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Welsh H, Brickley MB. Investigating femoral growth disruption in subadults from the 10th-13th century St. Étienne cemetery of Toulouse, France. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 185:e24984. [PMID: 38899835 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The skeleton embodies an individual's environment and lived experiences. Studying childhood growth disruption can, therefore, aid in understanding the experiences of children in the past. This study evaluates growth disruption in a medieval Toulousian subadult sample to explore factors that may have influenced childhood growth and mortality at this site and to assess the utility of Harris line (HL) interpretations in bioarchaeology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Femoral growth disruption was assessed in n = 71 subadults (0.125-12.42 years) from the 10th-13th century St. Étienne cemetery of Toulouse, France, using femoral length, total area, cortical area, and relative cortical area. Femoral radiographs were assessed for HLs. To determine the prevalence of growth disruption, z-scores were calculated using data from the Denver growth study. RESULTS The majority of subadults in this sample suffered from femoral growth disruption. Young children (1.0-3.99 years) were the most affected, with >65% experiencing reduced appositional growth and linear growth stunting at time-of-death. Additionally, while many individuals presented with observable HLs, linear and appositional growth did not significantly differ between individuals with and without HLs. DISCUSSION Maternal malnutrition and inadequate complementary feeding practices likely contributed to the high prevalence of growth disruption among the youngest individuals in the study. The older children and adolescents buried at St. Étienne experienced an amelioration in growth deficits, indicating an improvement in nutrition and/or disease load. The results of this study suggest that more consideration is required when interpreting the presence/absence of HLs, and that studies assessing HLs may benefit from using a more individualistic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Welsh
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M B Brickley
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Lewis ME, French JC, Rossoni-Notter E, Notter O, Moussous A, Sparacello V, Boschin F, Ricci S, Nowell A. An assessment of puberty status in adolescents from the European Upper Paleolithic. J Hum Evol 2024:103577. [PMID: 39266410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Childhood and adolescence are two life-history stages that are either unique to humans, or significantly expanded in the human life course relative to other primates. While recent studies have deepened our knowledge of childhood in the Upper Paleolithic, adolescence in this period remains understudied. Here, we use bioarchaeological maturational markers to estimate puberty status of 13 Upper Paleolithic adolescents from sites in Russia, Czechia, and Italy to 1) evaluate the feasibility of the application of bioarchaeological puberty assessment methods to Upper Paleolithic (Homo sapiens) skeletal individuals, 2) estimate the timing and tempo of puberty in Upper Paleolithic adolescents compared to other archaeological populations analyzed using the same method, and 3) characterize adolescence in the Upper Paleolithic by contextualizing the results of this puberty assessment with data on individual and population-level health, morbidity and burial practices. Our results revealed that while puberty had begun by 13.5 years of age for the majority of individuals, there was a lot of variability, with the adolescents from Arene Candide (AC1 and AC16), both aged around 16 years when they died, taking several years longer to progress through puberty than their peers. Assessing the age of menarche was challenging due to the paucity of female adolescents, but based on the available evidence, it appears to have occurred between 16 and 17 years of age. For some, full adulthood had been achieved by 17-22 years, similar to the patterns seen in modern wealthy countries and in advance of historic populations living in urbanized environments. The bioarchaeological analysis of puberty among Upper Paleolithic adolescents has important implications for the study of the emergence of adolescence within human-life histories, as well as for understanding the developmental plasticity of sexual maturation across past and present human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Lewis
- Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6NZ, UK
| | - Jennifer C French
- Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, 12-14 Abercromby Square, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7WZ, UK
| | - Elena Rossoni-Notter
- Museum of Prehistoric Anthropology of Monaco, 56 bis Boulevard du Jardin Exotique, 98000, Monaco
| | - Olivier Notter
- Museum of Prehistoric Anthropology of Monaco, 56 bis Boulevard du Jardin Exotique, 98000, Monaco
| | - Abdelkader Moussous
- Museum of Prehistoric Anthropology of Monaco, 56 bis Boulevard du Jardin Exotique, 98000, Monaco
| | - Vitale Sparacello
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Boschin
- University of Siena, Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, Via Laterina 8, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Ricci
- University of Siena, Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, Via Laterina 8, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - April Nowell
- Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, Cornett Building Room B228, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
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3
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Marco-Gracia FJ, López-Antón M. Height and political activism in rural Aragón (Spain) during the 20th century. A new perspective using individual-level data. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2023; 51:101303. [PMID: 37717363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2023.101303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
This article explores the relationship between the political leanings of more than 1000 men born in the 1870-1970 s in 11 rural Aragonese villages and their biological well-being during childhood and adolescence, proxied by height. The aim is to test whether an individual was more likely to be left-wing if his level of biological well-being was lower and, therefore, with more incentives to fight against the social inequality that had negatively affected his family. Our results confirm that, for most of the study period, there was a strong relationship between shorter height and political activism1 in left-wing parties and organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Marco-Gracia
- Department of Applied Economics and Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2-CITA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Faculty of Economics and Business, Gran Vía, 2, 50005 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Margarita López-Antón
- Departament of Business, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Faculty of Economics and Business, Building B - Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
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Floris J, Matthes KL, Le Vu M, Staub K. Intergenerational transmission of height in a historical population: From taller mothers to larger offspring at birth (and as adults). PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad208. [PMID: 37388921 PMCID: PMC10306274 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Changes in growth and height reflect changes in nutritional status and health. The systematic surveillance of growth can suggest areas for interventions. Moreover, phenotypic variation has a strong intergenerational component. There is a lack of historical family data that can be used to track the transmission of height over subsequent generations. Maternal height is a proxy for conditions experienced by one generation that relates to the health/growth of future generations. Cross-sectional/cohort studies have shown that shorter maternal height is closely associated with lower birth weight of offspring. We analyzed the maternal height and offspring weight at birth in the maternity hospital in Basel, Switzerland, from 1896 to 1939 (N = ∼12,000) using generalized additive models (GAMs). We observed that average height of the mothers increased by ∼4 cm across 60 birth years and that average birth weight of their children shows a similarly shaped and upward trend 28 years later. Our final model (adjusted for year, parity, sex of the child, gestational age, and maternal birth year) revealed a significant and almost linear association between maternal height and birth weight. Maternal height was the second most important variable modeling birth weight, after gestational age. In addition, we found a significant association between maternal height and aggregated average height of males from the same birth years at time of conscription, 19 years later. Our results have implications for public health: When (female/maternal) height increases due to improved nutritional status, size at birth-and subsequently also the height in adulthood of the next generation-increases as well. However, the directions of development in this regard may currently differ depending on the world region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mathilde Le Vu
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Avogaro A, de Kreutzenberg SV, Morieri ML, Fadini GP, Del Prato S. Glucose-lowering drugs with cardiovascular benefits as modifiers of critical elements of the human life history. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2022; 10:882-889. [PMID: 36182702 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The life history theory assumes that all organisms are under selective pressure to harvest external resources and allocate them to maximise fitness: only organisms making the best use of energy obtain the greatest fitness benefits. The trade-off of energy spans four functions: maintenance, growth, reproduction, and defence against pathogens. The innovative antihyperglycaemic agents glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors decrease bodyweight and have the potential to counter low-grade inflammation. These key activities could rewire two components of the life history theory operative in adulthood-ie, maintenance and defence. In this Personal View, we postulate that the benefits of these medications on the cardiovascular system, beyond their glucose-lowering effects, could be mediated by the reduction of the maintenance cost driven by obesity and efforts spent on blunting low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Avogaro
- Section of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | | | - Mario Luca Morieri
- Section of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Fadini
- Section of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Del Prato
- Section of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Lewis ME. Exploring adolescence as a key life history stage in bioarchaeology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 179:519-534. [PMCID: PMC9825885 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Adolescence is a unique period in the life history of an individual. It is characterized by a myriad of changes that bioarchaeologists are only just coming to appreciate, related to sexual maturation, linear growth, immunological transformation, and emotional and cognitive development. New methods allow us to measure this age of transition through the stages of the adolescent growth, as a proxy for the physical development associated with sexual maturation (puberty). This review outlines ways bioarchaeologists may draw on research developments from the fields of human biology, evolutionary theory and neurobiology to advance a more holistic approach to the study of adolescence in the past. It considers current theoretical and analytical approaches to highlight the research potential of this critical stage of life history. This synthesis integrates the most recent research in the medical sciences concerned with body and brain development, and outlines the biological processes involved with sexual and physical maturation of the adolescent. The goal of this review is to help inform potentially rewarding areas of research that bioarchaeologists can contribute to and draw from, as well as the challenges and limitations, theoretical and methodological questions, and ways in which we can develop the study of adolescence in the discipline going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Lewis
- Department of ArchaeologyUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
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Nowak-Szczepanska N, Gomula A, Sebastjan A, Ignasiak Z, Malina RM, Kozieł S. Blood Lead Level and Handgrip Strength in Preadolescent Polish Schoolchildren. TOXICS 2022; 10:646. [PMID: 36355938 PMCID: PMC9693293 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollutions, particularly toxic elements such as lead, are among the most significant factors affecting the growth and functional development of children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of blood lead levels on handgrip strength (HGS) in urban children resident in the Copper Basin of Lower Silesia, Poland, controlling for the effects of chronological age, body size and socioeconomic status. The study included 165 boys (9−11 years of age) and 79 girls (9−10 years of age) from Polkowice town. Anthropometric measurements involved height, body mass and grip strength of the left and right hands. Maternal education was a proxy for socioeconomic status. Based on the median value of blood lead level (3.10 µg/dL), the two groups-below and above/equal median value-were defined. Analysis of covariance revealed that age (all p < 0.001), sex (at least p < 0.01), BMI (all p < 0.001), and blood lead level (at least p < 0.05) had a significant effect on the three indicators of HGS (right hand, left hand, average), while the level of maternal education did not significantly affect HGS (p > 0.05). The results of this study indicate a potentially negative effect of elevated blood lead level on grip strength in preadolescent children, irrespective of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Nowak-Szczepanska
- Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Gomula
- Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Sebastjan
- Department of Biostructure, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Ignasiak
- Department of Biostructure, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Robert M. Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Sławomir Kozieł
- Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
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Karlsson O, Kim R, Bogin B, Subramanian SV. Maternal Height-standardized Prevalence of Stunting in 67 Low- and Middle-income Countries. J Epidemiol 2022; 32:337-344. [PMID: 33612705 PMCID: PMC9189321 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20200537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence of stunting is frequently used as a marker of population-level child undernutrition. Parental height varies widely in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) and is also a major determinant of stunting. While stunting is a useful measure of child health, with multiple causal components, removing the component attributable to parental height may in some cases be helpful to identify shortcoming in current environments. METHODS We estimated maternal height-standardized prevalence of stunting (SPS) in 67 LMICs and parental height-SPS in 20 LMICs and compared with crude prevalence of stunting (CPS) using data on 575,767 children under-five from 67 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). We supplemented the DHS with population-level measures of other child health outcomes from the World Health Organization's (WHO) Global Health Observatory and the United Nations' Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. Prevalence of stunting was defined as percentage of children with height-for-age falling below -2 z-scores from the median of the 2006 WHO growth standard. RESULTS The average CPS across countries was 27.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 27.5-28.1%) and the average SPS was 23.3% (95% CI, 23.0-23.6%). The rank of countries according to SPS differed substantially from the rank according to CPS. Guatemala, Bangladesh, and Nepal had the biggest improvement in ranking according to SPS compared to CPS, while Gambia, Mali, and Senegal had the biggest decline in ranking. Guatemala had the largest difference between CPS and SPS with a CPS of 45.2 (95% CI, 43.7-46.9%) and SPS of 14.1 (95% CI, 12.6-15.8%). Senegal had the largest increase in the prevalence after standardizing maternal height, with a CPS of 28.0% (95% CI, 25.8-30.2%) and SPS of 31.6% (95% CI, 29.5-33.8%). SPS correlated better than CPS with other population-level measures of child health. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that CPS is sensitive to adjustment for maternal height. Maternal height, while a strong predictor of child stunting, is not amenable to policy interventions. We showed the plausibility of SPS in capturing current exposures to undernutrition and infections in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Karlsson
- Takemi Program in International Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston MA, USA
- Department of Economic History, School of Economics and Management, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rockli Kim
- Division of Health Policy & Management, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Cambridge MA, USA
| | - Barry Bogin
- UCSD/Salk Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - SV Subramanian
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Cambridge MA, USA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston MA, USA
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Candela-Martínez B, Cámara AD, López-Falcón D, Martínez-Carrión JM. Growing taller unequally? Adult height and socioeconomic status in Spain (Cohorts 1940-1994). SSM Popul Health 2022; 18:101126. [PMID: 35669890 PMCID: PMC9163098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Socioeconomic inequalities and their evolution in different historical contexts have been widely studied. However, some of their dimensions remain relatively unexplored, such as the role played by socioeconomic status in the trajectory of biological living standards, especially net nutritional status. The main objective of this article is to analyze whether the power of socioeconomic status (SES) to explain differences in the biological dimensions of human well-being (in this case, adult height, a reliable metric for health and nutritional status) has increased or diminished over time. Educational attainment and occupational category have been used as two different proxies for the SES of Spanish men and women born between 1940 and 1994, thus covering a historical period in Spain characterized by remarkable socioeconomic development and a marked increase in mean adult height. Our data is drawn from nine waves of the Spanish National Health Survey and the Spanish sample of two waves of the European Health Interview Survey (ENSE) for the period 1987 to 2017 (N = 73,699 citizens aged 23-47). A multivariate regression analysis has been conducted, showing that, as a whole, height differentials by educational attainment have diminished over time, whereas differences by occupational category of household heads have largely persisted. These results indicate the need for further qualification when describing the process of convergence in biological well-being indicators across social groups. For instance, the progressive enrollment of a greater proportion of the population into higher educational levels may lead us to underestimate the real differences between socioeconomic groups, while other proxies of SES still point to the persistence of such differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Candela-Martínez
- Department of Applied Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), Murcia University, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio D. Cámara
- Departamento de Organización de Empresas, Marketing y Sociología, Universidad de Jaén, Spain
| | - Diana López-Falcón
- Munich Center for the Economics of Aging, Max Planck Institute for Social Law and Social Policy, Germany
| | - José M. Martínez-Carrión
- Department of Applied Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), Murcia University, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Strategic growth in social vertebrates. Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:694-705. [PMID: 35484023 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Individual differences in growth and size of vertebrates often represent adaptive, plastic responses to contrasts in ecological conditions. Recent studies show that vertebrates can also modify their growth and size in an adaptive fashion in response to fine-grain changes in social conditions (which we refer to as strategic growth). Here, we review experimental evidence for strategic growth in social vertebrates. We describe a set of conditions under which strategic growth commonly occurs, and highlight potential examples of convergent evolution of strategic growth across the tree of life. This synthesis has implications for the way we think about organismal growth and size, because it underscores that the size of individuals can often be fine-tuned to their social environment.
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An Unusually Human Time: Effects of the Most Social Stage on the Most Social Species. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76000-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Sánchez-García E, Martinez-Carrión JM, Terán JM, Varea C. Biological Well-Being during the "Economic Miracle" in Spain: Height, Weight and Body Mass Index of Conscripts in the City of Madrid, 1955-1974. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:12885. [PMID: 34948496 PMCID: PMC8701078 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182412885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Typifying historical populations using anthropometric indicators such as height, BMI and weight allows for an analysis of the prevalence of obesity and malnutrition. This study evaluates secular changes in height, weight and body mass for men cohorts at 21 years old, born between 1934 and 1954 who were called up between 1955 and 1974, in the city of Madrid, Spain. In this study we prove the hypothesis that anthropometric variables increase thanks to improvement in diet and significant investments in hygiene and health infrastructure during the 1960s. The results of our analysis show a positive secular change in the trends for height (an increase of 4.67 cm), weight (6.400 kg) and BMI (0.90 Kg/m2), the result of a recovery in standards of living following the war and the autarchy of the 1940s. We also observed a slight trend towards obesity and a reduction in underweight categories at the end of the period is also observed. In conclusion, the secular trends of anthropometric variables in the city of Madrid reflect the recovery of living standards after the deterioration of the nutritional status suffered during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) and the deprivation of the autarchic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sánchez-García
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Madrid Autonomous University, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.T.); (C.V.)
| | | | - Jose Manuel Terán
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Madrid Autonomous University, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.T.); (C.V.)
| | - Carlos Varea
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Madrid Autonomous University, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.T.); (C.V.)
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13
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Nowak-Szczepanska N, Gomula A, Sebastjan A, Ignasiak Z, Koziel S. Blood lead level and nutritional status indicators in preadolescent Polish schoolchildren. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 68:126847. [PMID: 34450508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental pollutions with heavy metals may have toxic effects on human health and development. One of the most detrimental is lead exposure, which may disturb neurodevelopment and linear growth in children. However, data on the effect of lead exposure on nutritional and weight status in children are limited, thus this study aimed to assess the effect of blood lead (Pb) level on nutritional and weight status in preadolescent schoolchildren from the industrialized, mining region in southwestern Poland. METHODS Our study sample involved N = 709 schoolchildren (402 boys and 307 girls) in the preadolescent developmental period (7-11 years of age for boys and 7-10 years of age for girls). Anthropometric measurements were used to assess nutritional and weight status: body mass index (BMI), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and skinfolds thicknesses (triceps, subscapular, abdominal and the sum of skinfolds). Blood Pb level was evaluated and divided into two groups: above (>3.7 μg/dL) and below median value (≤3.7 μg/dL). RESULTS Analysis of covariance (with children's age controlled as a covariate) revealed that children with blood Pb level above median value had significantly lower values of BMI, MUAC and all skinfolds (at least p < 0.01). However, this effect was significant only in boys, whereas in girls differences were non-significant (p > 0.05). The highest effect size of blood Pb level was noted for skinfolds thicknesses (partial η2: 0.015 for the sum of skinfolds). CONCLUSIONS Nutritional status in children with higher blood Pb level is significantly impaired in preadolescent boys, who appear to be more sensitive to this environmental factor. Our findings indicate a particular need for nutritional and environmental interventions among preadolescent children in regions with higher lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Nowak-Szczepanska
- Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Podwale 75, 50-449, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Gomula
- Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Podwale 75, 50-449, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Sebastjan
- Department of Biostructure, University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw, Paderewskiego 35, 51-612, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Ignasiak
- Department of Biostructure, University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw, Paderewskiego 35, 51-612, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Slawomir Koziel
- Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Podwale 75, 50-449, Wroclaw, Poland
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Marco-Gracia FJ, Puche J. The association between male height and lifespan in rural Spain, birth cohorts 1835-1939. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2021; 43:101022. [PMID: 34139454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2021.101022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This article analyses the relationship between male height and age at death and its evolution over time among conscripts born in fourteen villages in north-east rural Spain. A total of 1,488 conscripts born between 1835 and 1939 (and who died between 1868 and 2019) have been included in the analysis (based on the study of 3 sub-periods: 1835-1869, 1870-1899, and 1900-1939). The height data have been obtained from military service conscription records and the demographic and socioeconomic information of the deceased was obtained from parish archives and censuses. The data have been linked according to nominative criteria using family reconstitution methods. For the statistical analysis, we have used ordinary least squares (OLS) linear regressions with heteroskedasticity-robust estimation. The results suggest a positive relationship between height and lifespan in the long-term. For the birth cohorts of 1835-1869, conscripts with a height of 170 cm or more lived on average 7.6 years longer than conscripts measuring less than 160 cm. This difference in life expectancy tended to disappear for the birth cohorts of 1900-1939, benefiting especially the short conscripts who had greater possibilities to increase their average lifespan. The reasons that might explain these changes could reside in the improvements experienced by this group in terms of their living conditions, health and nutrition during the twentieth century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Marco-Gracia
- Department of Applied Economics and Economic History, Universidad de Zaragoza, and Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, IA2 (UNIZAR-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Javier Puche
- Department of Applied Economics and Economic History, Universidad de Zaragoza, and Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, IA2 (UNIZAR-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
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Kapoor P, Chowdhry A, Popli DB. Orthodontists in forensic facial approximation (FFA): current inter-disciplinary perspective. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-021-00255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractForensic odontology has contributed significantly in forensic investigations and involves various branches of dentistry including orthodontics. The current communication presents evidence-based perspective highlighting synergistic union of different specialties for Forensic Facial Approximation (FFA). It brings forth commonality in principles of anthropology, forensic science, anthropometry, anatomy, paleontology, forensic odontology, with orthodontics, used in FFA. Various attributes and skills of orthodontists’ aid in dental and skull profiling and the corresponding sex, age, and ethnicity-based soft tissue assessments for facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT), may aid a life-like appearance. They can assist hard tissue profiling by their expertise in growth of skeletal and soft tissue, along with the evolutionary trends in occlusion, and diet formulations. Their knowledge in identifying teeth patterns, dental/skeletal jaw relationships, cranial/facial indices, vertical/horizontal facial proportions, can help prepare skull for orientation and reconstruction. The dental, photographic, and radiographic records maintained by orthodontists and general dentists are instrumental in data retrieval, used in various software, clinical, or research areas. These can provide normative values for comparative analysis or facial recreation. The orthodontists can also assist anthropologists and forensic specialists in the virtual reconstructions due to their ease in using latest digital technologies including three-dimensional (3D) facial scan, stereo-photogrammetry, 3D printing, automated soft-tissue landmarks, growth, and age predictions. Thus, the current study established the commonality in concepts of various forensic disciplines with orthodontics, which can strengthen both forensic on-field facial approximations and hard/soft tissue research to further enhance the accuracy of contemporary digital software used in FFA.
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Bogin B. MichaelTomasello. Becoming human: A theory of ontogeny. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts. 2019. $35.00 (hardback), pages i‐x, 1‐379. Am J Hum Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Barry Bogin
- UCSD/Salk Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, San Diego California USA
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences Loughborough University Loughborough UK
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17
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Kebede D, Prasad RPCJ, Asres DT, Aragaw H, Worku E. Prevalence and associated factors of stunting and thinness among adolescent students in Finote Selam Town, Northwest Ethiopia. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2021; 40:44. [PMID: 34663482 PMCID: PMC8524843 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-021-00269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Undernutrition among adolescents is a major public health problem in developing nations including Ethiopia. Adolescents need to have good-quantity and good-quality nutrients to cope with this rapid growth and other health risks which increase nutritional demand. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of stunting and thinness among school adolescents in Finote Selam Town, Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS A school-based cross-sectional study among adolescent students aged 10-19 in public schools was carried out in Finote Selam Town from February 5 to March 27, 2018. A total of 397 school adolescents were included in this study. Stratified and simple random sampling techniques were employed to select study subjects. Pretested structured questionnaires were used to collect the data. Data were entered using Epi info version 7 and analyzed using SPSS version 20 and WHO AnthroPlus software. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to identify factors associated with stunting and thinness. Crude and adjusted odds ratios with 95% level significance were used to measure the strength of association, and statistical significance was declared at a P value less than 0.05. RESULTS The prevalence of stunting and thinness among school adolescents was 21.8% and 16.9%, respectively. About 9.7% of school adolescents experienced both stunting and thinness. Being male (P = 0.031), coming from rural area (P = 0.046), having a family monthly income of less than $28.37 (P = 0.044) and having less than four dietary diversity (P = 0.021) were significantly associated with stunting. Early adolescent stage (P = 0.034), being male adolescent students (P = 0.37), having a family monthly income of less than $28.37 (P = 0.016), having a family monthly income between $28.37 and $56.74 (P = 0.021) (35.25 Birr = 1 USD) and using well water (P = 0.045) were significantly associated with thinness. CONCLUSION Undernutrition was a predominant problem in the study area. Sex, age, place of residence, dietary diversity, sources of drinking water and family monthly income were important factors associated with stunting and thinness among the respondents. Strategies to improve the nutritional status of adolescent students should be given much attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damitie Kebede
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, P O Box,79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P O Box, 5501, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Reddy P C J Prasad
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, P O Box,79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Degnet Teferi Asres
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, P O Box,79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Hayat Aragaw
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, P O Box,79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Eyerusalem Worku
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, P O Box,79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Marco-Gracia FJ, González-Esteban ÁL. Did parental care in early life affect height? Evidence from rural Spain (19th-20th centuries). Soc Sci Med 2021; 287:114394. [PMID: 34530218 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This article examines the relationship between childhood mortality experienced within families and the height of surviving male children. Sibling mortality, controlled by different socioeconomic and environmental variables, is used as an approximation of the hygienic and epidemiological context and practices within the family. The analysis is based on a sample of 2783 individuals born between 1835 and 1977 in 14 villages in north-eastern Spain. The mortality data were obtained from the parish archives of the reference villages, and the height data from military service records of conscriptions at 21 years of age. The data were linked according to nominative criteria using family reconstitution methods. The results suggest the existence of a strong negative relationship between height and the childhood mortality experienced within families. Children born in families in which 50% of the children died before the age of five were up to 2.3 cm shorter than those of families with childhood mortality of less than 25%. General socioeconomic, hygienic and health improvements reduced childhood mortality, causing this link to gradually disappear between the 1940s and 1970s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Marco-Gracia
- Department of Applied Economics and Economic History, Universidad de Zaragoza and Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, IA2 (UNIZAR-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Ángel Luis González-Esteban
- Department of Applied Economics and Economic History, National University of Distance Education (UNED), Madrid, Spain.
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McPherson CB. Examining developmental plasticity in the skeletal system through a sensitive developmental windows framework. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 176:163-178. [PMID: 34105143 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Developmental plasticity facilitates energetically costly but potentially fitness-enhancing adjustments to phenotypic trajectories in response to environmental stressors, and thus may significantly impact patterns of growth, morbidity, and mortality over the life course. Ongoing research into epigenetics and developmental biology indicate that the timing of stress exposures is a key factor when assessing their impact on developmental processes. Specifically, stress experienced within sensitive developmental windows (SDWs), discrete developmental periods characterized by heightened energy requirements and rapid growth, may alter the pace and tempo of growth in ways that significantly influence phenotypic development over both the short and long term. In human skeletal biology, efforts to assess how developmental environments shape health outcomes over the life course could be enhanced by incorporating the SDW concept into existing methodological approaches. The goal of this article is to outline an interpretive framework for identifying and interpreting evidence of developmental stress in the skeletal system using the SDW concept. This framework provides guidance for the identification of elements most likely to capture evidence of stress most relevant to a study's core research questions, the interpretation of developmental stress exhibited by those elements, and the relationship of skeletal indicators of stress to the demographic patterning of morbidity and mortality. Use of the SDW concept in skeletal biology has the potential to enrich traditional approaches to addressing developmental origins of health and disease hypotheses, by targeting periods in which individuals are most susceptible to stress and thus most likely to exhibit plasticity in response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cait B McPherson
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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20
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Thompson AL. What is normal, healthy growth? Global health, human biology, and parental perspectives. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 33:e23597. [PMID: 33763952 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The widespread variation seen in human growth globally stands at odds with the global health perspective that young child growth should not vary across populations if nutritional, environmental and care needs are met. This paper: (1) evaluates the idea that a single standard of "healthy" growth characterizes children under age 5, (2) discusses how variation from this standard is viewed in global health, in human biology and by parents, and (3) explores how views of "normal" growth shape biomedical and parental responses. METHODS This paper reviews the anthropological, public health and clinical literature on the nature of child growth and the applicability of World Health Organization Multicenter Growth Reference Study growth standards across contexts. RESULTS The considerable variability in child growth across contexts makes it unlikely that any one framework, with issues of sample selection and representativeness, can serve as the model of healthy growth. Global health, human biology and parents differ in the emphasis they place on heredity versus environmental context in understanding this variability, but human biologists and parents tend to view a wider range of growth as "normal." Since both biomedicine and parents base their care decisions on their perceptions of normal, healthy growth, the comparative framework used has important implications for medical treatment and feeding practices. CONCLUSIONS A more nuanced approach that incorporates the biology of growth and its association with health outcomes across contexts is critical to identify patterns of healthy growth and to avoid over-reliance on a single standard that may pathologize variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Thompson
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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21
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Terán JM, Sánchez-García E, Martínez-Carrión JM, Bogin B, Varea C. Use of joinpoint regressions to evaluate changes over time in conscript height. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 34:e23572. [PMID: 33533063 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cohort variation in adult height expresses both the impact of socio-economic change on human biology in a wide temporal perspective and social inequalities within populations. We aimed to test the use of joinpoint regressions to identify periods in which changes in height trends were statistically significant. METHODS Data correspond to the height recorded in Madrid City (Spain) for 65 313 conscripts between 1936 and 1974 (cohorts from 1915 to 1953), a period of social and political turmoil. Secular trends in height were analyzed in eight districts with contrasting socio-economic conditions, grouped in two categories, lower-class and middle- and upper-class. Trends in height were evaluated by quadratic regressions and by joinpoint regressions to identify the cut-off years when trends changed significantly. RESULTS Height increased in both socio-economic categories of districts, more among conscripts from the lower-class ones. However, results clearly show differences in trends according to district of residence. Whereas the increase in height in conscripts from the middle- and upper-class districts was steady, it was slower in those from the lower classes, with declines in height during the Civil War and first years of the Franco dictatorship. CONCLUSIONS Joinpoint analysis reveals the association between urban living conditions and adult height, and that the disparities intensified during critical historical periods of Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Terán
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Madrid Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Sánchez-García
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Madrid Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Barry Bogin
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,UCSD/Salk Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), San Diego, California, USA
| | - Carlos Varea
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Madrid Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
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Kryst Ł, Żegleń M, Dasgupta P, Saha R, Das R, Das S. The pace of secular changes of body measurements of children and adolescents from Kolkata (India) in the context of socioeconomic inequalities between the sexes. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 33:e23565. [PMID: 33417260 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the pace of secular changes of selected body measurements and proportions of children and adolescents from Kolkata (India), between 1952-1966 and 1999-2011 in the context of differences between the sexes. METHODS The study group consisted of 7753 children, adolescents and young adults (7-21 years of age) included in two series of studies (1952-1966 and 2005-2011). The measurements included: body height, sitting height, biacromial and biiliocristal diameters, as well as body mass. Additionally, subishial leg length was derived. The pace of the observed intergenerational trends was estimated on the basis of the differences of the mean values of the analyzed characteristics between both cohorts and expressed as the change of a given parameter for a decade. Information regarding the educational and professional status of the parents of participants was obtained using a questionnaire. RESULTS In the majority of the analyzed characteristics, the pace of intergenerational changes was significantly higher among males, in comparison to females. It was visible especially during adolescence-between 11 and 19 years of age. The positive trends, especially, for characteristics such as body height or limb lengths occurred significantly quicker in males, in comparison to females. CONCLUSIONS There were significant differences between the sexes in the pace of secular changes regarding the growth of the examined population. Considering the relatively homogenous economic situation of the families of the participants, it was more likely that those discrepancies effected from the social and domestic division of sexes, and the resulting differences in growth and development conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kryst
- University of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Anthropology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Żegleń
- University of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Anthropology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Parasmani Dasgupta
- Biological Anthropology Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Rana Saha
- Dinabandhu Mahavidyalaya, Bongaon, India
| | - Rituparna Das
- Biological Anthropology Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Sukanta Das
- Department of Anthropology, North Bengal University, Raja Rammohunpur, India
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Gomula A, Nowak-Szczepanska N, Hermanussen M, Scheffler C, Koziel S. Trends in growth and developmental tempo in boys aged 7 to 18 years between 1966 and 2012 in Poland. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 33:e23548. [PMID: 33283372 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess trends in growth in different developmental periods and trends in developmental tempo in Polish boys between 1966 and 2012. METHODS Data on 34 828 boys aged 7 to 18 years were collected during Polish Anthropological Surveys conducted in 1966, 1978, 1988, and 2012. Biological parameters, related to onset of adolescent growth spurt (OGS) and peak height velocity (PHV), were derived from a Preece-Baines 1 model (PB1). Childhood (height at 7 years of age), pre-adolescent (height at OGS) and adolescent growth (adult height minus height at OGS) were identified. RESULTS Positive secular trend between 1966 and 2012 in adult height accounted for, on average, 1.5 cm/decade, with varying intensity between the Surveys. Decline in both age at OGS and APHV between 1966 and 2012 (1.5 and 1.4 years, respectively) indicated an acceleration in developmental tempo, on average, by 0.3 year/decade. Increases in the contribution to the trend in adult height gained during growth in particular developmental periods between 1966 and 2012 were as followed-childhood: 0.6%, pre-adolescent growth: -3.1%, adolescent growth: 3.1%. CONCLUSIONS Secular trend in developmental tempo and growth among boys reflects changes in living conditions and socio-political aspirations in Poland during nearly 50 years. Acceleration in tempo is already visible at age at OGS, whereas the trend in adult height occurs largely during adolescence, pointing to different regulation of developmental tempo and growth in body height. This finding emphasizes the importance of extending public health intervention into children's growth up until adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gomula
- Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Nowak-Szczepanska
- Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Christiane Scheffler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology/Human Biology, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Slawomir Koziel
- Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Łopuszańska-Dawid M, Szklarska A. Growth change in Polish women: Reduction of the secular trends? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242074. [PMID: 33253200 PMCID: PMC7703883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyse changes in the average height of adult Polish women born in 1931-2001 in the aspect of dynamically changing economic and socio-economic conditions of the living environment. An ethnically homogeneous group of 6,028 adult women from large Polish cities, born in 1931-2001, living between 1931 and 2020, were examined using the same research methods and research equipment. All women were divided into eight birth cohorts. The Kruskal-Wallis test and multiple regression analyses were used. Root Mean Square Standardized Effect (RMSSE), critical value of the test, and test power were calculated. The average height of women born during 70 years of the study increased by 9.63 cm, from 158.22 cm (SD = 5.57 cm) to 167.85 cm (SD = 6.91 cm) (H = 1084.84, p<0.001). The intensity of the intergenerational trend in subsequent cohorts of years of birth varied strongly between decades, averaging 1.34 cm/decade. The body height in women increased significantly up to the height of those born between 1970 and 1979 and then the trend weakened noticeably, although it remained positive. The observed secular trend confirms positive changes in the standard of living of Polish women between 1931 and 2020. Improving living conditions allow people to fully achieve their genetically determined growth potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Łopuszańska-Dawid
- Józef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Physical Education, Department of Human Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Szklarska
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland, Palace of Culture and Science, Warsaw, Poland
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Halcrow S, Warren R, Kushnick G, Nowell A. Care of Infants in the Past: Bridging evolutionary anthropological and bioarchaeological approaches. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2020; 2:e47. [PMID: 37588386 PMCID: PMC10427473 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2020.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of care of infants and children in palaeoanthropological and human behavioural ecological research on the evolution of our species is evident in the diversity of research on human development, alloparental care, and learning and social interaction. There has been a recent surge of interest in modelling the social implications of care provision for people with serious disabilities in bioarchaeology. However, there is a lack of acknowledgement of infant and child care in bioarchaeology, despite the significant labour and resources that are required, and the implications this has for health outcomes within societies. Drawing on the recent proliferation of studies on infancy and childhood in evolutionary anthropology and bioarchaeology, this paper presents ways the subdisciplines may draw on research developments from each field to advance a more holistic understanding of the evolutionary, social and health significance of infant and children care in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siân Halcrow
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Ruth Warren
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Geoff Kushnick
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Research School of Humanities and the Arts, ANU College of Arts and Social Sciences, Australian National University, Australia
| | - April Nowell
- Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, Canada
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Boeyer ME, Middleton KM, Duren DL, Leary EV. Estimating peak height velocity in individuals: a comparison of statistical methods. Ann Hum Biol 2020; 47:434-445. [PMID: 32543236 PMCID: PMC7590904 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2020.1763458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimates pertaining to the timing of the adolescent growth spurt (e.g. peak height velocity; PHV), including age at peak height velocity (aPHV), play a critical role in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of skeletal growth and/or developmental disorders. Yet, distinct statistical methodologies often result in large estimate discrepancies. AIM The aim of the present study was to assess the advantages and disadvantages of three modelling methodologies for height as well as to determine how estimates derived from these methodologies may differ, particularly those that may be useful in paediatric clinical practice. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Height data from 686 individuals of the Fels Longitudinal Study were modelled using 5th order polynomials, natural cubic splines, and SuperImposition by Translation and Rotation (SITAR) to determine aPHV and PHV for all individuals together (i.e. population average) by sex and separately for each individual. Estimates within and between methodologies were calculated and compared. RESULTS In general, mean aPHV was earlier, and PHV was greater for individuals when compared to estimates from population average models. Significant differences between mean aPHV and PHV for individuals were observed in all three methodologies, with SITAR exhibiting the latest aPHV and largest PHV estimates. CONCLUSION Each statistical methodology has a number of advantages when used for specific purposes. For modelling growth in individuals, as one would in paediatric clinical practice, we recommend the use of the 5th order polynomial methodology due to its parameter flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie E. Boeyer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kevin M. Middleton
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Dana L. Duren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Emily V. Leary
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Dunsworth HM. Expanding the evolutionary explanations for sex differences in the human skeleton. Evol Anthropol 2020; 29:108-116. [DOI: 10.1002/evan.21834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holly M. Dunsworth
- Department of Sociology and AnthropologyUniversity of Rhode Island South Kingstown Rhode Island USA
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Syme KL, Hagen EH. Mental health is biological health: Why tackling "diseases of the mind" is an imperative for biological anthropology in the 21st century. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 171 Suppl 70:87-117. [PMID: 31762015 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The germ theory of disease and the attendant public health initiatives, including sanitation, vaccination, and antibiotic treatment, led to dramatic increases in global life expectancy. As the prevalence of infectious disease declines, mental disorders are emerging as major contributors to the global burden of disease. Scientists understand little about the etiology of mental disorders, however, and many of the most popular psychopharmacological treatments, such as antidepressants and antipsychotics, have only moderate-to-weak efficacy in treating symptoms and fail to target biological systems that correspond to discrete psychiatric syndromes. Consequently, despite dramatic increases in the treatment of some mental disorders, there has been no decrease in the prevalence of most mental disorders since accurate record keeping began. Many researchers and theorists are therefore endeavoring to rethink psychiatry from the ground-up. Anthropology, especially biological anthropology, can offer critical theoretical and empirical insights to combat mental illness globally. Biological anthropologists are unique in that we take a panhuman approach to human health and behavior and are trained to address each of Tinbergen's four levels of analysis as well as culture. The field is thus exceptionally well-situated to help resolve the mysteries of mental illness by integrating biological, evolutionary, and sociocultural perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Syme
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington
| | - Edward H Hagen
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington
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Aamodt CM, Farias-Virgens M, White SA. Birdsong as a window into language origins and evolutionary neuroscience. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 375:20190060. [PMID: 31735151 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans and songbirds share the key trait of vocal learning, manifested in speech and song, respectively. Striking analogies between these behaviours include that both are acquired during developmental critical periods when the brain's ability for vocal learning peaks. Both behaviours show similarities in the overall architecture of their underlying brain areas, characterized by cortico-striato-thalamic loops and direct projections from cortical neurons onto brainstem motor neurons that control the vocal organs. These neural analogies extend to the molecular level, with certain song control regions sharing convergent transcriptional profiles with speech-related regions in the human brain. This evolutionary convergence offers an unprecedented opportunity to decipher the shared neurogenetic underpinnings of vocal learning. A key strength of the songbird model is that it allows for the delineation of activity-dependent transcriptional changes in the brain that are driven by learned vocal behaviour. To capitalize on this advantage, we used previously published datasets from our laboratory that correlate gene co-expression networks to features of learned vocalization within and after critical period closure to probe the functional relevance of genes implicated in language. We interrogate specific genes and cellular processes through converging lines of evidence: human-specific evolutionary changes, intelligence-related phenotypes and relevance to vocal learning gene co-expression in songbirds. This article is part of the theme issue 'What can animal communication teach us about human language?'
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Aamodt
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095-7239, USA
| | - Madza Farias-Virgens
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095-7239, USA
| | - Stephanie A White
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095-7239, USA.,Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095-7239, USA.,Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7239, USA
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30
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Windhager S, Mitteroecker P, Rupić I, Lauc T, Polašek O, Schaefer K. Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 169:678-688. [PMID: 31189026 PMCID: PMC6771603 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite variation in lifestyle and environment, first signs of human facial aging show between the ages of 20-30 years. It is a cumulative process of changes in the skin, soft tissue, and skeleton of the face. As quantifications of facial aging in living humans are still scarce, we set out to study age-related changes in three-dimensional facial shape using geometric morphometrics. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected surface scans of 88 human faces (aged 26-90 years) from the coastal town Split (Croatia) and neighboring islands. Based on a geometric morphometric analysis of 585 measurement points (landmarks and semilandmarks), we modeled sex-specific trajectories of average facial aging. RESULTS Age-related facial shape change was similar in both sexes until around age 50, at which time the female aging trajectory turned sharply. The overall magnitude of facial shape change (aging rate) was higher in women than men, especially in early postmenopause. Aging was generally associated with a flatter face, sagged soft tissue ("broken" jawline), deeper nasolabial folds, smaller visible areas of the eyes, thinner lips, and longer nose and ears. In postmenopausal women, facial aging was best predicted by the years since last menstruation and mainly attributable to bone resorption in the mandible. DISCUSSION With high spatial and temporal resolution, we were able to extract a shared facial aging pattern in women and men, and its divergence after menopause. This fully quantitative three-dimensional analysis of human facial aging may not only find applications in forensic and ancient human facial reconstructions, but shall include lifestyle and endocrinological measures, and also reach out to studies of social perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Windhager
- Department of Theoretical BiologyUniversity of ViennaAustria
| | | | | | - Tomislav Lauc
- Dental Clinic ApolonijaZagrebCroatia
- Study of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences and HumanitiesUniversity of ZagrebCroatia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and HealthUniversity of OsijekCroatia
- Department for Orthodontics, Faculty of DentistryUniversity of OsijekCroatia
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Department of Public HealthSchool of Medicine, University of SplitCroatia
- Gen‐info Ltd.ZagrebCroatia
| | - Katrin Schaefer
- Department of Evolutionary AnthropologyUniversity of ViennaAustria
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Disparities in Height and Urban Social Stratification in the First Half of the 20th Century in Madrid (Spain). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16112048. [PMID: 31185616 PMCID: PMC6603878 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16112048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adult height is the most commonly used biological indicator to evaluate material and emotional conditions in which people grew up, allowing the analysis of secular trends associated with socio-economic change as well as of social inequalities among human populations. There is a lack of studies on both aspects regarding urban populations. Our study evaluates the secular trends and the disparities in height of conscripts born between 1915 and 1953 and called-up at the age of 21 between 1936 and 1969, living in districts with low versus middle and high socio-economic conditions, in the city of Madrid, Spain. We test the hypothesis that urban spatial segregation and social stratification was associated with significant differences in height. Results show that height increased significantly during the analysed period, both among conscripts living in the middle- and upper-class districts (5.85 cm) and in the lower-class districts (6.75 cm). The positive secular trend in height among conscripts from middle- and upper-class districts was sustained throughout the period, but the trend in height among the lower class fluctuated according to social, political, and economic events. Our findings support previous research that adult height is influenced strongly by the family living conditions during infancy and by community effects acting during childhood and adolescence.
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Martin MA. Biological Anthropology in 2018: Grounded in Theory, Questioning Contexts, Embracing Innovation. AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/aman.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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