1
|
Chandran D, Krishnan S, Urulangodi M, Gopala S. Exosomal microRNAs in Parkinson's disease: insights into biomarker potential and disease pathology. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:3625-3639. [PMID: 38532190 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07439-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative condition primarily affecting the elderly population. Despite its high incidence in aged individuals, there are no reliable blood-based biomarkers for clinical diagnosis of PD and early screening of susceptible individuals. Recent studies have revealed the significance of exosomes in mediating cell-to-cell communications by transferring bioactive molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids (including miRNAs), lipids, and metabolites, between cells. Due to their ability to carry diverse molecular cargo and their involvement in various physiological and pathological processes, exosomes have gained significant attention as potential disease biomarkers. Notably, exosomes have the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, and as a result, they can be found in circulating body fluids, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum, and plasma. Therefore, the identification of PD-specific exosomes in blood samples could be a promising avenue with biomarker potential for advancing clinical diagnosis and planning therapeutic strategies. This review highlights the current understanding of exosomal miRNAs in PD pathology, emphasising their potential for clinical utility as biomarkers even though several challenges may have to be overcome to precisely utilize exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers specific to PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepthy Chandran
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Medical College POST, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695011, India
| | - Syam Krishnan
- Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Medical College POST, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695011, India
| | - Madhusoodanan Urulangodi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Medical College POST, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695011, India.
| | - Srinivas Gopala
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Medical College POST, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695011, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thangavelu L, Moglad E, Afzal M, Almalki WH, Malathi H, Bansal P, Rani B, Walia C, Sivaprasad GV, Rajput P, Imran M. Non-coding RNAs in Parkinson's disease: Regulating SNCA and alpha-synuclein aggregation. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 261:155511. [PMID: 39094523 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is one of the vital neurodegenerative ailments attributed to a rise in Alpha-synuclein proteins leading to the advancement of motor and cognitive deterioration. Interestingly, in PD lncRNAs, miRNAs and siRNAs are also key regulators of SNCA and alpha-synuclein aggregation. This review will focus on the roles of these three types of small RNAs in trebling the development of PD through regulating SNCA expression or alpha-synuclein protein mediating the RNA from acting. Parkinson's disease is defined by the build-up of alpha-synuclein protein resulting predominantly from the elevated expression level of the SNCA gene. Non-coding RNAs have gained broad appeal as fundamental modulators of gene expression and protein aggregation dynamics, with significant implications on the aetiology of PD. LncRNAs modulate SNCA transcription and edit epigenetic modifications, while miRNA target mRNA is involved in the stability and translation of count alpha-synuclein. Considering all these data, siRNAs can achieve the precise gene silencing effect that directly induces the downregulation of SNCA mRNA. This review also summarizes some recent reports about the interaction between these ncRNAs with the SNCA gene and alpha-synuclein protein, each through its independent in addition to synergistic mechanisms. This review highlights the possibility of therapeutic interventions to perturb SNCA expression to prevent alpha-synuclein aggregation via targeting ncRNAs that might be spun off novel drug development for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, India
| | - Ehssan Moglad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - H Malathi
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | - Pooja Bansal
- Department of Allied Healthcare and Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303012, India
| | - Bindu Rani
- Department of Medicine, National Institute of Medical Sciences, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Chakshu Walia
- Chandigarh Pharmacy College, Chandigarh Group of Colleges-Jhanjeri, Mohali, Punjab 140307, India
| | - G V Sivaprasad
- Department of Basic Science & Humanities, Raghu Engineering College, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Pranchal Rajput
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Research and Innovation, Uttaranchal University, India
| | - Mohd Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia; Center for Health Research, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen Z, Li W, Meng B, Xu C, Huang Y, Li G, Wen Z, Liu J, Mao Z. Neuronal-enriched small extracellular vesicles trigger a PD-L1-mediated broad suppression of T cells in Parkinson's disease. iScience 2024; 27:110243. [PMID: 39006478 PMCID: PMC11246066 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Many clinical studies indicate a significant decrease of peripheral T cells in Parkinson's disease (PD). There is currently no mechanistic explanation for this important observation. Here, we found that small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) derived from in vitro and in vivo PD models suppressed IL-4 and INF-γ production from both purified CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and inhibited their activation and proliferation. Furthermore, neuronal-enriched sEVs (NEEVs) isolated from plasma of A53T-syn mice and culture media of human dopaminergic neurons carrying A53T-syn mutation also suppressed Th1 and Th2 differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells. Mechanistically, the suppressed phenotype induced by NEEVs was associated with altered programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) level in T cells. Blocking PD-L1 with an anti-PD-L1 antibody or a small molecule inhibitor BMS-1166 reversed T cell suppression. Our study provides the basis for exploring peripheral T cells in PD pathogenesis and as biomarkers or therapeutic targets for the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichun Chen
- Departments of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Wenming Li
- Departments of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Bo Meng
- Departments of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chongchong Xu
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yiqi Huang
- The Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Guanglu Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zixu Mao
- Departments of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yu Z, Zheng Y, Cai H, Li S, Liu G, Kou W, Yang C, Cao S, Chen L, Liu X, Wan Z, Zhang N, Li X, Cui G, Chang Y, Huang Y, Lv H, Feng T. Molecular beacon-based detection of circulating microRNA-containing extracellular vesicle as an α-synucleinopathy biomarker. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl6442. [PMID: 38748787 PMCID: PMC11095448 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl6442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Early and precise diagnosis of α-synucleinopathies is challenging but critical. In this study, we developed a molecular beacon-based assay to evaluate microRNA-containing extracellular vesicles (EVs) in plasma. We recruited 1203 participants including healthy controls (HCs) and patients with isolated REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD), α-synucleinopathies, or non-α-synucleinopathies from eight centers across China. Plasma miR-44438-containing EV levels were significantly increased in α-synucleinopathies, including those in the prodromal stage (e.g., iRBD), compared to both non-α-synucleinopathy patients and HCs. However, there are no significant differences between Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy. The miR-44438-containing EV levels negatively correlated with age and the Hoehn and Yahr stage of PD patients, suggesting a potential association with disease progression. Furthermore, a longitudinal analysis over 16.3 months demonstrated a significant decline in miR-44438-containing EV levels in patients with PD. These results highlight the potential of plasma miR-44438-containing EV as a biomarker for early detection and progress monitoring of α-synucleinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanchu Zheng
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huihui Cai
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Siming Li
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Genliang Liu
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyi Kou
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangshuang Cao
- Department of Neurology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuedong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhirong Wan
- Department of Neurology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neurology and Clinical Psychology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Friendship Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Guiyun Cui
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ying Chang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Human Brain and Tissue Bank, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hong Lv
- Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kannarkat GT, Zack R, Skrinak RT, Morley JF, Davila-Rivera R, Arezoumandan S, Dorfmann K, Luk K, Wolk DA, Weintraub D, Tropea TF, Lee EB, Xie SX, Chandrasekaran G, Lee VMY, Irwin D, Akhtar RS, Chen-Plotkin AS. α-Synuclein Conformations in Plasma Distinguish Parkinson's Disease from Dementia with Lewy Bodies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.07.593056. [PMID: 38765963 PMCID: PMC11100683 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.07.593056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Spread and aggregation of misfolded α-synuclein (aSyn) within the brain is the pathologic hallmark of Lewy body diseases (LBD), including Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). While evidence exists for multiple aSyn protein conformations, often termed "strains" for their distinct biological properties, it is unclear whether PD and DLB result from aSyn strain differences, and biomarkers that differentiate PD and DLB are lacking. Moreover, while pathological forms of aSyn have been detected outside the brain ( e.g., in skin, gut, blood), the functional significance of these peripheral aSyn species is unclear. Here, we developed assays using monoclonal antibodies selective for two different aSyn species generated in vitro - termed Strain A and Strain B - and used them to evaluate human brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and plasma, through immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunoassay, and immunoblotting. Surprisingly, we found that plasma aSyn species detected by these antibodies differentiated individuals with PD vs. DLB in a discovery cohort (UPenn, n=235, AUC 0.83) and a multi-site replication cohort (Parkinson's Disease Biomarker Program, or PDBP, n=200, AUC 0.72). aSyn plasma species detected by the Strain A antibody also predicted rate of cognitive decline in PD. We found no evidence for aSyn strains in CSF, and ability to template aSyn fibrillization differed for species isolated from plasma vs. brain, and in PD vs. DLB. Taken together, our findings suggest that aSyn conformational differences may impact clinical presentation and cortical spread of pathological aSyn. Moreover, the enrichment of these aSyn strains in plasma implicates a non-central nervous system source.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ishiguro Y, Tsunemi T, Shimada T, Yoroisaka A, Ueno SI, Takeshige-Amano H, Hatano T, Inoue Y, Saiki S, Hattori N. Extracellular vesicles contain filamentous alpha-synuclein and facilitate the propagation of Parkinson's pathology. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 703:149620. [PMID: 38359614 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the pathological deposition of a-synuclein (a-syn) inclusions, known as Lewy bodies/neurites. Emerging evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role in facilitating the spreading of Lewy pathology between the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system. We analyzed serum EVs obtained from patients with PD (n = 142), multiple system atrophy (MSA) (n = 18), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) (n = 28), rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (n = 31), and controls (n = 105). While we observed a significant reduction in the number of EVs in PD compared to controls (p = 0.006), we also noted a substantial increase in filamentous α-synuclein within EVs in PD compared to controls (p < 0.0001), MSA (0.012), and PSP (p = 0.03). Further analysis unveiled the role of EVs in facilitating the transmission of filamentous α-synuclein between neurons and from peripheral blood to the CNS. These findings highlight the potential utility of serum α-synuclein filaments within EVs as diagnostic markers for synucleinopathies and underscore the significance of EVs in promoting the dissemination of filamentous α-synuclein throughout the entire body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ishiguro
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Taiji Tsunemi
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan; Department of Neurology, Koto Hospital, 6-8-5 Ojima, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 136-0072, Japan.
| | - Tomoyo Shimada
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Asako Yoroisaka
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ueno
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Haruka Takeshige-Amano
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Taku Hatano
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yuichi Inoue
- Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjyuku, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Shinji Saiki
- Department of Neurology Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 2-1-1 Tenkubo, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaragi, 305-8576, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang W, Sun H, Duan H, Sheng G, Tian N, Liu D, Sun Z. Isolation and usage of exosomes in central nervous system diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14677. [PMID: 38497529 PMCID: PMC10945885 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes are vesicles secreted by all types of mammalian cells. They are characterized by a double-layered lipid membrane structure. They serve as carriers for a plethora of signal molecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids. Their unique capability of effortlessly crossing the blood-brain barrier underscores their critical role in the progression of various neurological disorders. This includes, but is not limited to, diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and ischemic stroke. Establishing stable and mature methods for isolating exosomes is a prerequisite for the study of exosomes and their biomedical significance. The extraction technologies of exosomes include differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, size exclusion chromatography, ultrafiltration, polymer coprecipitation, immunoaffinity capture, microfluidic, and so forth. Each extraction technology has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the extraction standards of exosomes have not been unified internationally. AIMS This review aimed to showcase the recent advancements in exosome isolation techniques and thoroughly compare the advantages and disadvantages of different methods. Furthermore, the significant research progress made in using exosomes for diagnosing and treating central nervous system (CNS) diseases has been emphasized. CONCLUSION The varying isolation methods result in differences in the concentration, purity, and size of exosomes. The efficient separation of exosomes facilitates their widespread application, particularly in the diagnosis and treatment of CNS diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- Beijing Chest Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hong Sun
- Beijing Chest Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Huijuan Duan
- Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Gang Sheng
- Beijing Chest Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Na Tian
- Beijing Chest Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Dingyi Liu
- Beijing Chest Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhaogang Sun
- Beijing Chest Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fang X, Zhou D, Wang X, Ma Y, Zhong G, Jing S, Huang S, Wang Q. Exosomes: A Cellular Communication Medium That Has Multiple Effects On Brain Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-03957-4. [PMID: 38356095 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes, as membranous vesicles generated by multiple cell types and secreted to extracellular space, play a crucial role in a range of brain injury-related brain disorders by transporting diverse proteins, RNA, DNA fragments, and other functional substances. The nervous system's pathogenic mechanisms are complicated, involving pathological processes like as inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and autophagy, all of which result in blood-brain barrier damage, cognitive impairment, and even loss of normal motor function. Exosomes have been linked to the incidence and progression of brain disorders in recent research. As a result, a thorough knowledge of the interaction between exosomes and brain diseases may lead to the development of more effective therapeutic techniques that may be implemented in the clinic. The potential role of exosomes in brain diseases and the crosstalk between exosomes and other pathogenic processes were discussed in this paper. Simultaneously, we noted the delicate events in which exosomes as a media allow the brain to communicate with other tissues and organs in physiology and disease, and compiled a list of natural compounds that modulate exosomes, in order to further improve our understanding of exosomes and propose new ideas for treating brain disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Fang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dishu Zhou
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, Guangdong Research Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510405, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Ma
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guangcheng Zhong
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shangwen Jing
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuiqing Huang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Onkar A, Khan F, Goenka A, Rajendran RL, Dmello C, Hong CM, Mubin N, Gangadaran P, Ahn BC. Smart Nanoscale Extracellular Vesicles in the Brain: Unveiling their Biology, Diagnostic Potential, and Therapeutic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:6709-6742. [PMID: 38315446 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Information exchange is essential for the brain, where it communicates the physiological and pathological signals to the periphery and vice versa. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of membrane-bound cellular informants actively transferring informative calls to and from the brain via lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid cargos. In recent years, EVs have also been widely used to understand brain function, given their "cell-like" properties. On the one hand, the presence of neuron and astrocyte-derived EVs in biological fluids have been exploited as biomarkers to understand the mechanisms and progression of multiple neurological disorders; on the other, EVs have been used in designing targeted therapies due to their potential to cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Despite the expanding literature on EVs in the context of central nervous system (CNS) physiology and related disorders, a comprehensive compilation of the existing knowledge still needs to be made available. In the current review, we provide a detailed insight into the multifaceted role of brain-derived extracellular vesicles (BDEVs) in the intricate regulation of brain physiology. Our focus extends to the significance of these EVs in a spectrum of disorders, including brain tumors, neurodegenerative conditions, neuropsychiatric diseases, autoimmune disorders, and others. Throughout the review, parallels are drawn for using EVs as biomarkers for various disorders, evaluating their utility in early detection and monitoring. Additionally, we discuss the promising prospects of utilizing EVs in targeted therapy while acknowledging the existing limitations and challenges associated with their applications in clinical scenarios. A foundational comprehension of the current state-of-the-art in EV research is essential for informing the design of future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Onkar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Fatima Khan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Anshika Goenka
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Crismita Dmello
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Chae Moon Hong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Nida Mubin
- Department of Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Geng X, Zou Y, Huang T, Li S, Pang A, Yu H. Electroacupuncture Improves Neuronal Damage and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Through the TRPC1 and SIRT1/AMPK Signaling Pathways to Alleviate Parkinson's Disease in Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2024; 74:5. [PMID: 38189854 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-023-02186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that mainly manifests as cognitive decline and motor dysfunction, the treatment of which is still a major challenge in the clinical field. Acupuncture therapy has been shown in many studies to enhance the body's own immunity and disease resistance. This study mainly discusses the specific mechanism underlying electroacupuncture intervention in improving PD. Male C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to induce a mouse PD model, and the chorea trembling control area of the head of PD mice was treated by electroacupuncture. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of related proteins in mouse pathological samples; TUNEL measured neuronal apoptosis levels; Nissl staining observed neuronal damage; immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression of Iba-1, TH, and α-syn in substantia nigra denser (SN). The expression levels of oxidative stress factors and inflammatory factors were measured by kits. Flow cytometry measured mitochondrial membrane potential and Ca2+ levels. MPTP intraperitoneal injection induced an increase in inflammatory factors in PD mice and promoted the oxidative stress response, and the inflammatory response was alleviated after electroacupuncture treatment. Electroacupuncture intervention effectively alters the decrease in oxidative stress levels and alleviates neuronal damage in PD mice. Electroacupuncture improves mitochondrial dysfunction induced by MPTP in PD mice by activating the SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathway. We also confirmed that knocking down TRPC1 can inhibit the SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathway, weaken the Ca2+ content in mouse neuronal tissue, and promote cell apoptosis. Electroacupuncture improves neuronal damage and alleviates PD in mice through the TRPC1 and SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathways. In addition, electroacupuncture therapy can improve MPTP-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in PD mice and alleviate the PD process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Geng
- The Second Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanghong Zou
- The Second Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Tao Huang
- The Second Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Shipeng Li
- The Second Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Ailan Pang
- Yunnan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Hualin Yu
- The Second Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China.
- Yunnan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sheykhhasan M, Heidari F, Farsani ME, Azimzadeh M, Kalhor N, Ababzadeh S, Seyedebrahimi R. Dual Role of Exosome in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review Study. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:852-864. [PMID: 37496136 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x18666230726161035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are one of the crucial means of intercellular communication, which takes many different forms. They are heterogeneous, secreted by a range of cell types, and can be generally classified into microvesicles and exosomes depending on their location and function. Exosomes are small EVs with diameters of about 30-150 nm and diverse cell sources. METHODS The MEDLINE/PubMed database was reviewed for papers written in English and publication dates of recent years, using the search string "Exosome" and "Neurodegenerative diseases." RESULTS The exosomes have attracted interest as a significant biomarker for a better understanding of disease development, gene silencing delivery, and alternatives to stem cell-based therapy because of their low-invasive therapeutic approach, repeatable distribution in the central nervous system (CNS), and high efficiency. Also, they are nanovesicles that carry various substances, which can have an impact on neural plasticity and cognitive functioning in both healthy and pathological circumstances. Therefore, exosomes are conceived as nanovesicles containing proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. However, their composition varies considerably depending on the cells from which they are produced. CONCLUSION In the present review, we discuss several techniques for the isolation of exosomes from different cell sources. Furthermore, reviewing research on exosomes' possible functions as carriers of bioactive substances implicated in the etiology of neurodegenerative illnesses, we further examine them. We also analyze the preclinical and clinical research that shows exosomes to have therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Sheykhhasan
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Qom, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Heidari
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Mohsen Eslami Farsani
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Maryam Azimzadeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Naser Kalhor
- Department of Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Qom, Iran
| | - Shima Ababzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Reihaneh Seyedebrahimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu C, Ding X, Guo X, Zhao M, Zhang X, Li Z, Zhao R, Cao Y, Xing J. Recombinant human HspB5-ACD structural domain inhibits neurotoxicity by regulating pathological α-Syn aggregation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 255:128311. [PMID: 37992927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of Parkinson's disease is a global medical challenge. α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is the causative protein in Parkinson's disease and is closely linked to its progression. Therefore, inhibiting the pathological aggregation of α-Syn and its neurotoxicity is essential for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In this study, α-Syn and recombinant human HspB5-ACD structural domain protein (AHspB5) were produced using the BL21(DE3) E. coli prokaryotic expression system, and then the role and mechanism of AHspB5 in inhibiting the pathological aggregation of α-Syn and its neurotoxicity were investigated. As a result, we expressed α-Syn and AHspB5 proteins and characterised the proteins. In vitro experiments showed that AHspB5 could inhibit the formation of α-Syn oligomers and fibrils; in cellular experiments, AHspB5 could prevent α-Syn-induced neuronal cell dysfunction, oxidative stress damage and apoptosis, and its mechanism of action was related to the TH-DA pathway and mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway; in animal experiments, AHspB5 could inhibit behavioural abnormalities, oxidative stress damage and loss of dopaminergic neurons. In conclusion, this work is expected to elucidate the mechanism and biological effects of AHspB5 on the pathological aggregation of α-Syn, providing a new pathway for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and laying the foundation for recombinant AHspB5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, PR China.
| | - Xuying Ding
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, PR China
| | - Xiao Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, PR China
| | - Meijun Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Jilin Medical College, Jilin, Jilin 132013, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- State key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun, Jilin 130022, PR China
| | - Ziqing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, PR China
| | - Risheng Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, PR China
| | - Yuyan Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, PR China
| | - Jiaying Xing
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tian J, Han Z, Song D, Peng Y, Xiong M, Chen Z, Duan S, Zhang L. Engineered Exosome for Drug Delivery: Recent Development and Clinical Applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:7923-7940. [PMID: 38152837 PMCID: PMC10752020 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s444582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized membrane vesicles that transfer bioactive molecules between cells and modulate various biological processes under physiological and pathological conditions. By applying bioengineering technologies, exosomes can be modified to express specific markers or carry therapeutic cargo and emerge as novel platforms for the treatment of cancer, neurological, cardiovascular, immune, and infectious diseases. However, there are many challenges and uncertainties in the clinical translation of exosomes. This review aims to provide an overview of the recent advances and challenges in the translation of engineered exosomes, with a special focus on the methods and strategies for loading drugs into exosomes, the pros and cons of different loading methods, and the optimization of exosome production based on the drugs to be encapsulated. Moreover, we also summarize the current clinical applications and prospects of engineered exosomes, as well as the potential risks and limitations that need to be addressed in exosome engineering, including the standardization of exosome preparation and engineering protocols, the quality and quantity of exosomes, the control of drug release, and the immunogenicity and cytotoxicity of exosomes. Overall, engineered exosomes represent an exciting frontier in nanomedicine, but they still face challenges in large-scale production, the maintenance of storage stability, and clinical translation. With continuous advances in this field, exosome-based drug formulation could offer great promise for the targeted treatment of human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Tian
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Women and Children Diseases, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengpu Han
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Women and Children Diseases, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dandan Song
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Women and Children Diseases, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanjie Peng
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Women and Children Diseases, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Xiong
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Chen
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuyin Duan
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Women and Children Diseases, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Genetic Medicine of Shandong Health Commission, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huang J, Yuan X, Chen L, Hu B, Wang H, Huang W. The Biology, Pathological Roles of Exosomes and Their Clinical Application in Parkinson's Disease. Neuroscience 2023; 531:24-38. [PMID: 37689233 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a high global incidence and places a great burden on the patient, their family and society. Early diagnosis of PD is the key to hindering the progression process and may enable treatment to partially reverse the disease course. Exosomes are lipid bilayers with a diameter of 40-160 nm (average ∼100 nm), show a cup-shaped structure in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, and contain different types of nucleic acids and proteins. On the one hand, several molecules contained in exosomes are correlated with PD pathology. On the other hand, biomarkers based on exosomes have gradually become diagnostic tools in PD. Since exosomes can freely cross the blood-brain barrier, CNS-derived exosomes obtained from the periphery have the potential to be a powerful marker for early PD diagnosis. Of course, exosomes also have great potential as drug delivery systems due to their low toxicity, lipid solubility and immunological inertness. However, there is still a lack of standardized, efficient, and ultrasensitive methods for the isolation of exosomes, hindering the development of effective biomarkers. Therefore, this review describes the biological characteristics of exosomes, exosome extraction methods, and the pathological role, diagnostic/therapeutic value of exosomes in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- The department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Provincial People,s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Binbin Hu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shi Q, Kang W, Liu Z, Zhu X. The role of exosomes in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20595. [PMID: 37928387 PMCID: PMC10622621 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by intracellular aggregation of misfolded α-synuclein as a major pathological hallmark. Exosomes are cell-derived lipid bilayer membrane vesicles with various components, including proteins, RNA, and lipids, that mediate intercellular communication. Currently, exosomes are found to be responsible for transporting misfolded proteins from unhealthy neurons to nearby cells, spreading the disease from cell to cell. Such exosomes can also be found in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood. Thus, exosomes may serve as a potential tool to detect the pathology of Parkinson's disease for clinical diagnosis. In this article, the role and challenges of exosomes in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Shi
- Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, 300000, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Kang
- Beijing Conga Technology Co., LTD., Tianjin Branch, 300000, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Beijing Conga Technology Co., LTD., Tianjin Branch, 300000, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, 300000, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jiao Y, Zhu X, Zhou X, Li Y, Zhou L, Zhao A, Luo N, Niu M, Liu J. Collaborative plasma biomarkers for Parkinson disease development and progression: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:3090-3097. [PMID: 37402216 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Relying on a single biomarker for early diagnosis of Parkinson disease (PD) may not yield accurate results. We aimed to assess the combined diagnostic value of multiple biomarkers, including plasma CCL2, plasma CXCL12, and plasma neuronal exosomal α-synuclein (α-syn) for early stage PD diagnosis and their predictive value in PD progression. METHODS This study included both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. The CCL2, CXCL12, and neuronal exosomal α-syn levels were analyzed in 50 healthy controls (HCs) and 50 early stage PD patients. Then, a prospective follow-up of 30 early stage PD patients was performed. RESULTS In early stage PD, we observed a significant increase in CCL2, CXCL12, and plasma neuronal exosomal α-syn compared to HCs (p < 0.05). Utilizing a combined diagnostic approach of CCL2, CXCL12, and α-syn significantly improved the area under the curve (AUC = 0.89, p < 0.001). Spearman correlation analysis revealed that CCL2 levels were correlated with PD clinical stage and autonomic symptoms (p < 0.05). CXCL12 levels were associated with nonmotor symptoms (p < 0.05). Plasma neuronal exosomal α-syn levels were connected to the clinical stage, motor symptoms, and nonmotor symptoms in early stage PD (p < 0.01). In the longitudinal cohort, the Cox regression analysis showed that high CCL2 levels were associated with motor progression after a mean follow-up of 24 months. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggested that the combined measurement of plasma CCL2, CXCL12, and neuronal exosomal α-syn can improve early stage PD diagnosis, and CCL2 may serve as a prognostic marker for PD progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, affiliated with the Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, affiliated with the Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, affiliated with the Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, affiliated with the Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liche Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, affiliated with the Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Aonan Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, affiliated with the Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningdi Luo
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, affiliated with the Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyue Niu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, affiliated with the Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, affiliated with the Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Ruijin Hospital, affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dai J, Zhang MZ, He QQ, Chen R. The emerging role of exosomes in Schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2023; 327:115394. [PMID: 37536144 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ), a serious mental disorder, is one of the leading causes of disease burden worldwide. Exosomes, as a natural nanocarrier, are able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and play a key bridging role in central nervous system (CNS) communication, participating in important physiological processes such as neural regeneration, prominent plasticity, axonal support, and neuroinflammation. In recent years, exosomes have received widespread attention in the field of neurodegenerative diseases and mental disorders, especially Alzheimer's disease. However, there are few reviews on exosomes and SCZ. Therefore, we conducted a literature search in PubMed and Web of Science using the following search terms: "schizophrenia", "mental disorder", "central system", "exosome", "extracellular vesicles" to identify publications from January 2010 to December 2022. Our review summarized exosomes secreted by different cell types in the CNS and the double-edged role of exosomes in the development of SCZ, and discussed their future potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In conclusion, this article provides an up-to-date overview of the current research on the involvement of exosomes in SCZ, while also highlighting the challenges that are currently faced in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dai
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min-Zhe Zhang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Qiang He
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Chen
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sigdel S, Swenson S, Wang J. Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13161. [PMID: 37685965 PMCID: PMC10487947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of people worldwide. The likelihood of developing a neurodegenerative disease rises dramatically as life expectancy increases. Although it has drawn significant attention, there is still a lack of proper effective treatments for neurodegenerative disease because the mechanisms of its development and progression are largely unknown. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small bi-lipid layer-enclosed nanosized particles in tissues and biological fluids. EVs are emerging as novel intercellular messengers and regulate a series of biological responses. Increasing evidence suggests that EVs are involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we summarize the recent findings of EVs in neurodegenerative diseases and bring up the limitations in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jinju Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA; (S.S.); (S.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
He A, Wang M, Li X, Chen H, Lim K, Lu L, Zhang C. Role of Exosomes in the Pathogenesis and Theranostic of Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11054. [PMID: 37446231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) threatening the lives of millions of people worldwide, including especially elderly people. Currently, due to the lack of a timely diagnosis and proper intervention strategy, AD and PD largely remain incurable. Innovative diagnosis and therapy are highly desired. Exosomes are small vesicles that are present in various bodily fluids, which contain proteins, nucleic acids, and active biomolecules, and which play a crucial role especially in intercellular communication. In recent years, the role of exosomes in the pathogenesis, early diagnosis, and treatment of diseases has attracted ascending attention. However, the exact role of exosomes in the pathogenesis and theragnostic of AD and PD has not been fully illustrated. In the present review, we first introduce the biogenesis, components, uptake, and function of exosomes. Then we elaborate on the involvement of exosomes in the pathogenesis of AD and PD. Moreover, the application of exosomes in the diagnosis and therapeutics of AD and PD is also summarized and discussed. Additionally, exosomes serving as drug carriers to deliver medications to the central nervous system are specifically addressed. The potential role of exosomes in AD and PD is explored, discussing their applications in diagnosis and treatment, as well as their current limitations. Given the limitation in the application of exosomes, we also propose future perspectives for better utilizing exosomes in NDDs. Hopefully, it would pave ways for expanding the biological applications of exosomes in fundamental research as well as theranostics of NDDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aojie He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjiannan Road, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Meiling Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjiannan Road, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Xiaowan Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjiannan Road, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjiannan Road, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Kahleong Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Li Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjiannan Road, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Chengwu Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjiannan Road, Taiyuan 030001, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Orrù V, Virdis F, Marongiu M, Serra V, Schlessinger D, Devoto M, Cucca F, Fiorillo E. Effect of Genetic Factors, Age and Sex on Levels of Circulating Extracellular Vesicles and Platelets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087183. [PMID: 37108346 PMCID: PMC10138662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate cell interactions in biological processes, such as receptor activation or molecule transfer. Estimates of variation by age and sex have been limited by small sample size, and no report has assessed the contribution of genetic factors to levels of EVs. Here, we evaluated blood levels of 25 EV and 3 platelet traits in 974 individuals (933 genotyped) and reported the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) on levels of these traits. EV levels all decreased with age, whereas the trend for their surface markers was more heterogeneous. Platelets and CD31dim platelet EVs significantly increased in females compared to males, although CD31 expression on both platelets and platelet EVs decreased in females. Levels of the other EV subsets were similar between sexes. GWAS revealed three statistically significant genetic signals associated with EV levels in the F10 and GBP1 genes and in the intergenic region between LRIG1 and KBTBD8. These add to a signal in the 3'UTR of RHOF associated with CD31 expression on platelets that was previously found to be associated with other platelet traits. These findings suggest that EV formation is not a simple, constant adjunct of metabolism but is under both age-related and genetic control that can be independent of the regulation of the levels of the cells from which the EVs derive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Orrù
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council (CNR), 08045 Lanusei, Italy
| | - Francesca Virdis
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council (CNR), 08045 Lanusei, Italy
| | - Michele Marongiu
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council (CNR), 08045 Lanusei, Italy
| | - Valentina Serra
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council (CNR), 08045 Lanusei, Italy
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Ageing, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marcella Devoto
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council (CNR), 09042 Monserrato, Italy
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council (CNR), 08045 Lanusei, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Edoardo Fiorillo
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council (CNR), 08045 Lanusei, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu Z, Huang Y, Wang X, Li JY, Zhang C, Yang Y, Zhang J. The cervical lymph node contributes to peripheral inflammation related to Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:93. [PMID: 37038192 PMCID: PMC10088204 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02770-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral inflammation is an important feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, if and how CNS pathology is involved in the peripheral inflammation in PD remains to be fully investigated. Recently, the existence of meningeal lymphatics and its involvement in draining cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) to the cervical lymph node has been discovered. It is known that meningeal lymphatic dysfunction exists in idiopathic PD. The deep cervical lymph node (dCLN) substantially contributes to the drainage of the meningeal lymphatics. In addition, one of the lymphatics draining components, CSF, contains abundant α-synuclein (α-syn), a protein critically involved in PD pathogenesis and neuroinflammation. Thus, we began with exploring the possible structural and functional alterations of the dCLN in a PD mouse model (A53T mice) and investigated the role of pathological α-syn in peripheral inflammation and its potential underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS In this study, the transgenic mice (prnp-SNCA*A53T) which specifically overexpressed A53T mutant α-syn in CNS were employed as the PD animal model. Immunofluorescent and Hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to evaluate structure of dCLN. Inflammation in dCLNs as well as in bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) was assessed quantitatively by measuring the mRNA and protein levels of typical inflammatory cytokines (including IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α). Intra-cisterna magna injection, flow cytometric sorting and electrochemiluminescence immunoassays were applied to investigate the lymphatic drainage of α-syn from the CNS. RNA-seq and Western blot were used to explore how pathological α-syn mediated the inflammation in PD mice. RESULTS The results unequivocally revealed substantially enlarged dCLNs, along with slow lymphatic flow, and increased inflammation in the dCLNs of A53T mice. Oligomeric α-syn drained from CSF potently activated macrophages in the dCLN via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Notably, inhibition of ER stress effectively suppressed peripheral inflammation in PD mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that lymph node enlargement is closely related to macrophage activation, induced by meningeal lymphatics draining oligomeric α-syn, and contributes to the peripheral inflammation in PD. In addition, ER stress is a potential therapeutic target to ameliorate PD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongran Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310002, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xuejing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310002, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310002, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310002, Zhejiang, China.
- National Human Brain Bank for Health and Disease, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310002, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhi Z, Sun Q, Tang W. Research advances and challenges in tissue-derived extracellular vesicles. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1036746. [PMID: 36589228 PMCID: PMC9797684 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1036746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are vesicular vesicles with phospholipid bilayer, which are present in biological fluids and extracellular microenvironment. Extracellular vesicles serve as pivotal mediators in intercellular communication by delivering lipids, proteins, and RNAs to the recipient cells. Different from extracellular vesicles derived from biofluids and that originate from cell culture, the tissue derived extracellular vesicles (Ti-EVs) send us more enriched and accurate information of tissue microenvironment. Notably, tissue derived extracellular vesicles directly participate in the crosstalk between numerous cell types within microenvironment. Current research mainly focused on the extracellular vesicles present in biological fluids and cell culture supernatant, yet the studies on tissue derived extracellular vesicles are increasing due to the tissue derived extracellular vesicles are promising agents to reflect the occurrence and development of human diseases more accurately. In this review, we aimed to clarify the characteristics of tissue derived extracellular vesicles, specify the isolation methods and the roles of tissue derived extracellular vesicles in various diseases, including tumors. Moreover, we summarized the advances and challenges of tissue derived extracellular vesicles research.
Collapse
|
23
|
Exosomes in Alpha-Synucleinopathies: Propagators of Pathology or Potential Candidates for Nanotherapeutics? Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070957. [PMID: 35883513 PMCID: PMC9313025 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological accumulation of alpha-synuclein governs the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy, collectively termed alpha-synucleinopathies. Alpha-synuclein can be released in the extracellular space, partly via exosomes, and this extracellular protein pool may contribute to disease progression by facilitating the spread of pathological alpha-synuclein or activating immune cells. The content of exosomes depends on their origin and includes specific proteins, lipids, functional mRNAs and various non-coding RNAs. Given their ability to mediate intercellular communication via the transport of multilevel information, exosomes are considered to be transporters of toxic agents. Beyond neurons, glial cells also release exosomes, which may contain inflammatory molecules and this glia-to-neuron or neuron-to-glia transmission of exosomal alpha-synuclein may contribute to the propagation of pathology and neuroinflammation throughout the brain. In addition, as their content varies as per their originating and recipient cells, these vesicles can be utilized as a diagnostic biomarker for early disease detection, whereas targeted exosomes may be used as scaffolds to deliver therapeutic agents into the brain. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the role of exosomes in the progression of alpha-synuclein-related pathology and their potential use as biomarkers and nanotherapeutics in alpha-synucleinopathies.
Collapse
|