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Qin S, Fang J, He X, Yu G, Yi F, Zhu G. The Therapeutic Potential of Dalbergia pinnata (Lour.) Prain Essential Oil in Alzheimer's Disease: EEG Signal Analysis In Vivo, SH-SY5Y Cell Model In Vitro, and Network Pharmacology. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:544. [PMID: 39056736 PMCID: PMC11274073 DOI: 10.3390/biology13070544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is projected by the WHO to affect over 100 million people by 2050. Clinically, AD patients undergoing long-term antipsychotic treatment often experience severe anxiety or depression in later stages. Furthermore, early-stage AD manifests with weakened α waves in the brain, progressing to diminished α and β waves in late-stage disease, reflecting changes in emotional states and disease progression. In this study, EEG signal analysis revealed that inhalation of Dalbergia pinnata (Lour.) Prain essential oil (DPEO) enhanced δ, θ, α and β wave powers in the frontal and parietal lobes, with a rising trend in the β/α ratio in the temporal lobe. These findings suggest an alleviation of anxiety and an enhancement of cognitive functions. Treatment of the AD SH-SY5Y (human neuroblastoma cells) cell model with DPEO resulted in decreased intracellular levels of Aβ, GSK-3β, P-Tau, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, OFR, and HFR, alongside reduced AchE and BchE activities and increased SOD activity. Network pharmacology analysis indicated a potential pharmacological mechanism involving the JAK-STAT pathway. Our study provides evidence supporting DPEO's role in modulating anxiety and slowing AD pathological progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fengping Yi
- Department of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (S.Q.); (J.F.); (X.H.); (G.Y.)
| | - Guangyong Zhu
- Department of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (S.Q.); (J.F.); (X.H.); (G.Y.)
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2
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Bayraktar G, Bartolini M, Bolognesi ML, Erdoğan MA, Armağan G, Bayır E, Şendemir A, Bagetta D, Alcaro S, Alptüzün V. Novel multifunctional tacrine-donepezil hybrids against Alzheimer's disease: Design synthesis and bioactivity studies. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300575. [PMID: 38593283 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
A series of tacrine-donepezil hybrids were synthesized as potential multifunctional anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) compounds. For this purpose, tacrine and the benzylpiperidine moiety of donepezil were fused with a hydrazone group to achieve a small library of tacrine-donepezil hybrids. In agreement with the design, all compounds showed inhibitory activity toward both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Kinetic studies on the most potent cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors within the series showed a mixed-type inhibition mechanism on both enzymes. Also, the docking studies indicated that the compounds inhibit ChEs by dual binding site (DBS) interactions. Notably, tacrine-donepezil hybrids also exhibited significant neuroprotection against H2O2-induced cell death in a differentiated human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell line at concentrations close to their IC50 values on ChEs and showed high to medium blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability on human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (HBEC-5i). Besides, the compounds do not cause remarkable toxicity in a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) and SH-SY5Y cells. Additionally, the compounds were predicted to also have good bioavailability. Among the tested compounds, H4, H16, H17, and H24 stand out with their biological profile. Taken together, the proposed novel tacrine-donepezil scaffold represents a promising starting point for the development of novel anti-ChE multifunctional agents against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülşah Bayraktar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mumin Alper Erdoğan
- Department of Physiology, Katip Celebi University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Güliz Armağan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ece Bayır
- Ege University Central Research Test and Analysis Laboratory Application and Research Center (EGE-MATAL), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aylin Şendemir
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Donatella Bagetta
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vildan Alptüzün
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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3
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Chen Y, Zhang W, Li Q, Xie H, Xing S, Lu X, Lyu W, Xiong B, Wang Y, Qu W, Liu W, Chi H, Zhang X, Feng F, Sun H. Discovery of 4-benzylpiperazinequinoline BChE inhibitor that suppresses neuroinflammation for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116463. [PMID: 38704944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) has attracted wide interest as a promising target in Alzheimer's disease (AD) investigation. BChE is considered to play a compensable role of hydrolyzing acetylcholine (ACh), and its positive correlation with β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition also promotes disease progression. Herein, we uncovered a selective potent BChE inhibitor S21-1011 (eqBChE IC50 = 0.059 ± 0.006 μM, hBChE IC50 = 0.162 ± 0.069 μM), which presented satisfactory druggability and therapeutic efficacy in AD models. In pharmacokinetics (PK) studies, S21-1011 showed excellent blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, metabolism stability and high oral-bioavailability. In pharmacodynamic (PD) studies, it protected neural cells from toxicity and inflammation stimulation in vitro. Besides, it also exerted anti-inflammatory effect and alleviated cognitive impairment in mice models induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and Aβ. Generally, this compound has been confirmed to function as a neuroprotector and cognition improver in various AD pathology-like models. Therefore, S21-1011, a novel potent BChE inhibitor, could be considered as a potential anti-AD candidate worthy of more profound investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Weiting Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Qi Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Huanfang Xie
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Shuaishuai Xing
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xin Lu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Weiping Lyu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Baichen Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Wei Qu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Heng Chi
- Jiangsu Drug Development Engineering Center for Central Degenerative Disease, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, 223005, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- Jiangsu Drug Development Engineering Center for Central Degenerative Disease, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, 223005, China
| | - Feng Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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Carles A, Hoffmann M, Scheiner M, Crouzier L, Bertrand‐Gaday C, Chatonnet A, Decker M, Maurice T. The selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor UW-MD-95 shows symptomatic and neuroprotective effects in a pharmacological mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14814. [PMID: 38887858 PMCID: PMC11183908 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating dementia characterized by extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) protein aggregates and intracellular tau protein deposition. Clinically available drugs mainly target acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and indirectly sustain cholinergic neuronal tonus. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) also controls acetylcholine (ACh) turnover and is involved in the formation of Aß aggregates and senile plaques. UW-MD-95 is a novel carbamate-based compound acting as a potent pseudo-irreversible BChE inhibitor, with high selectivity versus AChE, and showing promising protective potentials in AD. METHODS We characterized the neuroprotective activity of UW-MD-95 in mice treated intracerebroventricularly with oligomerized Aβ25-35 peptide using behavioral, biochemical, and immunohistochemical approaches. RESULTS When injected acutely 30 min before the behavioral tests (spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze, object recognition, or passive avoidance), UW-MD-95 (0.3-3 mg/kg) showed anti-amnesic effects in Aβ25-35-treated mice. When injected once a day over 7 days, it prevented Aβ25-35-induced memory deficits. This effect was lost in BChE knockout mice. Moreover, the compound prevented Aβ25-35-induced oxidative stress (assessed by lipid peroxidation or cytochrome c release), neuroinflammation (IL-6 and TNFα levels or GFAP and IBA1 immunoreactivity) in the hippocampus and cortex, and apoptosis (Bax level). Moreover, UW-MD-95 significantly reduced the increase in soluble Aβ1-42 level in the hippocampus induced by Aβ25-35. CONCLUSION UW-MD-95 appeared as a potent neuroprotective compound in the Aβ25-35 model of AD, with potentially an impact on Aβ1-42 accumulation that could suggest a novel mechanism of neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Hoffmann
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische ChemieInstitut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Matthias Scheiner
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische ChemieInstitut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | | | | | | | - Michael Decker
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische ChemieInstitut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität WürzburgWürzburgGermany
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5
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Reid GA, Darvesh S. Interaction of exogenous acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase with amyloid-β plaques in human brain tissue. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 395:111012. [PMID: 38648920 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are associated with amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and exhibit altered biochemical properties in human Alzheimer's disease (AD), as well as in the transgenic 5XFAD mouse model of AD amyloidosis. In the brains of the 5XFAD mouse model devoid of BChE enzyme (5XFAD/BChE-KO), incubation of tissue sections with exogenous BChE purified from human plasma (pl-BChE) leads to its association with Aβ plaques and its biochemical properties are comparable to those reported for endogenous BChE associated with plaques in both human AD and in 5XFAD mouse brain tissue. We sought to determine whether these observations in 5XFAD/BChE-KO mice also apply to human brain tissues. To do so, endogenous ChE activity in human AD brain tissue sections was quenched with 50 % aqueous acetonitrile (MeCNaq) leaving the tissue suitable for further studies. Quenched sections were then incubated with recombinant AChE (r-AChE) or pl-BChE and stained for each enzymes' activity. Exogenous r-AChE or pl-BChE became associated with Aβ plaques, and when bound, had properties that were comparable to the endogenous ChE enzymes associated with plaques in AD brain tissues without acetonitrile treatment. These findings in human AD brain tissue extend previous observations in the 5XFAD/BChE-KO mouse model and demonstrate that exogenously applied r-AChE and pl-BChE have high affinity for Aβ plaques in human brain tissues. This association alters the biochemical properties of these enzymes, most likely due a conformational change. If incorporation of AChE and BChE in Aβ plaques facilitates AD pathogenesis, blocking this association could lead to disease-modifying approaches to AD. This work provides a method to study the mechanism of AChE and BChE interaction with Aβ plaque pathology in post-mortem human brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Reid
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - S Darvesh
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Medicine (Geriatric Medicine and Neurology), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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6
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Xing S, Tang X, Wang L, Wang J, Lv B, Wang X, Guo C, Zhao Y, Feng F, Liu W, Chen Y, Sun H. Optimizing drug-like properties of selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors for cognitive improvement: Enhancing aqueous solubility by disrupting molecular plane. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116289. [PMID: 38452730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Most recently, worldwide interest in butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) as a potential target for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) has increased. In this study, the previously obtained selective BChE inhibitors with benzimidazole-oxadiazole scaffold were further structurally modified to increase their aqueous solubility and pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics. S16-1029 showed improved solubility (3280 μM, upgraded by 14 times) and PK parameters, including plasma exposure (AUC0-inf = 1729.95 ng/mL*h, upgraded by 2.6 times) and oral bioavailability (Fpo = 48.18%, upgraded by 2 times). S16-1029 also displayed weak or no inhibition against Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and human ether a-go-go related gene (hERG) potassium channel. In vivo experiments on tissue distribution revealed that S16-1029 could cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reach the central nervous system (CNS). In vivo cognitive improvement efficacy and good in vitro target inhibitory activity (eqBChE IC50 = 11.35 ± 4.84 nM, hBChE IC50 = 48.1 ± 11.4 nM) were also assured. The neuroprotective effects against several AD pathology characteristics allowed S16-1029 to successfully protect the CNS of progressed AD patients. According to the findings of this study, altering molecular planarity might be a viable strategy for improving the drug-like property of CNS-treating drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Xing
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Tang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Leyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bingbing Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
| | - Can Guo
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ye Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Sefati N, Esmaeilpour T, Salari V, Zarifkar A, Dehghani F, Ghaffari MK, Zadeh-Haghighi H, Császár N, Bókkon I, Rodrigues S, Oblak D. Monitoring Alzheimer's disease via ultraweak photon emission. iScience 2024; 27:108744. [PMID: 38235338 PMCID: PMC10792242 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In an innovative experiment, we detected ultraweak photon emission (UPE) from the hippocampus of male rat brains and found significant correlations between Alzheimer's disease (AD), memory decline, oxidative stress, and UPE intensity. These findings may open up novel methods for screening, detecting, diagnosing, and classifying neurodegenerative diseases, particularly AD. The study suggests that UPE from the brain's neural tissue can serve as a valuable indicator. It also proposes the development of a minimally invasive brain-computer interface (BCI) photonic chip for monitoring and diagnosing AD, offering high spatiotemporal resolution of brain activity. The study used a rodent model of sporadic AD, demonstrating that STZ-induced sAD resulted in increased hippocampal UPE, which was associated with oxidative stress. Treatment with donepezil reduced UPE and improved oxidative stress. These findings support the potential utility of UPE as a screening and diagnostic tool for AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Sefati
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Esmaeilpour
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Vahid Salari
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Quantum Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Asadollah Zarifkar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Dehghani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Khorsand Ghaffari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hadi Zadeh-Haghighi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Quantum Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - István Bókkon
- Psychosomatic Outpatient Clinics, Budapest, Hungary
- Vision Research Institute, Neuroscience and Consciousness Research Department, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Serafim Rodrigues
- MCEN Team, Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Daniel Oblak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Quantum Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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8
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Darvesh S, Banfield S, Dufour M, Forrestall KL, Maillet H, Reid GA, Sands D, Pottie IR. A method for the efficient evaluation of substrate-based cholinesterase imaging probes for Alzheimer's disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2225797. [PMID: 38061987 PMCID: PMC10294744 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2225797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinesterase (ChE) enzymes have been identified as diagnostic markers for Alzheimer disease (AD). Substrate-based probes have been synthesised to detect ChEs but they have not detected changes in ChE distribution associated with AD pathology. Probes are typically screened using spectrophotometric methods with pure enzyme for specificity and kinetics. However, the biochemical properties of ChEs associated with AD pathology are altered. The present work was undertaken to determine whether the Karnovsky-Roots (KR) histochemical method could be used to evaluate probes at the site of pathology. Thirty thioesters and esters were synthesised and evaluated using enzyme kinetic and KR methods. Spectrophotometric methods demonstrated all thioesters were ChE substrates, yet only a few provided staining in the brain with the KR method. Esters were ChE substrates with interactions with brain ChEs. These results suggest that the KR method may provide an efficient means to screen compounds as probes for imaging AD-associated ChEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Darvesh
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Geriatric Medicine & Neurology), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Mount St. Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Scott Banfield
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Maeve Dufour
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Katrina L. Forrestall
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Hillary Maillet
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - G. Andrew Reid
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Dane Sands
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ian R. Pottie
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Mount St. Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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9
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Jasiecki J, Targońska M, Janaszak-Jasiecka A, Kalinowski L, Waleron K, Wasąg B. Butyrylcholinesterase signal sequence self-aggregates and enhances amyloid fibril formation in vitro. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 386:110783. [PMID: 37884182 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis has been attributed to extracellular aggregates of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the human brain. It has been reported that butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) also accumulates in the brain Aβ plaques in AD. We have previously found that the BChE substitution in 5'UTR caused an in-frame N-terminal extension of 41 amino acids of the BChE signal peptide. The resultant variant with a 69 amino acid signal peptide, designated N-BChE, could play a role in AD development. Here, we report that the signal sequence of the BChE, if produced in an extended 69 aa version, can self-aggregate and could form seeds that enhance amyloid fibril formation in vitro in a dose-dependent manner and create larger co-aggregates. Similar phenomena could have been observed in the human brain if such an extended form of the signal sequence had been, in some circumstances, translated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Jasiecki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Monika Targońska
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Janaszak-Jasiecka
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics-Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.pl, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Leszek Kalinowski
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics-Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.pl, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland; BioTechMed Centre, Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Waleron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wasąg
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland; Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, University Clinical Centre, 80-952, Gdańsk, Poland
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10
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Matošević A, Opsenica DM, Spasić M, Maraković N, Zandona A, Žunec S, Bartolić M, Kovarik Z, Bosak A. Evaluation of 4-aminoquinoline derivatives with an n-octylamino spacer as potential multi-targeting ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110620. [PMID: 37406982 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The most successful therapeutic strategy in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is directed toward increasing levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), the enzymes responsible for its hydrolysis. In this paper, we extended our study on 4-aminoquinolines as human cholinesterase inhibitors on twenty-six new 4-aminoquinolines containing an n-octylamino spacer on C(4) and different substituents on the terminal amino group. We evaluated the potency of new derivatives to act as multi-targeted ligands by determining their inhibition potency towards human AChE and BChE, ability to chelate biometals Fe, Cu and Zn, ability to inhibit the action of β-secretase 1 (BACE1) and their antioxidant capacity. All of the tested derivatives were very potent inhibitors of human AChE and BChE with inhibition constants (Ki) ranging from 0.0023 to 1.6 μM. Most of the compounds were estimated to be able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by passive transport and were nontoxic to human neuronal, kidney and liver cells in concentrations in which they inhibit cholinesterases. Generally, newly synthesised compounds were weak reductants compared to standard antioxidants, but all possessed a certain amount of antioxidant activity compared to tacrine. Of the eleven most potent cholinesterase inhibitors, eight compounds also inhibited BACE1 activity at 10-18%. Based on our overall results, compounds 8 with 3-fluorobenzyl, 11 with 3-chlorobenzyl and 17 with 3-metoxy benzyl substituents on the terminal amino group stood out as the most promising for the treatment of AD; they strongly inhibited AChE and BChE, were non-toxic on HepG2, HEK293 and SH-SY5Y cells, had the potential to cross the BBB and possessed the ability to chelate biometals and/or inhibit the activity of BACE1 within a range close to the therapeutically desired degree of inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Matošević
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dejan M Opsenica
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000, Beograd, Serbia; Centre of Excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, ICTM, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marta Spasić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Maraković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Zandona
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Suzana Žunec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Bartolić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anita Bosak
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Caputo L, Amato G, De Martino L, De Feo V, Nazzaro F. Anti-Cholinesterase and Anti-α-Amylase Activities and Neuroprotective Effects of Carvacrol and p-Cymene and Their Effects on Hydrogen Peroxide Induced Stress in SH-SY5Y Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076073. [PMID: 37047044 PMCID: PMC10093841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Several researchers have demonstrated the health and pharmacological properties of carvacrol and p-cymene, monoterpenes of aromatic plants. This study investigated these compounds' possible anti-cholinesterase, anti-α-amylase, and neuroprotective effects. We evaluated the anti-acetylcholinesterase and anti-α-amylase activities at different concentrations of the compounds. The maximum non-toxic dose of carvacrol and p-cymene against SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells was determined using an MTT assay. The neuroprotective effects of the compounds were evaluated on H2O2-induced stress in SH-SY5Y cells, studying the expression of caspase-3 using Western blotting assays. Carvacrol showed inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (IC50 = 3.8 µg/mL) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC50 = 32.7 µg/mL). Instead, the anti-α-amylase activity of carvacrol resulted in an IC50 value of 171.2 μg/mL After a pre-treatment with the maximum non-toxic dose of carvacrol and p-cymene, the expression of caspase-3 was reduced compared to cells treated with H2O2 alone. Carvacrol and p-cymene showed in vitro anti-enzymatic properties, and may act as neuroprotective agents against oxidative stress. Further studies are necessary to elucidate their possible use as coadjutants in preventing and treating AD in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Caputo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Amato
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Laura De Martino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Feo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
- Institute of Food Sciences, CNR-ISA, Via Roma, 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Filomena Nazzaro
- Institute of Food Sciences, CNR-ISA, Via Roma, 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy
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12
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Mlakić M, Selec I, Ćaleta I, Odak I, Barić D, Ratković A, Molčanov K, Škorić I. New Thienobenzo/Naphtho-Triazoles as Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis and Computational Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065879. [PMID: 36982951 PMCID: PMC10059756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to test the inhibition potency of new thienobenzo/naphtho-triazoles toward cholinesterases, evaluate their inhibition selectivity, and interpret the obtained results by molecular modeling. The synthesis of 19 new thienobenzo/naphtho-triazoles by two different approaches resulted in a large group of molecules with different functionalities in the structure. As predicted, most prepared molecules show better inhibition of the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), considering that the new molecules were designed according to the previous results. Interestingly, the binding affinity of BChE for even seven new compounds (1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 13) was similar to that reported for common cholinesterase inhibitors. According to computational study, the active thienobenzo- and naphtho-triazoles are accommodated by cholinesterases through H-bonds involving one of the triazole's nitrogens, π-π stacking between the aromatic moieties of the ligand and aromatic residues of the active sites of cholinesterases, as well as π-alkyl interactions. For the future design of cholinesterase inhibitors and search for therapeutics for neurological disorders, compounds with a thienobenzo/naphtho-triazole skeleton should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Mlakić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev Trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ida Selec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev Trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Chemistry, Selvita Ltd., Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Ćaleta
- Chemistry, Selvita Ltd., Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ilijana Odak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Education, University of Mostar, Matice hrvatske bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Danijela Barić
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Ratković
- Chemistry, Selvita Ltd., Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Krešimir Molčanov
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Škorić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev Trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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13
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Andrade-Guerrero J, Santiago-Balmaseda A, Jeronimo-Aguilar P, Vargas-Rodríguez I, Cadena-Suárez AR, Sánchez-Garibay C, Pozo-Molina G, Méndez-Catalá CF, Cardenas-Aguayo MDC, Diaz-Cintra S, Pacheco-Herrero M, Luna-Muñoz J, Soto-Rojas LO. Alzheimer's Disease: An Updated Overview of Its Genetics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043754. [PMID: 36835161 PMCID: PMC9966419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the world. It is classified as familial and sporadic. The dominant familial or autosomal presentation represents 1-5% of the total number of cases. It is categorized as early onset (EOAD; <65 years of age) and presents genetic mutations in presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin 2 (PSEN2), or the Amyloid precursor protein (APP). Sporadic AD represents 95% of the cases and is categorized as late-onset (LOAD), occurring in patients older than 65 years of age. Several risk factors have been identified in sporadic AD; aging is the main one. Nonetheless, multiple genes have been associated with the different neuropathological events involved in LOAD, such as the pathological processing of Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide and Tau protein, as well as synaptic and mitochondrial dysfunctions, neurovascular alterations, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, among others. Interestingly, using genome-wide association study (GWAS) technology, many polymorphisms associated with LOAD have been identified. This review aims to analyze the new genetic findings that are closely related to the pathophysiology of AD. Likewise, it analyzes the multiple mutations identified to date through GWAS that are associated with a high or low risk of developing this neurodegeneration. Understanding genetic variability will allow for the identification of early biomarkers and opportune therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Andrade-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Alberto Santiago-Balmaseda
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
| | - Paola Jeronimo-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Isaac Vargas-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Ana Ruth Cadena-Suárez
- National Dementia BioBank, Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad-Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuatitlan 53150, Edomex, Mexico
| | - Carlos Sánchez-Garibay
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico
| | - Glustein Pozo-Molina
- Laboratorio de Genética y Oncología Molecular, Laboratorio 5, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
| | - Claudia Fabiola Méndez-Catalá
- Laboratorio de Genética y Oncología Molecular, Laboratorio 5, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
| | - Maria-del-Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo
- Laboratory of Cellular Reprogramming, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Sofía Diaz-Cintra
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Mar Pacheco-Herrero
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros 51000, Dominican Republic
| | - José Luna-Muñoz
- National Dementia BioBank, Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad-Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuatitlan 53150, Edomex, Mexico
- National Brain Bank-UNPHU, Universidad Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña, Santo Domingo 1423, Dominican Republic
- Correspondence: (J.L.-M.); (L.O.S.-R.); Tel.: +52-55-45-23-41-20 (J.L.-M.); +52-55-39-37-94-30 (L.O.S.-R.)
| | - Luis O. Soto-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Correspondence: (J.L.-M.); (L.O.S.-R.); Tel.: +52-55-45-23-41-20 (J.L.-M.); +52-55-39-37-94-30 (L.O.S.-R.)
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14
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Ertas A, Yigitkan S, Orhan IE. A Focused Review on Cognitive Improvement by the Genus Salvia L. (Sage)-From Ethnopharmacology to Clinical Evidence. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:171. [PMID: 37259321 PMCID: PMC9966473 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacology has been an important starting point in medical and pharmaceutical sciences for discovering drug candidates from natural sources. In this regard, the genus Salvia L., commonly known as sage, is one of the best-known medicinal and aromatic plants of the Lamiaceae family; it has been recorded as being used for memory enhancement in European folk medicine. Despite the various uses of sage in folk medicines, the records that have pointed out sage's memory-enhancing properties have paved the way for the aforementioned effect to be proven on scientific grounds. There are many preclinical studies and excellent reviews referring to the favorable effect of different species of sage against the cognitive dysfunction that is related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Hence, the current review discusses clinical studies that provide evidence for the effect of Salvia species on cognitive dysfunction. Clinical studies have shown that some Salvia species, i.e., hydroalcoholic extracts and essential oils of S. officinalis L. and S. lavandulaefolia leaves in particular, have been the most prominently effective species in patients with mild to moderate AD, and these species have shown positive effects on the memory of young and healthy people. However, the numbers of subjects in the studies were small, and standardized extracts were not used for the most part. Our review points out to the need for longer-term clinical studies with higher numbers of subjects being administered standardized sage preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulselam Ertas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dicle University, Diyarbakir 21200, Türkiye
| | - Serkan Yigitkan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dicle University, Diyarbakir 21200, Türkiye
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Türkiye
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15
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Reiland KM, Eckroat TJ. Selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibition by isatin dimers and 3-indolyl-3-hydroxy-2-oxindole dimers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 77:129037. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.129037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Calderaro A, Patanè GT, Tellone E, Barreca D, Ficarra S, Misiti F, Laganà G. The Neuroprotective Potentiality of Flavonoids on Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314835. [PMID: 36499159 PMCID: PMC9736131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), due to its spread, has become a global health priority, and is characterized by senile dementia and progressive disability. The main cause of AD and other neurodegenerations (Huntington, Parkinson, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) are aggregated protein accumulation and oxidative damage. Recent research on secondary metabolites of plants such as polyphenols demonstrated that they may slow the progression of AD. The flavonoids' mechanism of action in AD involved the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, Tau protein aggregation, β-secretase, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis through modulation of signaling pathways which are implicated in cognitive and neuroprotective functions, such as ERK, PI3-kinase/Akt, NFKB, MAPKs, and endogenous antioxidant enzymatic systems. This review focuses on flavonoids and their role in AD, in terms of therapeutic potentiality for human health, antioxidant potential, and specific AD molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Calderaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tancredi Patanè
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Ester Tellone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Davide Barreca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Silvana Ficarra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Misiti
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, V. S. Angelo, Loc. Folcara, 3043 Cassino, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Laganà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Elkina NA, Grishchenko MV, Shchegolkov EV, Makhaeva GF, Kovaleva NV, Rudakova EV, Boltneva NP, Lushchekina SV, Astakhova TY, Radchenko EV, Palyulin VA, Zhilina EF, Perminova AN, Lapshin LS, Burgart YV, Saloutin VI, Richardson RJ. New Multifunctional Agents for Potential Alzheimer's Disease Treatment Based on Tacrine Conjugates with 2-Arylhydrazinylidene-1,3-Diketones. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1551. [PMID: 36358901 PMCID: PMC9687805 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered a modern epidemic because of its increasing prevalence worldwide and serious medico-social consequences, including the economic burden of treatment and patient care. The development of new effective therapeutic agents for AD is one of the most urgent and challenging tasks. To address this need, we used an aminoalkylene linker to combine the well-known anticholinesterase drug tacrine with antioxidant 2-tolylhydrazinylidene-1,3-diketones to create 3 groups of hybrid compounds as new multifunctional agents with the potential for AD treatment. Lead compounds of the new conjugates effectively inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE, IC50 0.24-0.34 µM) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, IC50 0.036-0.0745 µM), with weak inhibition of off-target carboxylesterase. Anti-AChE activity increased with elongation of the alkylene spacer, in agreement with molecular docking, which showed compounds binding to both the catalytic active site and peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE, consistent with mixed type reversible inhibition. PAS binding along with effective propidium displacement suggest the potential of the hybrids to block AChE-induced β-amyloid aggregation, a disease-modifying effect. All of the conjugates demonstrated metal chelating ability for Cu2+, Fe2+, and Zn2+, as well as high antiradical activity in the ABTS test. Non-fluorinated hybrid compounds 6 and 7 also showed Fe3+ reducing activity in the FRAP test. Predicted ADMET and physicochemical properties of conjugates indicated good CNS bioavailability and safety parameters acceptable for potential lead compounds at the early stages of anti-AD drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Elkina
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg 620990, Russia
| | - Maria V. Grishchenko
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg 620990, Russia
| | - Evgeny V. Shchegolkov
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg 620990, Russia
| | - Galina F. Makhaeva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V. Kovaleva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - Elena V. Rudakova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - Natalia P. Boltneva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - Sofya V. Lushchekina
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Tatiana Y. Astakhova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Eugene V. Radchenko
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Palyulin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ekaterina F. Zhilina
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg 620990, Russia
| | - Anastasiya N. Perminova
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg 620990, Russia
| | - Luka S. Lapshin
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg 620990, Russia
| | - Yanina V. Burgart
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg 620990, Russia
| | - Victor I. Saloutin
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg 620990, Russia
| | - Rudy J. Richardson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Michigan Institute for Computational Discovery and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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18
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Mlakić M, Fodor L, Odak I, Horváth O, Lovrić MJ, Barić D, Milašinović V, Molčanov K, Marinić Ž, Lasić Z, Škorić I. Resveratrol–Maltol and Resveratrol–Thiophene Hybrids as Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Antioxidants: Synthesis, Biometal Chelating Capability and Crystal Structure. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196379. [PMID: 36234916 PMCID: PMC9573353 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
New resveratrol–thiophene and resveratrol–maltol hybrids were synthesized as cholinesterase inhibitors and antioxidants. As with photostability experiments, biological tests also found remarkable differences in the properties and behavior of thiophene and maltol hybrids. While resveratrol–thiophene hybrids have excellent inhibitory and antioxidant properties (similar to the activity of reference drug galantamine), maltols have been proven to be weaker inhibitors and antioxidants. The molecular docking of selected active ligands gave insight into the structures of docked enzymes. It enabled the identification of interactions between the ligand and the active site of both cholinesterases. The maltols that proved to be active cholinesterase inhibitors were able to coordinate Fe3+ ion, forming complexes of 1:1 composition. Their formation constants, determined by spectrophotometry, are very similar, lgK = 11.6–12.6, suggesting that Fe3+ binds to the common hydroxy-pyranone moiety and is hardly affected by the other aromatic part of the ligand. Accordingly, the characteristic bands in their individual absorption spectra are uniformly red-shifted relative to those of the free ligands. The crystal structures of two new resveratrol–maltol hybrids were recorded, giving additional information on the molecules’ intermolecular hydrogen bonds and packing. In this way, several functionalities of these new resveratrol hybrids were examined as a necessary approach to finding more effective drugs for complicated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Mlakić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lajos Fodor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 158, H-8201 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Ilijana Odak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Education, University of Mostar, Matice hrvatske bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Correspondence: (I.O.); (I.Š.)
| | - Ottó Horváth
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 158, H-8201 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Marija Jelena Lovrić
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Danijela Barić
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Valentina Milašinović
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Krešimir Molčanov
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željko Marinić
- NMR Center, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlata Lasić
- Teva api Analytical R&D, Pliva, Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Škorić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: (I.O.); (I.Š.)
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Uzairu SM, Tijani Y, Gadaka MA, Modu B, Watafua M, Ahmad HA, Zakariya UA, Ibrahim A, Daja A, Zanna H, Sallau AB. Kinetics and computational study of butyrylcholinesterase inhibition by methylrosmarinate: relevance to Alzheimer's disease treatment. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10613. [PMID: 36148271 PMCID: PMC9485033 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) performs a significant function in Alzheimer’s disease progression. Experimental studies have shown that the function of BChE in the attenuation of cholinergic neurotransmission is essentially altered in brains of advanced AD patients. Here, using the complimentary methods of enzyme kinetic studies, molecular modeling and protein-ligand interaction profiling, we sought to reveal the mechanistic and structural features of BChE-methyrosmarinate interactions. Molecular docking simulations revealed that methylrosmarinate dwelled well in the active centre of BChE, where it got involved in stabilizing non-covalent associations with myriad subsites. Enzyme kinetic experiments showed that the Vm and Ks values were 156.20 ± 3.11 U mg−1 protein and 0.13 ± 0.01 μM, respectively. The inhibition studies showed that methylrosmarinate apparently inhibited BChE in a linear mixed manner, with an IC50 value of 10.31 μM and a Ki value of 3.73 ± 1.52 μM. Taken together, the extremely reduced Ki value and the increased number of BChE–methylrosmarinate interactions presuppose that methylrosmarinate is a good inhibitor of BChE, despite the fact that the mechanism for the effect of BChE inhibition on several pathological conditions in vivo remains unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sani Muhammad Uzairu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069 Maiduguri, Nigeria
- Corresponding author.
| | - Yahaya Tijani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069 Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Madu Adamu Gadaka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069 Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Babagana Modu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069 Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Miriam Watafua
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069 Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Hadiza Ali Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069 Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | | | - Aminu Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University, Kano, P.M.B. 30ll Kano, Nigeria
| | - Aliyu Daja
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069 Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Hassan Zanna
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069 Maiduguri, Nigeria
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Durmaz Ş, Evren AE, Sağlık BN, Yurttaş L, Tay NF. Synthesis, anticholinesterase activity, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic simulation studies of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200294. [PMID: 35972839 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two new series of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles bearing pyridine and thiazole heterocycles (4a-h and 5a-h) were synthesized (2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles). The structures of these newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13 C NMR, high-resolution mass spectrometric and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic methods. All these compounds were evaluated for their enzyme inhibitory activities against two cholinesterase enzymes, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). From the studies, we identified compounds 4a, 4h, 5a, 5d, and 5e as selective AChE inhibitors, with IC50 values ranging from 0.023 to 0.037 μM. Furthermore, docking studies of these compounds were performed at the active sites of their target enzymes. The molecular docking study showed that 5e possessed an ideal docking pose with interactions inside AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şeyma Durmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Asaf E Evren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey.,Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Pharmacy Services, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Begüm N Sağlık
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Leyla Yurttaş
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Naime F Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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21
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Maxwell SP, Cash MK, Darvesh S. Neuropathology and cholinesterase expression in the brains of octogenarians and older. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 364:110065. [PMID: 35872043 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A subset of octogenarians and older maintain normal cognitive function (CNOO) despite high prevalence and incidence of cognitive decline attributed to neurodegeneration or aging in the population. The rostral prefrontal cortex (rPFC) and hippocampal formation are brain regions integral to cognition, namely attention and memory, facilitated in part by cholinergic innervation. We hypothesized that preserved cholinergic neurotransmission in these regions contributes to intact cognition in the CNOO. To test this, we evaluated the burden of neuropathological and cholinesterase-associated protein aggregates in the rPFC and hippocampal formation. Tissues from age- and sex-matched CNOO and Alzheimer's disease (AD) rPFC and hippocampal formation were stained for β-amyloid (Aβ), tau, α-synuclein, phosphorylated TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (pTDP-43), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The relative abundance of neuropathological aggregates was semi-quantitatively scored. Deposition of Aβ plaques, tau neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and pTDP-43 inclusions were comparable between CNOO and AD cases. Intraneuronal Aβ and tau-positive thorny astrocytes consistent with aging-related tau astrogliopathy, were also noted in the rPFC. Abundance of BChE-positive plaque pathology was significantly higher in AD than in CNOO cases in most regions of interest, followed closely by abundance of AChE-positive plaque pathology. BChE- and AChE-activities were also associated with varied NFT morphologies. CNOO cases maintained cognition despite a high neuropathological burden in the rPFC and hippocampal formation. BChE-positive and, to a lesser extent, AChE-positive pathologies were significantly lower in most regions in the CNOO compared to AD. This suggests a specificity of cholinesterase-associated neuropathology with AD. We conclude that while CNOO have cholinesterase-associated neuropathology in the rPFC and hippocampal formation, abundance in this population is significantly lower compared to AD which may contribute to their intact cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena P Maxwell
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Meghan K Cash
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sultan Darvesh
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Medicine (Neurology & Geriatric Medicine), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Physics, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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22
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4-Aminoquinoline-Based Adamantanes as Potential Anticholinesterase Agents in Symptomatic Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061305. [PMID: 35745878 PMCID: PMC9229919 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering that acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition is the most important mode of action expected of a potential drug used for the treatment of symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), our previous pilot study of 4-aminoquinolines as potential human cholinesterase inhibitors was extended to twenty-two new structurally distinct 4-aminoquinolines bearing an adamantane moiety. Inhibition studies revealed that all of the compounds were very potent inhibitors of AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), with inhibition constants (Ki) ranging between 0.075 and 25 µM. The tested compounds exhibited a modest selectivity between the two cholinesterases; the most selective for BChE was compound 14, which displayed a 10 times higher preference, while compound 19 was a 5.8 times more potent inhibitor of AChE. Most of the compounds were estimated to be able to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) by passive transport. Evaluation of druglikeness singled out fourteen compounds with possible oral route of administration. The tested compounds displayed modest but generally higher antioxidant activity than the structurally similar AD drug tacrine. Compound 19 showed the highest reducing power, comparable to those of standard antioxidants. Considering their simple structure, high inhibition of AChE and BChE, and ability to cross the BBB, 4-aminoquinoline-based adamantanes show promise as structural scaffolds for further design of novel central nervous system drugs. Among them, two compounds stand out: compound 5 as the most potent inhibitor of both cholinesterases with a Ki constant in low nano molar range and the potential to cross the BBB, and compound 8, which met all our requirements, including high cholinesterase inhibition, good oral bioavailability, and antioxidative effect. The QSAR model revealed that AChE and BChE inhibition was mainly influenced by the ring and topological descriptors MCD, Nnum, RP, and RSIpw3, which defined the shape, conformational flexibility, and surface properties of the molecules.
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23
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Wu C, Zhang G, Zhang ZW, Jiang X, Zhang Z, Li H, Qin HL, Tang W. Structure-activity relationship, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of novel dienyl sulphonyl fluorides as selective BuChE inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1860-1873. [PMID: 34425715 PMCID: PMC8386747 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1959571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To discover novel scaffolds as leads against dementia, a series of δ-aryl-1,3-dienesulfonyl fluorides with α-halo, α-aryl and α-alkynyl were assayed for ChE inhibitory activity, in which compound A10 was identified as a selective BuChE inhibitor (IC50 = 0.021 μM for eqBChE, 3.62 μM for hBuChE). SAR of BuChE inhibition showed: (i) o- > m- > p-; -OCH3 > -CH3 > -Cl (-Br) for δ-aryl; (ii) α-Br > α-Cl, α-I. Compound A10 exhibited neuroprotective, BBB penetration, mixed competitive inhibitory effect on BuChE (Ki = 29 nM), and benign neural and hepatic safety. Treatment with A10 could almost entirely recover the Aβ1-42-induced cognitive dysfunction to the normal level, and the assessment of total amount of Aβ1-42 confirmed its anti-amyloidogenic profile. Therefore, the potential BuChE inhibitor A10 is a promising effective lead for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyao Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guijuan Zhang
- Management Center of Anhui Continuing Education Network Park, Anhui Open University, Hefei, China
| | - Zai-Wei Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ziwen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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24
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Li S, Li AJ, Travers J, Xu T, Sakamuru S, Klumpp-Thomas C, Huang R, Xia M. Identification of Compounds for Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibition. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2021; 26:1355-1364. [PMID: 34269114 PMCID: PMC8637366 DOI: 10.1177/24725552211030897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is a nonspecific cholinesterase enzyme that hydrolyzes choline-based esters. BChE plays a critical role in maintaining normal cholinergic function like acetylcholinesterase (AChE) through hydrolyzing acetylcholine (ACh). Selective BChE inhibition has been regarded as a viable therapeutic approach in Alzheimer's disease. As of now, a limited number of selective BChE inhibitors are available. To identify BChE inhibitors rapidly and efficiently, we have screened 8998 compounds from several annotated libraries against an enzyme-based BChE inhibition assay in a quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) format. From the primary screening, we identified a group of 125 compounds that were further confirmed to inhibit BChE activity, including previously reported BChE inhibitors (e.g., bambuterol and rivastigmine) and potential novel BChE inhibitors (e.g., pancuronium bromide and NNC 756), representing diverse structural classes. These BChE inhibitors were also tested for their selectivity by comparing their IC50 values in BChE and AChE inhibition assays. The binding modes of these compounds were further studied using molecular docking analyses to identify the differences between the interactions of these BChE inhibitors within the active sites of AChE and BChE. Our qHTS approach allowed us to establish a robust and reliable process to screen large compound collections for potential BChE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaizhang Li
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J. Li
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jameson Travers
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Tuan Xu
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Srilatha Sakamuru
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Carleen Klumpp-Thomas
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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Ruangritchankul S, Chantharit P, Srisuma S, Gray LC. Adverse Drug Reactions of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors in Older People Living with Dementia: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2021; 17:927-949. [PMID: 34511919 PMCID: PMC8427072 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s323387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising of global geriatric population has contributed to increased prevalence of dementia. Dementia is a neurodegenerative disease, which is characterized by progressive deterioration of cognitive functions, such as judgment, language, memory, attention and visuospatial ability. Dementia not only has profoundly devastating physical and psychological health outcomes, but it also poses a considerable healthcare expenditure and burdens. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), or so-called anti-dementia medications, have been developed to delay the progression of neurocognitive disorders and to decrease healthcare needs. AChEIs have been widely prescribed in clinical practice for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, which account for 70% of dementia. The rising use of AChEIs results in increased adverse drug reactions (ADRs) such as cardiovascular and gastrointestinal adverse effects, resulting from overstimulation of peripheral cholinergic activity and muscarinic receptor activation. Changes in pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD) and pharmacogenetics (PGx), and occurrence of drug interactions are said to be major risk factors of ADRs of AChEIs in this population. To date, comprehensive reviews in ADRs of AChEIs have so far been scarcely studied. Therefore, we aimed to recapitulate and update the diverse aspects of AChEIs, including the mechanisms of action, characteristics and risk factors of ADRs, and preventive strategies of their ADRs. The collation of this knowledge is essential to facilitate efforts to reduce ADRs of AChEIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirasa Ruangritchankul
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prawat Chantharit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sahaphume Srisuma
- Ramathibodi Poison Center and Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Leonard C Gray
- Centre for Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Reid GA, Darvesh S. Interaction of Exogenous Butyrylcholinesterase with β-Amyloid Plaques in 5XFAD/Butyrylcholinesterase-Knockout Mouse Brain. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 18:470-481. [PMID: 34455970 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666210827122704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Alzheimer's disease (AD), and amyloid models such as the 5XFAD mouse, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is associated with β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and has unique biochemical features which distinguish it from that found in neurons. It has been suggested that BChE associated with Aβ plaques may be involved in the maturation of this structure and thus disease progression. OBJECTIVE Currently, it is unknown whether BChE bound to Aβ plaques has altered biochemical properties due to a different primary structure or because of the association of this enzyme with Aβ plaques. Also, the source and binding mechanism of this BChE remains unknown. METHODS Brain tissue sections from the 5XFAD/BChE-KO mouse were incubated with exogenous sources of BChE and stained for this enzyme's activity. Efforts were made to determine what region of BChE or Aβ may be involved in this association. RESULTS We found that incubation of 5XFAD/BChE-KO brain tissues with exogenous BChE led to this enzyme becoming associated with Aβ plaques and neurons. In contrast to neuronal BChE, the BChE bound to Aβ plaques had similar biochemical properties to those seen in AD. Mutations to BChE and efforts to block Aβ epitomes failed to prevent this association. CONCLUSION The association of BChE with Aβ plaques, and the resultant biochemical changes, suggests that BChE may undergo a conformational change when bound to Aβ plaques but not neurons. The 5XFAD/BChE-KO model is ideally suited to explore the binding mechanism of BChE to Aβ plaques as well as the involvement of BChE in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Reid
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - S Darvesh
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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27
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Preclinical and clinical study on [ 18F]DRKXH1: a novel β-amyloid PET tracer for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:652-663. [PMID: 34292345 PMCID: PMC8803783 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) in the brain is a biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Highly sensitive Aβ positron emission tomography (PET) imaging plays an essential role in diagnosing and evaluating the therapeutic effects of AD. Aim To synthesize a new Aβ tracer [18F]DRKXH1 (5-(4-(6-(2-[18]fluoroethoxy)ethoxy)imidazo[1,2-alpha]pyridin-2-yl)phenyl) and evaluate the tracer performance by biodistribution analysis, in vivo small-animal PET-CT dynamic scan, ex vivo and in vitro autoradiography, and PET in human subjects. Methods [18F]DRKXH1 was synthesized automatically by the GE FN module. Log D (pH 7.4) and biodistribution of [18F]DRKXH1 were investigated. Small-animal-PET was used for [18F]DRKXH1 and [18F]AV45 imaging study in AD transgenic mice (APPswe/PSEN1dE9) and age-matched normal mice. The distribution volume ratios (DVR) and standardized uptake value ratios (SUVRs) were calculated with the cerebellum as the reference region. The deposition of Aβ plaques in the brain of AD transgenic mice was determined by ex vivo autoradiography and immunohistochemistry. In vitro autoradiography was performed in the postmortem brain sections of AD patients and healthy controls. Two healthy control subjects and one AD patient was subjected to in vivo PET study using [18F]DRKXH1. Results The yield of [18F]DRKXH1 was 40%, and the specific activity was 156.64 ± 11.55 GBq/μmol. [18F]DRKXH1 was mainly excreted through the liver and kidney. The small-animal PET study showed high initial brain uptake and rapid washout of [18F]DRKXH1. The concentration of [18F]DRKXH1 was detected in the cortex and hippocampus of AD transgenic mice brain. The cortex DVR of AD transgenic mice was higher than that of WT mice (P < 0.0001). Moreover, the SUVRs of AD transgenic mice were higher than those of WT mice based on the 0–60-min dynamic scanning. In vitro autoradiography showed a significant concentration of tracer in the Aβ plaque-rich areas in the brain of AD transgenic mice. The DVR value of [18F]-DRKXH1 is higher than that of [18F]-AV45 (1.29 ± 0.05 vs. 1.05 ± 0.08; t = 5.33, P = 0.0003). Autoradiography of postmortem human brain sections showed [18F]DRKXH1-labeled Aβ plaques in the AD brain. The AD patients had high retention in cortical regions, while healthy control subjects had uniformly low radioactivity uptake. Conclusions [18F]DRKXH1 is an Aβ tracer with high sensitivity in preclinical study and has the potential for in vivo detection of the human brain. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00259-021-05421-0.
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28
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Molęda Z, Zawadzka A, Czarnocki Z, Monjas L, Hirsch AKH, Budzianowski A, Maurin JK. "Clicking" fragment leads to novel dual-binding cholinesterase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 42:116269. [PMID: 34130217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cholinesterase inhibitors are potent therapeutics in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Among them, dual binding ligands have recently gained a lot of attention. We discovered novel dual-binding cholinesterase inhibitors, using "clickable" fragments, which bind to either catalytic active site (CAS) or peripheral anionic site (PAS) of the enzyme. Copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition allowed to effectively synthesize a series of final heterodimers, and modeling and kinetic studies confirmed their ability to bind to both CAS and PAS. A potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with IC50 = 18 nM (compound 23g) was discovered. A target-guided approach to link fragments by the enzyme itself was tested using butyrylcholinesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Molęda
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Zawadzka
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Czarnocki
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leticia Monjas
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anna K H Hirsch
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Jan K Maurin
- National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Nuclear Research, 05-400 Otwock-Świerk, Poland
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Scheiner M, Hoffmann M, He F, Poeta E, Chatonnet A, Monti B, Maurice T, Decker M. Selective Pseudo-irreversible Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors Transferring Antioxidant Moieties to the Enzyme Show Pronounced Neuroprotective Efficacy In Vitro and In Vivo in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9302-9320. [PMID: 34152756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) was designed by functionalizing a pseudo-irreversible butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitor. The obtained hybrids were investigated in vitro regarding their hBChE and hAChE inhibition, their enzyme kinetics, and their antioxidant physicochemical properties (DPPH, ORAC, metal chelating). In addition, in vitro assays were applied to investigate antioxidant effects using murine hippocampal HT22 cells and immunomodulatory effects on the murine microglial N9 cell line. The MTDLs retained their antioxidative properties compared to the parent antioxidant-moieties in vitro and the inhibition of hBChE was maintained in the submicromolar range. Representative compounds were tested in a pharmacological Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model and demonstrated very high efficacy at doses as low as 0.1 mg/kg. The most promising compound was also tested in BChE-/- mice and showed reduced efficacy. In vivo neuroprotection by BChE inhibition can be effectively enhanced by incorporation of structurally diverse antioxidant moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Scheiner
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Hoffmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Feng He
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eleonora Poeta
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Arnaud Chatonnet
- DMEM, University of Montpellier, INRAE, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Barbara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tangui Maurice
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EPHE, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Peng Y, Tao H, Wang S, Xiao J, Wang Y, Su H. Dietary intervention with edible medicinal plants and derived products for prevention of Alzheimer's disease: A compendium of time-tested strategy. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Gentzsch C, Hoffmann M, Ohshima Y, Nose N, Chen X, Higuchi T, Decker M. Synthesis and Initial Characterization of a Selective, Pseudo-irreversible Inhibitor of Human Butyrylcholinesterase as PET Tracer. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1427-1437. [PMID: 33645891 PMCID: PMC8247983 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) represents a promising target for imaging probes to potentially enable early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to monitor disease progression in some forms of cancer. In this study, we present the design, facile synthesis, in vitro and preliminary ex vivo and in vivo evaluation of a morpholine-based, selective inhibitor of human BChE as a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer with a pseudo-irreversible binding mode. We demonstrate a novel protecting group strategy for 18 F radiolabeling of carbamate precursors and show that the inhibitory potency as well as kinetic properties of our unlabeled reference compound were retained in comparison to the parent compound. In particular, the prolonged duration of enzyme inhibition of such a morpholinocarbamate motivated us to design a PET tracer, possibly enabling a precise mapping of BChE distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gentzsch
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of Pharmacy and Food ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University of WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Matthias Hoffmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of Pharmacy and Food ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University of WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Yasuhiro Ohshima
- Comprehensive Heart Failure CenterUniversity Hospital of WürzburgAm Schwarzenberg 1597078WürzburgGermany
- Department of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital of WürzburgOberdürrbacher Straße 697080WürzburgGermany
| | - Naoko Nose
- Graduate School of MedicineDentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayama University2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-kuOkayamaJapan
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Department of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital of AugsburgStenglinstraße 286156AugsburgGermany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure CenterUniversity Hospital of WürzburgAm Schwarzenberg 1597078WürzburgGermany
- Department of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital of WürzburgOberdürrbacher Straße 697080WürzburgGermany
| | - Takahiro Higuchi
- Comprehensive Heart Failure CenterUniversity Hospital of WürzburgAm Schwarzenberg 1597078WürzburgGermany
- Department of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital of WürzburgOberdürrbacher Straße 697080WürzburgGermany
- Graduate School of MedicineDentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayama University2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-kuOkayamaJapan
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of Pharmacy and Food ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University of WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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BIBEROGLU K. Kinetics of human butyrylcholinesterase inhibition by 1,9-dimethyl-methylene blue. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.853598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Cash MK, Rockwood K, Fisk JD, Darvesh S. Clinicopathological correlations and cholinesterase expression in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease with the presenilin 1 mutation, Leu235Pro. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 103:31-41. [PMID: 33789210 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SpAD), acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, co-regulators of acetylcholine, are associated with β-amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles in patterns suggesting a contribution to neurotoxicity. This association has not been explored in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). We investigated whether cholinesterases are observed in the neuropathological hallmarks in FAD expressing the presenilin 1 Leu235Pro mutation. Brain tissues from three FAD cases and one early-onset SpAD case were stained and analyzed for β-amyloid, tau, α-synuclein, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. AD pathology was prominent throughout the rostrocaudal extent of all 4 brains but α-synuclein-positive neurites were present in only one familial case. In FAD and SpAD cases, cholinergic activity was associated with plaques and tangles but not with α-synuclein pathology. Both cholinesterases showed similar or decreased plaque staining than detected with β-amyloid immunostaining but greater plaque deposition than observed with thioflavin-S histofluorescence. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase are highly associated with AD pathology in inherited disease and both may represent specific diagnostic and therapeutic targets for all AD forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K Cash
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kenneth Rockwood
- Department of Medicine (Geriatric Medicine), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - John D Fisk
- Department of Medicine (Geriatric Medicine), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sultan Darvesh
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Medicine (Geriatric Medicine), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Medicine (Neurology), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Thapa P, Upadhyay SP, Suo WZ, Singh V, Gurung P, Lee ES, Sharma R, Sharma M. Chalcone and its analogs: Therapeutic and diagnostic applications in Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2021; 108:104681. [PMID: 33571811 PMCID: PMC7928223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chalcone [(E)-1,3-diphenyl-2-propene-1-one], a small molecule with α, β unsaturated carbonyl group is a precursor or component of many natural flavonoids and isoflavonoids. It is one of the privileged structures in medicinal chemistry. It possesses a wide range of biological activities encouraging many medicinal chemists to study this scaffold for its usefulness to oncology, infectious diseases, virology and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Small molecular size, convenient and cost-effective synthesis, and flexibility for modifications to modulate lipophilicity suitable for blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability make chalcones a preferred candidate for their therapeutic and diagnostic potential in AD. This review summarizes and highlights the importance of chalcone and its analogs as single target small therapeutic agents, multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs) as well as molecular imaging agents for AD. The information summarized here will guide many medicinal chemist and researchers involved in drug discovery to consider chalcone as a potential scaffold for the development of anti-AD agents including theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Thapa
- Drug Discovery Program, Midwest Veterans' Biomedical Research Foundation, KCVA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA.
| | - Sunil P Upadhyay
- Drug Discovery Program, Midwest Veterans' Biomedical Research Foundation, KCVA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - William Z Suo
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease & Aging Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Vikas Singh
- Division of Neurology, KCVA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Prajwal Gurung
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Eung Seok Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Ram Sharma
- Drug Discovery Program, Midwest Veterans' Biomedical Research Foundation, KCVA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Mukut Sharma
- Drug Discovery Program, Midwest Veterans' Biomedical Research Foundation, KCVA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
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Ha ZY, Ong HC, Oo CW, Yeong KY. Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and Biological Evaluation of Benzimidazole Derivatives as Selective Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 17:1177-1185. [PMID: 33602088 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666210218151228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzimidazole is an interesting pharmacophore which has been extensively studied in medicinal chemistry due to its high affinity towards various enzymes and receptors. Its derivatives have been previously shown to possess a wide range of biological activities including anthelmintic, antihypertensive, antiulcer, as well as anticholinesterase activity. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to search for more potent benzimidazole-based cholinesterase inhibitors, through the modification of the 1- and 2-positions of the benzimidazole core. METHODS Synthesis of compounds were carried out via a 4-step reaction scheme following a previously reported protocol. Structure-activity relationship of the compounds are established through in vitro cholinesterase assays and in silico docking studies. Furthermore, cytotoxicity and blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability of the compounds were also investigated. RESULTS Among the synthesised compounds, three of them (5IIa, 5IIb, and 5IIc) exhibited potent selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibition at low micromolar level. The compounds did not show any significant cytotoxicity when tested against a panel of human cell lines. Moreover, the most active compound, 5IIc, was highly permeable across the blood brain barrier. CONCLUSION In total 10 benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized and screened for their AChE and BuChE inhibitory activities. Lead compound 5Iic, represents a valuable compound for further development as potential AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Y Ha
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hoay C Ong
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chuan W Oo
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Keng Y Yeong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
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The Role of Butyrylcholinesterase and Iron in the Regulation of Cholinergic Network and Cognitive Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042033. [PMID: 33670778 PMCID: PMC7922581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia in elderly individuals, is marked by progressive neuron loss. Despite more than 100 years of research on AD, there is still no treatment to cure or prevent the disease. High levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain are neuropathological hallmarks of AD. However, based on postmortem analyses, up to 44% of individuals have been shown to have high Aβ deposits with no clinical signs, due to having a “cognitive reserve”. The biochemical mechanism explaining the prevention of cognitive impairment in the presence of Aβ plaques is still unknown. It seems that in addition to protein aggregation, neuroinflammatory changes associated with aging are present in AD brains that are correlated with a higher level of brain iron and oxidative stress. It has been shown that iron accumulates around amyloid plaques in AD mouse models and postmortem brain tissues of AD patients. Iron is required for essential brain functions, including oxidative metabolism, myelination, and neurotransmitter synthesis. However, an imbalance in brain iron homeostasis caused by aging underlies many neurodegenerative diseases. It has been proposed that high iron levels trigger an avalanche of events that push the progress of the disease, accelerating cognitive decline. Patients with increased amyloid plaques and iron are highly likely to develop dementia. Our observations indicate that the butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) level seems to be iron-dependent, and reports show that BChE produced by reactive astrocytes can make cognitive functions worse by accelerating the decay of acetylcholine in aging brains. Why, even when there is a genetic risk, do symptoms of the disease appear after many years? Here, we discuss the relationship between genetic factors, age-dependent iron tissue accumulation, and inflammation, focusing on AD.
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Yamazaki DAS, Rozada AMF, Baréa P, Reis EC, Basso EA, Sarragiotto MH, Seixas FAV, Gauze GF. Novel arylcarbamate-N-acylhydrazones derivatives as promising BuChE inhibitors: Design, synthesis, molecular modeling and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 32:115991. [PMID: 33440318 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of arylcarbamate-N-acylhydrazones derivatives have been designed and synthesized as potential anti-cholinesterase agents. In vitro studies revealed that these compounds demonstrated selective for butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) with potent inhibitory activity. The compounds 10a-d, 12b and 12d were the most potent BuChE inhibitors with IC50 values of 0.07-2.07 µM, highlighting the compound 10c (IC50 = 0.07 µM) which showed inhibitory activity 50 times greater than the reference drug donepezil (IC50 = 3.54 µM). The activity data indicates that the position of the carbamate group in the aromatic ring has a greater influence on the inhibitory activity of the derivatives. The enzyme kinetics studies indicate that the compound 10c has a non-competitive inhibition against BuChE with Ki value of 0.097 mM. Molecular modeling studies corroborated the in vitro inhibitory mode of interaction and show that compound 10c is stabilized into hBuChE by strong hydrogen bond interaction with Tyr128, π-π stacking interaction with Trp82 and CH⋯O interactions with His438, Gly121 and Glu197. Based on these data, compound10cwas identified as low-cost promising candidate for a drug prototype for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A S Yamazaki
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Andrew M F Rozada
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Paula Baréa
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Elaine C Reis
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Ernani A Basso
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Flávio A V Seixas
- Department of Technology, State University of Maringá, Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | - Gisele F Gauze
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
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Hwang J, Youn K, Lim G, Lee J, Kim DH, Jun M. Discovery of Natural Inhibitors of Cholinesterases from Hydrangea: In Vitro and In Silico Approaches. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010254. [PMID: 33477276 PMCID: PMC7830924 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease conceptualized as a clinical-biological neurodegenerative construct where amyloid-beta pathophysiology is supposed to play a role. The loss of cognitive functions is mostly characterized by the rapid hydrolysis of acetylcholine by cholinesterases including acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Moreover, both enzymes are responsible for non-catalytic actions such as interacting with amyloid β peptide (Aβ) which further leads to promote senile plaque formation. In searching for a natural cholinesterase inhibitor, the present study focused on two isocoumarines from hydrangea, thunberginol C (TC) and hydrangenol 8-O-glucoside pentaacetate (HGP). Hydrangea-derived compounds were demonstrated to act as dual inhibitors of both AChE and BChE. Furthermore, the compounds exerted selective and non-competitive mode of inhibition via hydrophobic interaction with peripheral anionic site (PAS) of the enzymes. Overall results demonstrated that these natural hydrangea-derived compounds acted as selective dual inhibitors of AChE and BChE, which provides the possibility of potential source of new type of anti-cholinesterases with non-competitive binding property with PAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayeong Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea; (J.H.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kumju Youn
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea; (J.H.); (K.Y.)
| | - Gyutae Lim
- Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Sciences and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Jinhyuk Lee
- Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Sciences and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea;
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Mira Jun
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea; (J.H.); (K.Y.)
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-200-7323; Fax: +82-51-200-7535
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Farias FHG, Benitez BA, Cruchaga C. Quantitative endophenotypes as an alternative approach to understanding genetic risk in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 151:105247. [PMID: 33429041 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophenotypes, as measurable intermediate features of human diseases, reflect underlying molecular mechanisms. The use of quantitative endophenotypes in genetic studies has improved our understanding of pathophysiological changes associated with diseases. The main advantage of the quantitative endophenotypes approach to study human diseases over a classic case-control study design is the inferred biological context that can enable the development of effective disease-modifying treatments. Here, we summarize recent progress on biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases, including cerebrospinal fluid and blood-based, neuroimaging, neuropathological, and clinical studies. This review focuses on how endophenotypic studies have successfully linked genetic modifiers to disease risk, disease onset, or progression rate and provided biological context to genes identified in genome-wide association studies. Finally, we review critical methodological considerations for implementing this approach and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana H G Farias
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America; NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America
| | - Bruno A Benitez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America; NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America; NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America; Hope Center for Neurologic Diseases, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America; The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, United States of America; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, United States of America.
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Xing S, Chen Y, Xiong B, Lu W, Li Q, Wang Y, Jiao M, Feng F, Chen Y, Liu W, Sun H. Synthesis and bio-evaluation of a novel selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor discovered through structure-based virtual screening. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:1352-1364. [PMID: 33161083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) has gradually gained worldwide interests as a novel target for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, two pharmacophore models were generated using Schrödinger suite and used to virtually screen ChemDiv database, from which three hits were obtained. Among them, 2513-4169 displayed the highest inhibitory activity and selectivity against BChE (eeAChE IC50 > 10 μM, eqBChE IC50 = 3.73 ± 1.90 μM). Molecular dynamic (MD) simulation validated the binding pattern of 2513-4169 in BChE, and it could form a various of receptor-ligand interactions with adjacent residues. In vitro cytotoxicity assay proved the safety of 2513-4169 on diverse neural cell lines. Moreover, the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assay performed on SH-SY5Y cells proved the neuroprotective effect of 2513-4169 against toxic Aβ1-42. In vivo behavioral study further confirmed the great efficacy of 2513-4169 on reversing Aβ1-42-induced cognitive impairment of mice and clearing the toxic Aβ1-42 in brains. Moreover, 2513-4169 was proved to be able to cross blood-brain barrier (BBB) through a parallel artificial membrane permeation assay of BBB (PAMPA-BBB). Taken together, 2513-4169 is a promising lead compound for future optimization to discover anti-AD treating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Xing
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Baichen Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixuan Lu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxia Jiao
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, No.4 Meicheng Road, Huai'an 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China.
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41
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Xing S, Li Q, Xiong B, Chen Y, Feng F, Liu W, Sun H. Structure and therapeutic uses of butyrylcholinesterase: Application in detoxification, Alzheimer's disease, and fat metabolism. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:858-901. [PMID: 33103262 DOI: 10.1002/med.21745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Structural information of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and its variants associated with several diseases are discussed here. Pure human BChE has been proved safe and effective in treating organophosphorus (OPs) poisoning and has completed Phase 1 and 2 pharmacokinetic (PK) and safety studies. The introduction of specific mutations into native BChE to endow it a self-reactivating property has gained much progress in producing effective OPs hydrolases. The hydrolysis ability of native BChE on cocaine has been confirmed but was blocked to clinical application due to poor PK properties. Several BChE mutants with elevated cocaine hydrolysis activity were published, some of which have shown safety and efficiency in treating cocaine addiction of human. The increased level of BChE in progressed Alzheimer's disease patients made it a promising target to elevate acetylcholine level and attenuate cognitive status. A variety of selective BChE inhibitors with high inhibitory activity published in recent years are reviewed here. BChE could influence the weight and insulin secretion and resistance of BChE knockout (KO) mice through hydrolyzing ghrelin. The BChE-ghrelin pathway could also regulate aggressive behaviors of BChE-KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Xing
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baichen Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Food and Pharmaceuticals Research, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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42
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Thorne MWD, Cash MK, Reid GA, Burley DE, Luke D, Pottie IR, Darvesh S. Imaging Butyrylcholinesterase in Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 23:127-138. [PMID: 32926288 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01540-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Molecular imaging agents targeting butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) have shown promise in other neurodegenerative disorders and may have utility in detecting changes to normal appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis (MS). BChE activity is present in white matter and localizes to activated microglia associated with MS lesions. The purpose of this study was to further characterize changes in the cholinergic system in MS pathology, and to explore the utility of BChE radioligands as potential diagnostic and treatment monitoring agents in MS. PROCEDURE Cortical and white matter lesions were identified using myelin staining, and lesions were classified based on microglial activation patterns. Adjacent brain sections were used for cholinesterase histochemistry and in vitro autoradiography using phenyl 4-[123I]-iodophenylcarbamate (123I-PIP), a previously described small-molecule cholinesterase-binding radioligand. RESULTS BChE activity is positively correlated with microglial activation in white matter MS lesions. There is no alteration in cholinesterase activity in cortical MS lesions. 123I-PIP autoradiography revealed uptake of radioactivity in normal white matter, absence of radioactivity within demyelinated MS lesions, and variable uptake of radioactivity in adjacent normal-appearing white matter. CONCLUSIONS BChE imaging agents have the potential to detect MS lesions and subtle pathology in normal-appearing white matter in postmortem MS brain tissue. The possibility of BChE imaging agents serving to supplement current diagnostic and treatment monitoring strategies should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W D Thorne
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Neurology), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - M K Cash
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - G A Reid
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - D E Burley
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - D Luke
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - I R Pottie
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - S Darvesh
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada. .,Department of Medicine (Neurology), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry and Physics, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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43
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Zanon VS, Lima JA, Amaral RF, Lima FRS, Kitagawa DAS, França TCC, Vargas MD. Design, synthesis, molecular modeling and neuroprotective effects of a new framework of cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:6112-6125. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1796796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa S. Zanon
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Josélia A. Lima
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde do Adulto, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
- Laboratório de Modelagem Aplicada a Defesa Química e Biológica (LMDQB), Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rackele F. Amaral
- Laboratório de Biologia das Células Gliais, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Flavia R. S. Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia das Células Gliais, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Daniel A. S. Kitagawa
- Laboratório de Modelagem Aplicada a Defesa Química e Biológica (LMDQB), Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Tanos C. C. França
- Laboratório de Modelagem Aplicada a Defesa Química e Biológica (LMDQB), Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Maria D. Vargas
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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44
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N-1,2,3-triazole-isatin derivatives for cholinesterase and β-amyloid aggregation inhibition: A comprehensive bioassay study. Bioorg Chem 2020; 98:103753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Šagud I, Maček Hrvat N, Grgičević A, Čadež T, Hodak J, Dragojević M, Lasić K, Kovarik Z, Škorić I. Design, synthesis and cholinesterase inhibitory properties of new oxazole benzylamine derivatives. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:460-467. [PMID: 31899981 PMCID: PMC6968547 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1707197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are primary targets in attenuating the symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases. Their inhibition results in elevated concentrations of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine which supports communication among nerve cells. It was previously shown for trans-4/5-arylethenyloxazole compounds to have moderate AChE and BChE inhibitory properties. A preliminary docking study showed that elongating oxazole molecules and adding a new NH group could make them more prone to bind to the active site of both enzymes. Therefore, new trans-amino-4-/5-arylethenyl-oxazoles were designed and synthesised by the Buchwald-Hartwig amination of a previously synthesised trans-chloro-arylethenyloxazole derivative. Additionally, naphthoxazole benzylamine photoproducts were obtained by efficient photochemical electrocyclization reaction. Novel compounds were tested as inhibitors of both AChE and BChE. All of the compounds exhibited binding preference for BChE over AChE, especially for trans-amino-4-/5-arylethenyl-oxazole derivatives which inhibited BChE potently (IC50 in µM range) and AChE poorly (IC50≫100 µM). Therefore, due to the selectivity of all of the tested compounds for binding to BChE, these compounds could be applied for further development of cholinesterase selective inhibitors.HIGHLIGHTS Series of oxazole benzylamines were designed and synthesised The tested compounds showed binding selectivity for BChE Naphthoxazoles were more potent AChE inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Šagud
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Maček Hrvat
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Biochemistry and Analytic Organic Chemistry Unit, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Grgičević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tena Čadež
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Biochemistry and Analytic Organic Chemistry Unit, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josipa Hodak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Milena Dragojević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Biochemistry and Analytic Organic Chemistry Unit, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Škorić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Chuang YF, Varma V, An Y, Tanaka T, Davatzikos C, Resnick SM, Thambisetty M. Interaction between Apolipoprotein E and Butyrylcholinesterase Genes on Risk of Alzheimer's Disease in a Prospective Cohort Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 75:417-427. [PMID: 32250307 PMCID: PMC10845166 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An epistatic interaction between the ɛ4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOEɛ4) gene and the K-variant of butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE-K) genes has been previously reported to increase risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, these observations were largely from case-control studies with small sample sizes. OBJECTIVE To examine the interaction between APOEɛ4 and BCHE-K on: 1) the risk of incident AD and 2) rates of change in brain volumes and cognitive performance during the preclinical stages of AD in a prospective cohort study. METHODS The study sample for survival analysis included 691 Caucasian participants (age at baseline, 58.4±9.9 years; follow-up time,16.9±9.7 years) from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. The neuroimaging sample included 302 participants with 1,388 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Cognitive performance was assessed in 703 participants over 4,908 visits. RESULTS A total of 122 diagnoses (79 AD, 43 mild cognitive impairment [MCI]) were identified. Participants with both APOEɛ4 and BCHE-K variants had a 3.7-fold greater risk of AD (Hazard ratio [HR] 95% CI=1.99-6.89, p < 0.001) compared to non-carriers of both genes (APOE ɛ4 x BCHE-K interaction p = 0.025). There was no APOE ɛ4-BCHE-K interaction effect on rate of cognitive decline and brain atrophy. CONCLUSION The APOE and BCHE genes interact to influence risk of incident AD/MCI but not rates of brain atrophy and decline in cognitive performance before onset of cognitive impairment. This may suggest the epistatic interaction between APOE ɛ4 and BCHE-K on AD risk is disease stage-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fang Chuang
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vijay Varma
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yang An
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan M. Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Madhav Thambisetty
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
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47
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Korabecny J, Spilovska K, Mezeiova E, Benek O, Juza R, Kaping D, Soukup O. A Systematic Review on Donepezil-based Derivatives as Potential Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Alzheimer’s Disease. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:5625-5648. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180517094023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
:
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a multifactorial progressive neurodegenerative disorder
characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and gradual deterioration of intellectual capacity.
Its etiology has not been elucidated yet. To date, only one therapeutic approach has
been approved for the treatment of AD. The pharmacotherapy of AD has relied on noncompetitive
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist - memantine, and acetylcholinesterase
(AChE) inhibitors (AChEIs) - tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine.
Donepezil was able to ameliorate the symptoms related to AD mainly via AChE, but also
through reduction of β-amyloid burden. This review presents the overview of donepezilrelated
compounds as potential anti-AD drugs developed on the basis of cholinergic hypothesis
to act as solely AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korabecny
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Spilovska
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mezeiova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Benek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Radomir Juza
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Kaping
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
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48
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Blesa R, Toriyama K, Ueda K, Knox S, Grossberg G. Strategies for Continued Successful Treatment in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: An Overview of Switching Between Pharmacological Agents. Curr Alzheimer Res 2019; 15:964-974. [PMID: 29895249 PMCID: PMC6142408 DOI: 10.2174/1567205015666180613112040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, characterized by a progressive decline in cognition and function. Current treatment options for AD include the cholines-terase inhibitors (ChEIs) donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine, as well as the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist memantine. Treatment guidelines recommend the use of ChEIs as the standard of care first-line therapy. Several randomized clinical studies have demonstrated the benefits of ChEIs on cogni-tion, global function, behavior and activities of daily living. However, patients may fail to achieve sus-tained clinical benefits from ChEIs due to lack/loss of efficacy and/or safety, tolerability issues, and poor adherence to the treatment. The purpose of this review is to explore the strategies for continued successful treatment in patients with AD. Methods: Literature search was performed for articles published in PubMed and MEDLINE, using pre-specified search terms. Articles were critically evaluated for inclusion based on their titles, abstracts, and full text of the publication. Results and Conclusion: The findings of this review indicate that dose up-titration and switching between ChEIs may help to improve response to ChEI treatment and also address issues such as lack/loss of effica-cy or safety/tolerability in patients with AD. However, well-designed studies are needed to provide robust evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Blesa
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Sean Knox
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - George Grossberg
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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49
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Agbo EN, Gildenhuys S, Mphahlele MJ. Inhibitory Effects of Novel 7-Substituted 6-iodo-3- O-Flavonol Glycosides against Cholinesterases and β-secretase Activities, and Evaluation for Potential Antioxidant Properties. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193500. [PMID: 31561628 PMCID: PMC6804162 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 7-halogeno- (X = F, Cl, Br) and 7-methoxy-substituted acetylated 6-iodo-3-O-flavonol glycosides were prepared, and evaluated for inhibitory effect in vitro against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities. 7-Bromo-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-iodo-4H-chromen-4-one-3-O-2,3,4,6-O-tetraacetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (2k) and 7-bromo-6-iodo-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one-3-O-2,3,4,6-O-tetraacetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (2l) exhibited significant inhibitory effect against AChE activity when compared to the activity of the reference standard, donepezil. Compound 2k was found to be selective against AChE and to exhibit reduced inhibitory effect against BChE activity. 6-Iodo-7-methoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one-3-O-2,3,4,6-O-tetraacetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (2p) was found to exhibit increased activity against BChE, more so than the activity of donepezil. The most active compounds were also evaluated for inhibitory effect against β-secretase activity and for potential radical scavenging activities. The experimental data were complemented with molecular docking (in silico) studies of the most active compounds into the active sites of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel N Agbo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X06, Florida 1710, South Africa.
| | - Samantha Gildenhuys
- Department of Life & Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X06, Florida 1710, South Africa.
| | - Malose J Mphahlele
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X06, Florida 1710, South Africa.
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50
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Patel DV, Patel NR, Kanhed AM, Patel SP, Sinha A, Kansara DD, Mecwan AR, Patel SB, Upadhyay PN, Patel KB, Shah DB, Prajapati NK, Murumkar PR, Patel KV, Yadav MR. Novel Multitarget Directed Triazinoindole Derivatives as Anti-Alzheimer Agents. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3635-3661. [PMID: 31310717 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifaceted nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) demands treatment with multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) to confront the key pathological aberrations. A novel series of triazinoindole derivatives were designed and synthesized. In vitro studies revealed that all the compounds showed moderate to good anticholinesterase activity; the most active compound 23e showed an IC50 value of 0.56 ± 0.02 μM for AChE and an IC50 value of 1.17 ± 0.09 μM for BuChE. These derivatives are also endowed with potent antioxidant activity. To understand the plausible binding mode of the compound 23e, molecular docking studies and molecular dynamics simulation studies were performed, and the results indicated significant interactions of 23e within the active sites of AChE as well as BuChE. Compound 23e successfully diminished H2O2-induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells and displayed excellent neuroprotective activity against H2O2 as well as Aβ-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells in a concentration dependent manner. Furthermore, it did not show any significant toxicity in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells in the cytotoxicity assay. Compound 23e did not show any acute toxicity in rats at doses up to 2000 mg/kg, and it significantly reversed scopolamine-induced memory deficit in mice model. Additionally, compound 23e showed notable in silico ADMET properties. Taken collectively, these findings project compound 23e as a potential balanced MTDL in the evolution process of novel anti-AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dushyant V. Patel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390001 Gujarat, India
| | - Nirav R. Patel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390001 Gujarat, India
| | - Ashish M. Kanhed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390001 Gujarat, India
| | - Sagar P. Patel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390001 Gujarat, India
| | - Anshuman Sinha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390001 Gujarat, India
| | - Deep D. Kansara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390001 Gujarat, India
| | - Annie R. Mecwan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390001 Gujarat, India
| | - Sarvangee B. Patel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390001 Gujarat, India
| | - Pragnesh N. Upadhyay
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390001 Gujarat, India
| | - Kishan B. Patel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390001 Gujarat, India
| | - Dharti B. Shah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390001 Gujarat, India
| | - Navnit K. Prajapati
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390001 Gujarat, India
| | - Prashant R. Murumkar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390001 Gujarat, India
| | - Kirti V. Patel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390001 Gujarat, India
| | - Mange Ram Yadav
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390001 Gujarat, India
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