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Ivanov NM, Baltussen MG, Regueiro CLF, Derks MTGM, Huck WTS. Computing Arithmetic Functions Using Immobilised Enzymatic Reaction Networks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215759. [PMID: 36562219 PMCID: PMC10108092 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Living systems use enzymatic reaction networks to process biochemical information and make decisions in response to external or internal stimuli. Herein, we present a modular and reusable platform for molecular information processing using enzymes immobilised in hydrogel beads and compartmentalised in a continuous stirred tank reactor. We demonstrate how this setup allows us to perform simple arithmetic operations, such as addition, subtraction and multiplication, using various concentrations of substrates or inhibitors as inputs and the production of a fluorescent molecule as the readout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita M Ivanov
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen (The, Netherlands
| | - Mathieu G Baltussen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen (The, Netherlands
| | | | - Max T G M Derks
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen (The, Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm T S Huck
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen (The, Netherlands
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2
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Xu H, Bai S, Gu G, Gao Y, Sun X, Guo X, Xuan F, Wang Y. Bioinspired Self-Resettable Hydrogel Actuators Powered by a Chemical Fuel. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:43825-43832. [PMID: 36103624 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The movements of soft living tissues, such as muscle, have sparked a strong interest in the design of hydrogel actuators; however, so far, typical manmade examples still lag behind their biological counterparts, which usually function under nonequilibrium conditions through the consumption of high-energy biomolecules and show highly autonomous behaviors. Here, we report on self-resettable hydrogel actuators that are powered by a chemical fuel and can spontaneously return to their original states over time once the fuels are depleted. Self-resettable actuation originates from a chemical fuel-mediated transient change in the hydrophilicity of the hydrogel networks. The actuation extent and duration can be programmed by the fuel levels, and the self-resettable actuation process is highly recyclable through refueling. Furthermore, various proof-of-concept autonomous soft robots are created, resembling the movements of soft-bodied creatures in nature. This work may serve as a starting point for the development of lifelike soft robots with autonomous behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Shengyu Bai
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Guanyao Gu
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yuliang Gao
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xun Sun
- Guizhou Aerospace Institute of Measuring and Testing Technology, Guiyang 550009, P. R. China
| | - Xuhong Guo
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Fuzhen Xuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Intelligent Sensing and Detection Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Wang
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Intelligent Sensing and Detection Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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3
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Fan X, Walther A. Autonomous Transient pH Flips Shaped by Layered Compartmentalization of Antagonistic Enzymatic Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:3619-3624. [PMID: 33098236 PMCID: PMC7898518 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transient signaling orchestrates complex spatiotemporal behaviour in living organisms via (bio)chemical reaction networks (CRNs). Compartmentalization of signal processing is an important aspect for controlling such networks. However, artificial CRNs mostly focus on homogeneous solutions to program autonomous self-assembling systems, which limits their accessible behaviour and tuneability. Here, we introduce layered compartments housing antagonistic pH-modulating enzymes and demonstrate that transient pH signals in a supernatant solution can be programmed based on spatial delays. This overcomes limitations of activity mismatches of antagonistic enzymes in solution and allows to flexibly program acidic and alkaline pH lifecycles beyond the possibilities of homogeneous solutions. Lag time, lifetime, and the pH minima and maxima can be precisely programmed by adjusting spatial and kinetic conditions. We integrate these spatially controlled pH flips with switchable peptides, furnishing time-programmed self-assemblies and hydrogel material system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Fan
- ABMS Lab-Active Adaptive and Autonomous Bioinspired MaterialsInstitute for Macromolecular ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Str. 3179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF)University of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Str. 2179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT)University of FreiburgGeorges-Köhler-Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT-Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges-Köhler-Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
| | - Andreas Walther
- ABMS Lab-Active Adaptive and Autonomous Bioinspired MaterialsInstitute for Macromolecular ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Str. 3179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF)University of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Str. 2179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT)University of FreiburgGeorges-Köhler-Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT-Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges-Köhler-Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
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4
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Fan X, Walther A. Autonomous Transient pH Flips Shaped by Layered Compartmentalization of Antagonistic Enzymatic Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Fan
- A3BMS Lab-Active Adaptive and Autonomous Bioinspired Materials Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry University of Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Str. 31 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) University of Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Str. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) University of Freiburg Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT-Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies University of Freiburg Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- A3BMS Lab-Active Adaptive and Autonomous Bioinspired Materials Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry University of Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Str. 31 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) University of Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Str. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) University of Freiburg Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT-Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies University of Freiburg Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
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Maguire OR, Wong ASY, Baltussen MG, van Duppen P, Pogodaev AA, Huck WTS. Dynamic Environments as a Tool to Preserve Desired Output in a Chemical Reaction Network. Chemistry 2020; 26:1676-1682. [PMID: 31808965 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current efforts to design functional molecular systems have overlooked the importance of coupling out-of-equilibrium behaviour with changes in the environment. Here, the authors use an oscillating reaction network and demonstrate that the application of environmental forcing, in the form of periodic changes in temperature and in the inflow of the concentration of one of the network components, removes the dependency of the periodicity of this network on temperature or flow rates and enforces a stable periodicity across a wide range of conditions. Coupling a system to a dynamic environment can thus be used as a simple tool to regulate the output of a network. In addition, the authors show that coupling can also induce an increase in behavioural complexity to include quasi-periodic oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R Maguire
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert S Y Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Mathieu G Baltussen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peer van Duppen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandr A Pogodaev
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm T S Huck
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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6
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Helwig B, van Sluijs B, Pogodaev AA, Postma SGJ, Huck WTS. Bottom-Up Construction of an Adaptive Enzymatic Reaction Network. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Britta Helwig
- Radboud University; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Bob van Sluijs
- Radboud University; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandr A. Pogodaev
- Radboud University; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd G. J. Postma
- Radboud University; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm T. S. Huck
- Radboud University; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
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7
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Helwig B, van Sluijs B, Pogodaev AA, Postma SGJ, Huck WTS. Bottom-Up Construction of an Adaptive Enzymatic Reaction Network. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14065-14069. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Britta Helwig
- Radboud University; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Bob van Sluijs
- Radboud University; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandr A. Pogodaev
- Radboud University; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd G. J. Postma
- Radboud University; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm T. S. Huck
- Radboud University; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
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8
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Che H, Buddingh' BC, van Hest JCM. Self-Regulated and Temporal Control of a "Breathing" Microgel Mediated by Enzymatic Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12581-12585. [PMID: 28772021 PMCID: PMC5656812 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring systems have the ability to self-regulate, which plays a key role in their structural and functional adaptation. The autonomous behavior in living systems is biocatalytically controlled by the continuous consumption of energy to remain in a non-equilibrium condition. In this work, we show the construction of a self-regulated "breathing" microgel that uses chemical fuels to keep the system in the out-of-equilibrium state. The enzyme urease is utilized to program a feedback-induced pH change, which in turn tunes the size switch and fluorescence intensity of the microgel. A continuous supply of chemical fuels to the system allows the process to be reversible. This microgel with tunable autonomous properties provides insights into the design of artificial systems and dynamic soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Che
- Bio-organic chemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513 (STO 3.31)5600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan C. Buddingh'
- Bio-organic chemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513 (STO 3.31)5600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Bio-organic chemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513 (STO 3.31)5600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
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Che H, Buddingh' BC, van Hest JCM. Self‐Regulated and Temporal Control of a “Breathing” Microgel Mediated by Enzymatic Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Che
- Bio-organic chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.31) 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan C. Buddingh'
- Bio-organic chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.31) 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Bio-organic chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.31) 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Spitalstrasse 51 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Thomas R. Ward
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Spitalstrasse 51 4056 Basel Switzerland
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Okamoto Y, Ward TR. Cross-Regulation of an Artificial Metalloenzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10156-10160. [PMID: 28485105 PMCID: PMC5575532 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cross-regulation of complex biochemical reaction networks is an essential feature of living systems. In a biomimetic spirit, we report on our efforts to program the temporal activation of an artificial metalloenzyme via cross-regulation by a natural enzyme. In the presence of urea, urease slowly releases ammonia that reversibly inhibits an artificial transfer hydrogenase. Addition of an acid, which acts as fuel, allows to maintain the system out of equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Okamoto
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSpitalstrasse 514056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Thomas R. Ward
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSpitalstrasse 514056BaselSwitzerland
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