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Omran A, Gonzalez A, Menor-Salvan C, Gaylor M, Wang J, Leszczynski J, Feng T. Serpentinization-Associated Mineral Catalysis of the Protometabolic Formose System. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1297. [PMID: 37374080 DOI: 10.3390/life13061297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The formose reaction is a plausible prebiotic chemistry, famed for its production of sugars. In this work, we demonstrate that the Cannizzaro process is the dominant process in the formose reaction under many different conditions, thus necessitating a catalyst for the formose reaction under various environmental circumstances. The investigated formose reactions produce primarily organic acids associated with metabolism, a protometabolic system, and yield very little sugar left over. This is due to many of the acids forming from the degradation and Cannizaro reactions of many of the sugars produced during the formose reaction. We also show the heterogeneous Lewis-acid-based catalysis of the formose reaction by mineral systems associated with serpentinization. The minerals that showed catalytic activity include olivine, serpentinite, and calcium, and magnesium minerals including dolomite, calcite, and our Ca/Mg-chemical gardens. In addition, computational studies were performed for the first step of the formose reaction to investigate the reaction of formaldehyde, to either form methanol and formic acid under a Cannizzaro reaction or to react to form glycolaldehyde. Here, we postulate that serpentinization is therefore the startup process necessary to kick off a simple proto metabolic system-the formose protometabolic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Omran
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- Department of Geosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Asbell Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Cesar Menor-Salvan
- Departmento de Biologia de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcala, 28805 Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Michael Gaylor
- Analytical Sciences, Small Molecules Technologies, Bayer U.S., Saint Louis, MO 63167, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Tian Feng
- Department of Geosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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2
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Dynamic diffusion and precipitation processes across calcium silicate membranes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 618:206-218. [PMID: 35338927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Chemical gardens are tubular inorganic structures exhibiting complex morphologies and interesting dynamic properties upon ageing, with coupled diffusion and precipitation processes keeping the systems out of equilibrium for extended periods of time. Calcium-based silica gardens should comprise membranes that mimic the microstructures occurring in ordinary Portland cement and/or silicate gel layers observed around highly reactive siliceous aggregates in concrete. EXPERIMENTS Single macroscopic silica garden tubes were prepared using pellets of calcium chloride and sodium silicate solution. The composition of the mineralized tubes was characterized by means of various ex-situ techniques, while time-dependent monitoring of the solutions enclosed by and surrounding the membrane gives insight into the spatiotemporal distribution of the different ionic species. The latter data reflect transport properties and precipitation reactions in the system, thus allowing its complex dynamic behavior to be resolved. FINDINGS The results show that in contrast to the previously studied cases of iron- and cobalt-based silica gardens, the formed calcium silicate membrane is homogeneous and ultimately becomes impermeable to all species except water, hydroxide and sodium ions, resulting in the permanent conservation of considerable concentration gradients across the membrane. The insights gained in this work may help elucidate the nature and mechanisms of ion diffusion in Portland cements and concrete, especially those occurring during initial hydration of calcium silicates and the so-called alkali-silica reaction (ASR), one of the major concrete deterioration mechanisms causing serious problems with respect to the durability of concrete and the restricted use of many potential sources of raw materials.
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3
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Getenet M, Rieder J, Kellermeier M, Kunz W, Manuel García-Ruiz J. Tubular Structures of Calcium Carbonate: Formation, Characterization, and Implications in Natural Mineral Environments. Chemistry 2021; 27:16135-16144. [PMID: 34590745 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemical gardens are self-assembled tubular precipitates formed by a combination of osmosis, buoyancy, and chemical reaction, and thought to be capable of catalyzing prebiotic condensation reactions. In many cases, the tube wall is a bilayer structure with the properties of a diaphragm and/or a membrane. The interest in silica gardens as microreactors for materials science has increased over the past decade because of their ability to create long-lasting electrochemical potential. In this study, we have grown single macroscopic tubes based on calcium carbonate and monitored their time-dependent behavior by in situ measurements of pH, ionic concentrations inside and outside the tubular membranes, and electrochemical potential differences. Furthermore, we have characterized the composition and structure of the tubular membranes by using ex situ X-ray diffraction, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, as well as scanning electron microscopy. Based on the collected data, we propose a physicochemical mechanism for the formation and ripening of these peculiar CaCO3 structures and compare the results to those of other chemical garden systems. We find that the wall of the macroscopic calcium carbonate tubes is a bilayer of texturally distinct but compositionally similar calcite showing high crystallinity. The resulting high density of the material prevents macroscopic calcium carbonate gardens from developing significant electrochemical potential differences. In the light of these observations, possible implications in materials science and prebiotic (geo)chemistry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melese Getenet
- Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos, Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC-UGR), Avenida de las Palmeras 4, Armilla, 18100, Granada, Spain
| | - Julian Rieder
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kellermeier
- Material Physics, BASF SE, RAA/OS-B007, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Werner Kunz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Juan Manuel García-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos, Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC-UGR), Avenida de las Palmeras 4, Armilla, 18100, Granada, Spain
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Kumar P, Sebők D, Kukovecz Á, Horváth D, Tóth Á. Hierarchical Self-Assembly of Metal-Ion-Modulated Chitosan Tubules. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:12690-12696. [PMID: 34672616 PMCID: PMC8567419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Soft materials such as gels or biological tissues can develop via self-assembly under chemo-mechanical forces. Here, we report the instantaneous formation of soft tubular structures with a two-level hierarchy by injecting a mixture of inorganic salt and chitosan (CS) solution from below into a reactor filled with alkaline solution. Folding and wrinkling instabilities occur on the originally smooth surface controlled by the salt composition and concentration. Liesegang-like precipitation patterns develop on the outer surface on a μm length scale in the presence of calcium chloride, while the precipitate particles are distributed evenly in the bulk as corroborated by X-ray μ-CT. On the other hand, barium hydroxide precipitates out only in the thin outer layer of the CS tubule when barium chloride is introduced into the CS solution. Independent of the concentration of the weakly interacting salt, an electric potential gradient across the CS membrane develops, which vanishes when the pH difference between the two sides of the membrane diminishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1., Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Dániel Sebők
- Department
of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1., Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Ákos Kukovecz
- Department
of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1., Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Dezső Horváth
- Department
of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1., Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Ágota Tóth
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1., Szeged H-6720, Hungary
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5
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Altair T, Borges LGF, Galante D, Varela H. Experimental Approaches for Testing the Hypothesis of the Emergence of Life at Submarine Alkaline Vents. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:777. [PMID: 34440521 PMCID: PMC8401828 DOI: 10.3390/life11080777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the pioneering experimental work performed by Urey and Miller around 70 years ago, several experimental works have been developed for approaching the question of the origin of life based on very few well-constructed hypotheses. In recent years, attention has been drawn to the so-called alkaline hydrothermal vents model (AHV model) for the emergence of life. Since the first works, perspectives from complexity sciences, bioenergetics and thermodynamics have been incorporated into the model. Consequently, a high number of experimental works from the model using several tools have been developed. In this review, we present the key concepts that provide a background for the AHV model and then analyze the experimental approaches that were motivated by it. Experimental tools based on hydrothermal reactors, microfluidics and chemical gardens were used for simulating the environments of early AHVs on the Hadean Earth (~4.0 Ga). In addition, it is noteworthy that several works used techniques from electrochemistry to investigate phenomena in the vent-ocean interface for early AHVs. Their results provided important parameters and details that are used for the evaluation of the plausibility of the AHV model, and for the enhancement of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Altair
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Luiz G. F. Borges
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas 13083-100, Brazil; (L.G.F.B.); (D.G.)
| | - Douglas Galante
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas 13083-100, Brazil; (L.G.F.B.); (D.G.)
| | - Hamilton Varela
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
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6
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Bere KV, Nez E, Balog E, Janovák L, Sebők D, Kukovecz Á, Roux C, Pimienta V, Schuszter G. Enhancing the yield of calcium carbonate precipitation by obstacles in laminar flow in a confined geometry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15515-15521. [PMID: 34268548 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01334c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Flow-driven precipitation experiments are performed in model porous media shaped within the confinement of a Hele-Shaw cell. Precipitation pattern formation and the yield of the reaction are investigated when borosilicate glass beads of different sizes are used in a mono-layer arrangement. The trend of the amount of precipitate produced in various porous media is estimated via visual observation. In addition, a new method is elaborated to complement such image analysis based results by titration experiments performed on gel-embedded precipitate patterns. The yield of confined porous systems is compared to experiments carried out in unsegmented reactors. It is found that the obstacles increase the amount of product and preserve its radial spatial distribution. The precipitate pattern is successfully conserved in a slightly cross-linked hydrogel matrix and its microstructure is examined using SEM. The spatial distribution of the precipitate across the cell gap is revealed using X-ray microtomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Viktória Bere
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary.
| | - Emilie Nez
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, France
| | - Edina Balog
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary.
| | - László Janovák
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary.
| | - Dániel Sebők
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ákos Kukovecz
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Clément Roux
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, France
| | - Veronique Pimienta
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, France
| | - Gábor Schuszter
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary.
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7
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Chin K, Pasalic J, Hermis N, Barge LM. Chemical Gardens as Electrochemical Systems: In Situ Characterization of Simulated Prebiotic Hydrothermal Vents by Impedance Spectroscopy. Chempluschem 2021; 85:2619-2628. [PMID: 33270995 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In an early earth or planetary chimney systems, hydrothermal fluid chemistry and flow durations play a large role in the chimney's ability to drive electrochemical reactions for the origin of life. We performed continuous electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) characterization on inorganic membranes representing prebiotic hydrothermal chimney vents in natural seafloor systems, by incorporating an electrode array into a chimney growth experiment. Localized potential and capacitances profiles in the chimney reveal a dynamic system where redox processes are driven by transport phenomena, increasing rapidly due to disequilibrium until achieving equilibrium at about 100 mV and 1000 μF/cm2 . The impedance in the chimney interior is three orders of magnitude lower (100 Ohms/cm2 vs 100 KOhms/cm2 ) than at the ocean or the ocean/chimney interface. The calculated peak dissipation factor (DF) values are more than ten times higher (40.0 vs 3.0) and also confirm the elevated chemical reactivity in the chimney interior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Chin
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Jasmina Pasalic
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Ninos Hermis
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Laura M Barge
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
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8
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Weber JM, Barge LM. Iron‐Silicate Chemical Garden Morphology and Silicate Reactivity with Alpha‐Keto Acids. CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Weber
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology 4800 Oak Grove Drive Pasadena CA, 91109 USA
| | - Laura M. Barge
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology 4800 Oak Grove Drive Pasadena CA, 91109 USA
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9
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Spanoudaki D, Pavlidou E, Sazou D. The Growth of an Electrochemical Garden on a Zinc Electrode. CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Spanoudaki
- Nonlinear Physical Chemistry Unit Department of Chemistry Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) CP231 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Eleni Pavlidou
- Solid State Physics Unit Department of Physics Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 54124 Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Dimitra Sazou
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry Department of Chemistry Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 54124 Thessaloniki Greece
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10
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Kotopoulou E, Lopez‐Haro M, Calvino Gamez JJ, García‐Ruiz JM. Nanoscale Anatomy of Iron-Silica Self-Organized Membranes: Implications for Prebiotic Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1396-1402. [PMID: 33022871 PMCID: PMC7839773 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Iron-silica self-organized membranes, so-called chemical gardens, behave as fuel cells and catalyze the formation of amino/carboxylic acids and RNA nucleobases from organics that were available on early Earth. Despite their relevance for prebiotic chemistry, little is known about their structure and mineralogy at the nanoscale. Studied here are focused ion beam milled sections of iron-silica membranes, grown from synthetic and natural, alkaline, serpentinization-derived fluids thought to be widespread on early Earth. Electron microscopy shows they comprise amorphous silica and iron nanoparticles of large surface areas and inter/intraparticle porosities. Their construction resembles that of a heterogeneous catalyst, but they can also exhibit a bilayer structure. Surface-area measurements suggest that membranes grown from natural waters have even higher catalytic potential. Considering their geochemically plausible precipitation in the early hydrothermal systems where abiotic organics were produced, iron-silica membranes might have assisted the generation and organization of the first biologically relevant organics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Electra Kotopoulou
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la TierraConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas- Universidad de GranadaAvda. de las Palmeras 418100GranadaSpain
| | - Miguel Lopez‐Haro
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química InorgánicaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de CadizCampus Rio San PedroPuerto Real11510CádizSpain
| | - Jose Juan Calvino Gamez
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química InorgánicaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de CadizCampus Rio San PedroPuerto Real11510CádizSpain
| | - Juan Manuel García‐Ruiz
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la TierraConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas- Universidad de GranadaAvda. de las Palmeras 418100GranadaSpain
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11
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Angelis G, Kordopati GG, Zingkou E, Karioti A, Sotiropoulou G, Pampalakis G. Plausible Emergence of Biochemistry in Enceladus Based on Chemobrionics. Chemistry 2021; 27:600-604. [PMID: 33108005 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Saturn's satellite Enceladus is proposed to have a soda-type subsurface ocean with temperature able to support life and an iron ore-based core. Here, it was demonstrated that ocean chemistry related to Enceladus can support the development of Fe-based hydrothermal vents, one of the places suggested to be the cradle of life. The Fe-based chemical gardens were characterized with Fourier-transform (FT)IR spectroscopy and XRD. The developed chemobrionic structures catalyzed the condensation polymerization of simple organic prebiotic molecules to kerogens. Further, they could passively catalyze the condensation of the prebiotic molecule formamide to larger polymers, suggesting that elementary biochemical precursors could have emerged in Enceladus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Angelis
- Department of Pharmacognosy-Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Golfo G Kordopati
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504, Rion-Patras, Greece
| | - Eleni Zingkou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504, Rion-Patras, Greece
| | - Anastasia Karioti
- Department of Pharmacognosy-Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Sotiropoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504, Rion-Patras, Greece
| | - Georgios Pampalakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy-Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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12
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Kotopoulou E, Lopez‐Haro M, Calvino Gamez JJ, García‐Ruiz JM. Nanoscale Anatomy of Iron‐Silica Self‐Organized Membranes: Implications for Prebiotic Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Electra Kotopoulou
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas- Universidad de Granada Avda. de las Palmeras 4 18100 Granada Spain
| | - Miguel Lopez‐Haro
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Cadiz Campus Rio San Pedro Puerto Real 11510 Cádiz Spain
| | - Jose Juan Calvino Gamez
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Cadiz Campus Rio San Pedro Puerto Real 11510 Cádiz Spain
| | - Juan Manuel García‐Ruiz
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas- Universidad de Granada Avda. de las Palmeras 4 18100 Granada Spain
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Abstract
Agate—a spectacular form of SiO2 and a famous gemstone—is commonly characterized as banded chalcedony. In detail, chalcedony layers in agates can be intergrown or intercalated with macrocrystalline quartz, quartzine, opal-A, opal-CT, cristobalite and/or moganite. In addition, agates often contain considerable amounts of mineral inclusions and water as both interstitial molecular H2O and silanol groups. Most agate occurrences worldwide are related to SiO2-rich (rhyolites, rhyodacites) and SiO2-poor (andesites, basalts) volcanic rocks, but can also be formed as hydrothermal vein varieties or as silica accumulation during diagenesis in sedimentary rocks. It is assumed that the supply of silica for agate formation is often associated with late- or post-volcanic alteration of the volcanic host rocks. Evidence can be found in association with typical secondary minerals such as clay minerals, zeolites or iron oxides/hydroxides, frequent pseudomorphs (e.g., after carbonates or sulfates) as well as the chemical composition of the agates. For instance, elements of the volcanic rock matrix (Al, Ca, Fe, Na, K) are enriched, but extraordinary high contents of Ge (>90 ppm), B (>40 ppm) and U (>20 ppm) have also been detected. Calculations based on fluid inclusion and oxygen isotope studies point to a range between 20 and 230 °C for agate formation temperatures. The accumulation and condensation of silicic acid result in the formation of silica sols and proposed amorphous silica as precursors for the development of the typical agate micro-structure. The process of crystallisation often starts with spherulitic growth of chalcedony continuing into chalcedony fibers. High concentrations of lattice defects (oxygen and silicon vacancies, silanol groups) detected by cathodoluminescence (CL) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy indicate a rapid crystallisation via an amorphous silica precursor under non-equilibrium conditions. It is assumed that the formation of the typical agate microstructure is governed by processes of self-organization. The resulting differences in crystallite size, porosity, kind of silica phase and incorporated color pigments finally cause the characteristic agate banding and colors.
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14
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Kumar P, Horváth D, Tóth Á. Bio-inspired flow-driven chitosan chemical gardens. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:8325-8329. [PMID: 32902544 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01397h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Organic chemical gardens of chitosan hydrogel develop upon injecting an acidic chitosan solution into an alkaline solution. Besides complex and budding structures, tubular hydrogel formations develop that exhibit periodic surface patterns. The underlying wrinkling instability is identified by its characteristic wavelength dependence on the diameter of the elastic material formed. The flow-driven conditions allow precise control over the structure that can help the design of soft bio-inspired materials. Our findings can also suggest a new direction in the field of chemobrionics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1., Szeged, H-6720, Hungary.
| | - Dezső Horváth
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1., Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Ágota Tóth
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1., Szeged, H-6720, Hungary.
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15
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Mineral Vesicles and Chemical Gardens from Carbonate-Rich Alkaline Brines of Lake Magadi, Kenya. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10060467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mineral vesicles and chemical gardens are self-organized biomimetic structures that form via abiotic mineral precipitation. These membranous structures are known to catalyze prebiotic reactions but the extreme conditions required for their synthesis has cast doubts on their formation in nature. Apart from model solutions, these structures have been shown to form in serpentinization-driven natural silica-rich water and by fluid-rock interaction of model alkaline solutions with granites. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate that self-assembled hollow mineral vesicles and gardens can be synthesized in natural carbonate-rich soda lake water. We have synthesized these structures by a) pouring saturated metal salt solutions, and b) by immersing metal salt pellets in brines collected from Lake Magadi (Kenya). The resulting structures are analyzed by using SEM coupled with EDX analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. Our results suggest that mineral self-assembly could have been a common phenomenon in soda oceans of early Earth and Earth-like planets and moons. The composition of the obtained vesicles and gardens confirms the recent observation that carbonate minerals in soda lakes sequestrate Ca, thus leaving phosphate behind in solution available for biochemical reactions. Our results strengthens the proposal that alkaline brines could be ideal sites for “one-pot” synthesis of prebiotic organic compounds and the origin of life.
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Cardoso SSS, Cartwright JHE, Čejková J, Cronin L, De Wit A, Giannerini S, Horváth D, Rodrigues A, Russell MJ, Sainz-Díaz CI, Tóth Á. Chemobrionics: From Self-Assembled Material Architectures to the Origin of Life. ARTIFICIAL LIFE 2020; 26:315-326. [PMID: 32697160 DOI: 10.1162/artl_a_00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-organizing precipitation processes, such as chemical gardens forming biomimetic micro- and nanotubular forms, have the potential to show us new fundamental science to explore, quantify, and understand nonequilibrium physicochemical systems, and shed light on the conditions for life's emergence. The physics and chemistry of these phenomena, due to the assembly of material architectures under a flux of ions, and their exploitation in applications, have recently been termed chemobrionics. Advances in understanding in this area require a combination of expertise in physics, chemistry, mathematical modeling, biology, and nanoengineering, as well as in complex systems and nonlinear and materials sciences, giving rise to this new synergistic discipline of chemobrionics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana S S Cardoso
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology.
| | - Julyan H E Cartwright
- Universidad de Granada CSIC, Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional.
| | - Jitka Čejková
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of Chemical Engineering
| | | | - Anne De Wit
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Nonlinear Physical Chemistry Unit
| | - Simone Giannerini
- Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze Statistiche "Paolo Fortunati"
| | - Dezső Horváth
- University of Szeged, Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry
| | | | | | | | - Ágota Tóth
- University of Szeged, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science
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17
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Balog E, Papp P, Tóth Á, Horváth D, Schuszter G. The impact of reaction rate on the formation of flow-driven confined precipitate patterns. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:13390-13397. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01036g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of different confined precipitation patterns is determined by the ratio of the chemical and hydrodynamic time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Balog
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science
- University of Szeged
- Szeged
- Hungary
| | - Paszkál Papp
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science
- University of Szeged
- Szeged
- Hungary
| | - Ágota Tóth
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science
- University of Szeged
- Szeged
- Hungary
| | - Dezső Horváth
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- Hungary
| | - Gábor Schuszter
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science
- University of Szeged
- Szeged
- Hungary
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18
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Saladino R, Di Mauro E, García‐Ruiz JM. A Universal Geochemical Scenario for Formamide Condensation and Prebiotic Chemistry. Chemistry 2019; 25:3181-3189. [PMID: 30230056 PMCID: PMC6470889 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The condensation of formamide has been shown to be a robust chemical pathway affording molecules necessary for the origin of life. It has been experimentally demonstrated that condensation reactions of formamide are catalyzed by a number of minerals, including silicates, phosphates, sulfides, zirconia, and borates, and by cosmic dusts and meteorites. However, a critical discussion of the catalytic power of the tested minerals, and the geochemical conditions under which the condensation would occur, is still missing. We show here that mineral self-assembled structures forming under alkaline silica-rich solutions are excellent catalysts for the condensation of formamide with respect to other minerals. We also propose that these structures were likely forming as early as 4.4 billion years ago when the whole earth surface was a reactor, a global scale factory, releasing large amounts of organic compounds. Our experimental results suggest that the conditions required for the synthesis of the molecular bricks from which life self-assembles, rather than being local and bizarre, appears to be universal and geologically rather conventional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Saladino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ecologiche e BiologicheUniversità della TusciaVia San Camillo De Lellis01100ViterboItaly
| | - Ernesto Di Mauro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ecologiche e BiologicheUniversità della TusciaVia San Camillo De Lellis01100ViterboItaly
| | - Juan Manuel García‐Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos, Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la TierraCSIC-Universidad de GranadaAv. De las Palmeras 4ArmillaGranadaSpain
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19
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Mattia Bizzarri B, Botta L, Pérez-Valverde MI, Saladino R, Di Mauro E, García-Ruiz JM. Silica Metal Oxide Vesicles Catalyze Comprehensive Prebiotic Chemistry. Chemistry 2018; 24:8126-8132. [PMID: 29603465 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201706162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
It has recently been demonstrated that mineral self-assembled structures catalyzing prebiotic chemical reactions may form in natural waters derived from serpentinization, a geological process widespread in the early stages of Earth-like planets. We have synthesized self-assembled membranes by mixing microdrops of metal solutions with alkaline silicate solutions in the presence of formamide (NH2 CHO), a single-carbon molecule, at 80 °C. We found that these bilayer membranes, made of amorphous silica and metal oxide/hydroxide nanocrystals, catalyze the condensation of formamide, yielding the four nucleobases of RNA, three amino acids and, several carboxylic acids in a single-pot experiment. Besides manganese, iron and magnesium, two abundant elements in the earliest Earth crust that are key in serpentinization reactions, are enough to produce all these biochemical compounds. These results suggest that the transition from inorganic geochemistry to prebiotic organic chemistry is common on a universal scale and, most probably, occurred earlier than ever thought for our planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Mattia Bizzarri
- Ecological and Biological Sciences Department (DEB), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Botta
- Ecological and Biological Sciences Department (DEB), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Maritza Iveth Pérez-Valverde
- Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos, Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la, Tierra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de, Granada, Avenida de las Palmeras 4, Armilla, Granada, 18100, Spain
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Ecological and Biological Sciences Department (DEB), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Ernesto Di Mauro
- Ecological and Biological Sciences Department (DEB), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Juan Manuel García-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos, Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la, Tierra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de, Granada, Avenida de las Palmeras 4, Armilla, Granada, 18100, Spain
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20
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Das NP, Müller B, Tóth Á, Horváth D, Schuszter G. Macroscale precipitation kinetics: towards complex precipitate structure design. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:19768-19775. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01798k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Producing self-assembled inorganic precipitate micro- and macro-structures with tailored properties may pave the way for new possibilities in, e.g., materials science and the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmali Prabha Das
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science
- University of Szeged
- Szeged
- Hungary
| | - Brigitta Müller
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science
- University of Szeged
- Szeged
- Hungary
| | - Ágota Tóth
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science
- University of Szeged
- Szeged
- Hungary
| | - Dezső Horváth
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- Szeged
- Hungary
| | - Gábor Schuszter
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science
- University of Szeged
- Szeged
- Hungary
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21
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Barge LM, White LM. Experimentally Testing Hydrothermal Vent Origin of Life on Enceladus and Other Icy/Ocean Worlds. ASTROBIOLOGY 2017; 17:820-833. [PMID: 28836818 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We review various laboratory strategies and methods that can be utilized to simulate prebiotic processes and origin of life in hydrothermal vent systems on icy/ocean worlds. Crucial steps that could be simulated in the laboratory include simulations of water-rock chemistry (e.g., serpentinization) to produce hydrothermal fluids, the types of mineral catalysts and energy gradients produced in vent interfaces where hydrothermal fluids interface with the surrounding seawater, and simulations of biologically relevant chemistry in flow-through gradient systems (i.e., far-from-equilibrium experiments). We describe some examples of experimental designs in detail, which are adaptable and could be used to test particular hypotheses about ocean world energetics or mineral/organic chemistry. Enceladus among the ocean worlds provides an ideal test case, since the pressure at the ocean floor is more easily simulated in the lab. Results for Enceladus could be extrapolated with further experiments and modeling to understand other ocean worlds. Key Words: Enceladus-Ocean worlds-Icy worlds-Hydrothermal vent-Iron sulfide-Gradient. Astrobiology 17, 820-833.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Barge
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California
| | - Lauren M White
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California
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22
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Glaab F, Rieder J, Klein R, Choquesillo‐Lazarte D, Melero‐Garcia E, García‐Ruiz J, Kunz W, Kellermeier M. Precipitation and Crystallization Kinetics in Silica Gardens. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:338-345. [PMID: 28001337 PMCID: PMC5347931 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Silica gardens are extraordinary plant-like structures resulting from the complex interplay of relatively simple inorganic components. Recent work has highlighted that macroscopic self-assembly is accompanied by the spontaneous formation of considerable chemical gradients, which induce a cascade of coupled dissolution, diffusion, and precipitation processes occurring over timescales as long as several days. In the present study, this dynamic behavior was investigated for silica gardens based on iron and cobalt chloride by means of two synchrotron-based techniques, which allow the determination of concentration profiles and time-resolved monitoring of diffraction patterns, thus giving direct insight into the progress of dissolution and crystallization phenomena in the system. On the basis of the collected data, a kinetic model is proposed to describe the relevant reactions on a fundamental physicochemical level. The results show that the choice of the metal cations (as well as their counterions) is crucial for the development of silica gardens in both the short and long term (i.e. during tube formation and upon subsequent slow equilibration), and provide important clues for understanding the properties of related structures in geochemical and industrial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Glaab
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstrasse 3193040RegensburgGermany
| | - Julian Rieder
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstrasse 3193040RegensburgGermany
| | - Regina Klein
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstrasse 3193040RegensburgGermany
| | - Duane Choquesillo‐Lazarte
- Laboratorio de Estudios CristalográficosIACT (CSIC-UGR)Av. de las Palmeras 418100Armilla (Granada)Spain
| | - Emilio Melero‐Garcia
- Laboratorio de Estudios CristalográficosIACT (CSIC-UGR)Av. de las Palmeras 418100Armilla (Granada)Spain
| | - Juan‐Manuel García‐Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Estudios CristalográficosIACT (CSIC-UGR)Av. de las Palmeras 418100Armilla (Granada)Spain
| | - Werner Kunz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstrasse 3193040RegensburgGermany
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23
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Möller FM, Kriegel F, Kieß M, Sojo V, Braun D. Steep pH Gradients and Directed Colloid Transport in a Microfluidic Alkaline Hydrothermal Pore. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2340-2344. [PMID: 28117546 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
All life on earth depends on the generation and exploitation of ionic and pH gradients across membranes. One theory for the origin of life proposes that geological pH gradients were the prebiotic ancestors of these cellular disequilibria. With an alkaline interior and acidic exterior, alkaline vents match the topology of modern cells, but it remains unknown whether the steep pH gradients persist at the microscopic scale. Herein, we demonstrate the existence of 6 pH-unit gradients across micrometer scales in a microfluidic vent replicate. Precipitation of metal sulfides at the interface strengthens the gradients, but even in the absence of precipitates laminar flow sustains the disequilibria. The gradients drive directed transport at the fluid interface, leading to colloid accumulation or depletion. Our results confirm that alkaline vents can provide an exploitable pH gradient, supporting their potential role at the emergence of chemiosmosis and the origin of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike M Möller
- Systems Biophysics, Physics Department, Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstraße 54, 80799, München, Germany
| | - Franziska Kriegel
- Systems Biophysics, Physics Department, Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstraße 54, 80799, München, Germany
| | - Michael Kieß
- Systems Biophysics, Physics Department, Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstraße 54, 80799, München, Germany
| | - Victor Sojo
- Systems Biophysics, Physics Department, Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstraße 54, 80799, München, Germany
| | - Dieter Braun
- Systems Biophysics, Physics Department, Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstraße 54, 80799, München, Germany
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24
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Möller FM, Kriegel F, Kieß M, Sojo V, Braun D. Steep pH Gradients and Directed Colloid Transport in a Microfluidic Alkaline Hydrothermal Pore. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201610781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Friederike M. Möller
- Systems Biophysics; Physics Department; Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Amalienstraße 54 80799 München Germany
| | - Franziska Kriegel
- Systems Biophysics; Physics Department; Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Amalienstraße 54 80799 München Germany
| | - Michael Kieß
- Systems Biophysics; Physics Department; Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Amalienstraße 54 80799 München Germany
| | - Victor Sojo
- Systems Biophysics; Physics Department; Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Amalienstraße 54 80799 München Germany
| | - Dieter Braun
- Systems Biophysics; Physics Department; Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Amalienstraße 54 80799 München Germany
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25
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Nakouzi E, Steinbock O. Self-organization in precipitation reactions far from the equilibrium. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1601144. [PMID: 27551688 PMCID: PMC4991932 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Far from the thermodynamic equilibrium, many precipitation reactions create complex product structures with fascinating features caused by their unusual origins. Unlike the dissipative patterns in other self-organizing reactions, these features can be permanent, suggesting potential applications in materials science and engineering. We review four distinct classes of precipitation reactions, describe similarities and differences, and discuss related challenges for theoretical studies. These classes are hollow micro- and macrotubes in chemical gardens, polycrystalline silica carbonate aggregates (biomorphs), Liesegang bands, and propagating precipitation-dissolution fronts. In many cases, these systems show intricate structural hierarchies that span from the nanometer scale into the macroscopic world. We summarize recent experimental progress that often involves growth under tightly regulated conditions by means of wet stamping, holographic heating, and controlled electric, magnetic, or pH perturbations. In this research field, progress requires mechanistic insights that cannot be derived from experiments alone. We discuss how mesoscopic aspects of the product structures can be modeled by reaction-transport equations and suggest important targets for future studies that should also include materials features at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Nakouzi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306–4390, USA
| | - Oliver Steinbock
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306–4390, USA
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26
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Saladino R, Botta G, Bizzarri B, Di Mauro E, Garcia
Ruiz JM. A Global Scale Scenario for Prebiotic Chemistry: Silica-Based Self-Assembled Mineral Structures and Formamide. Biochemistry 2016; 55:2806-11. [PMID: 27115539 PMCID: PMC4872262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pathway from simple abiotically made organic compounds to the molecular bricks of life, as we know it, is unknown. The most efficient geological abiotic route to organic compounds results from the aqueous dissolution of olivine, a reaction known as serpentinization (Sleep, N.H., et al. (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 12818-12822). In addition to molecular hydrogen and a reducing environment, serpentinization reactions lead to high-pH alkaline brines that can become easily enriched in silica. Under these chemical conditions, the formation of self-assembled nanocrystalline mineral composites, namely silica/carbonate biomorphs and metal silicate hydrate (MSH) tubular membranes (silica gardens), is unavoidable (Kellermeier, M., et al. In Methods in Enzymology, Research Methods in Biomineralization Science (De Yoreo, J., Ed.) Vol. 532, pp 225-256, Academic Press, Burlington, MA). The osmotically driven membranous structures have remarkable catalytic properties that could be operating in the reducing organic-rich chemical pot in which they form. Among one-carbon compounds, formamide (NH2CHO) has been shown to trigger the formation of complex prebiotic molecules under mineral-driven catalytic conditions (Saladino, R., et al. (2001) Biorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 9, 1249-1253), proton irradiation (Saladino, R., et al. (2015) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 2746-2755), and laser-induced dielectric breakdown (Ferus, M., et al. (2015) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 112, 657-662). Here, we show that MSH membranes are catalysts for the condensation of NH2CHO, yielding prebiotically relevant compounds, including carboxylic acids, amino acids, and nucleobases. Membranes formed by the reaction of alkaline (pH 12) sodium silicate solutions with MgSO4 and Fe2(SO4)3·9H2O show the highest efficiency, while reactions with CuCl2·2H2O, ZnCl2, FeCl2·4H2O, and MnCl2·4H2O showed lower reactivities. The collections of compounds forming inside and outside the tubular membrane are clearly specific, demonstrating that the mineral self-assembled membranes at the same time create space compartmentalization and selective catalysis of the synthesis of relevant compounds. Rather than requiring odd local conditions, the prebiotic organic chemistry scenario for the origin of life appears to be common at a universal scale and, most probably, earlier than ever thought for our planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Saladino
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Ecologiche e Biologiche, Università
della Tuscia, Via San
Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Giorgia Botta
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Ecologiche e Biologiche, Università
della Tuscia, Via San
Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Bruno
Mattia Bizzarri
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Ecologiche e Biologiche, Università
della Tuscia, Via San
Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Ernesto Di Mauro
- Istituto
Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti c/o Dipartimento di Biologia e
Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, University “Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Juan Manuel Garcia
Ruiz
- Laboratorio
de Estudios Crystalográficos, Instituto Andauz de Ciencias
de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, Avenida de las Palmeras 4, E-18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
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27
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Abstract
A chemical garden based on iron salt that grows in organic solvents and ions is demonstrated for the first time. This prototype chemical garden develops in an inverted orientation, thus providing evidence that downward growth is feasible.
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28
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Glaab F, Rieder J, García-Ruiz JM, Kunz W, Kellermeier M. Diffusion and precipitation processes in iron-based silica gardens. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:24850-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02107g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The time-dependent dynamic evolution of macroscopic silica garden tubes is shown to strongly depend on the used metal cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Glaab
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- University of Regensburg
- Universitätsstrasse 31
- D-93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - J. Rieder
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- University of Regensburg
- Universitätsstrasse 31
- D-93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - J. M. García-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos
- IACT (CSIC-UGR)
- E-18100 Armilla
- Spain
| | - W. Kunz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- University of Regensburg
- Universitätsstrasse 31
- D-93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - M. Kellermeier
- Material Physics, BASF SE
- Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38
- D-67056 Ludwigshafen
- Germany
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29
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Cyclic growth of hierarchical structures in the aluminum-silicate system. JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS CHEMISTRY 2015; 6:3. [PMID: 25834644 PMCID: PMC4374113 DOI: 10.1186/s13322-015-0007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Biological structures grow spontaneously from a seed, using materials supplied by the environment. These structures are hierarchical, with the ‘building blocks’ on each level constructed from those on the lower level. To understand and model the processes that occur on many levels, and later construct them, is a difficult task. However interest in this subject is growing. It is now possible to study the spontaneous growth of hierarchical structures in simple, two component chemical systems. Results Aluminum-silicate systems have been observed to grow into structures that are approximately conical. These structures are composed of multiple smaller cones with several hierarchical levels of complexity. On the highest level the system resembles a metropolis, with a horizontal resource distribution network connecting vertical, conical structures. The cones are made from many smaller cones that are connected together forming a whole with unusual behavior. The growth is observed to switch periodically between the vertical and horizontal directions. Conclusion A structure grown in a dish is observed to have many similarities to other hierarchical systems such as biological organisms or cities. This system may provide a simple model system to search for universal laws governing the growth of complex hierarchical structures. Side view of the chemical structure made from many vertical cones to form a chemical metropolis. The tallest structure is 17 cm high. ![]()
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30
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Batista BC, Cruz P, Steinbock O. Self-Alignment of Beads and Cell Trapping in Precipitate Tubes. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:2299-303. [PMID: 26031212 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Propagating reaction fronts allow the formation of materials in self-sustained, steep concentration gradients, which would otherwise rapidly decay. These conditions can result in macroscopic, noncrystallographic structures, such as tubes with large aspect ratios. For hollow silica/Zn(OH)2 tubes, we report the inclusion of diverse mesoscopic building blocks ranging from polymer beads to biological cells. For agarose beads, we observe spontaneous alignment along vertical tracks; the nearly periodic spacing of the beads along these tracks follows a log-normal distribution. We interpret this patterning in terms of hydrodynamic recruitment and discuss similarities to the adhesion dynamics of leukocytes in blood vessels. For diatoms and other cells, we observe novel surface textures, and yeast tagged with a green fluorescent protein shows strong fluorescence activity after trapping. The inclusion of these guest units should improve the possibilities for the application of these tubes in microfluidics and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C Batista
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390 (USA)
| | - Patrick Cruz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390 (USA)
| | - Oliver Steinbock
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390 (USA).
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31
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Barge LM, Abedian Y, Russell MJ, Doloboff IJ, Cartwright JHE, Kidd RD, Kanik I. From Chemical Gardens to Fuel Cells: Generation of Electrical Potential and Current Across Self-Assembling Iron Mineral Membranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Barge LM, Abedian Y, Russell MJ, Doloboff IJ, Cartwright JHE, Kidd RD, Kanik I. From Chemical Gardens to Fuel Cells: Generation of Electrical Potential and Current Across Self-Assembling Iron Mineral Membranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:8184-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Steenbjerg Ibsen CJ, Mikladal BF, Bjørnholt Jensen U, Birkedal H. Hierarchical Tubular Structures Grown from the Gel/Liquid Interface. Chemistry 2014; 20:16112-20. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Hellmann Prize: J. Kästner / ECIS-Rhodia Prize: W. Kunz / Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities: L. H. Gade. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201209160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Hellmann-Preis: J. Kästner / ECIS-Rhodia-Preis: W. Kunz / Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften: L. H. Gade. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kellermeier M, Glaab F, Melero-García E, García-Ruiz JM. Experimental techniques for the growth and characterization of silica biomorphs and silica gardens. Methods Enzymol 2013; 532:225-56. [PMID: 24188770 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416617-2.00011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Silica biomorphs and silica gardens are canonical examples of precipitation phenomena yielding self-assembled nanocrystalline composite materials with outstanding properties in terms of morphology and texture. Both types of structures form spontaneously in alkaline environments and rely on simple, and essentially similar, chemistry. However, the underlying growth processes are very sensitive to a range of experimental parameters, distinct preparation procedures, and external conditions. In this chapter, we report detailed protocols for the synthesis of these extraordinary biomimetic materials and identify critical aspects as well as advantages and disadvantages of different approaches. Furthermore, modifications of established standard procedures are reviewed and discussed with respect to their benefit for the control over morphogenesis and the reproducibility of the experiments in both cases. Finally, we describe currently used techniques for the characterization of these fascinating structures and devise promising ways to analyze their growth behavior and formation mechanisms in situ and as a function of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kellermeier
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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Kellermeier M, Cölfen H, García-Ruiz JM. Silica Biomorphs: Complex Biomimetic Hybrid Materials from “Sand and Chalk”. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201201029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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