1
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Modarres Mousavi SM, Alipour F, Noorbakhsh F, Jafarian M, Ghadipasha M, Gharehdaghi J, Kellinghaus C, Speckmann EJ, Stummer W, Khaleghi Ghadiri M, Gorji A. Clinical Correlation of Altered Molecular Signatures in Epileptic Human Hippocampus and Amygdala. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:725-752. [PMID: 37658249 PMCID: PMC10861640 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Widespread alterations in the expression of various genes could contribute to the pathogenesis of epilepsy. The expression levels of various genes, including major inhibitory and excitatory receptors, ion channels, cell type-specific markers, and excitatory amino acid transporters, were assessed and compared between the human epileptic hippocampus and amygdala, and findings from autopsy controls. Moreover, the potential correlation between molecular alterations in epileptic brain tissues and the clinical characteristics of patients undergoing epilepsy surgery was evaluated. Our findings revealed significant and complex changes in the expression of several key regulatory genes in both the hippocampus and amygdala of patients with intractable epilepsy. The expression changes in various genes differed considerably between the epileptic hippocampus and amygdala. Different correlation patterns were observed between changes in gene expression and clinical characteristics, depending on whether the patients were considered as a whole or were subdivided. Altered molecular signatures in different groups of epileptic patients, defined within a given category, could be viewed as diagnostic biomarkers. Distinct patterns of molecular changes that distinguish these groups from each other appear to be associated with epilepsy-specific functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Alipour
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Noorbakhsh
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Jafarian
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Ghadipasha
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jaber Gharehdaghi
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Erwin-Josef Speckmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Walter Stummer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Ali Gorji
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Department of Neuroscience, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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2
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Zhou L, Wang K, Xu Y, Dong BB, Wu DC, Wang ZX, Wang XT, Cai XY, Yang JT, Zheng R, Chen W, Shen Y, Wei JS. A patient-derived mutation of epilepsy-linked LGI1 increases seizure susceptibility through regulating K v1.1. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:34. [PMID: 36804022 PMCID: PMC9940402 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00983-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal dominant lateral temporal epilepsy (ADLTE) is an inherited syndrome caused by mutations in the leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) gene. It is known that functional LGI1 is secreted by excitatory neurons, GABAergic interneurons, and astrocytes, and regulates AMPA-type glutamate receptor-mediated synaptic transmission by binding ADAM22 and ADAM23. However, > 40 LGI1 mutations have been reported in familial ADLTE patients, more than half of which are secretion-defective. How these secretion-defective LGI1 mutations lead to epilepsy is unknown. RESULTS We identified a novel secretion-defective LGI1 mutation from a Chinese ADLTE family, LGI1-W183R. We specifically expressed mutant LGI1W183R in excitatory neurons lacking natural LGI1, and found that this mutation downregulated Kv1.1 activity, led to neuronal hyperexcitability and irregular spiking, and increased epilepsy susceptibility in mice. Further analysis revealed that restoring Kv1.1 in excitatory neurons rescued the defect of spiking capacity, improved epilepsy susceptibility, and prolonged the life-span of mice. CONCLUSIONS These results describe a role of secretion-defective LGI1 in maintaining neuronal excitability and reveal a new mechanism in the pathology of LGI1 mutation-related epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310020 China
| | - Kang Wang
- grid.452661.20000 0004 1803 6319Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003 China
| | - Yuxiang Xu
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XSchool of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Bin-Bin Dong
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310020 China
| | - Deng-Chang Wu
- grid.452661.20000 0004 1803 6319Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003 China
| | - Zhao-Xiang Wang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310020 China
| | - Xin-Tai Wang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310020 China
| | - Xin-Yu Cai
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310020 China
| | - Jin-Tao Yang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310020 China
| | - Rui Zheng
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310020 China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310020, China.
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310020, China.
| | - Jian-She Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
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3
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Moloney PB, McHugh J, O'Byrne J, Llamas Y, Lynch T, McGovern E. Ictal aphasia in LGI1-related autosomal dominant epilepsy with auditory features. Pract Neurol 2022; 22:317-320. [PMID: 35354661 DOI: 10.1136/practneurol-2022-003366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant epilepsy with auditory features (OMIM 600512) is characterised by focal seizures with distinctive auditory auras and/or ictal aphasia. We describe a 17-year-old girl with recurrent attacks of ictal aphasia and rare nocturnal convulsions. She had a four-generation paternal family history of epilepsy. Her father and aunt perceived bells ringing at the onset of seizures. Sequence analysis of the leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) gene identified a novel heterozygous variant in the proband and her father. LGI1-related genetic epilepsy has a benign clinical course with a favourable response to anti-seizure medications. Auditory or vertiginous seizures may be mistaken for peripheral audio-vestibular symptoms, while complex auditory ictal symptoms may be misattributed to primary psychiatric disorders. Recognising this distinctive inherited syndrome should prompt targeted analysis of the LGI1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B Moloney
- Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Dublin Neurological Institute at the Mater Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John McHugh
- Department of Neurophysiology, Children's Health Ireland at Our Lady's Children's Hospital and Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James O'Byrne
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yudy Llamas
- Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Dublin Neurological Institute at the Mater Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tim Lynch
- Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Dublin Neurological Institute at the Mater Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eavan McGovern
- Dublin Neurological Institute at the Mater Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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4
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Liu J, Hu D, Zhang Z, Tang F, Yan Y, Ma Y. Autosomal dominant lateral temporal epilepsy in a family exhibiting a rare heterozygous mutation and deletion in the leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 gene. Neurosci Lett 2022; 782:136698. [PMID: 35643238 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant lateral temporal epilepsy (ADLTE) is an inherited syndrome caused by mutations in the leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) gene. In a family with six ADLTE patients spanning four generations, our linkage and exome sequencing investigations revealed a rare frameshift heterozygous mutation in LGI1 (c.1494del(p.Phe498LeufsTer15)). Gene cloning methods were used to create plasmids with wild-type and mutant LGI1 alleles. Through transfection of HEK293 cells and primary neurons, they were utilized to assess the subcellular location of wild-type and mutant LGI1. Moreover, the plasmid-transfected primary neurons were analyzed for neuronal complexity and density of dendritic spines. According to our results. the mutation decreased LGI1 secretion in transfected HEK293 cells. In primary neurons, mutant LGI1 affected neuronal polarity and complexity. Our findings have broadened the phenotypic spectrum of LGI1 mutations and provided evidence regarding the pathogenicity of this mutation. In addition, we discovered new information about the role of LGI1 in the development of temporal lobe epilepsy, along with a possible link between neuronal polarity disorder and ADLTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Danmei Hu
- Department of Neurology, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Zhijuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Fenglin Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yin Yan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yuanlin Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing 400016, China.
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5
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Furia A, Licchetta L, Muccioli L, Ferri L, Mostacci B, Mazzoni S, Menghi V, Minardi R, Tinuper P, Bisulli F. Epilepsy With Auditory Features: From Etiology to Treatment. Front Neurol 2022; 12:807939. [PMID: 35153984 PMCID: PMC8829259 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.807939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy with auditory features (EAF) is a focal epilepsy belonging to the focal epileptic syndromes with onset at variable age according to the new ILAE Classification. It is characterized by seizures with auditory aura or receptive aphasia suggesting a lateral temporal lobe involvement of the epileptic discharge. Etiological factors underlying EAF are largely unknown. In the familial cases with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance several genes have been involved, among which the first discovered, LGI1, was thought to be predominant. However, increasing evidence now points to a multifactorial etiology, as familial and sporadic EAF share a virtually identical electro-clinical characterization and only a few have a documented genetic etiology. Patients with EAF usually have an unremarkable neurological examination and a good response to antiseizure medications. However, it must be underscored that total remission might be lower than expected and that treatment withdrawal might lead to relapses. Thus, a proper understanding of this condition is in order for better patient treatment and counseling. Further studies are still required to further characterize the many facets of EAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Furia
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Licchetta
- Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Reference Center for Rare and Complex Epilepsies, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Muccioli
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ferri
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Reference Center for Rare and Complex Epilepsies, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Mostacci
- Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Reference Center for Rare and Complex Epilepsies, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Mazzoni
- Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Reference Center for Rare and Complex Epilepsies, Bologna, Italy
| | - Veronica Menghi
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaella Minardi
- Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Reference Center for Rare and Complex Epilepsies, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Tinuper
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Reference Center for Rare and Complex Epilepsies, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Bisulli
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Reference Center for Rare and Complex Epilepsies, Bologna, Italy
- *Correspondence: Francesca Bisulli
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6
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Yokoi N, Fukata Y, Okatsu K, Yamagata A, Liu Y, Sanbo M, Miyazaki Y, Goto T, Abe M, Kassai H, Sakimura K, Meijer D, Hirabayashi M, Fukai S, Fukata M. 14-3-3 proteins stabilize LGI1-ADAM22 levels to regulate seizure thresholds in mice. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110107. [PMID: 34910912 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
What percentage of the protein function is required to prevent disease symptoms is a fundamental question in genetic disorders. Decreased transsynaptic LGI1-ADAM22 protein complexes, because of their mutations or autoantibodies, cause epilepsy and amnesia. However, it remains unclear how LGI1-ADAM22 levels are regulated and how much LGI1-ADAM22 function is required. Here, by genetic and structural analysis, we demonstrate that quantitative dual phosphorylation of ADAM22 by protein kinase A (PKA) mediates high-affinity binding of ADAM22 to dimerized 14-3-3. This interaction protects LGI1-ADAM22 from endocytosis-dependent degradation. Accordingly, forskolin-induced PKA activation increases ADAM22 levels. Leveraging a series of ADAM22 and LGI1 hypomorphic mice, we find that ∼50% of LGI1 and ∼10% of ADAM22 levels are sufficient to prevent lethal epilepsy. Furthermore, ADAM22 function is required in excitatory and inhibitory neurons. These results suggest strategies to increase LGI1-ADAM22 complexes over the required levels by targeting PKA or 14-3-3 for epilepsy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Yokoi
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuko Fukata
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Kei Okatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamagata
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Makoto Sanbo
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Yuri Miyazaki
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Teppei Goto
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kassai
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Dies Meijer
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Masumi Hirabayashi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Shuya Fukai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukata
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
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7
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Hu P, Wu D, Zang YY, Wang Y, Zhou YP, Qiao F, Teng XY, Chen J, Li QQ, Sun JH, Liu T, Feng HY, Zhou QG, Shi YS, Xu Z. A novel LGI1 mutation causing autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy confirmed by a precise knock-in mouse model. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 28:237-246. [PMID: 34767694 PMCID: PMC8739050 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to explore the pathomechanism of a mutation on the leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 gene (LGI1) identified in a family having autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy (ADLTE), using a precise knock-in mouse model. METHODS AND RESULTS A novel LGI1 mutation, c.152A>G; p. Asp51Gly, was identified by whole exome sequencing in a Chinese family with ADLTE. The pathomechanism of the mutation was explored by generating Lgi1D51G knock-in mice that precisely phenocopied the epileptic symptoms of human patients. The Lgi1D51G / D51G mice showed spontaneous recurrent generalized seizures and premature death. The Lgi1D51G /+ mice had partial epilepsy, with half of them displaying epileptiform discharges on electroencephalography. They also showed enhanced sensitivity to the convulsant agent pentylenetetrazole. Mechanistically, the secretion of Lgi1 was impaired in the brain of the D51G knock-in mice and the protein level was drastically reduced. Moreover, the antiepileptic drugs, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, and sodium valproate, could prolong the survival time of Lgi1D51G / D51G mice, and oxcarbazepine appeared to be the most effective. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel epilepsy-causing mutation of LGI1 in humans. The Lgi1D51G /+ mouse model, precisely phenocopying epileptic symptoms of human patients, could be a useful tool in future studies on the pathogenesis and potential therapies for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hu
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Minister of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource for Mutant Mice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan-Yu Zang
- Minister of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource for Mutant Mice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-Ping Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengchang Qiao
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Teng
- Minister of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource for Mutant Mice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Minister of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource for Mutant Mice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing-Qing Li
- Minister of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource for Mutant Mice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Hui Sun
- Minister of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource for Mutant Mice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - TingTing Liu
- Minister of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource for Mutant Mice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao-Yang Feng
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi-Gang Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Stone Shi
- Minister of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource for Mutant Mice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengfeng Xu
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health care Hospital, Nanjing, China
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8
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Fukata Y, Hirano Y, Miyazaki Y, Yokoi N, Fukata M. Trans-synaptic LGI1–ADAM22–MAGUK in AMPA and NMDA receptor regulation. Neuropharmacology 2021; 194:108628. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Yamagata A, Fukai S. Insights into the mechanisms of epilepsy from structural biology of LGI1-ADAM22. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:267-274. [PMID: 31432233 PMCID: PMC11104983 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common brain disorders, which can be caused by abnormal synaptic transmissions. Many epilepsy-related mutations have been identified in synaptic ion channels, which are main targets for current antiepileptic drugs. One of the novel potential targets for therapy of epilepsy is a class of non-ion channel-type epilepsy-related proteins. The leucine-rich repeat glioma-inactivated protein 1 (LGI1) is a neuronal secreted protein, and has been extensively studied as a product of a causative gene for autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy (ADLTE; also known as autosomal dominant partial epilepsy with auditory features [ADPEAF]). At least 43 mutations of LGI1 have been found in ADLTE families. Additionally, autoantibodies against LGI1 in limbic encephalitis are associated with amnesia, seizures, and cognitive dysfunction. Although the relationship of LGI1 with synaptic transmission and synaptic disorders has been studied genetically, biochemically, and clinically, the structural mechanism of LGI1 remained largely unknown until recently. In this review, we introduce insights into pathogenic mechanisms of LGI1 from recent structural studies on LGI1 and its receptor, ADAM22. We also discuss the mechanism for pathogenesis of autoantibodies against LGI1, and the potential of chemical correctors as novel drugs for epilepsy, with structural aspects of LGI1-ADAM22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamagata
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan.
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Shuya Fukai
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan.
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10
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Matsushima N, Takatsuka S, Miyashita H, Kretsinger RH. Leucine Rich Repeat Proteins: Sequences, Mutations, Structures and Diseases. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:108-131. [PMID: 30526451 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666181208170027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the genes encoding Leucine Rich Repeat (LRR) containing proteins are associated with over sixty human diseases; these include high myopia, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, and Crohn's disease. These mutations occur frequently within the LRR domains and within the regions that shield the hydrophobic core of the LRR domain. The amino acid sequences of fifty-five LRR proteins have been published. They include Nod-Like Receptors (NLRs) such as NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRP14, and Nod-2, Small Leucine Rich Repeat Proteoglycans (SLRPs) such as keratocan, lumican, fibromodulin, PRELP, biglycan, and nyctalopin, and F-box/LRR-repeat proteins such as FBXL2, FBXL4, and FBXL12. For example, 363 missense mutations have been identified. Replacement of arginine, proline, or cysteine by another amino acid, or the reverse, is frequently observed. The diverse effects of the mutations are discussed based on the known structures of LRR proteins. These mutations influence protein folding, aggregation, oligomerization, stability, protein-ligand interactions, disulfide bond formation, and glycosylation. Most of the mutations cause loss of function and a few, gain of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Matsushima
- Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan.,Institute of Tandem Repeats, Noboribetsu 059-0464, Japan
| | - Shintaro Takatsuka
- Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroki Miyashita
- Institute of Tandem Repeats, Noboribetsu 059-0464, Japan.,Hokubu Rinsho Co., Ltd, Sapporo 060-0061, Japan
| | - Robert H Kretsinger
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, United States
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11
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Schermann H, Ponomareva IV, Maltsev VG, Yakushev KB, Sherman MA. Clinical variants of limbic encephalitis. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2019; 7:2050313X19846042. [PMID: 31105945 PMCID: PMC6501490 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x19846042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical picture of immunomediator disorders of the central nervous system resulting from autoimmune or paraneoplastic processes is often represented by the limbic symptom complex or limbic encephalitis. The article gives a brief description of these conditions, allocated to a separate nosological group in 2007. The symptoms of limbic encephalitis include mental disorders and epileptic seizures of both convulsive and non-convulsive spectrum, up to epileptic status. Four clinical cases representative of different variants of limbic encephalitis are presented in this study, along with the discussion of epidemiology, differential diagnostics, and generally accepted patient management strategies. The diagnosis of limbic encephalitis was made on clinical grounds alone in three cases and on the presence of antibodies to N-Methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors in one case. A combination of glucocorticoid pulse therapy with prolonged use of valproic acid was successfully applied for the treatment of limbic encephalitis with non-convulsive epileptic status. Plasmapheresis was used for the treatment of limbic encephalitis with recurrent focal non-motor attacks with and without loss of consciousness, as well as for limbic encephalitis with focal motor attacks. Presented cases emphasize the need to increase the awareness of physicians of various specialties to autoimmune disorders of the nervous system. In addition, it highlights the necessity of complete diagnostic workup for a patient with impaired consciousness of unclear etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haggai Schermann
- Division of Orthopedics, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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12
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Xie YJ, Zhou L, Wang Y, Jiang NW, Cao S, Shao CY, Wang XT, Li XY, Shen Y, Zhou L. Leucine-Rich Glioma Inactivated 1 Promotes Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Myelination via TSC-mTOR Signaling. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:231. [PMID: 30034322 PMCID: PMC6043672 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (Lgi1), a putative tumor suppressor, is tightly associated with autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy (ADLTE). It has been shown that Lgi1 regulates the myelination of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). However, the function and underlying mechanisms for Lgi1 regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in the central nervous system (CNS) remain elusive. In addition, whether Lgi1 is required for myelin maintenance is unknown. Here, we show that Lgi1 is necessary and sufficient for the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells and is also required for the maintenance of myelinated fibers. The hypomyelination in Lgi1-/- mice attributes to the inhibition of the biosynthesis of lipids and proteins in oligodendrocytes (OLs). Moreover, we found that Lgi1 deficiency leads to a decrease in expression of tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1) and activates mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. Together, the present work establishes that Lgi1 is a regulator of oligodendrocyte development and myelination in CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan, China
| | - Nan-Wei Jiang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of MedicineNingbo, China
| | - Shenglong Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, China
| | - Chong-Yu Shao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Tai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Yao Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, China
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13
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Structural basis of epilepsy-related ligand-receptor complex LGI1-ADAM22. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1546. [PMID: 29670100 PMCID: PMC5906670 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03947-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common brain disorder throughout history. Epilepsy-related ligand–receptor complex, LGI1–ADAM22, regulates synaptic transmission and has emerged as a determinant of brain excitability, as their mutations and acquired LGI1 autoantibodies cause epileptic disorders in human. Here, we report the crystal structure of human LGI1–ADAM22 complex, revealing a 2:2 heterotetrameric assembly. The hydrophobic pocket of the C-terminal epitempin-repeat (EPTP) domain of LGI1 binds to the metalloprotease-like domain of ADAM22. The N-terminal leucine-rich repeat and EPTP domains of LGI1 mediate the intermolecular LGI1–LGI1 interaction. A pathogenic R474Q mutation of LGI1, which does not exceptionally affect either the secretion or the ADAM22 binding, is located in the LGI1–LGI1 interface and disrupts the higher-order assembly of the LGI1–ADAM22 complex in vitro and in a mouse model for familial epilepsy. These studies support the notion that the LGI1–ADAM22 complex functions as the trans-synaptic machinery for precise synaptic transmission. LGI1 is an epilepsy-related gene that encodes a secreted neuronal protein. Here the authors present the crystal structure of LGI1 bound to its receptor ADAM22, which provides structural insights into epilepsy-causing LGI1 mutations and might facilitate the development of novel anti-epilepsy drugs.
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Kim SY, Um YH, Lim SC, Jeong JH. Limbic Encephalitis Manifesting as Selective Amnesia and Seizure-like Activity: A Case Report. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 16:109-113. [PMID: 29397673 PMCID: PMC5810455 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2018.16.1.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Limbic encephalitis (LE) is characterized by short-term memory loss, disorientation, agitation, seizures, and histopathological evidence of medial temporal lobe inflammation. Leucine-rich, glioma inactivated 1 (LGI-1) is an auto-antigen associated with LE. We report a 37-year-old male patient with LGI-1-related LE who presented with recurrent episodes of selective amnesia, seizure-like activity, confusion, and personality change. His symptoms were significantly improved with steroid therapy. Thorough differential diagnosis with consideration for autoimmune encephalitis should be in patients with presentation of symptoms, such as memory impairment, personality change and seizure-like activity, especially when other neurological diagnoses are excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Yeon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoo Hyun Um
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Chul Lim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Jeong
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Fukata M, Yokoi N, Fukata Y. Neurobiology of autoimmune encephalitis. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 48:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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16
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Hivert B, Marien L, Agbam KN, Faivre-Sarrailh C. ADAM22 and ADAM23 modulate the targeting of the Kv1 channel-associated protein LGI1 to the axon initial segment. J Cell Sci 2018; 132:jcs.219774. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.219774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The distribution of voltage-gated potassium channels Kv1 at the axon initial segment (AIS) influences neuronal intrinsic excitability. Kv1.1/1.2 subunits are associated with cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), including Caspr2 and LGI1 that are implicated in autoimmune and genetic neurological diseases with seizures. In particular, mutations in the LGI1 gene cause autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy (ADLTE). Here, using rat hippocampal neurons in culture, we showed that LGI1 is recruited at the AIS and colocalized with ADAM22 and Kv1 channels. Strikingly, the missense mutations S473L and R474Q of LGI1 identified in ADLTE prevent its association with ADAM22 and enrichment at the AIS. Moreover, we observed that ADAM22 or ADAM23 modulates the trafficking of LGI1, and promotes its ER export and expression at the overall neuronal cell surface. Live-cell imaging indicated that LGI1 is co-transported in axonal vesicles with ADAM22 or ADAM23. Finally, we showed that ADAM22 and ADAM23 also associate with Caspr2 and TAG-1 to be selectively targeted within different axonal sub-regions. So, the combinatorial expression of Kv1-associated CAMs may be critical to tune intrinsic excitability in physiological or epileptogenic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Hivert
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM UMR1249, F-13273 Marseille, France
- Present address: Aix Marseille Université, CNRS UMR7289, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, F-13385 Marseille, France
| | - Laurène Marien
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM UMR1249, F-13273 Marseille, France
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Fukata Y, Yokoi N, Miyazaki Y, Fukata M. The LGI1–ADAM22 protein complex in synaptic transmission and synaptic disorders. Neurosci Res 2017; 116:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Bost C, Pascual O, Honnorat J. Autoimmune encephalitis in psychiatric institutions: current perspectives. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:2775-2787. [PMID: 27822050 PMCID: PMC5089825 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s82380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune encephalitis is a rare and newly described group of diseases involving autoantibodies directed against synaptic and neuronal cell surface antigens. It comprises a wide range of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Sensitive and specific diagnostic tests such as cell-based assay are primordial for the detection of neuronal cell surface antibodies in patients' cerebrospinal fluid or serum and determine the treatment and follow-up of the patients. As neurological symptoms are fairly well described in the literature, this review focuses on the nature of psychiatric symptoms occurring at the onset or during the course of the diseases. In order to help the diagnosis, the main neurological symptoms of the most representative synaptic and neuronal cell surface autoantibodies were detailed. Finally, the exploration of these autoantibodies for almost a decade allowed us to present an overview of autoimmune encephalitis incidence in psychiatric disease and the general guidelines for the management of psychiatric manifestations. For the majority of autoimmune encephalitis, the prognosis depends on the rapidity of the detection, identification, and the management of the disease. Because the presence of pronounced psychiatric symptoms drives patients to psychiatric institutions and can hinder the diagnosis, the aim of this work is to provide clues to help earlier detection by physicians and thus provide better medical care to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Bost
- French Reference Center of Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, Bron, France
- Synatac Team, NeuroMyoGene Institut, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon, France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Pascual
- Synatac Team, NeuroMyoGene Institut, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon, France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Honnorat
- French Reference Center of Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, Bron, France
- Synatac Team, NeuroMyoGene Institut, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon, France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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19
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Lascano AM, Korff CM, Picard F. Seizures and Epilepsies due to Channelopathies and Neurotransmitter Receptor Dysfunction: A Parallel between Genetic and Immune Aspects. Mol Syndromol 2016; 7:197-209. [PMID: 27781030 DOI: 10.1159/000447707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive research activity leading to many important discoveries, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying seizures and epilepsy remain poorly understood. An important number of specific gene defects have been related to various forms of epilepsies, and autoimmunity and epilepsy have been associated for a long time. Certain central nervous system proteins have been involved in epilepsy or acute neurological diseases with seizures either due to underlying gene defects or immune dysfunction. Here, we focus on 2 of them that have been the object of particular attention and in-depth research over the past years: the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and the leucin-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 (LGI1). We also describe illustrative examples of situations in which genetics and immunology meet in the complex pathways that underlie seizures and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina M Lascano
- EEG and Epilepsy Exploration Unit, University Hospitals Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian M Korff
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Child and Adolescent Department, University Hospitals Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Picard
- EEG and Epilepsy Exploration Unit, University Hospitals Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Steriade C, Mirsattari SM, Murray BJ, Wennberg R. Subclinical temporal EEG seizure pattern in LGI1-antibody-mediated encephalitis. Epilepsia 2016; 57:e155-60. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claude Steriade
- University Health Network; Division of Neurology; Department of Medicine; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Seyed M. Mirsattari
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences; London Health Sciences Centre; University Hospital; Western University; London Ontario Canada
| | - Brian J. Murray
- Division of Neurology; Department of Medicine; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Richard Wennberg
- University Health Network; Division of Neurology; Department of Medicine; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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Gao L, Liu A, Zhan S, Wang L, Li L, Guan L, Zhao X, Zhang X, Wang Y. Clinical characterization of autoimmune LGI1 antibody limbic encephalitis. Epilepsy Behav 2016; 56:165-9. [PMID: 26896820 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autoimmune encephalitis associated with antibodies to leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) has recently been identified and is characterized by an acute to subacute onset of cognitive impairment and convulsion, faciobrachial dystonic seizures (FBDSs), and psychiatric disturbances. This study analyzed the clinical characteristics and outcomes of 10 patients with LGI1 antibody encephalitis in order to further understand this disease and to improve its therapeutic strategies. METHODS Between January 2013 and March 2015, we identified 10 patients with LGI1 antibody encephalitis. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical details, laboratory results, electrophysiological and imaging findings, and the treatment outcomes. RESULTS All patients tested had LGI1 antibodies. Immunotherapy was effective in all patients. Seizures in patients with FBDS showed a poor response to antiepileptic drugs. Two patients examined by magnetoencephalogram (MEG) during the acute disease phase showed a small quantity of spike-wave dipoles in the temporal lobe close to the lateral fissure and insular lobe. CONCLUSION Patients with LGI1 antibody encephalitis responded well to immunotherapy. We speculate that FBDS is likely a form of insular epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lehong Gao
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing, China
| | - Aihua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqin Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Li
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing, China
| | - Le Guan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiating Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing, China.
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Italiano D, Striano P, Russo E, Leo A, Spina E, Zara F, Striano S, Gambardella A, Labate A, Gasparini S, Lamberti M, De Sarro G, Aguglia U, Ferlazzo E. Genetics of reflex seizures and epilepsies in humans and animals. Epilepsy Res 2016; 121:47-54. [PMID: 26875109 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reflex seizures are epileptic events triggered by specific motor, sensory or cognitive stimulation. This comprehensive narrative review focuses on the role of genetic determinants in humans and animal models of reflex seizures and epilepsies. METHODS References were mainly identified through MEDLINE searches until August 2015 and backtracking of references in pertinent studies. RESULTS Autosomal dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance was proven in several families with photosensitivity. Molecular genetic studies on EEG photoparoxysmal response identified putative loci on chromosomes 6, 7, 13 and 16 that seem to correlate with peculiar seizure phenotype. No specific mutation has been found in Papio papio baboon, although a genetic etiology is likely. Mutation in synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A was found in another animal model of photosensitivity (Fayoumi chickens). Autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance overlapping with a genetic background for IGE was proposed for some families with primary reading epilepsy. Musicogenic seizures usually occur in patients with focal symptomatic or cryptogenic epilepsies, but they have been reported in rare genetic epilepsies such as Dravet syndrome. A single LGI1 mutation has been described in a girl with seizures evoked by auditory stimuli. Interestingly, heterozygous knockout (Lgi1(+/-)) mice show susceptibility to sound-triggered seizures. Moreover, in Frings and Black Swiss mice, the spontaneous mutations of MASS1 and JAMS1 genes, respectively, have been linked to audiogenic seizures. Eating seizures usually occur in symptomatic epilepsies but evidences for a genetic susceptibility were mainly provided by family report from Sri Lanka. Eating seizures were also reported in rare patients with MECP2 duplication or mutation. Hot water seizures are genetically heterogeneous but two loci at chromosomes 4 and 10 were identified in families with likely autosomal dominant inheritance. Startle-induced seizures usually occur in patients with symptomatic epilepsies but have also been reported in the setting chromosomal disorders or genetically inherited lysosomal storage diseases. DISCUSSION The genetic background of reflex seizures and epilepsies is heterogeneous and mostly unknown with no major gene identified in humans. The benefits offered by next-generation sequencing technologies should be merged with increasing information on animal models that represent an useful tool to study the mechanism underlying epileptogenesis. Finally, we expect that genetic studies will lead to a better understanding of the multiple factors involved in the pathophysiology of reflex seizures, and eventually to develop preventive strategies focused on seizure control and therapy optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Italiano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 1, Messina, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, "G. Gaslini" Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Leo
- Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Edoardo Spina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 1, Messina, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neurosciences, Department of Neurosciences, "G. Gaslini" Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - Salvatore Striano
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Gambardella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy; Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology of the National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angelo Labate
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy; Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology of the National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sara Gasparini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy; Regional Epilepsy Centre, Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Marco Lamberti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 1, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Umberto Aguglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy; Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology of the National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy; Regional Epilepsy Centre, Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
| | - Edoardo Ferlazzo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy; Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology of the National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy; Regional Epilepsy Centre, Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy
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Screening LGI1 in a cohort of 26 lateral temporal lobe epilepsy patients with auditory aura from Turkey detects a novel de novo mutation. Epilepsy Res 2016; 120:73-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Boillot M, Baulac S. Genetic models of focal epilepsies. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 260:132-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Sanders SS, Martin DDO, Butland SL, Lavallée-Adam M, Calzolari D, Kay C, Yates JR, Hayden MR. Curation of the Mammalian Palmitoylome Indicates a Pivotal Role for Palmitoylation in Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous System and Cancers. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004405. [PMID: 26275289 PMCID: PMC4537140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylation involves the reversible posttranslational addition of palmitate to cysteines and promotes membrane binding and subcellular localization. Recent advancements in the detection and identification of palmitoylated proteins have led to multiple palmitoylation proteomics studies but these datasets are contained within large supplemental tables, making downstream analysis and data mining time-consuming and difficult. Consequently, we curated the data from 15 palmitoylation proteomics studies into one compendium containing 1,838 genes encoding palmitoylated proteins; representing approximately 10% of the genome. Enrichment analysis revealed highly significant enrichments for Gene Ontology biological processes, pathway maps, and process networks related to the nervous system. Strikingly, 41% of synaptic genes encode a palmitoylated protein in the compendium. The top disease associations included cancers and diseases and disorders of the nervous system, with Schizophrenia, HD, and pancreatic ductal carcinoma among the top five, suggesting that aberrant palmitoylation may play a pivotal role in the balance of cell death and survival. This compendium provides a much-needed resource for cell biologists and the palmitoylation field, providing new perspectives for cancer and neurodegeneration. Protein localization is essential for mediating protein function within the cellular context. Mislocalization of proteins can offset cellular balance, influencing whether a cell lives or dies. Many proteins are directed to cellular membranes through the addition of fats, or lipidation. In particular, palmitoylation involves the reversible addition of the fatty acid palmitate to cysteines. Its reversibility makes it a unique form of lipidation allowing its dynamic regulation. Recent advancements in fast, sensitive, non-radioactive methods to detect palmitoylation have led to an explosion in the identification of palmitoylated proteins through proteomics studies. However, the data is hidden in large supplemental tables in various formats. Thus, we curated a list of palmitoylated proteins revealing that approximately 10 percent of the human genome encodes for a proteoform that is palmitoylated. Computational analysis confirmed that palmitoylation is involved in protein localization and indicated a new role in metabolism. Importantly, we found that palmitoylation was enriched at neuronal synapses and in disorders of the nervous system, including Schizophrenia and Huntington disease. Interestingly, palmitoylation was equally enriched in cancers. Consequently, we suggest that palmitoylation plays a critical role in cell fate and our compendium provides a plethora of targets for neurodegeneration and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun S. Sanders
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dale D. O. Martin
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Stefanie L. Butland
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mathieu Lavallée-Adam
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Diego Calzolari
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Chris Kay
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John R. Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Hayden
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Xie YJ, Zhou L, Jiang N, Zhang N, Zou N, Zhou L, Wang Y, Cowell JK, Shen Y. Essential roles of leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 in the development of embryonic and postnatal cerebellum. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7827. [PMID: 25591666 PMCID: PMC4296302 DOI: 10.1038/srep07827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) is a secreted protein that interacts with ADAM transmembrane proteins, and its mutations are linked to human epilepsy. The function of LGI1 in CNS development remains undefined. Here, we report novel functions of LGI1 in the generation of cerebellar granule precursors (CGPs) and differentiation of radial glial cells (RGCs) in the cerebellum. A reduction in external granule layer thickness and defects in foliation were seen in embryonic and new-born LGI1 knockout (KO) mice. BrdU staining showed an inhibited proliferation of CGPs in KO embryos, which might be explained by the reduced Sonic hedgehog in embryos. In addition, the differentiation of RGCs into Bergmann glias was suppressed in KO mice. Enhanced Jagged1-Notch1 signaling in KO mice via reduced β-secretase proteolysis suggests that altered phenotype of RGCs is due to abnormal Notch1 signaling. Together, our results demonstrate that LGI1 is an essential player in the cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Xie
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nanwei Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Na Zou
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - John K Cowell
- Georgia Regents University, Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Li P, Xu G, Li G, Wu M. Function and mechanism of tumor suppressor gene LRRC4/NGL-2. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:266. [PMID: 25526788 PMCID: PMC4349622 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
LRRC4/NGL-2 (Leucine rich repeat containing 4/Netrin-G ligand-2), a relatively specific expressed gene in brain tissue, is a member of the LRRC4/ NGL (netrin-G ligand) family and belongs to the superfamily of LRR proteins. LRRC4/NGL-2 regulates neurite outgrowth and lamina-specific dendritic segmentation, suggesting that LRRC4/NGL-2 is important for the development of the nervous system. In addition, LRRC4/NGL-2 has been identified as a tumor suppressor gene. The overexpression of LRRC4/NGL-2 suppresses glioma cell growth, angiogenesis and invasion through complicated signaling regulation networks. LRRC4/NGL-2 also has the ability to form multiphase loops with miRNA, transcription factors and gene methylation modification; the loss of LRRC4/NGL-2 function may be an important event in multiple biological processes in gliomas. In summary, LRRC4/NGL-2 is a critical gene in the normal development and tumorigenesis of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Minghua Wu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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29
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Varley J, Vincent A, Irani SR. Clinical and experimental studies of potentially pathogenic brain-directed autoantibodies: current knowledge and future directions. J Neurol 2014; 262:1081-95. [PMID: 25491076 PMCID: PMC4412383 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-014-7600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The field of neuronal surface-directed antibody-mediated diseases of the central nervous system has dramatically expanded in the last few years and now forms an important cluster of treatable neurological conditions. In this review, we focus on three areas. First, we review the demographics, clinical features and treatment responses of these conditions. Second, we consider their pathophysiology and compare autoantibody mechanisms and their effects to genetic or pharmacological disruptions of the target antigens. Third, we discuss areas of controversy within the field, propose possible resolutions, and explore new directions for neuronal surface antibody-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Varley
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, West Wing, Level 6, Oxford, OX3 9DU UK
| | - Angela Vincent
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, West Wing, Level 6, Oxford, OX3 9DU UK
| | - Sarosh R. Irani
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, West Wing, Level 6, Oxford, OX3 9DU UK
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Yokoi N, Fukata Y, Kase D, Miyazaki T, Jaegle M, Ohkawa T, Takahashi N, Iwanari H, Mochizuki Y, Hamakubo T, Imoto K, Meijer D, Watanabe M, Fukata M. Chemical corrector treatment ameliorates increased seizure susceptibility in a mouse model of familial epilepsy. Nat Med 2014; 21:19-26. [PMID: 25485908 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common and intractable brain disorders. Mutations in the human gene LGI1, encoding a neuronal secreted protein, cause autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy (ADLTE). However, the pathogenic mechanisms of LGI1 mutations remain unclear. We classified 22 reported LGI1 missense mutations as either secretion defective or secretion competent, and we generated and analyzed two mouse models of ADLTE encoding mutant proteins representative of the two groups. The secretion-defective LGI1(E383A) protein was recognized by the ER quality-control machinery and prematurely degraded, whereas the secretable LGI1(S473L) protein abnormally dimerized and was selectively defective in binding to one of its receptors, ADAM22. Both mutations caused a loss of function, compromising intracellular trafficking or ligand activity of LGI1 and converging on reduced synaptic LGI1-ADAM22 interaction. A chemical corrector, 4-phenylbutyrate (4PBA), restored LGI1(E383A) folding and binding to ADAM22 and ameliorated the increased seizure susceptibility of the LGI1(E383A) model mice. This study establishes LGI1-related epilepsy as a conformational disease and suggests new therapeutic options for human epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Yokoi
- 1] Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Cell Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan. [2] Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yuko Fukata
- 1] Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Cell Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan. [2] Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kase
- Division of Neural Signaling, Department of Information Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Taisuke Miyazaki
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Martine Jaegle
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Toshika Ohkawa
- 1] Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Cell Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan. [2] Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Cell Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroko Iwanari
- Department of Quantitative Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Mochizuki
- 1] Department of Quantitative Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. [2] Komaba Open Lab, PeptiDream Incorporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Hamakubo
- Department of Quantitative Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Imoto
- 1] Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan. [2] Division of Neural Signaling, Department of Information Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Dies Meijer
- 1] Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- 1] Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan. [2] Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukata
- 1] Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Cell Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan. [2] Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
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Nakaoku Y, Maki T, Kanazawa K, Matsumoto R, Fukuyama H, Takahashi R, Ikeda A. [A case of smoldering anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) antibody-associated limbic encephalitis with faciobrachial dystonic seizure]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2014; 53:706-11. [PMID: 24097318 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.53.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We report a 59-year-old right-handed woman with smoldering leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) antibody-associated limbic encephalitis (LE) following faciobrachial dystonic seizures. During 8 months before her admission, she developed partial seizures manifesting very brief and very frequent dystonia in her right hand sometimes with oral automatism and loss of awareness. In addition, she showed psychiatric disturbances such as emotionally labile condition and personality changes. On admission, neuropsychological examination revealed short-term memory impairment. During electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring, ictal EEG showed rhythmic delta waves and interictal EEG showed intermittent irregular slow waves at the bilateral frontotemporal area. Brain MRI demonstrated high T2/FLAIR signal changes in the left amygdala expanding into the left hippocampus. FDG-PET showed hypermetabolism in the left amygdala, hippocampus and the bilateral basal ganglia. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis was unremarkable. There were no signs of malignant tumor detected on systemic examination. LGI1 antibody was positive in the serum and the cerebrospinal fluid and the clinical diagnosis of LGI1 antibody-associated LE was confirmed. Her symptoms and the abnormalities in the brain MRI/FDG-PET showed immediate improvement after anti-epileptic and steroid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Nakaoku
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine
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Abstract
Cancer-associated immune-mediated disorders of the central nervous system are a heterogeneous group. These disorders include the classic paraneoplastic neurologic disorders and the more recently described autoimmune encephalitis associated with antibodies to neuronal cell-surface or synaptic receptors that occur with and without a cancer association. Autoimmune encephalitis is increasingly recognized as the cause of a variety of neuropsychiatric syndromes that can be severe and prolonged. In contrast to the classic paraneoplastic disorders that are poorly responsive to tumor treatment and immunotherapy, autoimmune encephalitis often responds to these treatments, and patients can have full or marked recoveries. As early treatment speeds recovery, reduces disability, and decreases relapses that can occur in about 20% of cases, it is important that the immune pathogenesis of these disorders is recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Dalmau
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) at Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.D.); Hospital Clínic/IDIBAPS, Department of Neurology, Barcelona, Spain (M.R.R.)
| | - Myrna R Rosenfeld
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) at Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.D.); Hospital Clínic/IDIBAPS, Department of Neurology, Barcelona, Spain (M.R.R.)
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Abstract
Few would experience greater benefit from the development of biomarkers than those who suffer from epilepsy. Both the timing of individual seizures and the overall course of the disease are highly unpredictable, and the associated morbidity is considerable. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop biomarkers that can predict the progression of epilepsy and treatment response. Doing so may also shed light on the mechanisms of epileptogenesis and pharmacoresistance, which remain elusive despite decades of study. However, recent advances suggest the possible identification of circulating epilepsy biomarkers – accessible in blood, cerebrospinal fluid or urine. In this review, we focus on advances in several areas: neuroimmunology and inflammation; neurological viral infection; exemplary pediatric syndromes; and the genetics of pharmacoresistance, as relevant to epilepsy. These are fertile areas of study with great potential to yield accessible epilepsy biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Hegde
- UCSF Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue C-440, San Francisco, CA 94143-0138, USA
- Epilepsy Center of Excellence, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, 127E, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Daniel H Lowenstein
- UCSF Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue C-440, San Francisco, CA 94143-0138, USA
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Kaneko S, Yoshida S, Kanai K, Yasui-Furukori N, Iwasa H. Development of individualized medicine for epilepsy based on genetic information. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 1:661-81. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.1.5.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Genetic heterogeneity in familial nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 213:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63326-2.00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ohkawa T, Fukata Y, Yamasaki M, Miyazaki T, Yokoi N, Takashima H, Watanabe M, Watanabe O, Fukata M. Autoantibodies to epilepsy-related LGI1 in limbic encephalitis neutralize LGI1-ADAM22 interaction and reduce synaptic AMPA receptors. J Neurosci 2013; 33:18161-74. [PMID: 24227725 PMCID: PMC3828467 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3506-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 30 mutations in LGI1, a secreted neuronal protein, have been reported with autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy (ADLTE). Although LGI1 haploinsufficiency is thought to cause ADLTE, the underlying molecular mechanism that results in abnormal brain excitability remains mysterious. Here, we focused on a mode of action of LGI1 autoantibodies associated with limbic encephalitis (LE), which is one of acquired epileptic disorders characterized by subacute onset of amnesia and seizures. We comprehensively screened human sera from patients with immune-mediated neurological disorders for LGI1 autoantibodies, which also uncovered novel autoantibodies against six cell surface antigens including DCC, DPP10, and ADAM23. Our developed ELISA arrays revealed a specific role for LGI1 antibodies in LE and concomitant involvement of multiple antibodies, including LGI1 antibodies in neuromyotonia, a peripheral nerve disorder. LGI1 antibodies associated with LE specifically inhibited the ligand-receptor interaction between LGI1 and ADAM22/23 by targeting the EPTP repeat domain of LGI1 and reversibly reduced synaptic AMPA receptor clusters in rat hippocampal neurons. Furthermore, we found that disruption of LGI1-ADAM22 interaction by soluble extracellular domain of ADAM22 was sufficient to reduce synaptic AMPA receptors in rat hippocampal neurons and that levels of AMPA receptor were greatly reduced in the hippocampal dentate gyrus in the epileptic LGI1 knock-out mouse. Therefore, either genetic or acquired loss of the LGI1-ADAM22 interaction reduces the AMPA receptor function, causing epileptic disorders. These results suggest that by finely regulating the synaptic AMPA receptors, the LGI1-ADAM22 interaction maintains physiological brain excitability throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshika Ohkawa
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Cell Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Yuko Fukata
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Cell Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Miwako Yamasaki
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Taisuke Miyazaki
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Norihiko Yokoi
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Cell Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takashima
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; and
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Osamu Watanabe
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; and
| | - Masaki Fukata
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Cell Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
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Lee MK, Kim SW, Lee JH, Cho YJ, Kim DE, Lee BI, Kim HM, Lee MG, Heo K. A newly discovered LGI1 mutation in Korean family with autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy. Seizure 2013; 23:69-73. [PMID: 24177143 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A new leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 gene (LGI1) mutation inducing an amino acid sequence substitution was found in a Korean family with autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy (ADLTE). We report the clinical features and characteristics of this newly identified LGI1 mutation. METHODS Clinical data were collected from a large ADLTE family. All exons and flanking regions of the LGI1 gene were directly sequenced. 243 healthy controls were screened for the putative mutation. The 'Sorting Tolerant From Intolerant' algorithm was employed for the prediction of mutated LGI1 protein stability. LGI1 protein secretion was confirmed in vitro by immunoblotting assay. RESULTS The main clinical characteristics included a young age at onset (mean, 12.4 years), diverse phenotypic manifestations, the occurrence of generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and a favorable prognosis. The genetic analysis detected a nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism of c.137G>T coding for p.C46F in the five affected family members. This variant was not found in the normal control population and one unaffected family member. All the amino acids substituted for cysteine at position 46 of the LGI1 protein were predicted to damage protein stability in in silico analysis. Mutated C46F protein was retained within the cell at the immunoblotting assay. CONCLUSION We identified a new LGI1 mutation in a large Korean ADLTE family which appeared to be involved in the development of epilepsy through suppressing LGI1 protein secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Kyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Won Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomic Research Center for Membrane Transporters, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomic Research Center for Membrane Transporters, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Human Natural Defense System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Je Cho
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Doh-Eui Kim
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung In Lee
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Min Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Goo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomic Research Center for Membrane Transporters, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Heo
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Berghuis B, Brilstra EH, Lindhout D, Baulac S, de Haan GJ, van Kempen M. Hyperactive behavior in a family with autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy caused by a mutation in the LGI1/epitempin gene. Epilepsy Behav 2013; 28:41-6. [PMID: 23651915 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy (ADLTE) is characterized by focal seizures with auditory features or aphasia. Mutations in the leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) gene have been reported in up to 50% of families with ADLTE. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms have not yet been reported in these families. Clinical data were collected from a family with five affected members. Leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 exons and boundaries were sequenced by standard methods. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms were scored based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria. Affected members had seizures with auditory features and psychic auras, and some experienced nightmares. A heterozygous c.431+1G>A substitution in LGI1 was detected in all members. Significantly more hyperactivity symptoms were found in family members carrying the LGI1 mutation. This study expands the phenotypic spectrum associated with ADLTE due to LGI1 mutation and underlines the need for more systematic evaluation of ADHD and related symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Berghuis
- SEIN, Epilepsy Institute in the Netherlands, Zwolle, The Netherlands.
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Michelucci R, Pasini E, Malacrida S, Striano P, Bonaventura CD, Pulitano P, Bisulli F, Egeo G, Santulli L, Sofia V, Gambardella A, Elia M, de Falco A, Neve AL, Banfi P, Coppola G, Avoni P, Binelli S, Boniver C, Pisano T, Marchini M, Dazzo E, Fanciulli M, Bartolini Y, Riguzzi P, Volpi L, de Falco FA, Giallonardo AT, Mecarelli O, Striano S, Tinuper P, Nobile C. Low penetrance of autosomal dominant lateral temporal epilepsy in Italian families without LGI1 mutations. Epilepsia 2013; 54:1288-97. [PMID: 23621105 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In relatively small series, autosomal dominant lateral temporal epilepsy (ADLTE) has been associated with leucine-rich, glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) mutations in about 50% of the families, this genetic heterogeneity being probably caused by differences in the clinical characteristics of the families. In this article we report the overall clinical and genetic spectrum of ADLTE in Italy with the aim to provide new insight into its nosology and genetic basis. METHODS In a collaborative study of the Commission of Genetics of the Italian League Against Epilepsy (LICE) encompassing a 10-year period (2000-2010), we collected 33 ADLTE families, selected on the basis of the following criteria: presence of at least two members concordant for unprovoked partial seizures with prominent auditory and or aphasic symptoms, absence of any known structural brain pathology or etiology, and normal neurologic examination. The clinical, neurophysiologic, and neuroradiologic findings of all patients were analyzed and a genealogic tree was built for each pedigree. The probands' DNA was tested for LGI1 mutations by direct sequencing and, if negative, were genotyped with single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array to search for disease-linked copy-number variation CNV. The disease penetrance in mutated and nonmutated families was assessed as a proportion of obligate carriers who were affected. KEY FINDINGS The 33 families included a total of 127 affected individuals (61 male, 66 female, 22 deceased). The age at onset ranged between 2 and 60 years (mean 18.7 years). Ninety-one patients (72%) had clear-cut focal (elementary, complex, or secondarily generalized) seizures, characterized by prominent auditory auras in 68% of the cases. Other symptoms included complex visual hallucinations, vertigo, and déjà vu. Aphasic seizures, associated or not with auditory features, were observed in 20% of the cases, whereas tonic-clonic seizures occurred in 86% of the overall series. Sudden noises could precipitate the seizures in about 20% of cases. Seizures, which usually occurred at a low frequency, were promptly controlled or markedly improved by antiepileptic treatment in the majority of patients. The interictal electroencephalography (EEG) studies showed the epileptiform temporal abnormalities in 62% of cases, with a slight predominance over the left region. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computerized tomography (CT) scans were negative. LGI1 mutations (missense in nine and a microdeletion in one) were found in only 10 families (30%). The patients belonging to the mutated and not mutated groups did not differ except for penetrance estimate, which was 61.3% and 35% in the two groups, respectively (chi-square, p = 0.017). In addition, the disease risk of members of families with mutations in LGI1 was three times higher than that of members of LGI1-negative families (odds ratio [OR] 2.94, confidence interval [CI] 1.2-7.21). SIGNIFICANCE A large number of ADLTE families has been collected over a 10-year period in Italy, showing a typical and homogeneous phenotype. LGI1 mutations have been found in only one third of families, clinically indistinguishable from nonmutated pedigrees. The estimate of penetrance and OR, however, demonstrates a significantly lower penetrance rate and relative disease risk in non-LGI1-mutated families compared with LGI1-mutated pedigrees, suggesting that a complex inheritance pattern may underlie a proportion of these families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Michelucci
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ortrud K Steinlein
- School of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Kusuzawa S, Honda T, Fukata Y, Fukata M, Kanatani S, Tanaka DH, Nakajima K. Leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (Lgi1), an epilepsy-related secreted protein, has a nuclear localization signal and localizes to both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of the caudal ganglionic eminence neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:2284-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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The epilepsies. Neurogenetics 2012. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139087711.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Smith SEP, Xu L, Kasten MR, Anderson MP. Mutant LGI1 inhibits seizure-induced trafficking of Kv4.2 potassium channels. J Neurochem 2012; 120:611-21. [PMID: 22122031 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Activity-dependent redistribution of ion channels mediates neuronal circuit plasticity and homeostasis, and could provide pro-epileptic or compensatory anti-epileptic responses to a seizure. Thalamocortical neurons transmit sensory information to the cerebral cortex and through reciprocal corticothalamic connections are intensely activated during a seizure. Therefore, we assessed whether a seizure alters ion channel surface expression and consequent neurophysiologic function of thalamocortical neurons. We report a seizure triggers a rapid (<2h) decrease of excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC)-like current-induced phasic firing associated with increased transient A-type K(+) current. Seizures also rapidly redistributed the A-type K(+) channel subunit Kv4.2 to the neuronal surface implicating a molecular substrate for the increased K(+) current. Glutamate applied in vitro mimicked the effect, suggesting a direct effect of glutamatergic transmission. Importantly, leucine-rich glioma-inactivated-1 (LGI1), a secreted synaptic protein mutated to cause human partial epilepsy, regulated this seizure-induced circuit response. Human epilepsy-associated dominant-negative-truncated mutant LGI1 inhibited the seizure-induced suppression of phasic firing, increase of A-type K(+) current, and recruitment of Kv4.2 surface expression (in vivo and in vitro). The results identify a response of thalamocortical neurons to seizures involving Kv4.2 surface recruitment associated with dampened phasic firing. The results also identify impaired seizure-induced increases of A-type K(+) current as an additional defect produced by the autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy gene mutant that might contribute to the seizure disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E P Smith
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Genetics of temporal lobe epilepsy: a review. EPILEPSY RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2012; 2012:863702. [PMID: 22957248 PMCID: PMC3420533 DOI: 10.1155/2012/863702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is usually regarded as a polygenic and complex disorder. To understand its genetic component, numerous linkage analyses of familial forms and association studies of cases versus controls have been conducted since the middle of the nineties. The present paper lists genetic findings for TLE from the initial segregation analysis to the most recent results published in May 2011. To date, no genes have been clearly related to TLE despite many efforts to do so. However, it is vital to continue replication studies and collaborative attempts to find significant results and thus determine which gene variant combination plays a definitive role in the aetiology of TLE.
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Poza JJ. The genetics of focal epilepsies. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 107:153-161. [PMID: 22938969 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52898-8.00009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Poza
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain.
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Synaptic Plasticity Regulated by Protein–Protein Interactions and Posttranslational Modifications. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 297:1-43. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394308-8.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cash SS, Larvie M, Dalmau J. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 34-2011: A 75-year-old man with memory loss and partial seizures. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:1825-33. [PMID: 22070480 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc1100924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sydney S Cash
- Departments of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Salzmann A, Guipponi M, Lyons PJ, Fricker LD, Sapio M, Lambercy C, Buresi C, Ouled Amar Bencheikh B, Lahjouji F, Ouazzani R, Crespel A, Chaigne D, Malafosse A. Carboxypeptidase A6 gene (CPA6) mutations in a recessive familial form of febrile seizures and temporal lobe epilepsy and in sporadic temporal lobe epilepsy. Hum Mutat 2011; 33:124-35. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.21613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Synaptic autoimmunity may result in a wide variety of symptoms, including catatonia, psychosis, movement disorders, short-term memory deficits, and refractory seizures, so these patients are seen by a wide spectrum of practitioners, who need to be aware of these disorders. In some cases, these disorders occur as a paraneoplastic manifestation of an associated cancer. However, in contrast to the well-known paraneoplastic neurologic disorders of the central nervous system that predominate in older individuals, these novel disorders often affect children and young adults. Additionally, for some syndromes, the presence of a tumor does not necessarily indicate a poor prognosis. Successful treatment of the tumor and immunotherapy often result in recovery, supporting the use of surgery for severely ill patients. In all syndromes, deficits may be reversible despite the duration or severity of symptoms. For example, patients with anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis who had been in a coma or ventilated for 6-10 months have had full recovery after appropriate treatment.
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