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Ng AWH, Au‐Yeung HY. Molecular Links and Knots from Naphthalenediimide: A Balance of Weak Interactions. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1602-1612. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antony Wing Hung Ng
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Ho Yu Au‐Yeung
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
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2
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Wenholz DS, Bhadbhade M, Kandemir H, Ho J, Kumar N, Black DS. Substituent effects in solid-state assembly of activated benzotriazoles. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01757c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic donor–acceptor stacking involving electron-rich π-donors and electron-deficient π-acceptors has been utilized in a broad spectrum of diverse applications to great effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hakan Kandemir
- School of Chemistry
- UNSW Sydney
- Australia
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Art and Science
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Diac A, Matache M, Grosu I, Hădade ND. Naphthalenediimide - A Unique Motif in Macrocyclic and Interlocked Supramolecular Structures. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201701362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Diac
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre; “Babeş-Bolyai” University; 11 Arany Janos Str. RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Mihaela Matache
- University of Bucharest; Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Research Centre of Applied Organic Chemistry; 90-92 Panduri Street RO-050663 Bucharest Romania
| | - Ion Grosu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre; “Babeş-Bolyai” University; 11 Arany Janos Str. RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Niculina D. Hădade
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre; “Babeş-Bolyai” University; 11 Arany Janos Str. RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca Romania
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Lim JYC, Bunchuay T, Beer PD. Strong and Selective Halide Anion Binding by Neutral Halogen-Bonding [2]Rotaxanes in Wet Organic Solvents. Chemistry 2017; 23:4700-4707. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Y. C. Lim
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Thanthapatra Bunchuay
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Paul D. Beer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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5
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Gil-Ramírez G, Leigh DA, Stephens AJ. Catenanes: fifty years of molecular links. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6110-50. [PMID: 25951013 PMCID: PMC4515087 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Half a century after Schill and Lüttringhaus carried out the first directed synthesis of a [2]catenane, a plethora of strategies now exist for the construction of molecular Hopf links (singly interlocked rings), the simplest type of catenane. The precision and effectiveness with which suitable templates and/or noncovalent interactions can arrange building blocks has also enabled the synthesis of intricate and often beautiful higher order interlocked systems, including Solomon links, Borromean rings, and a Star of David catenane. This Review outlines the diverse strategies that exist for synthesizing catenanes in the 21st century and examines their emerging applications and the challenges that still exist for the synthesis of more complex topologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzmán Gil-Ramírez
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK) http://www.catenane.net
| | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK) http://www.catenane.net.
| | - Alexander J Stephens
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK) http://www.catenane.net
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Gil-Ramírez G, Leigh DA, Stephens AJ. Catenane: fünfzig Jahre molekulare Verschlingungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Kumar M, George SJ. Novel Coronene-Naphthalene Dimide-Based Donor-Acceptor Pair for Tunable Charge-Transfer Nanostructures. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:2427-31. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Lin YH, Lai CC, Liu YH, Peng SM, Chiu SH. Sodium Ions Template the Formation of Rotaxanes from BPX26C6 and Nonconjugated Amide and Urea Functionalities. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201304636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lin YH, Lai CC, Liu YH, Peng SM, Chiu SH. Sodium Ions Template the Formation of Rotaxanes from BPX26C6 and Nonconjugated Amide and Urea Functionalities. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10231-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Wang LY, Ko JL, Lai CC, Liu YH, Peng SM, Chiu SH. Using “Threading Followed by Shrinking” to Synthesize Highly Stable Dialkylammonium-Ion-Based Rotaxanes. Chemistry 2013; 19:8850-60. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Coumans RGE, Elemans JAAW, Rowan AE, Nolte RJM. Interlocked Porphyrin Switches. Chemistry 2013; 19:7758-70. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Li L, Zhang HY, Zhao J, Li N, Liu Y. Self-Sorting of Four Organic Molecules into a Heterowheel Polypseudorotaxane. Chemistry 2013; 19:6498-506. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Chuang CJ, Lai CC, Liu YH, Peng SM, Chiu SH. A Two-Stage Molecular Retractable Cable Featuring Push-Button and Rotary Two-Way Switching Modes. Chemistry 2012; 18:16698-707. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Barin G, Coskun A, Fouda MMG, Stoddart JF. Mechanically Interlocked Molecules Assembled by π-π Recognition. Chempluschem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zhu K, Vukotic VN, Loeb SJ. Molecular Shuttling of a Compact and Rigid H-Shaped [2]Rotaxane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201108488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zhu K, Vukotic VN, Loeb SJ. Molecular Shuttling of a Compact and Rigid H-Shaped [2]Rotaxane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:2168-72. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201108488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Klivansky LM, Hanifi D, Koshkakaryan G, Holycross DR, Gorski EK, Wu Q, Chai M, Liu Y. A complementary disk-shaped π electron donor–acceptor pair with high binding affinity. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20241g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Slater BJ, Davies ES, Argent SP, Nowell H, Lewis W, Blake AJ, Champness NR. A Perylene Diimide Rotaxane: Synthesis, Structure and Electrochemically Driven De-Threading. Chemistry 2011; 17:14746-51. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Saha S, Ravikumar I, Ghosh P. A Fluorophoric-Axle-Based, Nonfluororescent, Metallo anti-[3]Pseudorotaxane: Recovery of Fluorescence by Means of an Axle Substitution Reaction. Chemistry 2011; 17:13712-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Beves JE, Blight BA, Campbell CJ, Leigh DA, McBurney RT. Strategien und Taktiken für die metallgesteuerte Synthese von Rotaxanen, Knoten, Catenanen und Verschlingungen höherer Ordnung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201007963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Beves JE, Blight BA, Campbell CJ, Leigh DA, McBurney RT. Strategies and tactics for the metal-directed synthesis of rotaxanes, knots, catenanes, and higher order links. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9260-327. [PMID: 21928462 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
More than a quarter of a century after the first metal template synthesis of a [2]catenane in Strasbourg, there now exists a plethora of strategies available for the construction of mechanically bonded and entwined molecular level structures. Catenanes, rotaxanes, knots and Borromean rings have all been successfully accessed by methods in which metal ions play a pivotal role. Originally metal ions were used solely for their coordination chemistry; acting either to gather and position the building blocks such that subsequent reactions generated the interlocked products or by being an integral part of the rings or "stoppers" of the interlocked assembly. Recently the role of the metal has evolved to encompass catalysis: the metal ions not only organize the building blocks in an entwined or threaded arrangement but also actively promote the reaction that covalently captures the interlocked structure. This Review outlines the diverse strategies that currently exist for forming mechanically bonded molecular structures with metal ions and details the tactics that the chemist can utilize for creating cross-over points, maximizing the yield of interlocked over non-interlocked products, and the reactions-of-choice for the covalent capture of threaded and entwined intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon E Beves
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
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Hsueh SY, Ko JL, Lai CC, Liu YH, Peng SM, Chiu SH. A Metal-Free “Threading-Followed-by-Shrinking” Protocol for Rotaxane Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:6643-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Hsueh SY, Ko JL, Lai CC, Liu YH, Peng SM, Chiu SH. A Metal-Free “Threading-Followed-by-Shrinking” Protocol for Rotaxane Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201101524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Liu K, Wang C, Li Z, Zhang X. Superamphiphiles Based on Directional Charge-Transfer Interactions: From Supramolecular Engineering to Well-Defined Nanostructures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201007167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Liu K, Wang C, Li Z, Zhang X. Superamphiphiles based on directional charge-transfer interactions: from supramolecular engineering to well-defined nanostructures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:4952-6. [PMID: 21472920 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Belowich ME, Valente C, Stoddart JF. Template-directed syntheses of rigid oligorotaxanes under thermodynamic control. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 49:7208-12. [PMID: 20806306 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201004304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Belowich
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Leontiev AV, Jemmett CA, Beer PD. Anion Recognition and Cation-Induced Molecular Motion in a Heteroditopic [2]Rotaxane. Chemistry 2010; 17:816-25. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Meyer CD, Forgan RS, Chichak KS, Peters AJ, Tangchaivang N, Cave GWV, Khan SI, Cantrill SJ, Stoddart JF. The Dynamic Chemistry of Molecular Borromean Rings and Solomon Knots. Chemistry 2010; 16:12570-81. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cari D. Meyer
- The California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1569 (USA), Fax: (+1) 310‐206‐5621
| | - Ross S. Forgan
- Center for the Chemistry of Integrated Systems and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208‐3133 (USA), Fax: (+1) 847‐491‐1009
| | - Kelly S. Chichak
- The California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1569 (USA), Fax: (+1) 310‐206‐5621
| | - Andrea J. Peters
- The California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1569 (USA), Fax: (+1) 310‐206‐5621
| | - Nicholas Tangchaivang
- The California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1569 (USA), Fax: (+1) 310‐206‐5621
| | - Gareth W. V. Cave
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS (UK)
| | - Saeed I. Khan
- The California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1569 (USA), Fax: (+1) 310‐206‐5621
| | - Stuart J. Cantrill
- The California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1569 (USA), Fax: (+1) 310‐206‐5621
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- The California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1569 (USA), Fax: (+1) 310‐206‐5621
- Center for the Chemistry of Integrated Systems and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208‐3133 (USA), Fax: (+1) 847‐491‐1009
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Belowich ME, Valente C, Stoddart JF. Template-Directed Syntheses of Rigid Oligorotaxanes under Thermodynamic Control. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201004304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ko JL, Ueng SH, Chiu CW, Lai CC, Liu YH, Peng SM, Chiu SH. Using a Threading-Followed-by-Swelling Approach to Synthesize [2]Rotaxanes. Chemistry 2010; 16:6950-60. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rao K, Jayaramulu K, Maji T, George S. Supramolecular Hydrogels and High-Aspect-Ratio Nanofibers through Charge-Transfer-Induced Alternate Coassembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Rao K, Jayaramulu K, Maji T, George S. Supramolecular Hydrogels and High-Aspect-Ratio Nanofibers through Charge-Transfer-Induced Alternate Coassembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:4218-22. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Hsueh SY, Lai CC, Chiu SH. Squaraine-based [2]rotaxanes that function as visibly active molecular switches. Chemistry 2010; 16:2997-3000. [PMID: 20157908 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yao Hsueh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Cao D, Amelia M, Klivansky LM, Koshkakaryan G, Khan SI, Semeraro M, Silvi S, Venturi M, Credi A, Liu Y. Probing Donor−Acceptor Interactions and Co-Conformational Changes in Redox Active Desymmetrized [2]Catenanes. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 132:1110-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ja909041g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Cao
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università degli Studi di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Matteo Amelia
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università degli Studi di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Liana M. Klivansky
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università degli Studi di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Gayane Koshkakaryan
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università degli Studi di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Saeed I. Khan
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università degli Studi di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Monica Semeraro
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università degli Studi di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Serena Silvi
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università degli Studi di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Margherita Venturi
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università degli Studi di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Alberto Credi
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università degli Studi di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Yi Liu
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università degli Studi di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095
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Colquhoun H, Zhu Z, Williams D, Drew MG, Cardin C, Gan Y, Crawford A, Marder T. Induced-Fit Binding of π-Electron-Donor Substrates to Macrocyclic Aromatic Ether Imide Sulfones: A Versatile Approach to Molecular Assembly. Chemistry 2009; 16:907-18. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Koshkakaryan G, Parimal K, He J, Zhang X, Abliz Z, Flood A, Liu Y. π-Stacking Enhanced Dynamic and Redox-Switchable Self-Assembly of Donor-Acceptor Metallo-[2]Catenanes from Diimide Derivatives and Crown Ethers. Chemistry 2008; 14:10211-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zhou W, Li J, He X, Li C, Lv J, Li Y, Wang S, Liu H, Zhu D. A molecular shuttle for driving a multilevel fluorescence switch. Chemistry 2008; 14:754-63. [PMID: 17960552 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A [2]rotaxane-based molecular shuttle comprised a macrocycle mechanically interlocked to a chemical "dumbbell" has been prepared in high yields by a thermodynamically controlled, template-induced clipping procedure. This molecular shuttle has two different recognition sites, namely, -NH2 +- and amide, separated by a phenyl unit. The macrocycle exhibits high selectivity for the -NH2+- recognition sites in the protonated form through noncovalent interactions, which include 1) N+-H...O hydrogen bonds; 2) C-H...O interactions between the CH2NH2+CH2 protons on the thread and the oligo(ethylene glycol) unit in the macrocycle; 3) pi...pi stacking interaction between macrocycle and aromatic unit. Upon deprotonation of the [2]rotaxane the macrocycle glides to the amide recognition site due to the hydrogen bonds between the -CONH- group and the oligo(ethylene glycol) unit in the macrocycle. The deprotonation process requires about 10 equivalents of base (iPr2NEt) in polar acetone, while the amount of base is only 1.2 equivalents in apolar tetrachloroethane. Upon addition of Li+, the conformation of the [2]rotaxane was altered as a result of the collective interactions of 1) hydrogen bonds between pyridine nitrogen and amide hydrogen atoms; 2) coordination between the oligo(ethylene glycol) unit, amide oxygen atom and Li+ cation. Then, when Zn2+ ions are added, the macrocycle returns to the deprotonated -NH- recognition site owing to coordination of the macrocycle and -NH- from the axle with the Zn2+ ion. All the above-mentioned movement processes are reversible through the alternate addition of TFA/iPr2NEt, Li/[12]-crown-4 and Zn2+/ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), by virtue of hydrogen bonding and metal-ion complexation. Significantly, the three independent movement processes are all accompanied by fluorescent responses: 1) complete repression in the protonated form; 2) low-level expression in the deprotonated form; 3) medium-level expression following addition of Li+; 4) high-level expression on complexation with Zn2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solid, Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
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Hoffart D, Tiburcio J, de la Torre A, Knight L, Loeb S. Cooperative Ion–Ion Interactions in the Formation of Interpenetrated Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:97-101. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200703019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Hoffart D, Tiburcio J, de la Torre A, Knight L, Loeb S. Cooperative Ion–Ion Interactions in the Formation of Interpenetrated Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200703019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Röger C, Würthner F. Core-Tetrasubstituted Naphthalene Diimides: Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Redox Characteristics. J Org Chem 2007; 72:8070-5. [PMID: 17887710 DOI: 10.1021/jo7015357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
2,3,6,7-tetrabromonaphthalene dianhydride has been synthesized by the bromination of naphthalene dianhydride with dibromoisocyanuric acid in excellent yield. The condensation of this dianhydride with 2,6-diisopropylaniline yielded the corresponding tetrabromo-substituted naphthalene diimide (NDI), which is a versatile precursor for the synthesis of core-tetrafunctionalized NDIs. Nucleophilic substitution of tetrabromo NDI with alkoxy, alkylthio, and alkylamino nucleophiles afforded a series of core-tetrasubstituted NDI chromophores that complete the series of previously reported di- and trifunctionalized NDI derivatives. The effects of electronic nature and number of core substituents on the optical and electrochemical properties of NDIs have been investigated by UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The absorption maxima (629-642 nm) of tetraamino NDIs are strongly bathochromically shifted compared to those of other core-functionalized NDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Röger
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Huang YL, Hung WC, Lai CC, Liu YH, Peng SM, Chiu SH. Using Acetate Anions To Induce Translational Isomerization in a Neutral Urea-Based Molecular Switch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:6629-33. [PMID: 17665407 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200702197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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Huang YL, Hung WC, Lai CC, Liu YH, Peng SM, Chiu SH. Using Acetate Anions To Induce Translational Isomerization in a Neutral Urea-Based Molecular Switch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200702197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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43
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Lin CF, Lai CC, Liu YH, Peng SM, Chiu SH. Use of anions to allow translational isomerism of a [2]rotaxane. Chemistry 2007; 13:4350-5. [PMID: 17323386 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report a molecular [2]rotaxane which comprises a molecular cage and a dumbbell-shaped component, in which translational isomerism can be performed reversibly through an in situ anion exchange process, that is, sequential addition of Bu4NCl/AgPF6 reagent pairs. The [2]rotaxane incorporates two pyridinium and two dialkylammonium centers and functions as a triply operable molecular switch, which can be controlled through altering the polarity of the solvent, adding acidic and basic reagents (TFA/Et3N), and the varying the nature of the counteranions (Cl- vs PF6-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Feng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, and Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Hsueh SY, Lai CC, Liu YH, Peng SM, Chiu SH. Highly Selective Na+-Templated Formation of [2]Pseudorotaxanes Exhibiting Significant Optical Outputs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200604166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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45
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Hsueh SY, Lai CC, Liu YH, Peng SM, Chiu SH. Highly Selective Na+-Templated Formation of [2]Pseudorotaxanes Exhibiting Significant Optical Outputs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:2013-7. [PMID: 17285669 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200604166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yao Hsueh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Kay ER, Leigh DA, Zerbetto F. Synthetic molecular motors and mechanical machines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:72-191. [PMID: 17133632 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200504313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2044] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of controlled molecular-level motion in key natural processes suggests that great rewards could come from bridging the gap between the present generation of synthetic molecular systems, which by and large rely upon electronic and chemical effects to carry out their functions, and the machines of the macroscopic world, which utilize the synchronized movements of smaller parts to perform specific tasks. This is a scientific area of great contemporary interest and extraordinary recent growth, yet the notion of molecular-level machines dates back to a time when the ideas surrounding the statistical nature of matter and the laws of thermodynamics were first being formulated. Here we outline the exciting successes in taming molecular-level movement thus far, the underlying principles that all experimental designs must follow, and the early progress made towards utilizing synthetic molecular structures to perform tasks using mechanical motion. We also highlight some of the issues and challenges that still need to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan R Kay
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
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47
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Kay E, Leigh D, Zerbetto F. Synthetische molekulare Motoren und mechanische Maschinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200504313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lin CF, Liu YH, Lai CC, Peng SM, Chiu SH. Precise Facial Control in Threading Guests into a Molecular Cage and the Formation of a Turtlelike Supramolecular Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200600336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Lin CF, Liu YH, Lai CC, Peng SM, Chiu SH. Precise Facial Control in Threading Guests into a Molecular Cage and the Formation of a Turtlelike Supramolecular Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:3176-81. [PMID: 16570335 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200600336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Feng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chiang PT, Cheng PN, Lin CF, Liu YH, Lai CC, Peng SM, Chiu SH. A Macrocycle/Molecular-Clip Complex that Functions as a Quadruply Controllable Molecular Switch. Chemistry 2006; 12:865-76. [PMID: 16206299 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis of a molecular clip with TTF side-walls and its binding behavior towards electron-deficient guests, namely the formation of macrocycle/molecular-clip supramolecular complexes in solution. Four different sets of external stimuli--the K(+)/[2.2.2]cryptand, NH(4) (+)/Et(3)N and (p-BrPh)(3)NSbCl(6)/Zn pairs, and heating/cooling cycles-control the movement of this molecular switch between its threaded and unthreaded states and provide color changes that are observable by the naked eye. This macrocycle/molecular-clip complex system can be considered not only as a quadruple-use molecular switch, but can also be operated by three of these stimuli as a three-input molecular NOR-functioning logic gate that may be monitored by UV-visible spectroscopy.
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