1
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Kondoh A, Hirozane T, Terada M. Formal Umpolung Addition of Phosphites to 2‐Azaaryl Ketones under Chiral Brønsted Base Catalysis: Enantioselective Protonation Utilizing [1,2]‐Phospha‐Brook Rearrangement. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201240. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Kondoh
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Takayuki Hirozane
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Masahiro Terada
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
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2
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Weitkamp RF, Neumann B, Stammler H, Hoge B. Phosphorus-Containing Superbases: Recent Progress in the Chemistry of Electron-Abundant Phosphines and Phosphazenes. Chemistry 2021; 27:10807-10825. [PMID: 34032319 PMCID: PMC8362139 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The renaissance of Brønsted superbases is primarily based on their pronounced capacity for a large variety of chemical transformations under mild reaction conditions. Four major set screws are available for the selective tuning of the basicity: the nature of the basic center (N, P, …), the degree of electron donation by substituents to the central atom, the possibility of charge delocalization, and the energy gain by hydrogen bonding. Within the past decades, a plethora of neutral electron-rich phosphine and phosphazene bases have appeared in the literature. Their outstanding properties and advantages over inorganic or charged bases have now made them indispensable as auxiliary bases in deprotonation processes. Herein, an update of the chemistry of basic phosphines and phosphazenes is given. In addition, due to widespread interest, their use in catalysis or as ligands in coordination chemistry is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin F. Weitkamp
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
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3
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Das S, Hu Q, Kondoh A, Terada M. Enantioselective Protonation: Hydrophosphinylation of 1,1-Vinyl Azaheterocycle N-Oxides Catalyzed by Chiral Bis(guanidino)iminophosphorane Organosuperbase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1417-1422. [PMID: 33030798 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselective protonation by hydrophosphinylation of diarylphosphine oxides with 2-vinyl azaheterocycle N-oxide derivatives was demonstrated using chiral bis(guanidino)iminophosphorane as the higher-order organosuperbase catalyst. It was confirmed by several control experiments that a chiral weak conjugate acid of the chiral bis(guanidino)iminophosphorane, instead of achiral diarylphosphine oxides, directly functioned as the proton source to afford the corresponding product in a highly enantioselective manner in most cases. Enantioselective protonation by a weak conjugate acid generated from the higher-order organosuperbase would broaden the scope of enantioselective reaction systems because of utilization of a range of less acidic pronucleophiles. This method is highlighted by the valuable synthesis of a series of chiral P,N-ligands for chiral metal complexes through the reduction of phosphine oxide and N-oxide units of the corresponding product without loss of enantiomeric purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Das
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Qiupeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Azusa Kondoh
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masahiro Terada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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4
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Das S, Hu Q, Kondoh A, Terada M. Enantioselective Protonation: Hydrophosphinylation of 1,1‐Vinyl Azaheterocycle
N
‐Oxides Catalyzed by Chiral Bis(guanidino)iminophosphorane Organosuperbase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Das
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Qiupeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Azusa Kondoh
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Masahiro Terada
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
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5
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Donabauer K, Murugesan K, Rozman U, Crespi S, König B. Photocatalytic Reductive Radical-Polar Crossover for a Base-Free Corey-Seebach Reaction. Chemistry 2020; 26:12945-12950. [PMID: 32686166 PMCID: PMC7589390 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A metal-free generation of carbanion nucleophiles is of prime importance in organic synthesis. Herein we report a photocatalytic approach to the Corey-Seebach reaction. The presented method operates under mild redox-neutral and base-free conditions giving the desired product with high functional group tolerance. The reaction is enabled by the combination of photo- and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalysis. This catalytic merger allows a C-H to carbanion activation by the abstraction of a hydrogen atom followed by radical reduction. The generated nucleophilic intermediate is then capable of adding to carbonyl electrophiles. The obtained dithiane can be easily converted to the valuable α-hydroxy carbonyl in a subsequent step. The proposed reaction mechanism is supported by emission quenching, radical-radical homocoupling and deuterium labeling studies as well as by calculated redox-potentials and bond strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Donabauer
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Kathiravan Murugesan
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Urša Rozman
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Burkhard König
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193053RegensburgGermany
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6
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Golec JC, Carter EM, Ward JW, Whittingham WG, Simón L, Paton RS, Dixon DJ. BIMP-Catalyzed 1,3-Prototropic Shift for the Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Conjugated Cyclohexenones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17417-17422. [PMID: 32558981 PMCID: PMC7540019 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A bifunctional iminophosphorane (BIMP)-catalysed enantioselective synthesis of α,β-unsaturated cyclohexenones through a facially selective 1,3-prototropic shift of β,γ-unsaturated prochiral isomers, under mild reaction conditions and in short reaction times, on a range of structurally diverse substrates, is reported. α,β-Unsaturated cyclohexenone products primed for downstream derivatisation were obtained in high yields (up to 99 %) and consistently high enantioselectivity (up to 99 % ee). Computational studies into the reaction mechanism and origins of enantioselectivity, including multivariate linear regression of TS energy, were carried out and the obtained data were found to be in good agreement with experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. Golec
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Eve M. Carter
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - John W. Ward
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials DesignThe Materials Innovation FactoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | | | - Luis Simón
- Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad de SalamancaPlaza de los Caídos 1–537008SalamancaSpain
| | - Robert S. Paton
- Department of ChemistryColorado State University1301 Center AveFt. CollinsCO80523-1872USA
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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7
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Golec JC, Carter EM, Ward JW, Whittingham WG, Simón L, Paton RS, Dixon DJ. BIMP‐Catalyzed 1,3‐Prototropic Shift for the Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Conjugated Cyclohexenones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. Golec
- Department of Chemistry Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Eve M. Carter
- Department of Chemistry Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - John W. Ward
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design The Materials Innovation Factory Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | | | - Luis Simón
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad de Salamanca Plaza de los Caídos 1–5 37008 Salamanca Spain
| | - Robert S. Paton
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University 1301 Center Ave Ft. Collins CO 80523-1872 USA
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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8
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Lücht A, Kreft A, Jones PG, Werz DB. Ketenedithioacetals as Surrogates for the Formal Insertion of Ketenes into Donor–Acceptor Cyclopropanes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lücht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Technische Universität Braunschweig Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Alexander Kreft
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Technische Universität Braunschweig Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Peter G. Jones
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Technische Universität Braunschweig Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Daniel B. Werz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Technische Universität Braunschweig Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
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9
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Kondoh A, Oishi M, Tezuka H, Terada M. Development of Chiral Organosuperbase Catalysts Consisting of Two Different Organobase Functionalities. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Kondoh
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant MoleculesGraduate School of ScienceTohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980–8578 Japan
| | - Masafumi Oishi
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceTohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980–8578 Japan
| | - Hikaru Tezuka
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceTohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980–8578 Japan
| | - Masahiro Terada
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceTohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980–8578 Japan
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10
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Kondoh A, Oishi M, Tezuka H, Terada M. Development of Chiral Organosuperbase Catalysts Consisting of Two Different Organobase Functionalities. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7472-7477. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Kondoh
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant MoleculesGraduate School of ScienceTohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980–8578 Japan
| | - Masafumi Oishi
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceTohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980–8578 Japan
| | - Hikaru Tezuka
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceTohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980–8578 Japan
| | - Masahiro Terada
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceTohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980–8578 Japan
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11
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Wang Y, Cao Z, Li Q, Lin G, Zhou J, Tian P. Activating Pronucleophiles with High p
K
a
Values: Chiral Organo‐Superbases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8004-8014. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Hui Wang
- The Research Center of Chiral DrugsInnovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Zhong‐Yan Cao
- College of Chemical EngineeringZhejiang University of Technology 18 Chaowang Road Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Qing‐Hua Li
- The Research Center of Chiral DrugsInnovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Guo‐Qiang Lin
- The Research Center of Chiral DrugsInnovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Jian Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 3663N Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Ping Tian
- The Research Center of Chiral DrugsInnovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
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12
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Wang Y, Cao Z, Li Q, Lin G, Zhou J, Tian P. Activating Pronucleophiles with High p
K
a
Values: Chiral Organo‐Superbases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Hui Wang
- The Research Center of Chiral DrugsInnovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Zhong‐Yan Cao
- College of Chemical EngineeringZhejiang University of Technology 18 Chaowang Road Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Qing‐Hua Li
- The Research Center of Chiral DrugsInnovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Guo‐Qiang Lin
- The Research Center of Chiral DrugsInnovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Jian Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 3663N Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Ping Tian
- The Research Center of Chiral DrugsInnovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
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13
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Kondoh A, Aoki T, Terada M. Organocatalytic Arylation of α-Ketoesters Based on Umpolung Strategy: Phosphazene-Catalyzed SN
Ar Reaction Utilizing [1,2]-Phospha-Brook Rearrangement. Chemistry 2018; 24:13110-13113. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Kondoh
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules; Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; Aramaki Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Takuma Aoki
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; Aramaki Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Masahiro Terada
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; Aramaki Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
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14
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Kondoh A, Akahira S, Oishi M, Terada M. Enantioselective Formal [3+2] Cycloaddition of Epoxides with Imines under Brønsted Base Catalysis: Synthesis of 1,3‐Oxazolidines with Quaternary Stereogenic Center. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Kondoh
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Shiori Akahira
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Masafumi Oishi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Masahiro Terada
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
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15
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Kondoh A, Akahira S, Oishi M, Terada M. Enantioselective Formal [3+2] Cycloaddition of Epoxides with Imines under Brønsted Base Catalysis: Synthesis of 1,3‐Oxazolidines with Quaternary Stereogenic Center. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6299-6303. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Kondoh
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Shiori Akahira
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Masafumi Oishi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Masahiro Terada
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
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16
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Takeda T, Kondoh A, Terada M. Construction of Vicinal Quaternary Stereogenic Centers by Enantioselective Direct Mannich-Type Reaction Using a Chiral Bis(guanidino)iminophosphorane Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4734-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Takeda
- Process Technology Research Laboratories; Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd.; Edogawa-ku Tokyo 134-8630 Japan
| | - Azusa Kondoh
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules; Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Masahiro Terada
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules; Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
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17
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Takeda T, Kondoh A, Terada M. Construction of Vicinal Quaternary Stereogenic Centers by Enantioselective Direct Mannich‐Type Reaction Using a Chiral Bis(guanidino)iminophosphorane Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Takeda
- Process Technology Research Laboratories Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. Edogawa-ku Tokyo 134-8630 Japan
| | - Azusa Kondoh
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Masahiro Terada
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
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