1
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Lu KY, Mansfield CR, Fitzgerald MC, Derbyshire ER. Chemoproteomics for Plasmodium Parasite Drug Target Discovery. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2591-2599. [PMID: 33999499 PMCID: PMC8373781 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Emerging Plasmodium parasite drug resistance is threatening progress towards malaria control and elimination. While recent efforts in cell-based, high-throughput drug screening have produced first-in-class drugs with promising activities against different Plasmodium life cycle stages, most of these antimalarial agents have elusive mechanisms of action. Though challenging to address, target identification can provide valuable information to facilitate lead optimization and preclinical drug prioritization. Recently, proteome-wide methods for direct assessment of drug-protein interactions have emerged as powerful tools in a number of systems, including Plasmodium. In this review, we will discuss current chemoproteomic strategies that have been adapted to antimalarial drug target discovery, including affinity- and activity-based protein profiling and the energetics-based techniques thermal proteome profiling and stability of proteins from rates of oxidation. The successful application of chemoproteomics to the Plasmodium blood stage highlights the potential of these methods to link inhibitors to their molecular targets in more elusive Plasmodium life stages and intracellular pathogens in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yi Lu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christopher R Mansfield
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michael C Fitzgerald
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Emily R Derbyshire
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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2
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Siddiqui FA, Liang X, Cui L. Plasmodium falciparum resistance to ACTs: Emergence, mechanisms, and outlook. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2021; 16:102-118. [PMID: 34090067 PMCID: PMC8188179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Emergence and spread of resistance in Plasmodium falciparum to the frontline treatment artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) in the epicenter of multidrug resistance of Southeast Asia threaten global malaria control and elimination. Artemisinin (ART) resistance (or tolerance) is defined clinically as delayed parasite clearance after treatment with an ART drug. The resistance phenotype is restricted to the early ring stage and can be measured in vitro using a ring-stage survival assay. ART resistance is associated with mutations in the propeller domain of the Kelch family protein K13. As a pro-drug, ART is activated primarily by heme, which is mainly derived from hemoglobin digestion in the food vacuole. Activated ARTs can react promiscuously with a wide range of cellular targets, disrupting cellular protein homeostasis. Consistent with this mode of action for ARTs, the molecular mechanisms of K13-mediated ART resistance involve reduced hemoglobin uptake/digestion and increased cellular stress response. Mutations in other genes such as AP-2μ (adaptor protein-2 μ subunit), UBP-1 (ubiquitin-binding protein-1), and Falcipain 2a that interfere with hemoglobin uptake and digestion also increase resistance to ARTs. ART resistance has facilitated the development of resistance to the partner drugs, resulting in rapidly declining ACT efficacies. The molecular markers for resistance to the partner drugs are mostly associated with point mutations in the two food vacuole membrane transporters PfCRT and PfMDR1, and amplification of pfmdr1 and the two aspartic protease genes plasmepsin 2 and 3. It has been observed that mutations in these genes can have opposing effects on sensitivities to different partner drugs, which serve as the principle for designing triple ACTs and drug rotation. Although clinical ACT resistance is restricted to Southeast Asia, surveillance for drug resistance using in vivo clinical efficacy, in vitro assays, and molecular approaches is required to prevent or slow down the spread of resistant parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Amber Siddiqui
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Xiaoying Liang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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3
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Kloehn J, Harding CR, Soldati-Favre D. Supply and demand-heme synthesis, salvage and utilization by Apicomplexa. FEBS J 2020; 288:382-404. [PMID: 32530125 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The Apicomplexa phylum groups important human and animal pathogens that cause severe diseases, encompassing malaria, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. In common with most organisms, apicomplexans rely on heme as cofactor for several enzymes, including cytochromes of the electron transport chain. This heme derives from de novo synthesis and/or the development of uptake mechanisms to scavenge heme from their host. Recent studies have revealed that heme synthesis is essential for Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, as well as for the mosquito and liver stages of Plasmodium spp. In contrast, the erythrocytic stages of the malaria parasites rely on scavenging heme from the host red blood cell. The unusual heme synthesis pathway in Apicomplexa spans three cellular compartments and comprises enzymes of distinct ancestral origin, providing promising drug targets. Remarkably given the requirement for heme, T. gondii can tolerate the loss of several heme synthesis enzymes at a high fitness cost, while the ferrochelatase is essential for survival. These findings indicate that T. gondii is capable of salvaging heme precursors from its host. Furthermore, heme is implicated in the activation of the key antimalarial drug artemisinin. Recent findings established that a reduction in heme availability corresponds to decreased sensitivity to artemisinin in T. gondii and Plasmodium falciparum, providing insights into the possible development of combination therapies to tackle apicomplexan parasites. This review describes the microeconomics of heme in Apicomplexa, from supply, either from de novo synthesis or scavenging, to demand by metabolic pathways, including the electron transport chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Kloehn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, CMU, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Clare R Harding
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
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4
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Lu F, He XL, Richard C, Cao J. A brief history of artemisinin: Modes of action and mechanisms of resistance. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 17:331-336. [PMID: 31171267 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(19)30038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cornerstone of antimalarial treatment, artemisinin, has reduced malaria associated morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, Plasmodium falciparum parasites with reduced sensitivity to artemisinin have emerged, and this threatens malaria control and elimination efforts. In this minireview, we describe the initial development of artemisinin as an antimalarial drug, its use both historically and currently, and our current understanding of its mode of action and the mechanisms by which malaria parasites achieve resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China; Jiangsu Key laboratory of integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for prevention and treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xin-Long He
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Culleton Richard
- Malaria Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Jun Cao
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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5
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Abstract
The reaction between the antimalarial drug artesunate (ATS) and ferriprotoporphyrin_(IX) (FPIX) in the presence of glutathione (GSH) has been monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. By following the disappearance of resonances of protons near the endoperoxide group in ATS, the rate at which the drug is activated can be directly measured. In an aqueous medium, the rate of ATS activation is limited by the rate of reduction of the FPIX Fe(III) center by GSH. The reaction is observed to slow dramatically in the presence of other heme binding antimalarial drugs. These findings explain the long observed antagonism between artemisinin derivatives and quinoline-based drugs. This discovery suggests that combination therapy that involves artemisinin or any of its derivatives and a quinoline-based drug may be compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Heller
- Dept. of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, Washington, DC
| | - Paul D Roepe
- Dept. of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, Washington, DC.,Dept, of Biochemistry and Cellular & Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, Washington, DC.,Center for Infectious Disease, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, Washington, DC
| | - Angel C de Dios
- Dept. of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, Washington, DC.,Center for Infectious Disease, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, Washington, DC
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6
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Heller LE, Roepe PD. Artemisinin-Based Antimalarial Drug Therapy: Molecular Pharmacology and Evolving Resistance. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4020089. [PMID: 31167396 PMCID: PMC6631165 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular pharmacology of artemisinin (ART)-based antimalarial drugs is incompletely understood. Clinically, these drugs are used in combination with longer lasting partner drugs in several different artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs). ACTs are currently the standard of care against Plasmodium falciparum malaria across much of the world. A harbinger of emerging artemisinin resistance (ARTR), known as the delayed clearance phenotype (DCP), has been well documented in South East Asia (SEA) and is beginning to affect the efficacy of some ACTs. Though several genetic mutations have been associated with ARTR/DCP, a molecular mechanism remains elusive. This paper summarizes our current understanding of ART molecular pharmacology and hypotheses for ARTR/DCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Heller
- Departments of Chemistry and of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | - Paul D Roepe
- Departments of Chemistry and of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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7
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Inhibition of Cytomegalovirus Replication with Extended-Half-Life Synthetic Ozonides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 63:AAC.01735-18. [PMID: 30373792 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01735-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Artesunate (AS), a semisynthetic artemisinin approved for malaria therapy, inhibits human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication in vitro, but therapeutic success in humans has been variable. We hypothesized that the short in vivo half-life of AS may contribute to the different treatment outcomes. We tested novel synthetic ozonides with longer half-lives against HCMV in vitro and mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) in vivo Screening of the activities of four ozonides against a pp28-luciferase-expressing HCMV Towne recombinant identified OZ418 to have the best selectivity; its effective concentration inhibiting viral growth by 50% (EC50) was 9.8 ± 0.2 µM, and cytotoxicity in noninfected human fibroblasts (the concentration inhibiting cell growth by 50% [CC50]) was 128.1 ± 8.0 µM. In plaque reduction assays, OZ418 inhibited HCMV TB40 in a concentration-dependent manner as well as a ganciclovir (GCV)-resistant HCMV isolate. The combination of OZ418 and GCV was synergistic in HCMV inhibition in vitro Virus inhibition by OZ418 occurred at an early stage and was dependent on the cell density at the time of infection. OZ418 treatment reversed HCMV-mediated cell cycle progression and correlated with the reduction of HCMV-induced expression of pRb, E2F1, and cyclin-dependent kinases 1, 2, 4, and 6. In an MCMV model, once-daily oral administration of OZ418 had significantly improved efficacy against MCMV compared to that of twice-daily oral AS. A parallel pharmacokinetic study with a single oral dose of OZ418 or AS showed a prolonged plasma half-life and higher unbound concentrations of OZ418 than unbound concentrations of AS. In summary, ozonides are proposed to be potential therapeutics, alone or in combination with GCV, for HCMV infection in humans.
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8
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Krieger J, Smeilus T, Kaiser M, Seo E, Efferth T, Giannis A. Total Synthesis and Biological Investigation of (−)‐Artemisinin: The Antimalarial Activity of Artemisinin Is not Stereospecific. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8293-8296. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Krieger
- Faculty of Chemistry and MineralogyInstitute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Leipzig Johannisallee 29 04301 Leipzig Germany
| | - Toni Smeilus
- Faculty of Chemistry and MineralogyInstitute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Leipzig Johannisallee 29 04301 Leipzig Germany
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Socinstrasse 57 4051 Basel Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1 4003 Basel Switzerland
| | - Ean‐Jeong Seo
- Department of Pharmaceutical BiologyInstitute of Pharmacy and BiochemistryUniversity of Mainz Staudinger Weg 5 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical BiologyInstitute of Pharmacy and BiochemistryUniversity of Mainz Staudinger Weg 5 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Athanassios Giannis
- Faculty of Chemistry and MineralogyInstitute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Leipzig Johannisallee 29 04301 Leipzig Germany
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9
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Krieger J, Smeilus T, Kaiser M, Seo E, Efferth T, Giannis A. Totalsynthese und Untersuchung der biologischen Aktivität von (−)‐Artemisinin – die Antimalaria‐Aktivität von Artemisinin ist nicht stereospezifisch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Krieger
- Fakultät für Chemie und MineralogieInstitut für Organische Chemie, Universität Leipzig Johannisallee 29 04301 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Toni Smeilus
- Fakultät für Chemie und MineralogieInstitut für Organische Chemie, Universität Leipzig Johannisallee 29 04301 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Schweizerisches Tropen- und Gesundheitsinstitut Basel Schweiz
- Universität Basel Schweiz
| | - Ean‐Jeong Seo
- Abteilung für Pharmazeutische BiologieInstitut für Pharmazie und BiochemieUniversität Mainz Deutschland
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Abteilung für Pharmazeutische BiologieInstitut für Pharmazie und BiochemieUniversität Mainz Deutschland
| | - Athanassios Giannis
- Fakultät für Chemie und MineralogieInstitut für Organische Chemie, Universität Leipzig Johannisallee 29 04301 Leipzig Deutschland
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10
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Fröhlich T, Hahn F, Belmudes L, Leidenberger M, Friedrich O, Kappes B, Couté Y, Marschall M, Tsogoeva SB. Synthesis of Artemisinin-Derived Dimers, Trimers and Dendrimers: Investigation of Their Antimalarial and Antiviral Activities Including Putative Mechanisms of Action. Chemistry 2018; 24:8103-8113. [PMID: 29570874 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Generation of dimers, trimers and dendrimers of bioactive compounds is an approach that has recently been developed for the discovery of new potent drug candidates. Herein, we present the synthesis of new artemisinin-derived dimers and dendrimers and investigate their action against malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Dimer 7 was the most active compound (EC50 1.4 nm) in terms of antimalarial efficacy and was even more effective than the standard drugs dihydroartemisinin (EC50 2.4 nm), artesunic acid (EC50 8.9 nm) and chloroquine (EC50 9.8 nm). Trimer 4 stood out as the most active agent against HCMV in vitro replication and exerted an EC50 value of 0.026 μm, representing an even higher activity than the two reference drugs ganciclovir (EC50 2.60 μm) and artesunic acid (EC50 5.41 μm). In addition, artemisinin-derived dimer 13 and trimer 15 were for the first time both immobilized on TOYOPEARL AF-Amino-650M beads and used for mass spectrometry-based target identification experiments using total lysates of HCMV-infected primary human fibroblasts. Two major groups of novel target candidates, namely cytoskeletal and mitochondrial proteins were obtained. Two putatively compound-binding viral proteins, namely major capsid protein (MCP) and envelope glycoprotein pUL132, which are both essential for HCMV replication, were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Fröhlich
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular, Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Germany
| | - Friedrich Hahn
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lucid Belmudes
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BIG-BGE, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Maria Leidenberger
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Kappes
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yohann Couté
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BIG-BGE, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Svetlana B Tsogoeva
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular, Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Germany
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11
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Buschbeck L, Christoffers J. Orthogonally Protected Diaminoterephthalate Scaffolds: Installation of Two Functional Units at the Chromophore. J Org Chem 2018. [PMID: 29533652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The 2,5-diaminoterephthalate structural motif is a powerful chromophore with remarkable fluorescence properties. Containing two carboxylate and two amino functions, it defines a colored molecular scaffold which allows for orthogonal functionalization with different functional units. Therefore, different applications in life sciences and materials science could be addressed. In this study, the two amino functions were alkylated by reductive amination with side chains carrying amino (orthogonally protected as Boc or Alloc) and carboxylate functions (orthogonally protected as tBu or allyl ester). After sequential deprotections, functional units were introduced by amidation reactions. As three examples, the chromophore was coupled with retinoic acid and fullerene C60 in order to obtain a triad for studying photoinduced electron transfer processes. Furthermore, cyclooctyne and azide moieties were introduced as functional units, allowing for ligation by click reactions. These two clickable groups were applied in combination with maleimide units which are reactive toward thiol residues. The latter dyes define so-called "turn on" probes, since the fluorescence quantum yields increased by one order of magnitude upon reaction with the molecular target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Buschbeck
- Institut für Chemie , Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , 26111 Oldenburg , Germany
| | - Jens Christoffers
- Institut für Chemie , Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , 26111 Oldenburg , Germany
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12
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Christoffers J. Diaminoterephthalate Fluorescence Dyes - Versatile Tools for Life Sciences and Materials Science. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Christoffers
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; 26111 Oldenburg Germany
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13
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Blank BR, Gut J, Rosenthal PJ, Renslo AR. Enantioselective Synthesis and in Vivo Evaluation of Regioisomeric Analogues of the Antimalarial Arterolane. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6400-6407. [PMID: 28692297 PMCID: PMC5535261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
![]()
We describe the first
systematic study of antimalarial 1,2,4-trioxolanes
bearing a substitution pattern regioisomeric to that of arterolane.
Conformational analysis suggested that trans-3″-substituted
trioxolanes would exhibit Fe(II) reactivity and antiparasitic activity
similar to that achieved with canonical cis-4″
substitution. The chiral 3″ analogues were prepared as single
stereoisomers and evaluated alongside their 4″ congeners against
cultured malaria parasites and in a murine malaria model. As predicted,
the trans-3″ analogues exhibited in vitro
antiplasmodial activity remarkably similar to that of their cis-4″ comparators. In contrast, efficacy in the Plasmodium berghei mouse model differed dramatically for
some of the congeneric pairs. The best of the novel 3″ analogues
(e.g., 12i) outperformed arterolane itself, producing
cures in mice after a single oral exposure. Overall, this study suggests
new avenues for modulating Fe(II) reactivity and the pharmacokinetic
and pharmacodynamic properties of 1,2,4-trioxolane antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Blank
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and ‡Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , 1700 Fourth Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jiri Gut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and ‡Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , 1700 Fourth Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and ‡Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , 1700 Fourth Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and ‡Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , 1700 Fourth Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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14
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Wallisch M, Sulmann S, Koch KW, Christoffers J. Bifunctional Diaminoterephthalate Fluorescent Dye as Probe for Cross-Linking Proteins. Chemistry 2017; 23:6535-6543. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Wallisch
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg; 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Stefan Sulmann
- Biochemistry Group, Department of Neuroscience; Carl von Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg; 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Karl-Wilhelm Koch
- Biochemistry Group, Department of Neuroscience; Carl von Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg; 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Jens Christoffers
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg; 26111 Oldenburg Germany
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15
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Xiao SH, Sun J. Schistosoma hemozoin and its possible roles. Int J Parasitol 2016; 47:171-183. [PMID: 28012717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
More than 95years ago Schistosoma pigment had been deemed as a degradation product of haemoglobin. Until the 1950s, scientists initiated to pay attention to understand the hematophagous habit of schistosomes, and to study the degradation of haemoglobin as well as the formation of hemozoin inside the gut of the worms. For a long time, the formation of hemozoin in both Plasmodium and in Schistosoma was considered to be the major route of heme detoxification, and hemozoin served a role in waste disposal. At the beginning of this century, the chemical structure of Schistosoma pigment was confirmed to be identical to that of malarial pigment (hemozoin) and its synthetic analogue, β-hematin. Since then, studies on Schistosoma hemozoin have been investigated by some workers and the results showed that Schistosoma hemozoin may play important roles in pathogenicity, immune modulation, iron supply for egg formation, and interaction with some anti-schistosomal drugs. In this review, we briefly review and discuss the hematophagous habit of schistosomes, degradation of haemoglobin, formation of hemozoin in the worm gut, and possible roles of hemozoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hua Xiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Jun Sun
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
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16
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Li W, Zhou Y, Tang G, Xiao Y. Characterization of the Artemisinin Binding Site for Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP) by Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2828-2833. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Li
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in
Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology,
Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yiqing Zhou
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in
Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology,
Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guanghui Tang
- School
of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Youli Xiao
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in
Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology,
Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
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17
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Ismail HM, Barton VE, Panchana M, Charoensutthivarakul S, Biagini GA, Ward SA, O'Neill PM. A Click Chemistry-Based Proteomic Approach Reveals that 1,2,4-Trioxolane and Artemisinin Antimalarials Share a Common Protein Alkylation Profile. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 128:6511-6515. [PMID: 27397940 PMCID: PMC4934454 DOI: 10.1002/ange.201512062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the recent increase in endoperoxide antimalarials under development, it remains unclear if all these chemotypes share a common mechanism of action. This is important since it will influence cross-resistance risks between the different classes. Here we investigate this proposition using novel clickable 1,2,4-trioxolane activity based protein-profiling probes (ABPPs). ABPPs with potent antimalarial activity were able to alkylate protein target(s) within the asexual erythrocytic stage of Plasmodium falciparum (3D7). Importantly, comparison of the alkylation fingerprint with that generated from an artemisinin ABPP equivalent confirms a highly conserved alkylation profile, with both endoperoxide classes targeting proteins in the glycolytic, hemoglobin degradation, antioxidant defence, protein synthesis and protein stress pathways, essential biological processes for plasmodial survival. The alkylation signatures of the two chemotypes show significant overlap (ca. 90 %) both qualitatively and semi-quantitatively, suggesting a common mechanism of action that raises concerns about potential cross-resistance liabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanafy M. Ismail
- Research Centre for Drugs and DiagnosticsLiverpool School of Tropical MedicinePembroke PlaceLiverpoolL3 5QAUK
| | | | - Matthew Panchana
- Research Centre for Drugs and DiagnosticsLiverpool School of Tropical MedicinePembroke PlaceLiverpoolL3 5QAUK
| | | | - Giancarlo A. Biagini
- Research Centre for Drugs and DiagnosticsLiverpool School of Tropical MedicinePembroke PlaceLiverpoolL3 5QAUK
| | - Stephen A. Ward
- Research Centre for Drugs and DiagnosticsLiverpool School of Tropical MedicinePembroke PlaceLiverpoolL3 5QAUK
| | - Paul M. O'Neill
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
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