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Zhao S, Liang H, Hu X, Li S, Daasbjerg K. Challenges and Prospects in the Catalytic Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Formaldehyde. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204008. [PMID: 36066469 PMCID: PMC9827866 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a crucial C1 building block for daily-life commodities in a wide range of industrial processes. Industrial production of HCHO today is based on energy- and cost-intensive gas-phase catalytic oxidation of methanol, which calls for exploring other and more sustainable ways of carrying out this process. Utilization of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) as precursor presents a promising strategy to simultaneously mitigate the carbon footprint and alleviate environmental issues. This Minireview summarizes recent progress in CO2 -to-HCHO conversion using hydrogenation, hydroboration/hydrosilylation as well as photochemical, electrochemical, photoelectrochemical, and enzymatic approaches. The active species, reaction intermediates, and mechanistic pathways are discussed to deepen the understanding of HCHO selectivity issues. Finally, shortcomings and prospects of the various strategies for sustainable reduction of CO2 to HCHO are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Zhao
- Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF) CO2 Research CenterDepartment of Chemistry/Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)Aarhus UniversityLangelandsgade 1408000Aarhus CDenmark
| | - Hong‐Qing Liang
- Leibniz-Institut für KatalyseAlbert-Einstein-Strasse 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Xin‐Ming Hu
- Environment Research InstituteShandong UniversityBinhai Road 72Qingdao266237China
| | - Simin Li
- School of Metallurgy and EnvironmentCentral South UniversityChangsha410083P.R. China
| | - Kim Daasbjerg
- Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF) CO2 Research CenterDepartment of Chemistry/Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)Aarhus UniversityLangelandsgade 1408000Aarhus CDenmark
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2
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Corona H, Pérez-Jiménez M, de la Cruz-Martínez F, Fernández I, Campos J. Divergent CO 2 Activation by Tuning the Lewis Acid in Iron-Based Bimetallic Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207581. [PMID: 35930523 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic motifs mediate the selective activation and functionalization of CO2 in metalloenzymes and some recent synthetic systems. In this work, we build on the nascent concept of bimetallic frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) to investigate the activation and reduction of CO2 . Using the Fe0 fragment [(depe)2 Fe] (depe=1,2-bis(diethylphosphino)ethane) as base, we modify the nature of the partner Lewis acid to accomplish a divergent and highly chemoselective reactivity towards CO2 . [Au(PMe2 Ar)]+ irreversibly dissociates CO2 , Zn(C6 F5 )2 and B(C6 F5 )3 yield different CO2 adducts stabilized by push-pull interactions, while Al(C6 F5 )3 leads to a rare heterobimetallic C-O bond cleavage, and thus to contrasting reduced products after exposure to dihydrogen. Computational investigations provide a rationale for the divergent reactivity, while Energy Decomposition Analysis-Natural Orbital for Chemical Valence (EDA-NOCV) method substantiates the heterobimetallic bonding situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Corona
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marina Pérez-Jiménez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Felipe de la Cruz-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Campos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
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3
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Corona H, Perez-Jimenez M, de la Cruz-Martínez F, Fernández I, Campos J. Divergent CO2 Activation by Tuning the Lewis Acid in Iron‐Based Bimetallic Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Corona
- CSIC: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas IIQ SPAIN
| | | | | | - Israel Fernández
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas SPAIN
| | - Jesus Campos
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Institute of Chemical Research Av. Americo Vespucio 49, Isla de la 41092 Sevilla SPAIN
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4
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Fajardo AM, Queyraiux N, Camy A, Vendier L, Grellier M, Del Rosal I, Maron L, Bontemps S. A masked form of an O-borylated Breslow intermediate for the diastereoselective FLP-type activation of aldehydes. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104122. [PMID: 34964516 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Breslow intermediates are very often elusive species whose application in Frustrated Lewis Pair chemistry is unprecedented. We describe herein the use of a masked form of an O-Borylated Breslow (OBB) intermediate that performs FLP-type activation of the carbonyl function of five different benzaldehyde derivatives with complete diastereoselectivity. The resulting compounds are characterised in solution by NMR spectroscopy (compounds 4 - 8 ) and in solid state by X-Ray diffraction analysis (compounds 4 - 6 ). A combined kinetic and theoretical investigation reveals the associative nature of the rate determining step and suggests that the OBB intermediate part is never released during the whole process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aurèle Camy
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, chemistry, FRANCE
| | - Laure Vendier
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, chemistry, FRANCE
| | - Mary Grellier
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, chemistry, FRANCE
| | - Iker Del Rosal
- LPCNO: Laboratoire de physique et chimie des nano-objets, chemistry, FRANCE
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO: Laboratoire de physique et chimie des nano-objets, chemistry, FRANCE
| | - Sébastien Bontemps
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 cedex 04, toulouse, FRANCE
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5
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Béthegnies A, Escudié Y, Nuñez‐Dallos N, Vendier L, Hurtado J, del Rosal I, Maron L, Bontemps S. Reductive CO2Homocoupling: Synthesis of a Borylated C3Carbohydrate. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Béthegnies
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) 31077 Toulouse (France) andUniversité de Toulouse UPS, INPT Toulouse 31077 France
| | - Yannick Escudié
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) 31077 Toulouse (France) andUniversité de Toulouse UPS, INPT Toulouse 31077 France
| | - Nelson Nuñez‐Dallos
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) 31077 Toulouse (France) andUniversité de Toulouse UPS, INPT Toulouse 31077 France
- Department of ChemistryUniversidad de Los Andes Institution Bogotá 111711 Colombia
| | - Laure Vendier
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) 31077 Toulouse (France) andUniversité de Toulouse UPS, INPT Toulouse 31077 France
| | - John Hurtado
- Department of ChemistryUniversidad de Los Andes Institution Bogotá 111711 Colombia
| | - Iker del Rosal
- Université de Toulouse and CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO Toulouse F-31077 France
| | - Laurent Maron
- Université de Toulouse and CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO Toulouse F-31077 France
| | - Sébastien Bontemps
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) 31077 Toulouse (France) andUniversité de Toulouse UPS, INPT Toulouse 31077 France
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Caise A, Jones D, Kolychev EL, Hicks J, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. On the Viability of Catalytic Turnover via Al−O/B−H Metathesis: The Reactivity of β-Diketiminate Aluminium Hydrides towards CO2
and Boranes. Chemistry 2018; 24:13624-13635. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Caise
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Dafydd Jones
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Eugene L. Kolychev
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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7
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Hicken A, White AJP, Crimmin MR. Selective Reduction of CO2
to a Formate Equivalent with Heterobimetallic Gold- - -Copper Hydride Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15127-15130. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hicken
- Department of Chemistry; Imperial College London; South Kensington London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department of Chemistry; Imperial College London; South Kensington London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Mark R. Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry; Imperial College London; South Kensington London SW7 2AZ UK
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8
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Hicken A, White AJP, Crimmin MR. Selective Reduction of CO2
to a Formate Equivalent with Heterobimetallic Gold- - -Copper Hydride Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hicken
- Department of Chemistry; Imperial College London; South Kensington London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department of Chemistry; Imperial College London; South Kensington London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Mark R. Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry; Imperial College London; South Kensington London SW7 2AZ UK
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9
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Yuan R, Hu R, Fu G. Mechanistic Insight into the Copper-Catalyzed Regiodivergent Silacarboxylation of Allenes with CO2. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:2201-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Rong Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Gang Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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10
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Klankermayer J, Wesselbaum S, Beydoun K, Leitner W. Selective Catalytic Synthesis Using the Combination of Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen: Catalytic Chess at the Interface of Energy and Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7296-343. [PMID: 27237963 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present Review highlights the challenges and opportunities when using the combination CO2 /H2 as a C1 synthon in catalytic reactions and processes. The transformations are classified according to the reduction level and the bond-forming processes, covering the value chain from high volume basic chemicals to complex molecules, including biologically active substances. Whereas some of these concepts can facilitate the transition of the energy system by harvesting renewable energy into chemical products, others provide options to reduce the environmental impact of chemical production already in today's petrochemical-based industry. Interdisciplinary fundamental research from chemists and chemical engineers can make important contributions to sustainable development at the interface of the energetic and chemical value chain. The present Review invites the reader to enjoy this exciting area of "catalytic chess" and maybe even to start playing some games in her or his laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Klankermayer
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Wesselbaum
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kassem Beydoun
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany. .,Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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11
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Klankermayer J, Wesselbaum S, Beydoun K, Leitner W. Selektive katalytische Synthesen mit Kohlendioxid und Wasserstoff: Katalyse-Schach an der Nahtstelle zwischen Energie und Chemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Klankermayer
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Wesselbaum
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Kassem Beydoun
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Walter Leitner
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
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12
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Chong CC, Kinjo R. Hydrophosphination of CO2 and subsequent formate transfer in the 1,3,2-diazaphospholene-catalyzed N-formylation of amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:12116-20. [PMID: 26276547 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophosphination of CO2 with 1,3,2-Diazaphospholene (NHP-H; 1) afforded phosphorus formate (NHP-OCOH; 2) through the formation of a bond between the electrophilic phosphorus atom in 1 and the oxygen atom from CO2 , along with hydride transfer to the carbon atom of CO2 . Transfer of the formate from 2 to Ph2 SiH2 produced Ph2 Si(OCHO)2 (3) in a reaction that could be carried out in a catalytic manner by using 5 mol % of 1. These elementary reactions were applied to the metal-free catalytic N-formylation of amine derivatives with CO2 in one pot under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Chang Chong
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371 (Singapore)
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371 (Singapore).
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Chong CC, Kinjo R. Hydrophosphination of CO2and Subsequent Formate Transfer in the 1,3,2-Diazaphospholene-CatalyzedN-Formylation of Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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14
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Blondiaux E, Pouessel J, Cantat T. Carbon Dioxide Reduction to Methylamines under Metal-Free Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201407357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Blondiaux E, Pouessel J, Cantat T. Carbon dioxide reduction to methylamines under metal-free conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:12186-90. [PMID: 25243949 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The first metal-free catalysts are reported for the methylation of amines with carbon dioxide. Proazaphosphatrane superbases prove to be highly active catalysts in the reductive functionalization of CO2, in the presence of hydroboranes. The new methodology enables the methylation of N-H bonds in a wide variety of amines, including secondary amines, with increased chemoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enguerrand Blondiaux
- CEA, IRAMIS, NIMBE, CNRS UMR 3299, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette (France) http://iramis.cea.fr/Pisp/thibault.cantat/index.htm
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Li Y, Yan T, Junge K, Beller M. Catalytic Methylation of CH Bonds Using CO2and H2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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17
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Li Y, Yan T, Junge K, Beller M. Catalytic Methylation of CH Bonds Using CO2and H2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:10476-80. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Das Neves Gomes C, Blondiaux E, Thuéry P, Cantat T. Metal-free reduction of CO2 with hydroboranes: two efficient pathways at play for the reduction of CO2 to methanol. Chemistry 2014; 20:7098-106. [PMID: 24771681 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Guanidines and amidines prove to be highly efficient metal-free catalysts for the reduction of CO2 to methanol with hydroboranes such as 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN) and catecholborane (catBH). Nitrogen bases, such as 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD), 7-methyl-1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (Me-TBD), and 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene (DBU), are active catalysts for this transformation and Me-TBD can catalyze the reduction of CO2 to methoxyborane at room temperature with TONs and TOFs of up to 648 and 33 h(-1) (25 °C), respectively. Formate HCOOBR2 and acetal H2C(OBR2)2 derivatives have been identified as reaction intermediates in the reduction of CO2 with R2BH, and the first C-H-bond formation is rate determining. Experimental and computational investigations show that TBD and Me-TBD follow distinct mechanisms. The N-H bond of TBD is reactive toward dehydrocoupling with 9-BBN and affords a novel frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) that can activate a CO2 molecule and form the stable adduct 2, which is the catalytically active species and can facilitate the hydride transfer from the boron to the carbon atoms. In contrast, Me-TBD promotes the reduction of CO2 through the activation of the hydroborane reagent. Detailed DFT calculations have shown that the computed energy barriers for the two mechanisms are consistent with the experimental findings and account for the reactivity of the different boron reductants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Das Neves Gomes
- CEA, IRAMIS, NIMBE, CNRS UMR 3299, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette (France) http://iramis.cea.fr/Pisp/thibault.cantat/index.htm
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Fontaine FG, Courtemanche MA, Légaré MA. Transition-metal-free catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide. Chemistry 2014; 20:2990-6. [PMID: 24523131 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metal-free systems, including frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) have been shown to bind CO2. By reducing the Lewis acidity and basicity of the ambiphilic system, it is possible to generate active catalysts for the deoxygenative hydroboration of carbon dioxide to methanol derivatives with conversion rates comparable to those of transition-metal-based catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric-Georges Fontaine
- Département de Chimie,Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6 (Canada), Fax: (+1) 418-656-7916.
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