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Franceus J, Ubiparip Z, Beerens K, Desmet T. Engineering of a Thermostable Biocatalyst for the Synthesis of 2-O-Glucosylglycerol. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2777-2782. [PMID: 33991026 PMCID: PMC8518079 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
2‐O‐Glucosylglycerol is accumulated by various bacteria and plants in response to environmental stress. It is widely applied as a bioactive moisturising ingredient in skin care products, for which it is manufactured via enzymatic glucosylation of glycerol by the sucrose phosphorylase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides. This industrial process is operated at room temperature due to the mediocre stability of the biocatalyst, often leading to microbial contamination. The highly thermostable sucrose phosphorylase from Bifidobacterium adolescentis could be a better alternative in that regard, but this enzyme is not fit for production of 2‐O‐glucosylglycerol due to its low regioselectivity and poor affinity for glycerol. In this work, the thermostable phosphorylase was engineered to alleviate these problems. Several engineering approaches were explored, ranging from site‐directed mutagenesis to conventional, binary, iterative or combinatorial randomisation of the active site, resulting in the screening of ∼3,900 variants. Variant P134Q displayed a 21‐fold increase in catalytic efficiency for glycerol, as well as a threefold improvement in regioselectivity towards the 2‐position of the substrate, while retaining its activity for several days at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorick Franceus
- Centre for Synthesis Biology (CSB) Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Zorica Ubiparip
- Centre for Synthesis Biology (CSB) Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Koen Beerens
- Centre for Synthesis Biology (CSB) Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Tom Desmet
- Centre for Synthesis Biology (CSB) Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
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2
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Wu S, Snajdrova R, Moore JC, Baldenius K, Bornscheuer UT. Biocatalysis: Enzymatic Synthesis for Industrial Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:88-119. [PMID: 32558088 PMCID: PMC7818486 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 174.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has found numerous applications in various fields as an alternative to chemical catalysis. The use of enzymes in organic synthesis, especially to make chiral compounds for pharmaceuticals as well for the flavors and fragrance industry, are the most prominent examples. In addition, biocatalysts are used on a large scale to make specialty and even bulk chemicals. This review intends to give illustrative examples in this field with a special focus on scalable chemical production using enzymes. It also discusses the opportunities and limitations of enzymatic syntheses using distinct examples and provides an outlook on emerging enzyme classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuke Wu
- Institute of BiochemistryDept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald UniversityFelix-Hausdorff-Strasse 417487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Radka Snajdrova
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry4056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Jeffrey C. Moore
- Process Research and DevelopmentMerck & Co., Inc.126 E. Lincoln AveRahwayNJ07065USA
| | - Kai Baldenius
- Baldenius Biotech ConsultingHafenstr. 3168159MannheimGermany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of BiochemistryDept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald UniversityFelix-Hausdorff-Strasse 417487GreifswaldGermany
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Wu S, Snajdrova R, Moore JC, Baldenius K, Bornscheuer UT. Biokatalyse: Enzymatische Synthese für industrielle Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuke Wu
- Institut für Biochemie Abt. Biotechnologie & Enzymkatalyse Universität Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Radka Snajdrova
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Global Discovery Chemistry 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Jeffrey C. Moore
- Process Research and Development Merck & Co., Inc. 126 E. Lincoln Ave Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Kai Baldenius
- Baldenius Biotech Consulting Hafenstraße 31 68159 Mannheim Deutschland
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institut für Biochemie Abt. Biotechnologie & Enzymkatalyse Universität Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
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Singh RP, Pergolizzi G, Nepogodiev SA, de Andrade P, Kuhaudomlarp S, Field RA. Preparative and Kinetic Analysis of β-1,4- and β-1,3-Glucan Phosphorylases Informs Access to Human Milk Oligosaccharide Fragments and Analogues Thereof. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1043-1049. [PMID: 31657512 PMCID: PMC7187349 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides depends on the availability of suitable enzymes, which remains a limitation. Without recourse to enzyme engineering or evolution approaches, herein we demonstrate the ability of wild-type cellodextrin phosphorylase (CDP: β-1,4-glucan linkage-dependent) and laminaridextrin phosphorylase (Pro_7066: β-1,3-glucan linkage-dependent) to tolerate a number of sugar-1- phosphate substrates, albeit with reduced kinetic efficiency. In spite of catalytic efficiencies of <1 % of the natural reactions, we demonstrate the utility of given phosphorylase-sugar phosphate pairs to access new-to-nature fragments of human milk oligosaccharides, or analogues thereof, in multi-milligram quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Pal Singh
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- Present address: Food and Nutritional Biotechnology DivisionNational Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI)Main Campus, Sector 81Sahibzada Ajit Singh NagarPunjab140306India
| | - Giulia Pergolizzi
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Sergey A. Nepogodiev
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Peterson de Andrade
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Sakonwan Kuhaudomlarp
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Robert A. Field
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- Present address: Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
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Kuhaudomlarp S, Walpole S, Stevenson CEM, Nepogodiev SA, Lawson DM, Angulo J, Field RA. Unravelling the Specificity of Laminaribiose Phosphorylase from Paenibacillus sp. YM-1 towards Donor Substrates Glucose/Mannose 1-Phosphate by Using X-ray Crystallography and Saturation Transfer Difference NMR Spectroscopy. Chembiochem 2018; 20:181-192. [PMID: 29856496 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycoside phosphorylases (GPs) carry out a reversible phosphorolysis of carbohydrates into oligosaccharide acceptors and the corresponding sugar 1-phosphates. The reversibility of the reaction enables the use of GPs as biocatalysts for carbohydrate synthesis. Glycosyl hydrolase family 94 (GH94), which only comprises GPs, is one of the most studied GP families that have been used as biocatalysts for carbohydrate synthesis, in academic research and in industrial production. Understanding the mechanism of GH94 enzymes is a crucial step towards enzyme engineering to improve and expand the applications of these enzymes in synthesis. In this work with a GH94 laminaribiose phosphorylase from Paenibacillus sp. YM-1 (PsLBP), we have demonstrated an enzymatic synthesis of disaccharide 1 (β-d-mannopyranosyl-(1→3)-d-glucopyranose) by using a natural acceptor glucose and noncognate donor substrate α-mannose 1-phosphate (Man1P). To investigate how the enzyme recognises different sugar 1-phosphates, the X-ray crystal structures of PsLBP in complex with Glc1P and Man1P have been solved, providing the first molecular detail of the recognition of a noncognate donor substrate by GPs, which revealed the importance of hydrogen bonding between the active site residues and hydroxy groups at C2, C4, and C6 of sugar 1-phosphates. Furthermore, we used saturation transfer difference NMR spectroscopy to support crystallographic studies on the sugar 1-phosphates, as well as to provide further insights into the PsLBP recognition of the acceptors and disaccharide products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakonwan Kuhaudomlarp
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Samuel Walpole
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Clare E M Stevenson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sergey A Nepogodiev
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - David M Lawson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jesus Angulo
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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Schmölzer K, Eibinger M, Nidetzky B. Active-Site His85 of Pasteurella dagmatis Sialyltransferase Facilitates Productive Sialyl Transfer and So Prevents Futile Hydrolysis of CMP-Neu5Ac. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1544-1550. [PMID: 28474804 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Sialyltransferases of the GT-80 glycosyltransferase family are considered multifunctional because of the array of activities detected. They exhibit glycosyl transfer, trans-sialylation, and hydrolysis activities. How these enzymes utilize their active-site residues in balancing the different enzymatic activities is not well understood. In this study of Pasteurella dagmatis α2,3sialyltransferase, we show that the conserved His85 controls efficiency and selectivity of the sialyl transfer. A His85→Asn variant was 200 times less efficient than wild-type for sialylation of lactose, and exhibited relaxed site selectivity to form not only the α2,3- but also the α2,6-sialylated product (21 %). The H85N variant was virtually inactive in trans-sialylation but showed almost the same CMP-Neu5Ac hydrolase activity as wild-type. The competition between sialyl transfer and hydrolysis in the conversion of CMP-Neu5Ac was dependent on the lactose concentration; this was characterized by a kinetic partition ratio of 85 m-1 for the H85N variant, compared to 17 000 m-1 for the wild-type enzyme. His85 promotes the productive sialyl transfer to lactose and so prevents hydrolysis of CMP-Neu5Ac in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schmölzer
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Manuel Eibinger
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
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Gudiminchi RK, Nidetzky B. Walking a Fine Line with Sucrose Phosphorylase: Efficient Single-Step Biocatalytic Production of l-Ascorbic Acid 2-Glucoside from Sucrose. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1387-1390. [PMID: 28426168 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The 2-O-α-d-glucoside of l-ascorbic acid (AA-2G) is a highly stabilized form of vitamin C, with important industrial applications in cosmetics, food, and pharmaceuticals. AA-2G is currently produced through biocatalytic glucosylation of l-ascorbic acid from starch-derived oligosaccharides. Sucrose would be an ideal substrate for AA-2G synthesis, but it lacks a suitable transglycosidase. We show here that in a narrow pH window (pH 4.8-6.0, with sharp optimum at pH 5.2), sucrose phosphorylases catalyzed the 2-O-α-glucosylation of l-ascorbic acid from sucrose with high efficiency and perfect site-selectivity. Optimized synthesis with the enzyme from Bifidobacterium longum at 40 °C gave a concentrated product (155 g L-1 ; 460 mm), from which pure AA-2G was readily recovered in ∼50 % overall yield, thus providing the basis for advanced production. The peculiar pH dependence is suggested to arise from a "reverse-protonation" mechanism in which the catalytic base Glu232 on the glucosyl-enzyme intermediate must be protonated for attack on the anomeric carbon from the 2-hydroxyl of the ionized l-ascorbate substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, 14 Petersgasse, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, 12/1 Petersgasse, 8010, Graz, Austria
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Dirks-Hofmeister ME, Verhaeghe T, De Winter K, Desmet T. Creating Space for Large Acceptors: Rational Biocatalyst Design for Resveratrol Glycosylation in an Aqueous System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9289-92. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Dirks-Hofmeister ME, Verhaeghe T, De Winter K, Desmet T. Creating Space for Large Acceptors: Rational Biocatalyst Design for Resveratrol Glycosylation in an Aqueous System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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De Winter K, Van Renterghem L, Wuyts K, Pelantová H, Křen V, Soetaert W, Desmet T. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of β-D-Glucosides using Cellobiose Phosphorylase fromClostridium thermocellum. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Desmet T, Soetaert W, Bojarová P, Křen V, Dijkhuizen L, Eastwick-Field V, Schiller A. Enzymatic glycosylation of small molecules: challenging substrates require tailored catalysts. Chemistry 2012; 18:10786-801. [PMID: 22887462 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation can significantly improve the physicochemical and biological properties of small molecules like vitamins, antibiotics, flavors, and fragrances. The chemical synthesis of glycosides is, however, far from trivial and involves multistep routes that generate lots of waste. In this review, biocatalytic alternatives are presented that offer both stricter specificities and higher yields. The advantages and disadvantages of different enzyme classes are discussed and illustrated with a number of recent examples. Progress in the field of enzyme engineering and screening are expected to result in new applications of biocatalytic glycosylation reactions in various industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Desmet
- University of Ghent, Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Gent, Belgium
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Wiesbauer J, Bolivar JM, Mueller M, Schiller M, Nidetzky B. Oriented Immobilization of Enzymes Made Fit for Applied Biocatalysis: Non-Covalent Attachment to Anionic Supports usingZbasic2Module. ChemCatChem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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