 6, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Avoca St, Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
| | - Justin A Ledogar
- Function, Evolution and Anatomy Research Lab, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Jason Bourke
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
| | - Samuel P Evans
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Luca Fiorenza
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1, Ravenna 48121, Italy
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chris Stringer
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Ottmar Kullmer
- Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut Frankfurt am Main, Abteilung Paläoanthropologie und Messelforschung, Sektion Tertiäre Säugetiere, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Curry
- Function, Evolution and Anatomy Research Lab, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Todd C Rae
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary and Environmental Anthropology, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Todd R Yokley
- Metropolitan State University of Denver, PO Box 173362, Campus Box 28, Denver, CO 80217-3362, USA
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30
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Holton NE, Piche A, Yokley TR. Integration of the nasal complex: Implications for developmental and evolutionary change in modern humans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 166:791-802. [PMID: 29566424 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Assessing the strength of integration among different regions of the modern human nasal complex is important for developing a more thorough understanding of the determinants of nasal morphology. Given the morphogenetic influence of cartilage on adjacent intramembranous growth sites, the interaction between chondrocranial- versus intramembranous-derived nasal structures may have a significant influence on patterns of nasal variation. The purpose of this study is to examine integration between the chondrocranial- and intramembranous-derived regions of the nasal complex. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using computed tomograph (CT) scans, we collected three-dimensional coordinate landmark data from a static adult sample (n = 62). First, using centroid size, and the symmetric and asymmetric components of shape variation, we examined the strength of integration between landmarks representing chondrocranial-derived structures (e.g., ethmoid, external nasal cartilages) and landmarks representing intramembranous-derived structures (nasal floor, anterior nasal aperture, etc.). Second, given that the strength of integration is a relative measure, we compared integration between chondrocranial- and intramembranous-derived structures to the more modularized external and internal regions of the nasal complex. RESULTS There was significant moderate morphological integration between chondrocranial- versus intramembranous-derived regions of the nasal complex. Moreover, integration between chondrocranial- versus intramembranous-derived structures was consistently stronger when compared to external versus internal regions for both the symmetric and asymmetric components of variation. Thus, more covariation within the nasal complex could be explained by the relationship between chondrocranial- and intramembranous-derived structures. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the interaction between chondrocranial- and intramembranous-derived structures may be an important determinant in the patterning of nasal complex variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan E Holton
- Department of Orthodontics, The University of Iowa, Iowa.,Department of Anthropology, The University of Iowa, Iowa
| | - Amanda Piche
- College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa
| | - Todd R Yokley
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Metropolitan State University, Denver
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31
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Abstract
Studies on dry human skulls have shown that nasal cavity (NC) morphology varies with eco-geographic factors. These findings have been used by some authors to interpret the facial morphology of Neanderthals. However, respiratory and air-conditioning functions are primarily carried out by the nasal airways (NA), which are delimited by mucosa. The aims of this study were to test whether: (1) NC volume (V) and surface-area-to-volume ratio (SA/ V) are proportional to NA counterparts; (2) measurements for male NC and NA are larger than in females; (3) the centroid size (CS) of a set of landmarks measured on NC provides a reliable proxy for NC V. Head CT (computed tomography) images of adult patients (N = 30) at the University Hospital of Bordeaux were selected retrospectively. NA were defined by segmenting the lumen corresponding to the functional volume. NC was defined by adding to NA the soft tissues delimited by the bones forming the NC. The coordinates of 16 landmarks measured on NC bones were recorded. A rather low correlation was found between NA and NC V while NA SA/V and NC SA/V were not correlated. No significant differences were found between male and female NA and NC measurements. A rather low correlation was found between NC Vand NC CS. If these preliminary results were to be confirmed by future studies, results using NC as a proxy for NA focusing on air-conditioning and respiratory energetics might need to be re-interpreted.
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32
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García-Martínez D, Nalla S, Ferreira MT, Guichón RA, D'Angelo Del Campo MD, Bastir M. Eco-geographic adaptations in the human ribcage throughout a 3D geometric morphometric approach. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 166:323-336. [PMID: 29417988 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES According to eco-geographic rules, humans from high latitude areas present larger and wider trunks than their low-latitude areas counterparts. This issue has been traditionally addressed on the pelvis but information on the thorax is largely lacking. We test whether ribcages are larger in individuals inhabiting high latitudes than in those from low latitudes and explored the correlation of rib size with latitude. We also test whether a common morphological pattern is exhibited in the thorax of different cold-adapted populations, contributing to their hypothetical widening of the trunk. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used 3D geometric morphometrics to quantify rib morphology of three hypothetically cold-adapted populations, viz. Greenland (11 individuals), Alaskan Inuit (8 individuals) and people from Tierra del Fuego (8 individuals), in a comparative framework with European (Spain, Portugal and Austria; 24 individuals) and African populations (South African and sub-Saharan African; 20 individuals). RESULTS Populations inhabiting high latitudes present longer ribs than individuals inhabiting areas closer to the equator, but a correlation (p < 0.05) between costal size and latitude is only found in ribs 7-11. Regarding shape, the only cold adapted population that was different from the non-cold-adapted populations were the Greenland Inuit, who presented ribs with less curvature and torsion. CONCLUSIONS Size results from the lower ribcage are consistent with the hypothesis of larger trunks in cold-adapted populations. The fact that only Greenland Inuit present a differential morphological pattern, linked to a widening of their ribcage, could be caused by differences in latitude. However, other factors such as genetic drift or specific cultural adaptations cannot be excluded and should be tested in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahed Nalla
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Evolutionary Studies Institute (ESI) and Center of Excellence in Palaeosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maria Teresa Ferreira
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo A Guichón
- Núcleo de Estudios Interdisciplinarios de Poblaciones Humanas de Patagonia Austral, Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva Humana, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina (CONICET)
| | - Manuel D D'Angelo Del Campo
- Núcleo de Estudios Interdisciplinarios de Poblaciones Humanas de Patagonia Austral, Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva Humana, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina (CONICET).,Laboratorio de Poblaciones de Pasado, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Markus Bastir
- Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain
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33
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Butaric LN, Klocke RP. Nasal variation in relation to high-altitude adaptations among Tibetans and Andeans. Am J Hum Biol 2018; 30:e23104. [PMID: 29383793 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High-altitude (>2500 m) populations face several pressures, including hypoxia and cold-dry air, resulting in greater respiratory demand to obtain more oxygen and condition inspired air. While cardiovascular and pulmonary adaptations to high-altitude hypoxia have been extensively studied, adaptations of upper-respiratory structures, e.g., nasal cavity, remain untested. This study investigates whether nasal morphology presents adaptations to hypoxic (larger noses) and/or cold-dry (tall/narrow noses) conditions among high-altitude samples. METHODS CT scans of two high- and four low-altitude samples from diverse climates were collected (n = 130): high-altitude Tibetans and Peruvians; low-altitude Peruvians, Southern Chinese (temperate), Mongolian-Buriats (cold-dry), and Southeast Asians (hot-wet). Facial and nasal distances were calculated from 3D landmarks placed on digitally-modeled crania. Temperature, precipitation, and barometric pressure data were also obtained. RESULTS Principal components analysis and analyses of variance primarily indicate size-related differences among the cold-dry (Mongolian-Buriats) and hot-wet (Southeast Asians) adapted groups. Two-block partial least squares (PLS) analysis show weak relationships between size-standardized nasal dimensions and environmental variables. However, among PLS1 (85.90% of covariance), Tibetans display relatively larger nasal cavities related to lower temperatures and barometric pressure; regression analyses also indicate high-altitude Tibetans possess relatively larger internal nasal breadths and heights for their facial size. CONCLUSIONS Overall, nasal differences relate to climate among the cold-dry and hot-wet groups. Specific nasal adaptations were not identified among either Peruvian group, perhaps due to their relatively recent migration history and population structure. However, high-altitude Tibetans seem to exhibit a compromise in nasal morphology, serving in increased oxygen uptake, and air-conditioning processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Butaric
- College of Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa 50312
| | - Ross P Klocke
- College of Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa 50312
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34
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Nasal airflow simulations suggest convergent adaptation in Neanderthals and modern humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:12442-12447. [PMID: 29087302 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703790114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both modern humans (MHs) and Neanderthals successfully settled across western Eurasian cold-climate landscapes. Among the many adaptations considered as essential to survival in such landscapes, changes in the nasal morphology and/or function aimed to humidify and warm the air before it reaches the lungs are of key importance. Unfortunately, the lack of soft-tissue evidence in the fossil record turns difficult any comparative study of respiratory performance. Here, we reconstruct the internal nasal cavity of a Neanderthal plus two representatives of climatically divergent MH populations (southwestern Europeans and northeastern Asians). The reconstruction includes mucosa distribution enabling a realistic simulation of the breathing cycle in different climatic conditions via computational fluid dynamics. Striking across-specimens differences in fluid residence times affecting humidification and warming performance at the anterior tract were found under cold/dry climate simulations. Specifically, the Asian model achieves a rapid air conditioning, followed by the Neanderthals, whereas the European model attains a proper conditioning only around the medium-posterior tract. In addition, quantitative-genetic evolutionary analyses of nasal morphology provided signals of stabilizing selection for MH populations, with the removal of Arctic populations turning covariation patterns compatible with evolution by genetic drift. Both results indicate that, departing from important craniofacial differences existing among Neanderthals and MHs, an advantageous species-specific respiratory performance in cold climates may have occurred in both species. Fluid dynamics and evolutionary biology independently provided evidence of nasal evolution, suggesting that adaptive explanations regarding complex functional phenotypes require interdisciplinary approaches aimed to quantify both performance and evolutionary signals on covariation patterns.
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