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Oh Y, Kim SH. Concentric Capillary Microfluidic Devices Designed for Robust Production of Multiple-Emulsion Droplets. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024. [PMID: 39183643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Multiple emulsions are used as templates for producing functional microcapsules due to their unique core-shell geometry. Employing glass capillary devices with coaxial channels has proven effective in creating uniform multiple-emulsion droplets. However, the use of partially miscible fluids, crucial for microcapsule production, often results in clogging and disrupts the stability of these devices. Here, we introduce innovative capillary microfluidic devices with concentric capillary channels, specifically designed to optimize the production of multiple-emulsion droplets while mitigating issues of precipitation and clogging. The key aspect of these devices is their configuration of two or three concentrically aligned capillaries, which form separate, coaxial microchannels for fluid injection. This unique alignment, achieved through rotational adjustments that leverage the natural off-center positioning of tapered capillaries, facilitates the simultaneous coaxial injection of various fluids into a droplet-forming junction, significantly reducing fluid contact before emulsification. The devices, featuring double and triple concentric capillary channels, consistently produce highly uniform double-, triple-, and quadruple-emulsion droplets with precisely controlled diameters and layer thicknesses. The minimal contact between fluids prior to emulsification in these devices broadens the usable range of fluid combinations, heralding new possibilities in microcapsule development for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonjin Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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2
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Kumar H, Tiwari M, Dugyala VR, Basavaraj MG. Single-Step Formation of Pickering Double Emulsions by Exploiting Differential Wettability of Particles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:7860-7870. [PMID: 38557075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
We present a modular single-step strategy for the formation of single and Pickering double emulsions (DEs). To this end, we consider the role of surface modification of particles and their dispersibility in different phases in the context of the design of Pickering emulsions by varying the volume fraction of oil in the oil-water mixture (ϕoil) used for emulsification. In particular, the experiments are performed by considering (a) model spherical and nonspherical colloids of different wettabilities which are tailored by oleic acid treatment, (b) immiscible liquids with or without particles, and (c) varying ϕoil from 0.1 to 0.9. We show that it is possible to affect a transition from (i) oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion to water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion and (ii) oil-in-water (O/W) to oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) to water-in-oil (W/O) as ϕoil is systematically varied. We elucidate that the range of ϕoil at which particle stabilized DEs of the O/W/O type form can be tuned by engineering surface modification of particles to different extents. Furthermore, the arrangement of particles on the surface of droplets in the Pickering DEs is discussed. Our results conclusively establish that the differential wettability of particles is the key for the design of Pickering DEs. The versatility of the proposed strategy is established by developing DEs using a number of model colloidal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Kumar
- Polymer Engineering and Colloid Science (PECS) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Madhvi Tiwari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Venkateshwar Rao Dugyala
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Madivala G Basavaraj
- Polymer Engineering and Colloid Science (PECS) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
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3
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Jiang L, Guo K, Chen Y, Xiang N. Droplet Microfluidics for Current Cancer Research: From Single-Cell Analysis to 3D Cell Culture. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:1335-1354. [PMID: 38420753 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Differences in drug resistance and treatment response caused by the heterogeneity of cancer cells are the primary reasons for poor cancer therapy outcomes in patients. In addition, current in vitro anticancer drug-screening methods rely on two-dimensional monolayer-cultured cancer cells, which cannot accurately predict drug behavior in vivo. Therefore, a powerful tool to study the heterogeneity of cancer cells and produce effective in vitro tumor models is warranted to leverage cancer research. Droplet microfluidics has become a powerful platform for the single-cell analysis of cancer cells and three-dimensional cell culture of in vitro tumor spheroids. In this review, we discuss the use of droplet microfluidics in cancer research. Droplet microfluidic technologies, including single- or double-emulsion droplet generation and passive- or active-droplet manipulation, are concisely discussed. Recent advances in droplet microfluidics for single-cell analysis of cancer cells, circulating tumor cells, and scaffold-free/based 3D cell culture of tumor spheroids have been systematically introduced. Finally, the challenges that must be overcome for the further application of droplet microfluidics in cancer research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Kefan Guo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Nan Xiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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4
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Jung SH, Meyer F, Hörnig S, Bund M, Häßel B, Guerzoni LPB, De Laporte L, Ben Messaoud G, Centeno SP, Pich A. On-Chip Fabrication of Colloidal Suprastructures by Assembly and Supramolecular Interlinking of Microgels. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2303444. [PMID: 37705132 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
In this report, a versatile method is demonstrated to create colloidal suprastructures by assembly and supramolecular interlinking of microgels using droplet-based microfluidics. The behavior of the microgels is systematically investigated to evaluate the influence of their concentration on their distribution between the continuous, the droplet phase, and the interface. At low concentrations, microgels are mainly localized at the water-oil interface whereas an excess of microgels results, following the complete coverage of the water-oil interface, in their distribution in the continuous phase. To stabilize the colloidal suprastructure, on-chip gelation is introduced by adding natural polyphenol tannic acid (TA) in the water phase. TA forms interparticle linking between the poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL) microgels by supramolecular interactions. The combination of supramolecular interlinking with the variation of the microgel concentration in microfluidic droplets enables on-chip fabrication of defined colloidal suprastructures with morphologies ranging from colloidosomes to colloidal supraballs. The obtained supracolloidal structures exhibit a pH-responsive behavior with a disintegration at alkaline conditions within a scale of seconds. The destabilization process results from the deprotonation of phenolic groups and destruction of hydrogen bonds with PVCL chains at higher pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hyeong Jung
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Meyer
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sven Hörnig
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michelle Bund
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Häßel
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Advanced Materials for Biomedicine, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Laura De Laporte
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Advanced Materials for Biomedicine, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ghazi Ben Messaoud
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Silvia P Centeno
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, RD Geleen, 6167, The Netherlands
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5
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Gao Y, Gao C, Fan Y, Sun H, Du J. Physically and Chemically Compartmentalized Polymersomes for Programmed Delivery and Biological Applications. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:5511-5538. [PMID: 37933444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Multicompartment polymersomes (MCPs) refer to polymersomes that not only contain one single compartment, either in the membrane or in the internal cavity, but also mimic the compartmentalized structure of living cells, attracting much attention in programmed delivery and biological applications. The investigation of MCPs may promote the application of soft nanomaterials in biomedicine. This Review seeks to highlight the recent advances of the design principles, synthetic strategies, and biomedical applications of MCPs. The compartmentalization types including chemical, physical, and hybrid compartmentalization are discussed. Subsequently, the design and controlled synthesis of MCPs by the self-assembly of amphiphilic polymers, double emulsification, coprecipitation, microfluidics and particle assembly, etc. are summarized. Furthermore, the diverse applications of MCPs in programmed delivery of various cargoes and biological applications including cancer therapy, antimicrobials, and regulation of blood glucose levels are highlighted. Finally, future perspectives of MCPs from the aspects of controlled synthesis and applications are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Gao
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Chenchen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yirong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Jianzhong Du
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
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6
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Long F, Guo Y, Zhang Z, Wang J, Ren Y, Cheng Y, Xu G. Recent Progress of Droplet Microfluidic Emulsification Based Synthesis of Functional Microparticles. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2300063. [PMID: 37745820 PMCID: PMC10517312 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202300063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable control function over the functional material formation process enabled by droplet microfluidic emulsification approaches can lead to the efficient and one-step encapsulation of active substances in microparticles, with the microparticle characteristics well regulated. In comparison to the conventional fabrication methods, droplet microfluidic technology can not only construct microparticles with various shapes, but also provide excellent templates, which enrich and expand the application fields of microparticles. For instance, intersection with disciplines in pharmacy, life sciences, and others, modifying the structure of microspheres and appending functional materials can be completed in the preparation of microparticles. The as-prepared polymer particles have great potential in a wide range of applications for chemical analysis, heavy metal adsorption, and detection. This review systematically introduces the devices and basic principles of particle preparation using droplet microfluidic technology and discusses the research of functional microparticle formation with high monodispersity, involving a plethora of types including spherical, nonspherical, and Janus type, as well as core-shell, hole-shell, and controllable multicompartment particles. Moreover, this review paper also exhibits a critical analysis of the current status and existing challenges, and outlook of the future development in the emerging fields has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Long
- Department of MechanicalMaterials and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo315100P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing MaterialsNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201P. R. China
- Research Group for Fluids and Thermal EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo315100P. R. China
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation InstituteNingbo315040P. R. China
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Department of MechanicalMaterials and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo315100P. R. China
- Research Group for Fluids and Thermal EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo315100P. R. China
| | - Zhiyu Zhang
- Department of MechanicalMaterials and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo315100P. R. China
- Research Group for Fluids and Thermal EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo315100P. R. China
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation InstituteNingbo315040P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation InstituteNingbo315040P. R. China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo315100P. R. China
| | - Yong Ren
- Department of MechanicalMaterials and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo315100P. R. China
- Research Group for Fluids and Thermal EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo315100P. R. China
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation InstituteNingbo315040P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Carbonaceous Wastes Processing and Process Intensification Research of Zhejiang ProvinceUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo315100P. R. China
| | - Yuchuan Cheng
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing MaterialsNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201P. R. China
| | - Gaojie Xu
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing MaterialsNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201P. R. China
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7
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Karamikamkar S, Yalcintas EP, Haghniaz R, de Barros NR, Mecwan M, Nasiri R, Davoodi E, Nasrollahi F, Erdem A, Kang H, Lee J, Zhu Y, Ahadian S, Jucaud V, Maleki H, Dokmeci MR, Kim H, Khademhosseini A. Aerogel-Based Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications: From Fabrication Methods to Disease-Targeting Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204681. [PMID: 37217831 PMCID: PMC10427407 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Aerogel-based biomaterials are increasingly being considered for biomedical applications due to their unique properties such as high porosity, hierarchical porous network, and large specific pore surface area. Depending on the pore size of the aerogel, biological effects such as cell adhesion, fluid absorption, oxygen permeability, and metabolite exchange can be altered. Based on the diverse potential of aerogels in biomedical applications, this paper provides a comprehensive review of fabrication processes including sol-gel, aging, drying, and self-assembly along with the materials that can be used to form aerogels. In addition to the technology utilizing aerogel itself, it also provides insight into the applicability of aerogel based on additive manufacturing technology. To this end, how microfluidic-based technologies and 3D printing can be combined with aerogel-based materials for biomedical applications is discussed. Furthermore, previously reported examples of aerogels for regenerative medicine and biomedical applications are thoroughly reviewed. A wide range of applications with aerogels including wound healing, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and diagnostics are demonstrated. Finally, the prospects for aerogel-based biomedical applications are presented. The understanding of the fabrication, modification, and applicability of aerogels through this study is expected to shed light on the biomedical utilization of aerogels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Reihaneh Haghniaz
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
| | | | - Marvin Mecwan
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
| | - Rohollah Nasiri
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
| | - Elham Davoodi
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics EngineeringUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooONN2L 3G1Canada
| | - Fatemeh Nasrollahi
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California‐Los Angeles (UCLA)Los AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Ahmet Erdem
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringKocaeli UniversityUmuttepe CampusKocaeli41001Turkey
| | - Heemin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Junmin Lee
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
| | - Vadim Jucaud
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
| | - Hajar Maleki
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of CologneGreinstraße 650939CologneGermany
- Center for Molecular Medicine CologneCMMC Research CenterRobert‐Koch‐Str. 2150931CologneGermany
| | | | - Han‐Jun Kim
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
- College of PharmacyKorea UniversitySejong30019Republic of Korea
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
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8
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Zhang P, Xu L, Chen H, Abate AR. Flow cytometric printing of double emulsions into open droplet arrays. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2371-2377. [PMID: 37070963 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00151b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of double emulsions in air is crucial for their applications in mass spectrometry, bioanalytics, and material synthesis. However, while methods have been developed to generate double emulsions in air, controlled printing of double emulsion droplets has not been achieved yet. In this paper, we present an approach for in-air printing of double emulsions on demand. Our approach pre-encapsulates reagents in an emulsion that is reinjected into the device, and generates double emulsions in a microfluidic printhead with spatially patterned wettability. Our device allows sorting of ejected double emulsion droplets in real-time, allowing deterministic printing of each droplet to be selected with the desired inner cores. Our method provides a general platform for building printed double emulsion droplet arrays of defined composition at scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Linfeng Xu
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Huawei Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Adam R Abate
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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9
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Tenorio-Barajas AY, Olvera MDLL, Romero-Paredes G, Altuzar V, Garrido-Guerrero E, Mendoza-Barrera C. Chitosan, Chitosan/IgG-Loaded, and N-Trimethyl Chitosan Chloride Nanoparticles as Potential Adjuvant and Carrier-Delivery Systems. Molecules 2023; 28:4107. [PMID: 37241848 PMCID: PMC10221049 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This work proposes a feasible, reproducible, and low-cost modified method to manufacture chitosan, chitosan/IgG-protein-loaded, and trimethylated chitosan nanoparticles, using microfluidics combined with the microemulsion technique, which differs from the traditional batch process of chitosan-based nanoparticles. The synthesis process consists of generating microreactors of chitosan-based polymer in a poly-dimethylsiloxane ψ-shaped microfluidic device and then crosslinking with sodium tripolyphosphate outside the cell. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrates an improvement in size control and distribution of the solid-shape chitosan nanoparticles (~80 nm) compared to the batch synthesis. Regarding chitosan/IgG-protein-loaded nanoparticles, these presented a core-shell morphology having a diameter of close to 15 nm. Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies confirmed the ionic crosslinking between the amino groups of chitosan and the phosphate groups of sodium tripolyphosphate in the fabricated samples and the total encapsulation of IgG protein during the fabrication of chitosan/IgG-loaded nanoparticles. Then, an ionic crosslinking and nucleation-diffusion process of chitosan-sodium tripolyphosphate was carried out during the nanoparticle formation, with and without IgG protein loading. The use of N-trimethyl chloride chitosan nanoparticles in vitro on human-keratinocyte-derived cell line HaCaT did not show side effects independently of its concentration from 1 to 10 μg/mL. Therefore, the proposed materials could be used as potential carrier-delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Y. Tenorio-Barajas
- Doctorado en Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - María de la L. Olvera
- Sección de Estado Sólido, Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Romero-Paredes
- Sección de Estado Sólido, Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico
| | - Victor Altuzar
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Efraín Garrido-Guerrero
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico
| | - Claudia Mendoza-Barrera
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
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10
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Wan B, Bao Q, Burgess D. Long-acting PLGA microspheres: advances in excipient and product analysis toward improved product understanding. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 198:114857. [PMID: 37149041 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres are a sustained-release drug delivery system with several successful commercial products used for the treatment of a variety of diseases. By utilizing PLGA polymers with different compositions, therapeutic agents can be released over durations varying from several weeks to several months. However, precise quality control of PLGA polymers and a fundamental understanding of all the factors associated with the performance of PLGA microsphere formulations remains challenging. This knowledge gap can hinder product development of both innovator and generic products. In this review, variability of the key release controlling excipient (PLGA), as well as advanced physicochemical characterization techniques for the PLGA polymer and PLGA microspheres are discussed. The relative merits and challenges of different in vitro release testing methods, in vivo pharmacokinetic studies, and in vitro-in vivo correlation development are also summarized. This review is intended to provide an in-depth understanding of long-acting microsphere products and consequently facilitate the development of these complex products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wan
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Quanying Bao
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Diane Burgess
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, CT 06269
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11
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Jia Z, Xie R, Hu Y, Ju X, Wang W, Liu Z, Chu L. Thermochromic Photonic Crystal Microspheres with Uniform Color Display and Wide Coloration Range. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200800. [PMID: 36525291 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thermochromic microspheres based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) attract much attention in detection and sensor due to the noticeable color response and fast response rate. However, some issues such as uneven color display and narrow coloration range still limit their practical applications. Herein, novel thermochromic microspheres with homogeneous color displays and wide thermochromic range are designed by combining the microfluidic technology with the magnetically-induced self-assembly technique and copolymerizing acrylamide (AM) with N-isopropylacrylamide. The photonic crystal structure with especially even colors is fast and conveniently constructed by magnetic assembly. The addition of AM makes the microspheres more hydrophilic and thus leading to a broader coloration range. The relationship between the structural color display and both the microstructures of photonic crystals and the thermo-responsive properties of gel matrix are elucidated. The detectable temperature of microspheres rises to as high as 60°C, and displays bright iridescent color variations from orange to blue-violet in the heating process. Importantly, their shrinking or swelling equilibrium can be reached in 80 and 105 s. Such microspheres are successfully used to visually indicate the appropriate temperature of enzymatic reaction, and have great potential in practical applications such as visual temperature detection and efficiency monitoring of chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Jia
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Rui Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yaqin Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Ju
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Liangyin Chu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
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12
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Liu Y, Fan Z, Qiao L, Liu B. Advances in microfluidic strategies for single-cell research. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Lai YK, Opalski AS, Garstecki P, Derzsi L, Guzowski J. A double-step emulsification device for direct generation of double emulsions. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:6157-6166. [PMID: 35770691 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00327a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In microfluidic step emulsification, the size of droplets generated in the dripping regime is predominantly determined by the nozzle's height and only weakly depends on the applied flow rates or liquid properties. While the generation of monodisperse emulsions at high throughput using step emulsifiers has been well established, the generation of double emulsions, i.e., liquid core-shell structures, is still challenging. Here, we demonstrate a novel double-step emulsification method for the direct generation of multi-core double-emulsions and provide a predictive model for the number of cores. While the mechanism of the formation of the core droplets or empty shell droplets follows the well-established scenario of simple step emulsification, the formation of double-emulsion droplets is strongly affected by the presence of the cores. Passing of the cores through the narrowing neck of the shell postpones shell pinch-off. In particular, we demonstrate that our system can be used for the generation of arbitrary large, tightly packed droplet clusters consisting of a controllable number of droplets. Finally, we discuss the options of upscaling the system for high-throughput generation of tailored double emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kai Lai
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adam S Opalski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Garstecki
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ladislav Derzsi
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jan Guzowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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14
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Xu Y, Zhu H, Denduluri A, Ou Y, Erkamp NA, Qi R, Shen Y, Knowles TPJ. Recent Advances in Microgels: From Biomolecules to Functionality. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200180. [PMID: 35790106 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The emerging applications of hydrogel materials at different length scales, in areas ranging from sustainability to health, have driven the progress in the design and manufacturing of microgels. Microgels can provide miniaturized, monodisperse, and regulatable compartments, which can be spatially separated or interconnected. These microscopic materials provide novel opportunities for generating biomimetic cell culture environments and are thus key to the advances of modern biomedical research. The evolution of the physical and chemical properties has, furthermore, highlighted the potentials of microgels in the context of materials science and bioengineering. This review describes the recent research progress in the fabrication, characterization, and applications of microgels generated from biomolecular building blocks. A key enabling technology allowing the tailoring of the properties of microgels is their synthesis through microfluidic technologies, and this paper highlights recent advances in these areas and their impact on expanding the physicochemical parameter space accessible using microgels. This review finally discusses the emerging roles that microgels play in liquid-liquid phase separation, micromechanics, biosensors, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Xu
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Hongjia Zhu
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Akhila Denduluri
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Yangteng Ou
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Nadia A Erkamp
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Runzhang Qi
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Yi Shen
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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15
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Klojdová I, Stathopoulos C. The Potential Application of Pickering Multiple Emulsions in Food. Foods 2022; 11:foods11111558. [PMID: 35681307 PMCID: PMC9180460 DOI: 10.3390/foods11111558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Emulsions stabilized by adsorbed particles—Pickering particles (PPs) instead of surfactants and emulsifiers are called Pickering emulsions. Here, we review the possible uses of Pickering multiple emulsions (PMEs) in the food industry. Food-grade PMEs are very complex systems with high potential for application in food technology. They can be prepared by traditional two-step emulsification processes but also using complex techniques, e.g., microfluidic devices. Compared to those stabilized with an emulsifier, PMEs provide more benefits such as lower susceptibility to coalescence, possible encapsulation of functional compounds in PMEs or even PPs with controlled release, etc. Additionally, the PPs can be made from food-grade by-products. Naturally, w/o/w emulsions in the Pickering form can also provide benefits such as fat reduction by partial replacement of fat phase with internal water phase and encapsulation of sensitive compounds in the internal water phase. A possible advanced type of PMEs may be stabilized by Janus particles, which can change their physicochemical properties and control properties of the whole emulsion systems. These emulsions have big potential as biosensors. In this paper, recent advances in the application of PPs in food emulsions are highlighted with emphasis on the potential application in food-grade PMEs.
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16
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Microfluidic preparation of monodisperse hollow polyacrylonitrile microspheres for ICF. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Feng C, Takahashi K, Zhu J. Simple One-Step and Rapid Patterning of PDMS Microfluidic Device Wettability for PDMS Shell Production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:891213. [PMID: 35519623 PMCID: PMC9061991 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.891213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Double emulsion (DE) droplets with controlled size and internal structure are a promising platform for biological analysis, chemical synthesis, and drug delivery systems. However, to further “democratize” their application, new methods that enable simple and precise spatial patterning of the surface wettability of droplet-generating microfluidic devices are still needed. Here, by leveraging the increase in hydrophilicity of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) due to the plasma-treatment used to permanently bond to glass, we developed a one-step method to selectively pattern the wettability of PDMS microfluidic devices for DE generation. Our results show that both Aquapel-treated and 1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluorodecyltriethoxysilan (PFDTES)-treated devices are functionally showing the generality of our method. With the resulting microfluidic devices, both water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) and oil-in-water-in-oil (o/w/o) DE droplets can be produced. Using a PDMS mixture containing cross-linking agents, we formed PDMS microcapsules by solidifying the shell layer of water-in-PDMS-in-water DE droplets. We also characterize the morphological properties of the generated droplets/microcapsules. We anticipate the method developed in this work could be used in a broad range of applications of DE droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Feng
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Chunying Feng,
| | - Kohei Takahashi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jianan Zhu
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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18
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Guindani C, da Silva LC, Cao S, Ivanov T, Landfester K. Synthetic Cells: From Simple Bio-Inspired Modules to Sophisticated Integrated Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202110855. [PMID: 34856047 PMCID: PMC9314110 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bottom-up synthetic biology is the science of building systems that mimic the structure and function of living cells from scratch. To do this, researchers combine tools from chemistry, materials science, and biochemistry to develop functional and structural building blocks to construct synthetic cell-like systems. The many strategies and materials that have been developed in recent decades have enabled scientists to engineer synthetic cells and organelles that mimic the essential functions and behaviors of natural cells. Examples include synthetic cells that can synthesize their own ATP using light, maintain metabolic reactions through enzymatic networks, perform gene replication, and even grow and divide. In this Review, we discuss recent developments in the design and construction of synthetic cells and organelles using the bottom-up approach. Our goal is to present representative synthetic cells of increasing complexity as well as strategies for solving distinct challenges in bottom-up synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Guindani
- Chemical Engineering ProgramCOPPEFederal University of Rio de Janeiro, PEQ/COPPE/UFRJ, CEP 21941-972Rio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | - Lucas Caire da Silva
- Department of Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Shoupeng Cao
- Department of Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Tsvetomir Ivanov
- Department of Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Department of Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
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19
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Guindani C, Silva LC, Cao S, Ivanov T, Landfester K. Synthetic Cells: From Simple Bio‐Inspired Modules to Sophisticated Integrated Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Guindani
- Chemical Engineering Program COPPE Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, PEQ/COPPE/UFRJ, CEP 21941-972 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Lucas Caire Silva
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Polymers Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Shoupeng Cao
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Polymers Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Tsvetomir Ivanov
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Polymers Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Polymers Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
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20
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A novel microfluidic device for double emulsion formation: The effects of design parameters on droplet production performance. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.128059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Le TNQ, Tran NN, Escribà-Gelonch M, Serra CA, Fisk I, McClements DJ, Hessel V. Microfluidic encapsulation for controlled release and its potential for nanofertilisers. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11979-12012. [PMID: 34515721 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00465d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is increasingly being utilized to create advanced materials with improved or new functional attributes. Converting fertilizers into a nanoparticle-form has been shown to improve their efficacy but the current procedures used to fabricate nanofertilisers often have poor reproducibility and flexibility. Microfluidic systems, on the other hand, have advantages over traditional nanoparticle fabrication methods in terms of energy and materials consumption, versatility, and controllability. The increased controllability can result in the formation of nanoparticles with precise and complex morphologies (e.g., tuneable sizes, low polydispersity, and multi-core structures). As a result, their functional performance can be tailored to specific applications. This paper reviews the principles, formation, and applications of nano-enabled delivery systems fabricated using microfluidic approaches for the encapsulation, protection, and release of fertilizers. Controlled release can be achieved using two main routes: (i) nutrients adsorbed on nanosupports and (ii) nutrients encapsulated inside nanostructures. We aim to highlight the opportunities for preparing a new generation of highly versatile nanofertilisers using microfluidic systems. We will explore several main characteristics of microfluidically prepared nanofertilisers, including droplet formation, shell fine-tuning, adsorbate fine-tuning, and sustained/triggered release behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Nguyen Quang Le
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. .,Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nam Nghiep Tran
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. .,School of Chemical Engineering, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Marc Escribà-Gelonch
- Higher Polytechnic Engineering School, University of Lleida, Igualada (Barcelona), 08700, Spain
| | - Christophe A Serra
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ian Fisk
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.,The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Volker Hessel
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. .,School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Library Rd, Coventry, UK
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22
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Park D, Kim H, Kim JW. Microfluidic production of monodisperse emulsions for cosmetics. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:051302. [PMID: 34733378 PMCID: PMC8550801 DOI: 10.1063/5.0057733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Droplet-based microfluidic technology has enabled the production of emulsions with high monodispersity in sizes ranging from a few to hundreds of micrometers. Taking advantage of this technology, attempts to generate monodisperse emulsion drops with high drug loading capacity, ordered interfacial structure, and multi-functionality have been made in the cosmetics industry. In this article, we introduce the practicality of the droplet-based microfluidic approach to the cosmetic industry in terms of innovation in productivity and marketability. Furthermore, we summarize some recent advances in the production of emulsion drops with enhanced mechanical interfacial stability. Finally, we discuss the future prospects of microfluidic technology in accordance with consumers' needs and industrial attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehwan Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hajeong Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woong Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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23
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Zhao X, Zhou Y, Li J, Zhang C, Wang J. Opportunities and challenges of hydrogel microspheres for tendon-bone healing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 110:289-301. [PMID: 34418286 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Poor angiogenesis and bony ingrowth are the major factors causing unsatisfactory healing between the tendon graft and the bone tunnel surface. Exogenous biological factors, biomaterials, and cells have been considered as new strategies to promote healing quality in recent years. However, it remains challenging for their clinical use because of insufficient in-situ retention time and release efficiency. Increasing attention has been paid to the hydrogel microspheres (HMPs) as potential drug-loading deliveries in biomedicine due to their minimally invasive manner, extended drug retention time, and high loading efficiency. In this review, the healing mechanism between the tendon graft and the bone tunnel is introduced, which is followed by a brief summarization of current methods applied for enhancement of the healing quality. Then, the preclinical studies focusing on HMPs as novel drug carriers are summarized to address the aforementioned concerns in the treatment of tendon-bone healing. Of note, the challenges and perspectives of HMPs in clinical conversion are also outlooked. Collectively, this review may inspire researchers and clinicians to develop clinical available HMPs in orthopedics such as sports medicine from both material and biomedical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xibang Zhao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianting Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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24
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Lv H, Yang Z, Zhang J, Qian G, Duan X, Shu Z, Zhou X. Liquid Flow and Mass Transfer Behaviors in a Butterfly-Shaped Microreactor. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:883. [PMID: 34442505 PMCID: PMC8401375 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Based on the split-and-recombine principle, a millimeter-scale butterfly-shaped microreactor was designed and fabricated through femtosecond laser micromachining. The velocity fields, streamlines and pressure fields of the single-phase flow in the microreactor were obtained by a computational fluid dynamics simulation, and the influence of flow rates on the homogeneous mixing efficiency was quantified by the mixing index. The flow behaviors in the microreactor were investigated using water and n-butanol, from which schematic diagrams of various flow patterns were given and a flow pattern map was established for regulating the flow behavior via controlling the flow rates of the two-phase flow. Furthermore, effects of the two-phase flow rates on the droplet flow behavior (droplet number, droplet size and standard deviation) in the microreactor were investigated. In addition, the interfacial mass transfer behaviors of liquid-liquid flow were evaluated using the standard low interfacial tension system of "n-butanol/succinic acid/water", where the dependence between the flow pattern and mass transfer was discussed. The empirical relationship between the volumetric mass transfer coefficient and Reynold number was established with prediction error less than 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhirong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (H.L.); (G.Q.); (X.D.); (Z.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (H.L.); (G.Q.); (X.D.); (Z.S.); (X.Z.)
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25
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Song R, Cho S, Shin S, Kim H, Lee J. From shaping to functionalization of micro-droplets and particles. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:3395-3416. [PMID: 36133725 PMCID: PMC9419121 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00276g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The structure of microdroplet and microparticle is a critical factor in their functionality, which determines the distribution and sequence of physicochemical reactions. Therefore, the technology of precisely tailoring their shape is requisite for implementing the user demand functions in various applications. This review highlights various methodologies for droplet shaping, classified into passive and active approaches based on whether additional body forces are applied to droplets to manipulate their functions and fabricate them into microparticles. The passive approaches cover batch emulsification, solvent evaporation and diffusion, micromolding, and microfluidic methods. In active approaches, the external forces, such as electrical and magnetic fields or optical lithography, are applied to microdroplets. Special attention is also given to latest technologies using microdroplets and microparticles, especially in the fields of biological, optical, robotic, and environmental applications. Finally, this review aims to address the advantages and disadvantages of the introduced approaches and suggests the direction for further development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryungeun Song
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Korea
| | - Seongsu Cho
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Korea
| | - Seonghun Shin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Korea
| | - Hyejeong Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University Seoul 02841 Korea
| | - Jinkee Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Korea
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Korea
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26
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Zhang H, Wu Y, Wang F, Guo F, Nestler B. Phase-Field Modeling of Multiple Emulsions Via Spinodal Decomposition. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:5275-5281. [PMID: 33885306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Currently, multiple emulsions via liquid-liquid phase separation in ternary polymer solutions have sparked considerable interest because of its remarkable potential in physical, medical, and biological applications. The transient "onion-like" multilayers are highly dependent on the evolution kinetics, which is challenging to be scrutinized in experiments and has not yet been fully understood. Here, we report a thermodynamically consistent multicomponent Cahn-Hilliard model to investigate the kinetics of multiple emulsions by tracing the temporal evolution of the local compositions inside the emulsion droplets. We reveal that the mechanism governing the kinetics is attributed to the competition between surface energy minimization and phase separation. Based on this concept, a generalized morphology diagram for different emulsion patterns is achieved, showing a good accordance with previous experiments. Moreover, combining the analysis for the kinetics and the morphology diagram, we predict new emulsion structures that provide general guidelines to discovery, design, and manipulation of complex multiphase emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Zhang
- Institute of Applied Materials-Computational Materials Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Straße am Forum 7, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Yanchen Wu
- Institute of Applied Materials-Computational Materials Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Straße am Forum 7, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute of Applied Materials-Computational Materials Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Straße am Forum 7, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Fuhao Guo
- Institute of Applied Materials-Computational Materials Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Straße am Forum 7, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Britta Nestler
- Institute of Applied Materials-Computational Materials Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Straße am Forum 7, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
- Institute of Digital Materials Science, Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, Moltkestraße 30, Karlsruhe 76133, Germany
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Khater A, Abdelrehim O, Mohammadi M, Mohamad A, Sanati-Nezhad A. Thermal droplet microfluidics: From biology to cooling technology. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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28
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Solvent evaporation self-motivated continual synthesis of versatile porous polymer microspheres via foaming-transfer. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Naiserová M, Vysloužil J, Kubová K, Holická M, Vetchý D, Mašek J, Mašková E. Use of droplet-based microfluidic techniques in the preparation of microparticles. CESKA A SLOVENSKA FARMACIE : CASOPIS CESKE FARMACEUTICKE SPOLECNOSTI A SLOVENSKE FARMACEUTICKE SPOLECNOSTI 2021; 70:155–163. [PMID: 34875837 DOI: 10.5817/csf2021-5-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microparticles are widely used in myriad fields such as pharmaceuticals, foods, cosmetics, and other industrial fields. Compared with traditional methods for synthesizing microparticles, microfluidic techniques provide very powerful platforms for creating highly controllable emulsion droplets as templates for fabricating uniform microparticles with advanced structures and functions. Microfluidic techniques can generate emulsion droplets with precisely controlled size, shape, and composition. A more precise preparation process brings an effective tool to control the release profile of the drug and introduces an easily accessible reproducibility. The paper gives information about basic droplet-based set-ups and examples of attainable microparticle types preparable by this method.
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Moreira ACG, Manrique YA, Martins IM, Fernandes IP, Rodrigues AE, Lopes JCB, Dias MM. Continuous Production of Melamine-Formaldehyde Microcapsules Using a Mesostructured Reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. G. Moreira
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering−Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto 4200-465, Portugal
| | - Yaidelin A. Manrique
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering−Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto 4200-465, Portugal
| | - Isabel M. Martins
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering−Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto 4200-465, Portugal
- Devan Chemicals, Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia, Rua Eng. Frederico Ulrich, No. 2650, Moreira da Maia 4470-605, Portugal
| | - Isabel P. Fernandes
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança 5300-253, Portugal
| | - Alírio E. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering−Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto 4200-465, Portugal
| | - José C. B. Lopes
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering−Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto 4200-465, Portugal
| | - Madalena M. Dias
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering−Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto 4200-465, Portugal
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31
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Yu W, Wang T, Park AHA, Fang M. Toward Sustainable Energy and Materials: CO2 Capture Using Microencapsulated Sorbents. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
- Center for Integrative Petroleum Research (CIPR), College of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Ah-Hyung Alissa Park
- Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy, the Earth Institute, Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City, New York 10027, United States
| | - Mengxiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
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32
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Fan C, Ma R, Wang Y, Luo J. Demulsification of Oil-in-Water Emulsions in a Novel Rotating Microchannel. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxin Fan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yubin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
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33
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Teo N, Jin C, Kulkarni A, Jana SC. Continuous fabrication of core-shell aerogel microparticles using microfluidic flows. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 561:772-781. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ai Y, Xie R, Xiong J, Liang Q. Microfluidics for Biosynthesizing: from Droplets and Vesicles to Artificial Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903940. [PMID: 31603270 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of artificial biomimetic materials has attracted abundant attention. As one of the subcategories of biomimetic materials, artificial cells are highly significant for multiple disciplines and their synthesis has been intensively pursued. In order to manufacture robust "alive" artificial cells with high throughput, easy operation, and precise control, flexible microfluidic techniques are widely utilized. Herein, recent advances in microfluidic-based methods for the synthesis of droplets, vesicles, and artificial cells are summarized. First, the advances of droplet fabrication and manipulation on the T-junction, flow-focusing, and coflowing microfluidic devices are discussed. Then, the formation of unicompartmental and multicompartmental vesicles based on microfluidics are summarized. Furthermore, the engineering of droplet-based and vesicle-based artificial cells by microfluidics is also reviewed. Moreover, the artificial cells applied for imitating cell behavior and acting as bioreactors for synthetic biology are highlighted. Finally, the current challenges and future trends in microfluidic-based artificial cells are discussed. This review should be helpful for researchers in the fields of microfluidics, biomaterial fabrication, and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Ai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Ruoxiao Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jialiang Xiong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Qionglin Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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35
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Jo YK, Lee D. Biopolymer Microparticles Prepared by Microfluidics for Biomedical Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903736. [PMID: 31559690 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biopolymers are macromolecules that are derived from natural sources and have attractive properties for a plethora of biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, low antigenicity, and high bioactivity. Microfluidics has emerged as a powerful approach for fabricating polymeric microparticles (MPs) with designed structures and compositions through precise manipulation of multiphasic flows at the microscale. The synergistic combination of materials chemistry afforded by biopolymers and precision provided by microfluidic capabilities make it possible to design engineered biopolymer-based MPs with well-defined physicochemical properties that are capable of enabling an efficient delivery of therapeutics, 3D culture of cells, and sensing of biomolecules. Here, an overview of microfluidic approaches is provided for the design and fabrication of functional MPs from three classes of biopolymers including polysaccharides, proteins, and microbial polymers, and their advances for biomedical applications are highlighted. An outlook into the future research on microfluidically-produced biopolymer MPs for biomedical applications is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kee Jo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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36
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Wang Y, Guo L, Dong S, Cui J, Hao J. Microgels in biomaterials and nanomedicines. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 266:1-20. [PMID: 30776711 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microgels are colloidal particles with crosslinked polymer networks and dimensions ranging from tens of nanometers to micrometers. Specifically, smart microgels are fascinating capable of responding to biological signals in vivo or remote triggers and making the possible for applications in biomaterials and biomedicines. Therefore, how to fundamentally design microgels is an urgent problem to be solved. In this review, we put forward our important fundamental opinions on how to devise the intelligent microgels for cancer therapy, biosensing and biological lubrication. We focus on the design ideas instead of specific implementation process by employing reverse synthesis analysis to programme the microgels at the original stage. Moreover, special insights will be, for the first time, as far as we know, dedicated to the particles completely composed of DNA or proteins into microgel systems. These are discussed in detail in this review. We expect to give readers a broad overview of the design criteria and practical methodologies of microgels according to the application fields, as well as to propel the further developments of highly interesting concepts and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Special Aggregated Materials (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Luxuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Special Aggregated Materials (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Shuli Dong
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Special Aggregated Materials (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Jiwei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Special Aggregated Materials (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Jingcheng Hao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Special Aggregated Materials (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, PR China.
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37
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Sato Y, Takinoue M. Creation of Artificial Cell-Like Structures Promoted by Microfluidics Technologies. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E216. [PMID: 30934758 PMCID: PMC6523379 DOI: 10.3390/mi10040216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The creation of artificial cells is an immensely challenging task in science. Artificial cells contribute to revealing the mechanisms of biological systems and deepening our understanding of them. The progress of versatile biological research fields has clarified many biological phenomena, and various artificial cell models have been proposed in these fields. Microfluidics provides useful technologies for the study of artificial cells because it allows the fabrication of cell-like compartments, including water-in-oil emulsions and giant unilamellar vesicles. Furthermore, microfluidics also allows the mimicry of cellular functions with chip devices based on sophisticated chamber design. In this review, we describe contributions of microfluidics to the study of artificial cells. Although typical microfluidic methods are useful for the creation of artificial-cell compartments, recent methods provide further benefits, including low-cost fabrication and a reduction of the sample volume. Microfluidics also allows us to create multi-compartments, compartments with artificial organelles, and on-chip artificial cells. We discuss these topics and the future perspective of microfluidics for the study of artificial cells and molecular robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sato
- Department of Computer Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takinoue
- Department of Computer Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan
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38
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Li W, Zhang L, Ge X, Xu B, Zhang W, Qu L, Choi CH, Xu J, Zhang A, Lee H, Weitz DA. Microfluidic fabrication of microparticles for biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5646-5683. [PMID: 29999050 PMCID: PMC6140344 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00263g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Droplet microfluidics offers exquisite control over the flows of multiple fluids in microscale, enabling fabrication of advanced microparticles with precisely tunable structures and compositions in a high throughput manner. The combination of these remarkable features with proper materials and fabrication methods has enabled high efficiency, direct encapsulation of actives in microparticles whose features and functionalities can be well controlled. These microparticles have great potential in a wide range of bio-related applications including drug delivery, cell-laden matrices, biosensors and even as artificial cells. In this review, we briefly summarize the materials, fabrication methods, and microparticle structures produced with droplet microfluidics. We also provide a comprehensive overview of their recent uses in biomedical applications. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges and perspectives to promote the future development of these engineered microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Polymer Materials, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Street, Shanghai 200444, China.
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39
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Sharratt WN, Brooker A, Robles ESJ, Cabral JT. Microfluidic solvent extraction of poly(vinyl alcohol) droplets: effect of polymer structure on particle and capsule formation. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:4453-4463. [PMID: 29697110 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm02488f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the formation of poly(vinyl alcohol) microparticles by the selective extraction of aqueous polymer solution droplets, templated by microfluidics and subsequently immersed in a non-solvent bath. The role of polymer molecular mass (18-105 kg mol-1), degree of hydrolysis (88-99%) and thus solubility, and initial solution concentration (0.01-10% w/w) are quantified. Monodisperse droplets with radii ranging from 50 to 500 μm were produced at a flow-focusing junction with carrier phase hexadecane and extracted into ethyl acetate. Solvent exchange and extraction result in droplet shrinkage, demixing, coarsening and phase-inversion, yielding polymer microparticles with well-defined dimensions and internal microstructure. Polymer concentration, varied from below the overlap concentration c* to above the concentrated crossover c**, as estimated by viscosity measurements, was found to have the largest impact on the final particle size and extraction timescale, while polymer mass and hydrolysis played a secondary role. These results are consistent with the observation that the average polymer concentration upon solidification greatly exceeds c**, and that the internal microparticle porosity is largely unchanged. However, reducing the initial polymer concentration to well below c* (approximately 100×) and increasing droplet size yields thin-walled (100's of nm) capsules which controllably crumple upon extraction. The symmetry of the process can be readily broken by imposing extraction conditions at an impermeable surface, yielding large, buckled, cavity morphologies. Based on these results, we establish robust design criteria for polymer capsules and particles, demonstrated here for poly(vinyl alcohol), with well-defined shape, dimensions and internal microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- W N Sharratt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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40
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Mou C, Wang W, Li Z, Ju X, Xie R, Deng N, Wei J, Liu Z, Chu L. Trojan-Horse-Like Stimuli-Responsive Microcapsules. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700960. [PMID: 29938173 PMCID: PMC6010793 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Multicompartment microcapsules, with each compartment protected by a distinct stimuli-responsive shell for versatile controlled release, are highly desired for developing new-generation microcarriers. Although many multicompartmental microcapsules have been created, most cannot combine different release styles to achieve flexible programmed sequential release. Here, one-step template synthesis of controllable Trojan-horse-like stimuli-responsive microcapsules is reported with capsule-in-capsule structures from microfluidic quadruple emulsions for diverse programmed sequential release. The nested inner and outer capsule compartments can separately encapsulate different contents, while their two stimuli-responsive hydrogel shells can individually control the content release from each capsule compartment for versatile sequential release. This is demonstrated by using three types of Trojan-horse-like stimuli-responsive microcapsules, with different combinations of release styles for flexible programmed sequential release. The proposed microcapsules provide novel advanced candidates for developing new-generation microcarriers for diverse, efficient applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan‐Lin Mou
- School of Chemical EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringOil & Gas Field Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceSouthwest Petroleum UniversityChengduSichuan610500China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Chemical EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
| | - Zhi‐Lu Li
- School of Chemical EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
| | - Xiao‐Jie Ju
- School of Chemical EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
| | - Rui Xie
- School of Chemical EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
| | - Nan‐Nan Deng
- School of Chemical EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
| | - Jie Wei
- School of Chemical EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- School of Chemical EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
| | - Liang‐Yin Chu
- School of Chemical EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
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41
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Costa SA, Simon JR, Amiram M, Tang L, Zauscher S, Brustad EM, Isaacs FJ, Chilkoti A. Photo-Crosslinkable Unnatural Amino Acids Enable Facile Synthesis of Thermoresponsive Nano- to Microgels of Intrinsically Disordered Polypeptides. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:10.1002/adma.201704878. [PMID: 29226470 PMCID: PMC5942558 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel particles are versatile materials that provide exquisite, tunable control over the sequestration and delivery of materials in pharmaceutics, tissue engineering, and photonics. The favorable properties of hydrogel particles depend largely on their size, and particles ranging from nanometers to micrometers are used in different applications. Previous studies have only successfully fabricated these particles in one specific size regime and required a variety of materials and fabrication methods. A simple yet powerful system is developed to easily tune the size of polypeptide-based, thermoresponsive hydrogel particles, from the nano- to microscale, using a single starting material. Particle size is controlled by the self-assembly and unique phase transition behavior of elastin-like polypeptides in bulk and within microfluidic-generated droplets. These particles are then stabilized through ultraviolet irradiation of a photo-crosslinkable unnatural amino acid (UAA) cotranslationally incorporated into the parent polypeptide. The thermoresponsive property of these particles provides an active mechanism for actuation and a dynamic responsive to the environment. This work represents a fundamental advance in the generation of crosslinked biomaterials, especially in the form of soft matter colloids, and is one of the first demonstrations of successful use of UAAs in generating a novel material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A Costa
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Joseph R Simon
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Miriam Amiram
- The Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University, P.O 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Lei Tang
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Stefan Zauscher
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Eric M Brustad
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Farren J Isaacs
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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42
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Ge XH, Geng YH, Chen J, Xu JH. Smart Amphiphilic Janus Microparticles: One-Step Synthesis and Self-Assembly. Chemphyschem 2017; 19:2009-2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Hui Ge
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering; Department of Chemical Engineering; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yu-Hao Geng
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering; Department of Chemical Engineering; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jian Chen
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering; Department of Chemical Engineering; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jian-Hong Xu
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering; Department of Chemical Engineering; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
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43
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Tang S, Yourdkhani M, Possanza Casey CM, Sottos NR, White SR, Moore JS. Low-Ceiling-Temperature Polymer Microcapsules with Hydrophobic Payloads via Rapid Emulsion-Solvent Evaporation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:20115-20123. [PMID: 28544851 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a microencapsulation procedure based on rapid solvent evaporation to prepare microcapsules with hydrophobic core materials and low-ceiling-temperature polymer shell wall of cyclic poly(phthalaldehyde) (cPPA). We use and compare microfluidic and bulk emulsions. In both methods, rapid solvent evaporation following emulsification resulted in kinetically trapped core-shell microcapsules, whereas slow evaporation resulted in acorn morphology. Through the systematic variation of encapsulation parameters, we found that polymer-to-core weight ratios higher than 1 and polymer concentrations higher than 4.5 wt % in the oil phase were required to obtain a core-shell structure. This microencapsulation procedure enabled the fabrication of microcapsules with high core loading, controlled size, morphology, and stability. This procedure is versatile, allowing for the encapsulation of other hydrophobic core materials, i.e., mineral oil and organotin catalyst, or using an alternative low-ceiling-temperature polymer shell wall, poly(vinyl tert-butyl carbonate sulfone).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Tang
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ⊥Department of Aerospace Engineering, and ∥Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mostafa Yourdkhani
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ⊥Department of Aerospace Engineering, and ∥Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Catherine M Possanza Casey
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ⊥Department of Aerospace Engineering, and ∥Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ⊥Department of Aerospace Engineering, and ∥Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Scott R White
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ⊥Department of Aerospace Engineering, and ∥Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ⊥Department of Aerospace Engineering, and ∥Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Zhao C, Chen D, Hui Y, Weitz DA, Middelberg APJ. Controlled Generation of Ultrathin‐Shell Double Emulsions and Studies on Their Stability. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1393-1399. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Xia Zhao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA
| | - Dong Chen
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems Institute of Process Equipment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Zheda Road No.38 Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Yue Hui
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - David A. Weitz
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA
| | - Anton P. J. Middelberg
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
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Malo de Molina P, Zhang M, Bayles AV, Helgeson ME. Oil-in-Water-in-Oil Multinanoemulsions for Templating Complex Nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:7325-7332. [PMID: 27455402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Complex nanoemulsions involving nanodroplets with a defined inner structure have great potential for encapsulation and templating applications. We report a method to form novel complex oil-in-water-in-oil nanoemulsions using a combination of high-energy processing with mixed nonionic surfactants that simultaneously achieve ultralow interfacial tension and frustrated curvature of the water-oil interface. The method produces multinanoemulsions possessing morphologies resembling water-swollen reverse vesicles with core-shell and multicore-shell morphologies of water in cyclohexane. A combination of macroscopic and microscopic characterization conclusively verifies and quantifies the complex morphologies, which vary systematically and reproducibly with water content for water volume fractions between 0.01 and 0.10. The complex morphologies are stable tens of hours, providing a route for their use as liquid templates for internally structured nanoparticles. As a demonstration, we test the complex nanoemulsions' ability to template complex polymer nanogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Malo de Molina
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara , 3357 Engineering II, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Mengwen Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara , 3357 Engineering II, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Alexandra V Bayles
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara , 3357 Engineering II, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Matthew E Helgeson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara , 3357 Engineering II, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Lee H, Choi CH, Abbaspourrad A, Wesner C, Caggioni M, Zhu T, Nawar S, Weitz DA. Fluorocarbon Oil Reinforced Triple Emulsion Drops. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:8425-8430. [PMID: 27479940 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorocarbon oil reinforced triple emulsion drops are prepared to encapsulate a broad range of polar and non-polar cargoes in a single platform. In addition, it is demonstrated that the fluorocarbon oil within the emulsion drop acts as an effective diffusion barrier, as well as a non-adhesive layer, enabling highly efficient encapsulation and retention of small molecules and active biomolecules in microcapsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyomin Lee
- Department of Physics, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Chang-Hyung Choi
- Department of Physics, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | | | - Chris Wesner
- Corporate Engineering, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, 45069, USA
| | - Marco Caggioni
- Corporate Engineering, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, 45069, USA
| | - Taotao Zhu
- Corporate Engineering, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, 45069, USA
| | - Saraf Nawar
- Department of Physics, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - David A Weitz
- Department of Physics, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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Interfacial Tension; a Stabilizing Factor for Janus Emulsions of Silicone Bixa Orellana Oils. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-016-1847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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48
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Choi CH, Lee H, Abbaspourrad A, Kim JH, Fan J, Caggioni M, Wesner C, Zhu T, Weitz DA. Triple Emulsion Drops with An Ultrathin Water Layer: High Encapsulation Efficiency and Enhanced Cargo Retention in Microcapsules. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:3340-3344. [PMID: 26932778 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Triple emulsion drops with an ultrathin water layer are developed to achieve high encapsulation efficiency of hydrophobic cargo in a hydrophobic polymeric shell, directly dispersed in water. Furthermore, enhanced retention of volatile hydrophobic cargo is achieved by forming a hydrogel network within this water layer that serves as a physical barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hyung Choi
- Department of Physics, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Hyomin Lee
- Department of Physics, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | | | - June Hwan Kim
- Department of Physics, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jing Fan
- Department of Physics, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Marco Caggioni
- Corporate Engineering, The Procter and Gamble, OH, 45069, USA
| | - Chris Wesner
- Corporate Engineering, The Procter and Gamble, OH, 45069, USA
| | - Taotao Zhu
- Corporate Engineering, The Procter and Gamble, OH, 45069, USA
| | - David A Weitz
- Department of Physics, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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49
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Lee SS, Kim SK, Won JC, Kim YH, Kim SH. Reconfigurable Photonic Capsules Containing Cholesteric Liquid Crystals with Planar Alignment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:15266-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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50
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Lee SS, Kim SK, Won JC, Kim YH, Kim SH. Reconfigurable Photonic Capsules Containing Cholesteric Liquid Crystals with Planar Alignment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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