1
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Mirbagheri N, Campos R, Ferapontova EE. Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Water by OH
−
‐ and H
2
O‐Capped IrO
x
Nanoparticles Electrophoretically Deposited on Graphite and Basal Plane HOPG: Effect of the Substrate Electrode**. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naghmehalsadat Mirbagheri
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 1590-14 DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
- Department of Microsystems Engineering – IMTEK University of Freiburg Georges-Koehler-Allee 103 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Rui Campos
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 1590-14 DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
- AXES research group and NANOlab Center of Excellence University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerpen Belgium
| | - Elena E. Ferapontova
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 1590-14 DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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2
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Zhang L, Mathew S, Hessels J, Reek JNH, Yu F. Homogeneous Catalysts Based on First-Row Transition-Metals for Electrochemical Water Oxidation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:234-250. [PMID: 32991076 PMCID: PMC7820963 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Strategies that enable the renewable production of storable fuels (i. e. hydrogen or hydrocarbons) through electrocatalysis continue to generate interest in the scientific community. Of central importance to this pursuit is obtaining the requisite chemical (H+ ) and electronic (e- ) inputs for fuel-forming reduction reactions, which can be met sustainably by water oxidation catalysis. Further possibility exists to couple these redox transformations to renewable energy sources (i. e. solar), thus creating a carbon neutral solution for long-term energy storage. Nature uses a Mn-Ca cluster for water oxidation catalysis via multiple proton-coupled electron-transfers (PCETs) with a photogenerated bias to perform this process with TOF 100∼300 s-1 . Synthetic molecular catalysts that efficiently perform this conversion commonly utilize rare metals (e. g., Ru, Ir), whose low abundance are associated to higher costs and scalability limitations. Inspired by nature's use of 1st row transition metal (TM) complexes for water oxidation catalysts (WOCs), attempts to use these abundant metals have been intensively explored but met with limited success. The smaller atomic size of 1st row TM ions lowers its ability to accommodate the oxidative equivalents required in the 4e- /4H+ water oxidation catalysis process, unlike noble metal catalysts that perform single-site electrocatalysis at lower overpotentials (η). Overcoming the limitations of 1st row TMs requires developing molecular catalysts that exploit biomimetic phenomena - multiple-metal redox-cooperativity, PCET and second-sphere interactions - to lower the overpotential, preorganize substrates and maintain stability. Thus, the ultimate goal of developing efficient, robust and scalable WOCs remains a challenge. This Review provides a summary of previous research works highlighting 1st row TM-based homogeneous WOCs, catalytic mechanisms, followed by strategies for catalytic activity improvements, before closing with a future outlook for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu‐Hua Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300130P. R. China
| | - Simon Mathew
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversiteit van AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joeri Hessels
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversiteit van AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversiteit van AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Fengshou Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300130P. R. China
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3
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Hessels J, Masferrer‐Rius E, Yu F, Detz RJ, Klein Gebbink RJM, Reek JNH. Nickel is a Different Pickle: Trends in Water Oxidation Catalysis for Molecular Nickel Complexes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:6629-6634. [PMID: 33090703 PMCID: PMC7756549 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel water oxidation catalysts is important in the context of renewable fuels production. Ligand design is one of the key tools to improve the activity and stability of molecular catalysts. The establishment of ligand design rules can facilitate the development of improved molecular catalysts. In this paper it is shown that chemical oxidants can be used to probe oxygen evolution activity for nickel-based systems, and trends are reported that can improve future ligand design. Interestingly, different ligand effects were observed in comparison to other first-row transition metal complexes. For example, nickel complexes with secondary amine donors were more active than with tertiary amine donors, which is the opposite for iron complexes. The incorporation of imine donor groups in a cyclam ligand resulted in the fastest and most durable nickel catalyst of our series, achieving oxygen evolution turnover numbers up to 380 and turnover frequencies up to 68 min-1 in a pH 5.0 acetate buffer using Oxone as oxidant. Initial kinetic experiments with this catalyst revealed a first order in chemical oxidant and a half order in catalyst. This implies a rate-determining oxidation step from a dimeric species that needs to break up to generate the active catalyst. These findings lay the foundation for the rational design of molecular nickel catalysts for water oxidation and highlight that catalyst design rules are not generally applicable for different metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeri Hessels
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Eduard Masferrer‐Rius
- Organic Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Fengshou Yu
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Remko J. Detz
- Current address: TNO Energy Transition, Energy Transition StudiesRadarweg 601043 NTAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Robertus J. M. Klein Gebbink
- Organic Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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4
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Hessels J, Yu F, Detz RJ, Reek JNH. Potential- and Buffer-Dependent Catalyst Decomposition during Nickel-Based Water Oxidation Catalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5625-5631. [PMID: 32959962 PMCID: PMC7702101 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The production of hydrogen by water electrolysis benefits from the development of water oxidation catalysts. This development process can be aided by the postulation of design rules for catalytic systems. The analysis of the reactivity of molecular complexes can be complicated by their decomposition under catalytic conditions into nanoparticles that may also be active. Such a misinterpretation can lead to incorrect design rules. In this study, the nickel-based water oxidation catalyst [NiII (meso-L)](ClO4 )2 , which was previously thought to operate as a molecular catalyst, is found to decompose to form a NiOx layer in a pH 7.0 phosphate buffer under prolonged catalytic conditions, as indicated by controlled potential electrolysis, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. Interestingly, the formed NiOx layer desorbs from the surface of the electrode under less anodic potentials. Therefore, no nickel species can be detected on the electrode after electrolysis. Catalyst decomposition is strongly dependent on the pH and buffer, as there is no indication of NiOx layer formation at pH 6.5 in phosphate buffer nor in a pH 7.0 acetate buffer. Under these conditions, the activity stems from a molecular species, but currents are much lower. This study demonstrates the importance of in situ characterization methods for catalyst decomposition and metal oxide layer formation, and previously proposed design elements for nickel-based catalysts need to be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeri Hessels
- HomogeneousSupramolecular and Bio-Inspired CatalysisVan ‘t Hoff institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdam (TheNetherlands
| | - Fengshou Yu
- HomogeneousSupramolecular and Bio-Inspired CatalysisVan ‘t Hoff institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdam (TheNetherlands
| | - Remko J. Detz
- TNO Energy Transition, Energy Transition StudiesRadarweg 601043 NTAmsterdam (TheNetherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- HomogeneousSupramolecular and Bio-Inspired CatalysisVan ‘t Hoff institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdam (TheNetherlands
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5
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Winter A, Schubert US. Metal‐Terpyridine Complexes in Catalytic Application – A Spotlight on the Last Decade. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201902290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Winter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
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6
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Mononuclear Ru(II) PolyPyridyl Water Oxidation Catalysts Decorated with Perfluoroalkyl C
8
H
17
‐Tag Bearing Chains. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Li X, Lei H, Liu J, Zhao X, Ding S, Zhang Z, Tao X, Zhang W, Wang W, Zheng X, Cao R. Carbon Nanotubes with Cobalt Corroles for Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution in pH 0-14 Solutions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15070-15075. [PMID: 30242949 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Water splitting is promising to realize a hydrogen-based society. The practical use of molecular water-splitting catalysts relies on their integration onto electrode materials. We describe herein the immobilization of cobalt corroles on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by four strategies and compare the performance of the resulting hybrids for H2 and O2 evolution. Co corroles can be covalently attached to CNTs with short conjugated linkers (the hybrid is denoted as H1) or with long alkane chains (H2), or can be grafted to CNTs via strong π-π interactions (H3) or via simple adsorption (H4). An activity trend H1≫H3>H2≈H4 is obtained for H2 and O2 evolution, showing the critical role of electron transfer ability on electrocatalysis. Notably, H1 is the first Janus catalyst for both H2 and O2 evolution reactions in pH 0-14 aqueous solutions. Therefore, this work is significant to show potential uses of electrode materials with well-designed molecular catalysts in electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xialiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Haitao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jieyu Liu
- Department of Electronics and Key Laboratory of Photo-Electronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xueli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Shuping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zongyao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Xixi Tao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Weichao Wang
- Department of Electronics and Key Laboratory of Photo-Electronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Rui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.,Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
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8
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Carbon Nanotubes with Cobalt Corroles for Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution in pH 0–14 Solutions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Yu F, Poole D, Mathew S, Yan N, Hessels J, Orth N, Ivanović‐Burmazović I, Reek JNH. Control over Electrochemical Water Oxidation Catalysis by Preorganization of Molecular Ruthenium Catalysts in Self-Assembled Nanospheres. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11247-11251. [PMID: 29975448 PMCID: PMC6120458 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen formation through water oxidation catalysis is a key reaction in the context of fuel generation from renewable energies. The number of homogeneous catalysts that catalyze water oxidation at high rate with low overpotential is limited. Ruthenium complexes can be particularly active, especially if they facilitate a dinuclear pathway for oxygen bond formation step. A supramolecular encapsulation strategy is reported that involves preorganization of dilute solutions (10-5 m) of ruthenium complexes to yield high local catalyst concentrations (up to 0.54 m). The preorganization strategy enhances the water oxidation rate by two-orders of magnitude to 125 s-1 , as it facilitates the diffusion-controlled rate-limiting dinuclear coupling step. Moreover, it modulates reaction rates, enabling comprehensive elucidation of electrocatalytic reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengshou Yu
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired CatalysisVan't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - David Poole
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired CatalysisVan't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Simon Mathew
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired CatalysisVan't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ning Yan
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired CatalysisVan't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joeri Hessels
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired CatalysisVan't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Nicole Orth
- Lehrstuhl für Bioanorganische ChemieDepartment Chemie und PharmazieFriedrich-Alexander-UniversitaetEgerlandstrasse 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Ivana Ivanović‐Burmazović
- Lehrstuhl für Bioanorganische ChemieDepartment Chemie und PharmazieFriedrich-Alexander-UniversitaetEgerlandstrasse 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired CatalysisVan't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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10
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Control over Electrochemical Water Oxidation Catalysis by Preorganization of Molecular Ruthenium Catalysts in Self-Assembled Nanospheres. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Kafentzi MC, Papadakis R, Gennarini F, Kochem A, Iranzo O, Le Mest Y, Le Poul N, Tron T, Faure B, Simaan AJ, Réglier M. Electrochemical Water Oxidation and Stereoselective Oxygen Atom Transfer Mediated by a Copper Complex. Chemistry 2018; 24:5213-5224. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Federica Gennarini
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS UMR 6521; Laboratoire CEMCA; 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, CS 93837 29238 Brest Cedex 3 France
| | - Amélie Kochem
- Aix Marseille Univ; CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2; Marseille France
| | - Olga Iranzo
- Aix Marseille Univ; CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2; Marseille France
| | - Yves Le Mest
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS UMR 6521; Laboratoire CEMCA; 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, CS 93837 29238 Brest Cedex 3 France
| | - Nicolas Le Poul
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS UMR 6521; Laboratoire CEMCA; 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, CS 93837 29238 Brest Cedex 3 France
| | - Thierry Tron
- Aix Marseille Univ; CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2; Marseille France
| | - Bruno Faure
- Aix Marseille Univ; CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2; Marseille France
| | - A. Jalila Simaan
- Aix Marseille Univ; CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2; Marseille France
| | - Marius Réglier
- Aix Marseille Univ; CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2; Marseille France
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12
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Shen J, Wang M, Gao J, Han H, Liu H, Sun L. Improvement of Electrochemical Water Oxidation by Fine-Tuning the Structure of Tetradentate N 4 Ligands of Molecular Copper Catalysts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:4581-4588. [PMID: 28868648 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two copper complexes, [(L1)Cu(OH2 )](BF4 )2 [1; L1=N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1,2-diaminoethane] and [(L2)Cu(OH2 )](BF4 )2 [2, L2=2,7-bis(2-pyridyl)-3,6-diaza-2,6-octadiene], were prepared as molecular water oxidation catalysts. Complex 1 displayed an overpotential (η) of 1.07 V at 1 mA cm-2 and an observed rate constant (kobs ) of 13.5 s-1 at η 1.0 V in pH 9.0 phosphate buffer solution, whereas 2 exhibited a significantly smaller η (0.70 V) to reach 1 mA cm-2 and a higher kobs (50.4 s-1 ) than 1 under identical test conditions. Additionally, 2 displayed better stability than 1 in controlled potential electrolysis experiments with a faradaic efficiency of 94 % for O2 evolution at 1.58 V, when a casing tube was used for the Pt cathode. A possible mechanism for 1- and 2-catalyzed O2 evolution reactions is discussed based on the experimental evidence. These comparative results indicate that fine-tuning the structures of tetradentate N4 ligands can bring about significant change in the performance of copper complexes for electrochemical water oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Jinsuo Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Hongxian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian, 116023, PR China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Licheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), Dalian, 116024, PR China
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden
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13
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Mizrahi A, Maimon E, Cohen H, Kornweitz H, Zilbermann I, Meyerstein D. Mechanistic Studies on the Role of [Cu II (CO 3 ) n ] 2-2n as a Water Oxidation Catalyst: Carbonate as a Non-Innocent Ligand. Chemistry 2017; 24:1088-1096. [PMID: 28921692 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Recently it was reported that copper bicarbonate/carbonate complexes are good electro-catalysts for water oxidation. However, the results did not enable a decision whether the active oxidant is a CuIII or a CuIV complex. Kinetic analysis of pulse radiolysis measurements coupled with DFT calculations point out that CuIII (CO3 )n3-2n complexes are the active intermediates in the electrolysis of CuII (CO3 )n2-2n solution. The results enable the evaluation of E°[(CuIII/II (CO3 )n )aq ]≈1.42 V versus NHE at pH 8.4. This redox potential is in accord with the electrochemical report. As opposed to literature suggestions for water oxidation, the present results rule out single-electron transfer from CuIII (CO3 )n3-2n to yield hydroxyl radicals. Significant charge transfer from the coordinated carbonate to CuIII results in the formation of C2 O62- by means of a second-order reaction of CuIII (CO3 )n3-2n . The results point out that carbonate stabilizes transition-metal cations at high oxidation states, not only as a good sigma donor, but also as a non-innocent ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mizrahi
- Chemistry Department, Nuclear Research Centre Negev Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Eric Maimon
- Chemistry Department, Nuclear Research Centre Negev Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Chemistry Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Haim Cohen
- Chemical Sciences Department and the Schlesinger Family Center for, Compact Accelerators Radiation Sources and Applications, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Haya Kornweitz
- Chemical Sciences Department, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Israel Zilbermann
- Chemistry Department, Nuclear Research Centre Negev Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Chemistry Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Dan Meyerstein
- Chemical Sciences Department and the Schlesinger Family Center for, Compact Accelerators Radiation Sources and Applications, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.,Chemistry Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
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14
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Su W, Zhou K, Cai F, Chen C, Mousavi B, Chaemchuen S, Verpoort F. Water Oxidation by In Situ Generated [RuII
(OH2
)(NC
NHC
O)(pic)2
]+. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:2304-2310. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Kui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Fanglin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Bibimaryam Mousavi
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Somboon Chaemchuen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Francis Verpoort
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University; Lenin Avenue 30 634050 Tomsk Russian Federation
- Ghent University; Global Campus Songdo, Ywonsu-Gu; Incheon Republic of Korea
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15
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Su W, Younus HA, Chaemchuen S, Chen C, Verpoort F. Chemical and Photochemical Water Oxidation by [RuCl(NC
NHC
O)(DMSO)(py)]-Type Complexes. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan 430070 P.R. China
| | - Hussein A. Younus
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan 430070 P.R. China
- Chemistry Department; Faculty of Science; Fayoum University; Fayoum 63514 Egypt
| | - Somboon Chaemchuen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan 430070 P.R. China
| | - Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan 430070 P.R. China
| | - Francis Verpoort
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan 430070 P.R. China
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University; Lenin Avenue 30 634050 Tomsk Russian Federation
- Ghent University, Global Campus; Songdo, Ywonsu-Gu, Incheon Republic of Korea
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16
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Younus HA, Ahmad N, Chughtai AH, Vandichel M, Busch M, Van Hecke K, Yusubov M, Song S, Verpoort F. A Robust Molecular Catalyst Generated In Situ for Photo- and Electrochemical Water Oxidation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:862-875. [PMID: 27921384 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201601477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Water splitting is the key step towards artificial photosystems for solar energy conversion and storage in the form of chemical bonding. The oxidation of water is the bottle-neck of this process that hampers its practical utility; hence, efficient, robust, and easy to make catalytic systems based on cheap and earth-abundant materials are of exceptional importance. Herein, an in situ generated cobalt catalyst, [CoII (TCA)2 (H2 O)2 ] (TCA=1-mesityl-1,2,3-1H-triazole-4-carboxylate), that efficiently conducts photochemical water oxidation under near-neutral conditions is presented. The catalyst showed high stability under photolytic conditions for more than 3 h of photoirradiation. During electrochemical water oxidation, the catalytic system assembled a catalyst film, which proved not to be cobalt oxide/hydroxide as normally expected, but instead, and for the first time, generated a molecular cobalt complex that incorporated the organic ligand bound to cobalt ions. The catalyst film exhibited a low overpotential for electrocatalytic water oxidation (360 mV) and high oxygen evolution peak current densities of 9 and 2.7 mA cm-2 on glassy carbon and indium-doped tin oxide electrodes, respectively, at only 1.49 and 1.39 V (versus a normal hydrogen electrode), respectively, under neutral conditions. This finding, exemplified on the in situ generated cobalt complex, might be applicable to other molecular systems and suggests that the formation of a catalytic film in electrochemical water oxidation experiments is not always an indication of catalyst decomposition and the formation of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein A Younus
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials, Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 36514, Egypt
| | - Nazir Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials, Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Adeel H Chughtai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials, Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Matthias Vandichel
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technology Park 903, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- Department of Physics and Competence Center for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgränd 3, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Michael Busch
- Department of Physics and Competence Center for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgränd 3, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and Catalysis, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mekhman Yusubov
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Shaoxian Song
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Francis Verpoort
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials, Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and Catalysis, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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17
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Chen HC, Williams RM, Reek JNH, Brouwer AM. Robust Benzo[g, h, i ]perylenetriimide Dye-Sensitized Electrodes in Air-Saturated Aqueous Buffer Solution. Chemistry 2016; 22:5489-93. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201505146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Cheng Chen
- University of Amsterdam; Van‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; P.O. Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - René M. Williams
- University of Amsterdam; Van‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; P.O. Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- University of Amsterdam; Van‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; P.O. Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Albert M. Brouwer
- University of Amsterdam; Van‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; P.O. Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
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18
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Fukuzumi S, Jung J, Yamada Y, Kojima T, Nam W. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Water Oxidation by Persulfate. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:1138-50. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201501329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science Ewha Womans University Seoul 120-750 Korea
- Faculty of Science and Engineering Meijo University, ALCA and SENTAN, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Nagoya Aichi 468-0073 Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University, ALCA and SENTAN, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Jieun Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science Ewha Womans University Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - Yusuke Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering Graduate School of Engineering Osaka City University 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Takahiko Kojima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennoudai Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science Ewha Womans University Seoul 120-750 Korea
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19
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Detz RJ, Abiri Z, Kluwer AM, Reek JNH. A Fluorescence-Based Screening Protocol for the Identification of Water Oxidation Catalysts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:3057-3061. [PMID: 26338012 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201500558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Efficient catalysts are crucial for the sustainable generation of fuel by splitting water. A versatile screening protocol would simplify the identification of novel and better catalysts by using high throughput experimentation. Herein, such a screening approach for the identification of molecular catalysts for chemical oxidation of water is reported, which is based on oxygen-sensitive fluorescence quenching using an OxoDish. More than 200 reactions were performed revealing several catalysts, for example, a dinuclear Fe complex that produced oxygen under the used reaction conditions. Clark electrode measurements confirmed a similar rate in oxygen evolution, making the developed parallel screening approach a robust and versatile tool to screen for molecular water oxidation catalysts using chemical oxidants under acidic and neutral conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remko J Detz
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
| | - Zohar Abiri
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
- InCatT B.V., Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
| | | | - Joost N H Reek
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam (The Netherlands).
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20
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Sypaseuth FD, Matlachowski C, Weber M, Schwalbe M, Tzschucke CC. Electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction by using cationic pentamethylcyclopentadienyl-iridium complexes with unsymmetrically substituted bipyridine ligands. Chemistry 2015; 21:6564-71. [PMID: 25756194 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Eight [Ir(bpy)Cp*Cl](+) -type complexes (bpy= bipyridine, Cp*=1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) containing differently substituted bipyridine ligands were synthesized and characterized. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of the complexes in Ar-saturated acetonitrile solutions showed that the redox behavior of the complexes could be fine tuned by the electronic properties of the substituted bipyridine ligands. Further CV in CO2 -saturated MeCN/H2 O (9:1, v/v) solutions showed catalytic currents for CO2 reduction. In controlled potential electrolysis experiments (MeCN/MeOH (1:1, v/v), Eapp =-1.80 V vs Ag/AgCl), all of the complexes showed moderate activity in the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 with good stability over at least 15 hours. This electrocatalytic process was selective toward formic acid, with only traces of dihydrogen or carbon monoxide and occasionally formaldehyde as byproducts. However, the turnover frequencies and current efficiencies were quite low. No direct correlation between the redox potentials of the complexes and their catalytic activity was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanni D Sypaseuth
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
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21
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Su XJ, Gao M, Jiao L, Liao RZ, Siegbahn PEM, Cheng JP, Zhang MT. Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation by a Dinuclear Copper Complex in a Neutral Aqueous Solution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Su XJ, Gao M, Jiao L, Liao RZ, Siegbahn PEM, Cheng JP, Zhang MT. Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation by a Dinuclear Copper Complex in a Neutral Aqueous Solution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:4909-14. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Asraf MA, Younus HA, Yusubov M, Verpoort F. Earth-abundant metal complexes as catalysts for water oxidation; is it homogeneous or heterogeneous? Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy01251a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This minireview focuses on the aspects that determine whether particular catalysts for the oxidation of water are homogeneous or heterogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Ali Asraf
- Laboratory of Organometallics
- Catalysis and Ordered Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
| | - Hussein A. Younus
- Laboratory of Organometallics
- Catalysis and Ordered Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
| | - Mekhman Yusubov
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University
- Russian Federation
| | - Francis Verpoort
- Laboratory of Organometallics
- Catalysis and Ordered Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
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24
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Galán-Mascarós JR. Water Oxidation at Electrodes Modified with Earth-Abundant Transition-Metal Catalysts. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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25
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Xiang R, Ding Y, Zhao J. Visible-Light-Induced Water Oxidation Mediated by a Mononuclear-Cobalt(II)-Substituted Silicotungstate. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:3228-37. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Mirbagheri N, Chevallier J, Kibsgaard J, Besenbacher F, Ferapontova EE. Electrocatalysis of Water Oxidation by H2O-Capped Iridium-Oxide Nanoparticles Electrodeposited on Spectroscopic Graphite. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:2844-50. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Zhang B, Li F, Yu F, Cui H, Zhou X, Li H, Wang Y, Sun L. Homogeneous Oxidation of Water by Iron Complexes with Macrocyclic Ligands. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:1515-8. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201400066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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28
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Venturini A, Barbieri A, Reek JNH, Hetterscheid DGH. Catalytic Water Splitting with an Iridium Carbene Complex: A Theoretical Study. Chemistry 2014; 20:5358-68. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Zuccaccia C, Bellachioma G, Bortolini O, Bucci A, Savini A, Macchioni A. Transformation of a Cp*-Iridium(III) Precatalyst for Water Oxidation when Exposed to Oxidative Stress. Chemistry 2014; 20:3446-56. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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30
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López I, Ertem MZ, Maji S, Benet-Buchholz J, Keidel A, Kuhlmann U, Hildebrandt P, Cramer CJ, Batista VS, Llobet A. A Self-Improved Water-Oxidation Catalyst: Is One Site Really Enough? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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31
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López I, Ertem MZ, Maji S, Benet-Buchholz J, Keidel A, Kuhlmann U, Hildebrandt P, Cramer CJ, Batista VS, Llobet A. A Self-Improved Water-Oxidation Catalyst: Is One Site Really Enough? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 53:205-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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32
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Polyansky DE, Hurst JK, Lymar SV. Application of Pulse Radiolysis to Mechanistic Investigations of Water Oxidation Catalysis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201300753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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34
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Hetterscheid DGH, Reek JNH. Periodate as an Oxidant for Catalytic Water Oxidation: Oxidation via Electron Transfer or O-Atom Transfer? Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201300249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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