1
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Gutiérrez S, Tomás‐Gamasa M, Mascareñas JL. Exporting Metal‐Carbene Chemistry to Live Mammalian Cells: Copper‐Catalyzed Intracellular Synthesis of Quinoxalines Enabled by N−H Carbene Insertions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gutiérrez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15705 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - María Tomás‐Gamasa
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15705 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - José L. Mascareñas
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15705 Santiago de Compostela Spain
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2
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Gutiérrez S, Tomás‐Gamasa M, Mascareñas JL. Exporting Metal-Carbene Chemistry to Live Mammalian Cells: Copper-Catalyzed Intracellular Synthesis of Quinoxalines Enabled by N-H Carbene Insertions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22017-22025. [PMID: 34390304 PMCID: PMC8518842 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Implementing catalytic organometallic transformations in living settings can offer unprecedented opportunities in chemical biology and medicine. Unfortunately, the number of biocompatible reactions so far discovered is very limited, and essentially restricted to uncaging processes. Here, we demonstrate the viability of performing metal carbene transfer reactions in live mammalian cells. In particular, we show that copper (II) catalysts can promote the intracellular annulation of alpha-keto diazocarbenes with ortho-amino arylamines, in a process that is initiated by an N-H carbene insertion. The potential of this transformation is underscored by the in cellulo synthesis of a product that alters mitochondrial functions, and by demonstrating cell selective biological responses using targeted copper catalysts. Considering the wide reactivity spectrum of metal carbenes, this work opens the door to significantly expanding the repertoire of life-compatible abiotic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gutiérrez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS)Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela15705Santiagode CompostelaSpain
| | - María Tomás‐Gamasa
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS)Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela15705Santiagode CompostelaSpain
| | - José L. Mascareñas
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS)Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela15705Santiagode CompostelaSpain
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3
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Biggs GS, Klein OJ, Maslen SL, Skehel JM, Rutherford TJ, Freund SMV, Hollfelder F, Boss SR, Barker PD. Controlled Ligand Exchange Between Ruthenium Organometallic Cofactor Precursors and a Naïve Protein Scaffold Generates Artificial Metalloenzymes Catalysing Transfer Hydrogenation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George S. Biggs
- Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Oskar James Klein
- Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
- Department of Biochemistry University of Cambridge Tennis Court Road Cambridge CB2 1GA UK
| | - Sarah L. Maslen
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge CB2 0QH UK
| | - J. Mark Skehel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge CB2 0QH UK
| | - Trevor J. Rutherford
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge CB2 0QH UK
| | - Stefan M. V. Freund
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge CB2 0QH UK
| | - Florian Hollfelder
- Department of Biochemistry University of Cambridge Tennis Court Road Cambridge CB2 1GA UK
| | - Sally R. Boss
- Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Paul D. Barker
- Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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4
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Biggs GS, Klein OJ, Maslen SL, Skehel JM, Rutherford TJ, Freund SMV, Hollfelder F, Boss SR, Barker PD. Controlled Ligand Exchange Between Ruthenium Organometallic Cofactor Precursors and a Naïve Protein Scaffold Generates Artificial Metalloenzymes Catalysing Transfer Hydrogenation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10919-10927. [PMID: 33616271 PMCID: PMC8251807 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Many natural metalloenzymes assemble from proteins and biosynthesised complexes, generating potent catalysts by changing metal coordination. Here we adopt the same strategy to generate artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs) using ligand exchange to unmask catalytic activity. By systematically testing RuII (η6 -arene)(bipyridine) complexes designed to facilitate the displacement of functionalised bipyridines, we develop a fast and robust procedure for generating new enzymes via ligand exchange in a protein that has not evolved to bind such a complex. The resulting metal cofactors form peptidic coordination bonds but also retain a non-biological ligand. Tandem mass spectrometry and 19 F NMR spectroscopy were used to characterise the organometallic cofactors and identify the protein-derived ligands. By introduction of ruthenium cofactors into a 4-helical bundle, transfer hydrogenation catalysts were generated that displayed a 35-fold rate increase when compared to the respective small molecule reaction in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S. Biggs
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Oskar James Klein
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeTennis Court RoadCambridgeCB2 1GAUK
| | - Sarah L. Maslen
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyFrancis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeCB2 0QHUK
| | - J. Mark Skehel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyFrancis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeCB2 0QHUK
| | - Trevor J. Rutherford
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyFrancis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeCB2 0QHUK
| | - Stefan M. V. Freund
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyFrancis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeCB2 0QHUK
| | - Florian Hollfelder
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeTennis Court RoadCambridgeCB2 1GAUK
| | - Sally R. Boss
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Paul D. Barker
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
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5
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Zheng L, Cai L, Tao K, Xie Z, Lai Y, Guo W. Progress in Photoinduced Radical Reactions using Electron Donor‐Acceptor Complexes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lvyin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 P. R. China
| | - Liuhuan Cai
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 P. R. China
| | - Kailiang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 P. R. China
| | - Zhen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 P. R. China
| | - Yin‐Long Lai
- College of Chemistry and Civil Engineering Shaoguan University Shaoguan 512005 P. R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 P. R. China
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6
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Chordia S, Narasimhan S, Lucini Paioni A, Baldus M, Roelfes G. In Vivo Assembly of Artificial Metalloenzymes and Application in Whole-Cell Biocatalysis*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5913-5920. [PMID: 33428816 PMCID: PMC7986609 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report the supramolecular assembly of artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs), based on the Lactococcal multidrug resistance regulator (LmrR) and an exogeneous copper(II)-phenanthroline complex, in the cytoplasm of E. coli cells. A combination of catalysis, cell-fractionation, and inhibitor experiments, supplemented with in-cell solid-state NMR spectroscopy, confirmed the in-cell assembly. The ArM-containing whole cells were active in the catalysis of the enantioselective Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indoles and the Diels-Alder reaction of azachalcone with cyclopentadiene. Directed evolution resulted in two different improved mutants for both reactions, LmrR_A92E_M8D and LmrR_A92E_V15A, respectively. The whole-cell ArM system required no engineering of the microbial host, the protein scaffold, or the cofactor to achieve ArM assembly and catalysis. We consider this a key step towards integrating abiological catalysis with biosynthesis to generate a hybrid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyans Chordia
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Siddarth Narasimhan
- NMR Spectroscopy group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Current address: Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alessandra Lucini Paioni
- NMR Spectroscopy group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR Spectroscopy group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Roelfes
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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7
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Chordia S, Narasimhan S, Lucini Paioni A, Baldus M, Roelfes G. In Vivo Assembly of Artificial Metalloenzymes and Application in Whole‐Cell Biocatalysis**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shreyans Chordia
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Siddarth Narasimhan
- NMR Spectroscopy group Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research Utrecht University Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
- Current address: Structural and Computational Biology Unit European Molecular Biology Laboratory Meyerhofstraße 1 69117 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Alessandra Lucini Paioni
- NMR Spectroscopy group Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research Utrecht University Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR Spectroscopy group Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research Utrecht University Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Roelfes
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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8
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Kato S, Onoda A, Taniguchi N, Schwaneberg U, Hayashi T. Directed Evolution of a Cp*Rh III -Linked Biohybrid Catalyst Based on a Screening Platform with Affinity Purification. Chembiochem 2020; 22:679-685. [PMID: 33026156 PMCID: PMC7894531 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Directed evolution of Cp*RhIII‐linked nitrobindin (NB), a biohybrid catalyst, was performed based on an in vitro screening approach. A key aspect of this effort was the establishment of a high‐throughput screening (HTS) platform that involves an affinity purification step employing a starch‐agarose resin for a maltose binding protein (MBP) tag. The HTS platform enables efficient preparation of the purified MBP‐tagged biohybrid catalysts in a 96‐well format and eliminates background influence of the host E. coli cells. Three rounds of directed evolution and screening of more than 4000 clones yielded a Cp*RhIII‐linked NB(T98H/L100K/K127E) variant with a 4.9‐fold enhanced activity for the cycloaddition of acetophenone oximes with alkynes. It is confirmed that this HTS platform for directed evolution provides an efficient strategy for generating highly active biohybrid catalysts incorporating a synthetic metal cofactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Onoda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Naomasa Taniguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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9
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Learte‐Aymamí S, Vidal C, Gutiérrez‐González A, Mascareñas JL. Intracellular Reactions Promoted by Bis(histidine) Miniproteins Stapled Using Palladium(II) Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Learte‐Aymamí
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Cristian Vidal
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Alejandro Gutiérrez‐González
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - José L. Mascareñas
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
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10
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Learte-Aymamí S, Vidal C, Gutiérrez-González A, Mascareñas JL. Intracellular Reactions Promoted by Bis(histidine) Miniproteins Stapled Using Palladium(II) Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:9149-9154. [PMID: 32162393 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The generation of catalytically active metalloproteins inside living mammalian cells is a major research challenge at the interface between catalysis and cell biology. Herein we demonstrate that basic domains of bZIP transcription factors, mutated to include two histidine residues at i and i+4 positions, react with palladium(II) sources to generate catalytically active, stapled pallado-miniproteins. The resulting constrained peptides are efficiently internalized into living mammalian cells, where they perform palladium-promoted depropargylation reactions without cellular fixation. Control experiments confirm the requirement of the peptide scaffolding and the palladium staple for attaining the intracellular reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Learte-Aymamí
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química, Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristian Vidal
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química, Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gutiérrez-González
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química, Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José L Mascareñas
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química, Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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11
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Sheldon RA, Brady D. Broadening the Scope of Biocatalysis in Sustainable Organic Synthesis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:2859-2881. [PMID: 30938093 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201900351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This Review is aimed at synthetic organic chemists who may be familiar with organometallic catalysis but have no experience with biocatalysis, and seeks to provide an answer to the perennial question: if it is so attractive, why wasn't it extensively used in the past? The development of biocatalysis in industrial organic synthesis is traced from the middle of the last century. Advances in molecular biology in the last two decades, in particular genome sequencing, gene synthesis and directed evolution of proteins, have enabled remarkable improvements in scope and substantially reduced biocatalyst development times and cost contributions. Additionally, improvements in biocatalyst recovery and reuse have been facilitated by developments in enzyme immobilization technologies. Biocatalysis has become eminently competitive with chemocatalysis and the biocatalytic production of important pharmaceutical intermediates, such as enantiopure alcohols and amines, has become mainstream organic synthesis. The synthetic space of biocatalysis has significantly expanded and is currently being extended even further to include new-to-nature biocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Sheldon
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Section BOC, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dean Brady
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
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12
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Lichman BR, O'Connor SE, Kries H. Biocatalytic Strategies towards [4+2] Cycloadditions. Chemistry 2019; 25:6864-6877. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Lichman
- Department of Biological Chemistry; The John Innes Centre; Colney Lane Norwich UK
- Current address: Department of Biology; University of York; York YO10 5YW UK
| | - Sarah E. O'Connor
- Department of Biological Chemistry; The John Innes Centre; Colney Lane Norwich UK
| | - Hajo Kries
- Independent Junior Research Group, Biosynthetic Design of Natural Products; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI Jena); Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
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13
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Kim T, Kassim AM, Botejue A, Zhang C, Forte J, Rozzell D, Huffman MA, Devine PN, McIntosh JA. Hemoprotein-Catalyzed Cyclopropanation En Route to the Chiral Cyclopropanol Fragment of Grazoprevir. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1129-1132. [PMID: 30666768 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Reactions that were once the exclusive province of synthetic catalysts can increasingly be addressed using biocatalysis. Through discovery of unnatural enzyme reactions, biochemists have significantly expanded the reach of enzymatic catalysis to include carbene transfer chemistries including olefin cyclopropanation. Here we describe hemoprotein cyclopropanation catalysts derived from thermophilic bacterial globins that react with diazoacetone and an unactivated olefin substrate to furnish a cyclopropyl ketone, a previously unreported reaction for enzyme catalysts. We further demonstrate that the resulting cyclopropyl ketone can be converted to a key cyclopropanol intermediate that occurs en route to the anti-hepatitis C drug grazoprevir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejin Kim
- Provivi Inc., 1701 Colorado Avenue, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
| | - Amude M Kassim
- Merck & Co., Inc., Enabling Technologies, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Ajit Botejue
- Provivi Inc., 1701 Colorado Avenue, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
| | - Chen Zhang
- Provivi Inc., 1701 Colorado Avenue, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
| | - Jared Forte
- Provivi Inc., 1701 Colorado Avenue, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
| | - David Rozzell
- Provivi Inc., 1701 Colorado Avenue, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
| | - Mark A Huffman
- Merck & Co., Inc., Enabling Technologies, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Paul N Devine
- Merck & Co., Inc., Enabling Technologies, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - John A McIntosh
- Merck & Co., Inc., Enabling Technologies, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
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14
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Opačak S, Kokan Z, Glasovac Z, Perić B, Kirin SI. “Backdoor Induction” of Chirality: Trans-1,2-cyclohexanediamine as Key Building Block for Asymmetric Hydrogenation Catalysts. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saša Opačak
- Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička c. 54, HR -10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Zoran Kokan
- Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička c. 54, HR -10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Zoran Glasovac
- Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička c. 54, HR -10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Berislav Perić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička c. 54, HR -10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Srećko I. Kirin
- Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička c. 54, HR -10000 Zagreb Croatia
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15
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Dundas CM, Graham AJ, Romanovicz DK, Keitz BK. Extracellular Electron Transfer by Shewanella oneidensis Controls Palladium Nanoparticle Phenotype. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2726-2736. [PMID: 30396267 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The relative scarcity of well-defined genetic and metabolic linkages to material properties impedes biological production of inorganic materials. The physiology of electroactive bacteria is intimately tied to inorganic transformations, which makes genetically tractable and well-studied electrogens, such as Shewanella oneidensis, attractive hosts for material synthesis. Notably, this species is capable of reducing a variety of transition-metal ions into functional nanoparticles, but exact mechanisms of nanoparticle biosynthesis remain ill-defined. We report two key factors of extracellular electron transfer by S. oneidensis, the outer membrane cytochrome, MtrC, and soluble redox shuttles (flavins), that affect Pd nanoparticle formation. Changes in the expression and availability of these electron transfer components drastically modulated particle synthesis rate and phenotype, including their structure and cellular localization. These relationships may serve as the basis for biologically tailoring Pd nanoparticle catalysts and could potentially be used to direct the biogenesis of other metal nanomaterials.
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16
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Korschelt K, Tahir MN, Tremel W. A Step into the Future: Applications of Nanoparticle Enzyme Mimics. Chemistry 2018; 24:9703-9713. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Korschelt
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie; Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Muhammad Nawaz Tahir
- Department of Chemistry; King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Wolfgang Tremel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie; Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuke Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
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18
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Hestericová M, Heinisch T, Alonso-Cotchico L, Maréchal JD, Vidossich P, Ward TR. Directed Evolution of an Artificial Imine Reductase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Hestericová
- Department Chemistry; University of Basel; Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096 Basel 4002 Switzerland
| | - Tillman Heinisch
- Department Chemistry; University of Basel; Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096 Basel 4002 Switzerland
| | - Lur Alonso-Cotchico
- Departament de Química; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Edifici C.n. 08193 Cerdonyola del Vallès Barcelona Spain
| | - Jean-Didier Maréchal
- Departament de Química; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Edifici C.n. 08193 Cerdonyola del Vallès Barcelona Spain
| | - Pietro Vidossich
- Departament de Química; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Edifici C.n. 08193 Cerdonyola del Vallès Barcelona Spain
| | - Thomas R. Ward
- Department Chemistry; University of Basel; Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096 Basel 4002 Switzerland
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19
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Hestericová M, Heinisch T, Alonso-Cotchico L, Maréchal JD, Vidossich P, Ward TR. Directed Evolution of an Artificial Imine Reductase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1863-1868. [PMID: 29265726 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Artificial metalloenzymes, resulting from incorporation of a metal cofactor within a host protein, have received increasing attention in the last decade. The directed evolution is presented of an artificial transfer hydrogenase (ATHase) based on the biotin-streptavidin technology using a straightforward procedure allowing screening in cell-free extracts. Two streptavidin isoforms were yielded with improved catalytic activity and selectivity for the reduction of cyclic imines. The evolved ATHases were stable under biphasic catalytic conditions. The X-ray structure analysis reveals that introducing bulky residues within the active site results in flexibility changes of the cofactor, thus increasing exposure of the metal to the protein surface and leading to a reversal of enantioselectivity. This hypothesis was confirmed by a multiscale approach based mostly on molecular dynamics and protein-ligand dockings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Hestericová
- Department Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel, 4002, Switzerland
| | - Tillman Heinisch
- Department Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel, 4002, Switzerland
| | - Lur Alonso-Cotchico
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C.n., 08193, Cerdonyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean-Didier Maréchal
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C.n., 08193, Cerdonyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pietro Vidossich
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C.n., 08193, Cerdonyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas R Ward
- Department Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel, 4002, Switzerland
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20
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Reynolds EW, Schwochert TD, McHenry MW, Watters JW, Brustad EM. Orthogonal Expression of an Artificial Metalloenzyme for Abiotic Catalysis. Chembiochem 2017; 18:2380-2384. [PMID: 29024391 PMCID: PMC5875912 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A cytochrome P450 was engineered to selectively incorporate Ir(Me)-deuteroporphyrin IX (Ir(Me)-DPIX), in lieu of heme, in bacterial cells. Cofactor selectivity was altered by introducing mutations within the heme-binding pocket to discriminate the deuteroporphyrin macrocycle, in combination with mutations to the P450 axial cysteine to accommodate a pendant methyl group on the Ir(Me) center. This artificial metalloenzyme was investigated for activity in non-native metallocarbenoid-mediated olefin cyclopropanation reactions and showed enhanced activity for aliphatic and electron-deficient olefins when compared to the native heme enzyme. This work provides a general strategy to augment the chemical functionality of heme enzymes in cells with application towards abiotic catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan W Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 125 South Road CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Timothy D Schwochert
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 125 South Road CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Matthew W McHenry
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 125 South Road CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - John W Watters
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 125 South Road CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Eric M Brustad
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 125 South Road CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
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21
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Rabe KS, Müller J, Skoupi M, Niemeyer CM. Cascades in Compartments: En Route to Machine-Assisted Biotechnology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13574-13589. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kersten S. Rabe
- Chair of Chemical Biology; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT, Institut für Biologsiche Grenzflächen 1, IBG-I; Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Campus Nord Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Joachim Müller
- Chair of Chemical Biology; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT, Institut für Biologsiche Grenzflächen 1, IBG-I; Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Campus Nord Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Marc Skoupi
- Chair of Chemical Biology; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT, Institut für Biologsiche Grenzflächen 1, IBG-I; Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Campus Nord Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Christof M. Niemeyer
- Chair of Chemical Biology; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT, Institut für Biologsiche Grenzflächen 1, IBG-I; Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Campus Nord Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
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22
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Rabe KS, Müller J, Skoupi M, Niemeyer CM. Kaskaden in Kompartimenten: auf dem Weg zu maschinengestützter Biotechnologie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kersten S. Rabe
- Chair of Chemical Biology; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT, Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen 1, IBG-I; Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Campus Nord Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344 Deutschland
| | - Joachim Müller
- Chair of Chemical Biology; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT, Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen 1, IBG-I; Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Campus Nord Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344 Deutschland
| | - Marc Skoupi
- Chair of Chemical Biology; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT, Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen 1, IBG-I; Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Campus Nord Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344 Deutschland
| | - Christof M. Niemeyer
- Chair of Chemical Biology; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT, Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen 1, IBG-I; Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Campus Nord Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344 Deutschland
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23
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Di Meo T, Ghattas W, Herrero C, Velours C, Minard P, Mahy JP, Ricoux R, Urvoas A. αRep A3: A Versatile Artificial Scaffold for Metalloenzyme Design. Chemistry 2017; 23:10156-10166. [PMID: 28543753 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
αRep refers to a new family of artificial proteins based on a thermostable α-helical repeated motif. One of its members, αRep A3, forms a stable homo-dimer with a wide cleft that is able to accommodate metal complexes and thus appears to be suitable for generating new artificial biocatalysts. Based on the crystal structure of αRep A3, two positions (F119 and Y26) were chosen, and independently changed into cysteine residues. A phenanthroline ligand was covalently attached to the unique cysteine residue of each protein variant, and the corresponding biohybrids were purified and characterized. Once mutated and coupled to phenanthroline, the protein remained folded and dimeric. Copper(II) was specifically bound by the two biohybrids with two different binding modes. Furthermore, the holo-biohybrid A3F119NPH was found to be capable of enantioselectively catalyzing Diels-Alder (D-A) cycloadditions with up to 62 % ee. This study validates the choice of the αRep A3 dimer as a protein scaffold and provides a promising new route for the design and production of new enantioselective biohybrids based on entirely artificial proteins obtained from a highly diverse library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Di Meo
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), UMR 8182, CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 420, rue du Doyen Georges Poitou, 91405, Orsay cedex, France.,Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Wadih Ghattas
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), UMR 8182, CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 420, rue du Doyen Georges Poitou, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Christian Herrero
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), UMR 8182, CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 420, rue du Doyen Georges Poitou, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Christophe Velours
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Philippe Minard
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Mahy
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), UMR 8182, CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 420, rue du Doyen Georges Poitou, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Rémy Ricoux
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), UMR 8182, CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 420, rue du Doyen Georges Poitou, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Agathe Urvoas
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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24
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de Souza ROMA, Miranda LSM, Bornscheuer UT. A Retrosynthesis Approach for Biocatalysis in Organic Synthesis. Chemistry 2017; 23:12040-12063. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo O. M. A. de Souza
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Chemistry Institute; 21941909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Leandro S. M. Miranda
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Chemistry Institute; 21941909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis; Institute of Biochemistry; Greifswald University; Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
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25
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Hu S, He B, Du KJ, Wang XJ, Gao SQ, Lin YW. Peroxidase Activity of a c-Type Cytochrome b5 in the Non-Native State is Comparable to that of Native Peroxidases. ChemistryOpen 2017. [PMID: 28638761 PMCID: PMC5474653 DOI: 10.1002/open.201700055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of artificial metalloenzymes has achieved tremendous progress, although few designs can achieve catalytic performances comparable to that of native enzymes. Moreover, the structure and function of artificial metalloenzymes in non‐native states has rarely been explored. Herein, we found that a c‐type cytochrome b5 (Cyt b5), N57C/S71C Cyt b5, with heme covalently attached to the protein matrix through two Cys–heme linkages, adopts a non‐native state with an open heme site after guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn⋅HCl)‐induced unfolding, which facilitates H2O2 activation and substrate binding. Stopped‐flow kinetic studies further revealed that c‐type Cyt b5 in the non‐native state exhibited impressive peroxidase activity comparable to that of native peroxidases, such as the most efficient horseradish peroxidase. This study presents an alternative approach to the design of functional artificial metalloenzymes by exploring enzymatic functions in non‐native states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of South China Hengyang 421001 P.R. China
| | - Bo He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of South China Hengyang 421001 P.R. China
| | - Ke-Jie Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of South China Hengyang 421001 P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Juan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of South China Hengyang 421001 P.R. China
| | - Shu-Qin Gao
- Laboratory of Protein Structure and Function University of South China Hengyang 421001 P.R. China
| | - Ying-Wu Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of South China Hengyang 421001 P.R. China.,Laboratory of Protein Structure and Function University of South China Hengyang 421001 P.R. China
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26
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D'Souza A, Wu X, Yeow EKL, Bhattacharjya S. Designed Heme-Cage β-Sheet Miniproteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Areetha D'Souza
- School of Biological Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Edwin Kok Lee Yeow
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjya
- School of Biological Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637551 Singapore
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27
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D'Souza A, Wu X, Yeow EKL, Bhattacharjya S. Designed Heme-Cage β-Sheet Miniproteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:5904-5908. [PMID: 28440962 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The structure and function of naturally occurring proteins are governed by a large number of amino acids (≥100). The design of miniature proteins with desired structures and functions not only substantiates our knowledge about proteins but can also contribute to the development of novel applications. Excellent progress has been made towards the design of helical proteins with diverse functions. However, the development of functional β-sheet proteins remains challenging. Herein, we describe the construction and characterization of four-stranded β-sheet miniproteins made up of about 19 amino acids that bind heme inside a hydrophobic binding pocket or "heme cage" by bis-histidine coordination in an aqueous environment. The designed miniproteins bound to heme with high affinity comparable to that of native heme proteins. Atomic-resolution structures confirmed the presence of a four-stranded β-sheet fold. The heme-protein complexes also exhibited high stability against thermal and chaotrope-induced unfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areetha D'Souza
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Edwin Kok Lee Yeow
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjya
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
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28
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Ward TR. Gerichtete Evolution von Iridium-substituiertem Myoglobin: vielseitige künstliche Metalloenzyme für enantioselektive C-C-Kupplungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Ward
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Spitalstrasse 51 4051 Basel Schweiz
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29
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Ward TR. Directed Evolution of Iridium-Substituted Myoglobin Affords Versatile Artificial Metalloenzymes for Enantioselective C−C Bond-Forming Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14909-14911. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Ward
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Spitalstrasse 51 4051 Basel Switzerland
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