1
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Depmeier H, Hoffmann E, Bornewasser L, Kath‐Schorr S. Strategies for Covalent Labeling of Long RNAs. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2826-2847. [PMID: 34043861 PMCID: PMC8518768 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of chemical modifications into long RNA molecules at specific positions for visualization, biophysical investigations, diagnostic and therapeutic applications still remains challenging. In this review, we present recent approaches for covalent internal labeling of long RNAs. Topics included are the assembly of large modified RNAs via enzymatic ligation of short synthetic oligonucleotides and synthetic biology approaches preparing site-specifically modified RNAs via in vitro transcription using an expanded genetic alphabet. Moreover, recent approaches to employ deoxyribozymes (DNAzymes) and ribozymes for RNA labeling and RNA methyltransferase based labeling strategies are presented. We discuss the potentials and limits of the individual methods, their applicability for RNAs with several hundred to thousands of nucleotides in length and indicate future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Depmeier
- University of CologneDepartment of ChemistryGreinstr. 450939CologneGermany
| | - Eva Hoffmann
- University of CologneDepartment of ChemistryGreinstr. 450939CologneGermany
| | - Lisa Bornewasser
- University of CologneDepartment of ChemistryGreinstr. 450939CologneGermany
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2
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Tivon Y, Falcone G, Deiters A. Protein Labeling and Crosslinking by Covalent Aptamers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Tivon
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Gianna Falcone
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Alexander Deiters
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
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3
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Tivon Y, Falcone G, Deiters A. Protein Labeling and Crosslinking by Covalent Aptamers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15899-15904. [PMID: 33928724 PMCID: PMC8260448 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We developed a new approach to selectively modify native proteins in their biological environment using electrophilic covalent aptamers. These aptamers are generated through introduction of a proximity-driven electrophile at specific nucleotide sites. Using thrombin as a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate that covalent aptamers can selectively transfer a variety of functional handles and/or irreversibly crosslink to the target protein. This approach offers broad programmability and high target specificity. Furthermore, it addresses issues common to aptamers such as instability towards endogenous nucleases and residence times during target engagement. Covalent aptamers are new tools that enable specific protein modification and sensitive protein detection. Moreover, they provide prolonged, nuclease-resistant enzyme inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Tivon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Gianna Falcone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Alexander Deiters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
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4
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Ratanabunyong S, Aeksiri N, Yanaka S, Yagi-Utsumi M, Kato K, Choowongkomon K, Hannongbua S. Characterization of New DNA Aptamers for Anti-HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase. Chembiochem 2020; 22:915-923. [PMID: 33095511 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 RT is a necessary enzyme for retroviral replication, which is the main target for antiviral therapy against AIDS. Effective anti-HIV-1 RT drugs are divided into two groups; nucleoside inhibitors (NRTI) and non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNRTI), which inhibit DNA polymerase. In this study, new DNA aptamers were isolated as anti-HIV-1 RT inhibitors. The selected DNA aptamer (WT62) presented with high affinity and inhibition against wild-type (WT) HIV-1 RT and gave a KD value of 75.10±0.29 nM and an IC50 value of 84.81±8.54 nM. Moreover, WT62 decreased the DNA polymerase function of K103 N/Y181 C double mutant (KY) HIV-1 RT by around 80 %. Furthermore, the ITC results showed that this aptamer has small binding enthalpies with both WT and KY HIV-1 RTs through which the complex might form a hydrophobic interaction or noncovalent bonding. The NMR result also suggested that the WT62 aptamer could bind with both WT and KY mutant HIV-1 RTs at the connection domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriluk Ratanabunyong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Niran Aeksiri
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanlolok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Saeko Yanaka
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and, Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, 12 Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Maho Yagi-Utsumi
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and, Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, 12 Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and, Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, 12 Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Supa Hannongbua
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 10900, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.,Center for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology for Chemical, Food and Agricultural Industries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
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5
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Kubiczek D, Raber H, Bodenberger N, Oswald T, Sahan M, Mayer D, Wiese S, Stenger S, Weil T, Rosenau F. The Diversity of a Polyclonal FluCell-SELEX Library Outperforms Individual Aptamers as Emerging Diagnostic Tools for the Identification of Carbapenem Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chemistry 2020; 26:14536-14545. [PMID: 32515842 PMCID: PMC7756519 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Textbook procedures require the use of individual aptamers enriched in SELEX libraries which are subsequently chemically synthesized after their biochemical characterization. Here we show that this reduction of the available sequence space of large libraries and thus the diversity of binding molecules reduces the labelling efficiency and fidelity of selected single aptamers towards different strains of the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to a polyclonal aptamer library enriched by a whole-cell-SELEX involving fluorescent aptamers. The library outperformed single aptamers in reliable and specific targeting of different clinically relevant strains, allowed to inhibit virulence associated cellular functions and identification of bound cell surface targets by aptamer based affinity purification and mass spectrometry. The stunning ease of this FluCell-SELEX and the convincing performance of the P. aeruginosa specific library may pave the way towards generally new and efficient diagnostic techniques based on polyclonal aptamer libraries not only in clinical microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Kubiczek
- Institute of pharmaceutical biotechnologyUlm University89081UlmGermany
| | - Heinz Raber
- Institute of pharmaceutical biotechnologyUlm University89081UlmGermany
| | | | - Thomas Oswald
- Institute of pharmaceutical biotechnologyUlm University89081UlmGermany
| | - Melis Sahan
- Institute of pharmaceutical biotechnologyUlm University89081UlmGermany
| | - Daniel Mayer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and HygieneUniversity Hospital Ulm89081UlmGermany
| | | | - Steffen Stenger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and HygieneUniversity Hospital Ulm89081UlmGermany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Department Synthesis of MacromoleculesMax-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research Mainz55128MainzGermany
| | - Frank Rosenau
- Institute of pharmaceutical biotechnologyUlm University89081UlmGermany
- Department Synthesis of MacromoleculesMax-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research Mainz55128MainzGermany
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6
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Nur Topkaya S, Cetin AE. Electrochemical Aptasensors for Biological and Chemical Analyte Detection. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seda Nur Topkaya
- Izmir Katip Celebi University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry 35620, Cigli Izmir TURKEY
| | - Arif E. Cetin
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center 35330, Balcova Izmir TURKEY
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7
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Kropp HM, Diederichs K, Marx A. The Structure of an Archaeal B-Family DNA Polymerase in Complex with a Chemically Modified Nucleotide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5457-5461. [PMID: 30761722 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Archaeal B-family DNA polymerases (DNA pols) are the driving force of cutting-edge biotechnological applications like next-generation sequencing. The acceptance of chemically modified nucleotides by DNA pols is key to these technologies. Until now, no structural data have been available for these DNA pols in complex with modified substrates, which could build the basis for understanding interactions between the enzyme and the chemically modified nucleotide and for the further development of next-generation nucleotides. For the first time, we crystallized an exonuclease-deficient variant of the wild-type B-family KOD DNA pol with a modified nucleotide in a closed, ternary complex. We also crystalized the A-family DNA pol KlenTaq with the same nucleotide. The reported structural data reveal how the protein and the DNA modulate two distinct conformations of the appended moiety in the A- and B-family DNA pols and how these influence the processing of the modified nucleotide. Overall, this study provides first insight into the interplay between B-family DNA pols and relevant modified substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike M Kropp
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 7857, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Kay Diederichs
- Department of Biology and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Andreas Marx
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 7857, Konstanz, Germany
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8
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Kropp HM, Diederichs K, Marx A. Struktur einer archaealen B‐Familien‐DNA‐Polymerase in Komplex mit einem chemisch modifizierten Nukleotid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heike M. Kropp
- Fachbereich Chemie und Konstanz Research School Chemical BiologyUniversität Konstanz Universitätsstraße 10 7857 Konstanz Deutschland
| | - Kay Diederichs
- Fachbereich Biologie und Konstanz Research School Chemical BiologyUniversität Konstanz Universitätsstraße 10 78457 Konstanz Deutschland
| | - Andreas Marx
- Fachbereich Chemie und Konstanz Research School Chemical BiologyUniversität Konstanz Universitätsstraße 10 7857 Konstanz Deutschland
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9
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Yao Y, Jiang C, Ping J. Flexible freestanding graphene paper-based potentiometric enzymatic aptasensor for ultrasensitive wireless detection of kanamycin. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 123:178-184. [PMID: 30174273 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Flexible sensing devices have drawn tremendous attention in the past decades due to their potential applications in future hand-held, potable consumer, and wearable electronics. Here, we firstly developed an ultrasensitive wireless potentiometric aptasensor based on flexible freestanding graphene paper for kanamycin detection. Flexible graphene paper made from a simple vacuum filtration method was used as a biocompatible platform for effective immobilization of aptamer. A nuclease-assisted amplification strategy was introduced into this potentiometric biosensing system in order to significantly improve the detection sensitivity through a classic catalytic recycling reaction of target induced by the nuclease (DNase I). As expected, an ultra-low detection limit of 30.0 fg/mL for kanamycin was achieved. Furthermore, the developed potentiometric enzymatic aptasensor exhibits high selectivity, favorable flexibility, excellent stability and reproducibility, which holds great promising for its routine sensing application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Chengmei Jiang
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Ping
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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10
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Hottin A, Betz K, Diederichs K, Marx A. Structural Basis for the KlenTaq DNA Polymerase Catalysed Incorporation of Alkene- versus Alkyne-Modified Nucleotides. Chemistry 2017; 23:2109-2118. [PMID: 27901305 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Efficient incorporation of modified nucleotides by DNA polymerases is essential for many cutting-edge biomolecular technologies. The present study compares the acceptance of either alkene- or alkyne-modified nucleotides by KlenTaq DNA polymerase and provides structural insights into how 7-deaza-adenosine and deoxyuridine with attached alkene-modifications are incorporated into the growing DNA strand. Thereby, we identified modified nucleotides that prove to be superior substrates for KlenTaq DNA polymerase compared with their natural analogues. The knowledge can be used to guide future design of functionalized nucleotide building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Hottin
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Karin Betz
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Kay Diederichs
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Andreas Marx
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
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11
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Zhang H, Zhou L, Zhu Z, Yang C. Recent Progress in Aptamer-Based Functional Probes for Bioanalysis and Biomedicine. Chemistry 2016; 22:9886-900. [PMID: 27243551 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid aptamers are short synthetic DNA or RNA sequences that can bind to a wide range of targets with high affinity and specificity. In recent years, aptamers have attracted increasing research interest due to their unique features of high binding affinity and specificity, small size, excellent chemical stability, easy chemical synthesis, facile modification, and minimal immunogenicity. These properties make aptamers ideal recognition ligands for bioanalysis, disease diagnosis, and cancer therapy. This review highlights the recent progress in aptamer selection and the latest applications of aptamer-based functional probes in the fields of bioanalysis and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Leiji Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhi Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Chaoyong Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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12
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Tolle F, Brändle GM, Matzner D, Mayer G. Ein universeller Zugang zu Nucleobasen-modifizierten Aptameren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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13
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Tolle F, Brändle GM, Matzner D, Mayer G. A Versatile Approach Towards Nucleobase-Modified Aptamers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [PMID: 26224087 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel and versatile method has been developed for modular expansion of the chemical space of nucleic acid libraries, thus enabling the generation of nucleobase-modified aptamers with unprecedented recognition properties. Reintroduction of the modification after enzymatic replication gives broad access to many chemical modifications. This wide applicability, which is not limited to a single modification, will rapidly advance the application of in vitro selection approaches beyond what is currently feasible and enable the generation of aptamers to many targets that have so far not been addressable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Tolle
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn (Germany)
| | - Gerhard M Brändle
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn (Germany)
| | - Daniel Matzner
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn (Germany)
| | - Günter Mayer
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn (Germany).
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14
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Mao Y, Liu M, Tram K, Gu J, Salena BJ, Jiang Y, Li Y. Optimal DNA templates for rolling circle amplification revealed by in vitro selection. Chemistry 2015; 21:8069-74. [PMID: 25877998 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Rolling circle amplification (RCA) has been widely used as an isothermal DNA amplification technique for diagnostic and bioanalytical applications. Because RCA involves repeated copying of the same circular DNA template by a DNA polymerase thousands of times, we hypothesized there exist DNA sequences that can function as optimal templates and produce more DNA amplicons within an allocated time. Herein we describe an in vitro selection effort conducted to search from a random sequence DNA pool for such templates for phi29 DNA polymerase, a frequently used polymerase for RCA. Diverse DNA molecules were isolated and they were characterized by richness in adenosine (A) and cytidine (C) nucleotides. The top ranked sequences exhibit superior RCA efficiency and the use of these templates for RCA results in significantly improved detection sensitivity. AC-rich sequences are expected to find useful applications for setting up effective RCA assays for biological sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mao
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1 (Canada).,The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Laboratory, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055 (P. R. China).,School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055 (P. R. China)
| | - Meng Liu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1 (Canada)
| | - Kha Tram
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1 (Canada)
| | - Jimmy Gu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1 (Canada)
| | - Bruno J Salena
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1 (Canada)
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Laboratory, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055 (P. R. China).
| | - Yingfu Li
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1 (Canada).
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15
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Goldau T, Murayama K, Brieke C, Steinwand S, Mondal P, Biswas M, Burghardt I, Wachtveitl J, Asanuma H, Heckel A. Reversible photoswitching of RNA hybridization at room temperature with an azobenzene C-nucleoside. Chemistry 2014; 21:2845-54. [PMID: 25537843 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Photoregulation of RNA remains a challenging task as the introduction of a photoswitch entails changes in the shape and the stability of the duplex that strongly depend on the chosen linker strategy. Herein, the influence of a novel nucleosidic linker moiety on the photoregulation efficiency of azobenzene is investigated. To this purpose, two azobenzene C-nucleosides were stereoselectively synthesized, characterized, and incorporated into RNA oligonucleotides. Spectroscopic characterization revealed a reversible and fast switching process, even at 20 °C, and a high thermal stability of the respective cis isomers. The photoregulation efficiency of RNA duplexes upon trans-to-cis isomerization was investigated by using melting point studies and compared with the known D-threoninol-based azobenzene system, revealing a photoswitching amplitude of the new residues exceeding 90 % even at room temperature. Structural changes in the duplexes upon photoisomerization were investigated by using MM/MD calculations. The excellent photoswitching performance at room temperature and the high thermal stability make these new azobenzene residues promising candidates for in-vivo and nanoarchitecture photoregulation applications of RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Goldau
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main (Germany), Fax: (+49) 69-798-763-42505
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16
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Tram K, Kanda P, Salena BJ, Huan S, Li Y. Translating Bacterial Detection by DNAzymes into a Litmus Test. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201407021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Tram K, Kanda P, Salena BJ, Huan S, Li Y. Translating Bacterial Detection by DNAzymes into a Litmus Test. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:12799-802. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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18
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Durand G, Lisi S, Ravelet C, Dausse E, Peyrin E, Toulmé JJ. Riboswitches Based on Kissing Complexes for the Detection of Small Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201400402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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19
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Durand G, Lisi S, Ravelet C, Dausse E, Peyrin E, Toulmé JJ. Riboswitches based on kissing complexes for the detection of small ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:6942-5. [PMID: 24916019 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors derived from aptamers were designed for which folding into a hairpin shape is triggered by binding of the cognate ligand. These aptamers (termed aptaswitches) thus switch between folded and unfolded states in the presence and absence of the ligand, respectively. The apical loop of the folded aptaswitch is recognized by a second hairpin called the aptakiss through loop-loop or kissing interactions, whereas the aptakiss does not bind the unfolded aptaswitch. Therefore, the formation of a kissing complex signals the presence of the ligand. Aptaswitches were designed that enable the detection of GTP and adenosine in a specific and quantitative manner by surface plasmon resonance when using a grafted aptakiss or in solution by anisotropy measurement with a fluorescently labeled aptakiss. This approach is generic and can potentially be extended to the detection of any molecule for which hairpin aptamers have been identified, as long as the apical loop is not involved in ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Durand
- Univ. Bordeaux, IECB, Laboratoire ARNA, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac (France); Inserm U869, Laboratoire ARNA, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux (France)
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20
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Bergen K, Betz K, Welte W, Diederichs K, Marx A. Structures of KOD and 9°N DNA polymerases complexed with primer template duplex. Chembiochem 2013; 14:1058-62. [PMID: 23733496 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Replicate it: Structures of KOD and 9°N DNA polymerases, two enzymes that are widely used to replicate DNA with highly modified nucleotides, were solved at high resolution in complex with primer/template duplex. The data elucidate substrate interaction of the two enzymes and pave the way for further optimisation of the enzymes and substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Bergen
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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21
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Hons M, Niebel B, Karnowski N, Weiche B, Famulok M. Pan-selective aptamers for the family of small GTPases. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1433-7. [PMID: 22689339 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hons
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, Chemical Biology & Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1,53121 Bonn, Germany
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Kim S, Kim D, Jung HH, Lee IH, Kim JIL, Suh JY, Jon S. Bio-Inspired Design and Potential Biomedical Applications of a Novel Class of High-Affinity Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kim S, Kim D, Jung HH, Lee IH, Kim JIL, Suh JY, Jon S. Bio-Inspired Design and Potential Biomedical Applications of a Novel Class of High-Affinity Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:1890-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Mascini M, Palchetti I, Tombelli S. Nucleic acid and peptide aptamers: fundamentals and bioanalytical aspects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 51:1316-32. [PMID: 22213382 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years new nucleic acid and protein-based combinatorial molecules have attracted the attention of researchers working in various areas of science, ranging from medicine to analytical chemistry. These molecules, called aptamers, have been proposed as alternatives to antibodies in many different applications. The aim of this Review is to illustrate the peculiarities of these combinatorial molecules which have initially been explored for their importance in molecular medicine, but have enormous potential in other biotechnological fields historically dominated by antibodies, such as bioassays. A description of these molecules is given, and the methods for their selection and production are also summarized. Moreover, critical aspects related to these molecules are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mascini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Ugo Schiff, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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Mascini M, Palchetti I, Tombelli S. Nucleinsäure- und Peptidaptamere: Grundlagen und bioanalytische Aspekte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Yu H, Jiang B, Chaput JC. Aptamers can discriminate alkaline proteins with high specificity. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2659-66. [PMID: 22021204 PMCID: PMC3517100 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers are single-stranded nucleic acids that fold into stable three-dimensional structures with ligand binding sites that are complementary in shape and charge to a desired target. Aptamers are generated by an iterative process known as in vitro selection, which permits their isolation from pools of random sequences. While aptamers have been selected to bind a wide range of targets, it is generally thought that these molecules are incapable of discriminating strongly alkaline proteins due to the attractive forces that govern oppositely charged polymers (e.g., polyelectrolyte effect). Histones, eukaryotic proteins that make up the core structure of nucleosomes are attractive targets for exploring the binding properties of aptamers because these proteins have positively charged surfaces that bind DNA through noncovalent sequence-independent interactions. Previous selections by our lab and others have yielded DNA aptamers with high affinity but low specificity to individual histone proteins. Whether this is a general limitation of aptamers is an interesting question with important practical implications in the future development of protein affinity reagents. Here we report the in vitro selection of a DNA aptamer that binds to histone H4 with a K(d) of 13 nM and distinguishes other core histone proteins with 100 to 480-fold selectivity, which corresponds to a ΔΔG of up to 3.4 kcal mol(-1) . This result extends our fundamental understanding of aptamers and their ability to fold into shapes that selectively bind alkaline proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyang Yu
- Center for Evolutionary Medicine and Informatics, The Biodesign Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, USA
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28
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Mayer G, Lennarz S, Rohrbach F, Tolle F. Plug and play with RNA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:12400-1. [PMID: 22086853 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201106636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Retooling RNA: RNA aptamers are high-affinity ligands that can be assembled with other structures to yield multivalent molecules. These properties have been addressed in two recent studies: One describes a GFP-like RNA reporter used to study the dynamics of endogenous RNA; the other study reports on an aptamer-templated assembly of multi-enzyme complexes in bacteria for the controlled production of secondary molecules (see picture).
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Mayer
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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29
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Hsu CL, Chang HT, Chen CT, Wei SC, Shiang YC, Huang CC. Highly efficient control of thrombin activity by multivalent nanoparticles. Chemistry 2011; 17:10994-1000. [PMID: 21850727 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that the incorporation of sulfated galactose acid (sulf-Gal) into thrombin-binding-aptamer (TBA)-conjugated gold nanoparticles (TBA-AuNPs) enables highly effective inhibition of thrombin activity toward fibrinogen. AuNP bioconjugates (TBA(15)/TBA(29)/sulf-Gal-AuNPs) were prepared from 13 nm AuNPs, 15-mer thrombin-binding aptamer (TBA(15)), 29-mer thrombin-binding aptamer (TBA(29)), and sulf-Gal. The numbers of TBA and sulf-Gal molecules per AuNP proved to have a strong impact on inhibitory potency. The best results were observed for 15-TBA(15)/TBA(29)/sulf-Gal-AuNPs (with 15 TBA(15) and 15 TBA(29) molecules per AuNP), which, because of their particularly flexible conformation and multivalency, exhibited ultrahigh binding affinity toward thrombin (K(d)=3.4×10(-12) M) and thus extremely high anticoagulant (inhibitory) potency. Compared to the case without inhibitors (the "normal" value), their measured thrombin clotting time (TCT) was 91 times longer, whereas for TBA(15) alone it was only 7.2 times longer. Their anticoagulant activity was suppressed by TBA-complementary-sequence (cTBA)-modified AuNPs (cTBA(15)/cTBA(29)-AuNPs) at a rate that was 20 times faster than that of free cTBA(15)/cTBA(29). Thus, easily prepared, low-cost, multivalent AuNPs show great potential for biomedical control of blood clotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lun Hsu
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for Marine Bioenvironment and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2, Beining Road, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
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Spitzer R, Kloiber K, Tollinger M, Kreutz C. Kinetics of DNA refolding from longitudinal exchange NMR spectroscopy. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2007-10. [PMID: 21739562 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romana Spitzer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Shiang YC, Hsu CL, Huang CC, Chang HT. Gold Nanoparticles Presenting Hybridized Self-Assembled Aptamers That Exhibit Enhanced Inhibition of Thrombin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201101718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Shiang YC, Hsu CL, Huang CC, Chang HT. Gold nanoparticles presenting hybridized self-assembled aptamers that exhibit enhanced inhibition of thrombin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:7660-5. [PMID: 21717538 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chun Shiang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Lu CH, Li J, Lin MH, Wang YW, Yang HH, Chen X, Chen GN. Amplified aptamer-based assay through catalytic recycling of the analyte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 49:8454-7. [PMID: 20878817 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201002822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hua Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of the MOE, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Hu J, Wu J, Li C, Zhu L, Zhang WY, Kong G, Lu Z, Yang CJ. A G-quadruplex aptamer inhibits the phosphatase activity of oncogenic protein Shp2 in vitro. Chembiochem 2011; 12:424-30. [PMID: 21290544 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Shp2 is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family, which regulates a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. Using a recombinant Shp2-GST protein as the target and GST as a counter target, we have identified two classes of single-stranded DNA aptamers that selectively bind to Shp2 with a K(d) in the nanomolar range. Structural studies of the most abundant sequence in the enriched library, HJ24, revealed a parallel G-quadruplex as the core binding domain. Furthermore, this aptamer was found to be an effective inhibitor of Shp2 phosphatase, an effect which was readily reversed by using the cDNA of HJ24. In view of these characteristics, this aptamer has the potential to be used for further development of Shp2 assays and therapeutics for the treatment of Shp2-dependent cancers and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Niebel B, Lentz C, Pofahl M, Mayer G, Hoerauf A, Pfarr KM, Famulok M. ADLOC: an aptamer-displacement assay based on luminescent oxygen channeling. Chemistry 2010; 16:11100-7. [PMID: 20690121 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Functional nucleic acids, such as aptamers and allosteric ribozymes, can sense their ligands specifically, thereby undergoing structural alterations that can be converted into a detectable signal. The direct coupling of molecular recognition to signal generation enables the production of versatile reporters that can be applied as molecular probes for various purposes, including high-throughput screening. Here we describe an unprecedented type of a nucleic acid-based sensor system and show that it is amenable to high-throughput screening (HTS) applications. The approach detects the displacement of an aptamer from its bound protein partner by means of luminescent oxygen channeling. In a proof-of-principle study we demonstrate that the format is feasible for efficient identification of small drug-like molecules that bind to a protein target, in this case to the Sec7 domain of cytohesin. We extended the approach to a new cytohesin-specific single chain DNA aptamer, C10.41, which exhibits a similar binding behavior to cytohesins but has the advantage of being more stable and easier to synthesize and to modify than the RNA-aptamer M69. The results obtained with both aptamers indicate the general suitability of the aptamer-displacement assay based on luminescent oxygen channelling (ADLOC) for HTS. We also analyzed the potential for false positive hits and identified from a library of 18,000 drug-like small molecules two compounds as strong singlet-oxygen quenchers. With full automation and the use of commercially available plate readers, we estimate that the ADLOC-based assay described here could be used to screen at least 100,000 compounds per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Niebel
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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Lu CH, Li J, Lin MH, Wang YW, Yang HH, Chen X, Chen GN. Amplified Aptamer-Based Assay through Catalytic Recycling of the Analyte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201002822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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39
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Lünse CE, Michlewski G, Hopp CS, Rentmeister A, Cáceres JF, Famulok M, Mayer G. An aptamer targeting the apical-loop domain modulates pri-miRNA processing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:4674-7. [PMID: 20533473 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Lünse
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES), University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, Bonn, Germany
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40
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Baaske P, Wienken CJ, Reineck P, Duhr S, Braun D. Optical thermophoresis for quantifying the buffer dependence of aptamer binding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:2238-41. [PMID: 20186894 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200903998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Baaske
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Systems Biophysics, Department of Physics, Center for NanoScience (CeNS), 80799 Munich, Germany.
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Lünse C, Michlewski G, Hopp C, Rentmeister A, Cáceres J, Famulok M, Mayer G. Modulation der pri-miRNA-Reifung durch ein die apikale Schleife bindendes Aptamer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200906919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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42
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Niemeyer CM. Semisynthetic DNA-protein conjugates for biosensing and nanofabrication. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:1200-16. [PMID: 20091721 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200904930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Conjugation with artificial nucleic acids allows proteins to be modified with a synthetically accessible, robust tag. This attachment is addressable in a highly specific manner by means of molecular recognition events, such as Watson-Crick hybridization. Such DNA-protein conjugates, with their combined properties, have a broad range of applications, such as in high-performance biomedical diagnostic assays, fundamental research on molecular recognition, and the synthesis of DNA nanostructures. This Review surveys current approaches to generate DNA-protein conjugates as well as recent advances in their applications. For example, DNA-protein conjugates have been assembled into model systems for the investigation of catalytic cascade reactions and light-harvesting devices. Such hybrid conjugates are also used for the biofunctionalization of planar surfaces for micro- and nanoarrays, and for decorating inorganic nanoparticles to enable applications in sensing, materials science, and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof M Niemeyer
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät Chemie, Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Otto-Hahn Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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Baaske P, Wienken C, Reineck P, Duhr S, Braun D. Quantifizierung der Puffer-Abhängigkeit von Aptamer-Bindungsreaktionen mit optischer Thermophorese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200903998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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44
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Niemeyer C. Halbsynthetische DNA-Protein-Konjugate für Biosensorik und Nanofabrikation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200904930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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45
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Mayer G, Faulhammer D, Grättinger M, Fessele S, Blind M. A RNA-based approach towards small-molecule inhibitors. Chembiochem 2009; 10:1993-6. [PMID: 19575374 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Günter Mayer
- LIMES, University of Bonn, c/o Kekulé-Institut für Org. Chemie und Biochemie, 53121 Bonn (Germany).
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A DNAzyme with Three Protein-Like Functional Groups: Enhancing Catalytic Efficiency of M2+-Independent RNA Cleavage. Chembiochem 2009; 10:1988-92. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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