1
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Chen D, Tenopala‐Carmona F, Knöller JA, Mischok A, Hall D, Madayanad Suresh S, Matulaitis T, Olivier Y, Nacke P, Gießelmann F, Laschat S, Gather MC, Zysman‐Colman E. Mesogenic Groups Control the Emitter Orientation in Multi-Resonance TADF Emitter Films. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218911. [PMID: 36760211 PMCID: PMC10947294 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters and emitters that show preferential horizontal orientation of their transition dipole moment (TDM) are two emerging strategies to enhance the efficiency of OLEDs. We present the first example of a liquid crystalline multi-resonance TADF (MR-TADF) emitter, DiKTa-LC. The compound possesses a nematic liquid crystalline phase between 80 °C and 110 °C. Importantly, the TDM of the spin-coated film shows preferential horizontal orientation, with an anisotropy factor, a, of 0.28, which is preserved in doped poly(vinylcarbazole) films. Green-emitting (λEL =492 nm) solution-processed OLEDs based on DiKTa-LC showed an EQEmax of 13.6 %. We thus demonstrate for the first time how self-assembly of a liquid crystalline TADF emitter can lead to the so-far elusive control of the orientation of the transition dipole in solution-processed films, which will be of relevance for high-performance solution-processed OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Chen
- Organic Semiconductor CentreEaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | - Francisco Tenopala‐Carmona
- Humboldt Centre for Nano- and BiophotonicsDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of CologneGreinstr. 4-650939KölnGermany
| | - Julius A. Knöller
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Andreas Mischok
- Humboldt Centre for Nano- and BiophotonicsDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of CologneGreinstr. 4-650939KölnGermany
| | - David Hall
- Organic Semiconductor CentreEaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel MaterialsUniversity of MonsMonsBelgium
| | - Subeesh Madayanad Suresh
- Organic Semiconductor CentreEaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | - Tomas Matulaitis
- Organic Semiconductor CentreEaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory for Computational Modeling of Functional MaterialsNamur Institute of Structured MatterUniversité de NamurRue de Bruxelles 615000NamurBelgium
| | - Pierre Nacke
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieUniversität StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Frank Gießelmann
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieUniversität StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Malte C. Gather
- Humboldt Centre for Nano- and BiophotonicsDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of CologneGreinstr. 4-650939KölnGermany
| | - Eli Zysman‐Colman
- Organic Semiconductor CentreEaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
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2
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Dar N, Ankari R. Theoretical Models, Preparation, Characterization and Applications of Cyanine J-Aggregates: A Minireview. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200103. [PMID: 36423932 PMCID: PMC9691386 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cyanines are one of the few kinds of molecules whose absorbance and emission can be shifted in a broad spectral range from the ultraviolet to the near infrared. They can easily transform into J-aggregates with narrow absorption and emission peaks, along with a redshift in their spectra. This mini-review presents cyanine dyes and their J-aggregates and discusses their structure and spectral properties that illustrate their specificities. We summarize the theoretical and experimental state of the art on cyanine J-aggregates and their applications, also laying the groundwork for cyanine J-aggregates synthesis and characterization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitzan Dar
- Department of PhysicsFaculty of Natural ScienceAriel UniversityAriel40700Israel
| | - Rinat Ankari
- Department of PhysicsFaculty of Natural ScienceAriel UniversityAriel40700Israel
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3
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Eichhorn SH, El-Ballouli AO, Cassar A, Kaafarani BR. Columnar Mesomorphism of Board-Shaped Perylene, Diketopyrrolopyrrole, Isoindigo, Indigo, and Quinoxalino-Phenanthrophenazine Dyes. Chempluschem 2021; 86:319-339. [PMID: 33624951 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The properties of organic dyes depend as much on their intermolecular interactions as on their molecular structure. While it is generally predictable what supramolecular structure would be ideal for a specific application, the generation of specific supramolecular structures by molecular design and suitable processing methods remains to be a challenge. A versatile approach to different supramolecular structures has been the application of mesomorphism in conjunction with alignment techniques and self-assembly at interfaces. Reviewed here is the columnar mesomorphism of board-shaped dyes perylene, indigo, isoindigo, diketopyrrolopyrrole, and quinoxalinophenanthrophenazine. They generate a larger number of different supramolecular structures than conventional disc-shaped (discotic) mesogens because of their non-circular shape and directional intermolecular interactions. The mesomorphism of all but the perylene derivatives is systematically and comprehensively covered for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Holger Eichhorn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - A O El-Ballouli
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 11481, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Adam Cassar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Bilal R Kaafarani
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, 1107-2020, Lebanon
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4
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Shen CA, Bialas D, Hecht M, Stepanenko V, Sugiyasu K, Würthner F. Polymorphism in Squaraine Dye Aggregates by Self-Assembly Pathway Differentiation: Panchromatic Tubular Dye Nanorods versus J-Aggregate Nanosheets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11949-11958. [PMID: 33751763 PMCID: PMC8252746 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A bis(squaraine) dye equipped with alkyl and oligoethyleneglycol chains was synthesized by connecting two dicyanomethylene substituted squaraine dyes with a phenylene spacer unit. The aggregation behavior of this bis(squaraine) was investigated in non-polar toluene/tetrachloroethane (98:2) solvent mixture, which revealed competing cooperative self-assembly pathways into two supramolecular polymorphs with entirely different packing structures and UV/Vis/NIR absorption properties. The self-assembly pathway can be controlled by the cooling rate from a heated solution of the monomers. For both polymorphs, quasi-equilibrium conditions between monomers and the respective aggregates can be established to derive thermodynamic parameters and insights into the self-assembly mechanisms. AFM measurements revealed a nanosheet structure with a height of 2 nm for the thermodynamically more stable polymorph and a tubular nanorod structure with a helical pitch of 13 nm and a diameter of 5 nm for the kinetically favored polymorph. Together with wide angle X-ray scattering measurements, packing models were derived: the thermodynamic polymorph consists of brick-work type nanosheets that exhibit red-shifted absorption bands as typical for J-aggregates, while the nanorod polymorph consists of eight supramolecular polymer strands of the bis(squaraine) intertwined to form a chimney-type tubular structure. The absorption of this aggregate covers a large spectral range from 550 to 875 nm, which cannot be rationalized by the conventional exciton theory. By applying the Essential States Model and considering intermolecular charge transfer, the aggregate spectrum was adequately reproduced, revealing that the broad absorption spectrum is due to pronounced donor-acceptor overlap within the bis(squaraine) nanorods. The latter is also responsible for the pronounced bathochromic shift observed for the nanosheet structure as a result of the slip-stacked arranged squaraine chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-An Shen
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Bialas
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Hecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Stepanenko
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kazunori Sugiyasu
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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5
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Shen C, Bialas D, Hecht M, Stepanenko V, Sugiyasu K, Würthner F. Polymorphism in Squaraine Dye Aggregates by Self‐Assembly Pathway Differentiation: Panchromatic Tubular Dye Nanorods versus J‐Aggregate Nanosheets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia‐An Shen
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - David Bialas
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Markus Hecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Vladimir Stepanenko
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Kazunori Sugiyasu
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-2-1 Sengen Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0047 Japan
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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6
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Biot N, Romito D, Bonifazi D. Substituent-Controlled Tailoring of Chalcogen-Bonded Supramolecular Nanoribbons in the Solid State. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2021; 21:536-543. [PMID: 33442332 PMCID: PMC7792508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.0c01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we design and synthesize supramolecular 2,5-substituted chalcogenazolo[5,4-β]pyridine (CGP) synthons arranging in supramolecular ribbons at the solid state. A careful choice of the combination of substituents at the 2- and 5-positions on the CGP scaffold is outlined to accomplish supramolecular materials by means of multiple hybrid interactions, comprising both chalcogen and hydrogen bonds. Depending on the steric and electronic properties of the substituents, different solid-state arrangements have been achieved. Among the different moieties on the 5-position, an oxazole unit has been incorporated on the Se- and Te-congeners by Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction and a supramolecular ribbon-like organization was consistently obtained at the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Biot
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, CF10 3AT, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Romito
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Davide Bonifazi
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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7
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Guo H, Yu Q, Xiong Y, Yang F. Room-temperature AIE ionic liquid crystals based on diphenylacrylonitrile-imidazole salts. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:10368-10376. [PMID: 33053002 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01474e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although various AIE liquid crystals have been studied, AIE ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) are almost unknown to date. In this work, a series of novel AIE ILCs based on diphenylacrylonitrile-imidazole salts bridged by soft spacers with different anions were prepared in yields of 63-80%. The mesomorphic, photophysical and electrochemical properties were investigated systematically to elucidate the relationship between structures and properties. The results implied that they were the first room-temperature AIE ILCs with wide ranges of mesomorphic temperature, good fluorescence emission in both the solid state and mesophase, and stable electrochemical behaviour. The samples with one alkyl chain possessed the SmA2 mesophase while the samples with two alkyl chains prefered the Colh mesophase. The larger anions resulted in the bigger layer spacing length for the SmA2 mesophase and smaller values of ncell in each slice of Colh mesophase. The fluorescence quantum yields in the mesophase maintained reasonable values (0.15-0.22), which decreased a little in comparison with that in solid films (0.18-0.26) due to the orderly molecular stacking in the mesophase. The cyclic voltammetry experiments confirmed that all of them possessed similar and stable electrochemical behaviour. This research not only presented the first room-temperature AIE ILCs with excellent mesomorphic, photophysical and electrochemical properties, but also elucidated the relationship between structures and properties to a certain degree, contributing to the further construction of novel AIE ILCs with excellent mesomorphic, photophysical and electrochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Guo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, P. R. China.
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8
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Hecht M, Leowanawat P, Gerlach T, Stepanenko V, Stolte M, Lehmann M, Würthner F. Self-Sorting Supramolecular Polymerization: Helical and Lamellar Aggregates of Tetra-Bay-Acyloxy Perylene Bisimide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17084-17090. [PMID: 32520408 PMCID: PMC7540443 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A new perylene bisimide (PBI), with a fluorescence quantum yield up to unity, self‐assembles into two polymorphic supramolecular polymers. This PBI bears four solubilizing acyloxy substituents at the bay positions and is unsubstituted at the imide position, thereby allowing hydrogen‐bond‐directed self‐assembly in nonpolar solvents. The formation of the polymorphs is controlled by the cooling rate of hot monomer solutions. They show distinctive absorption profiles and morphologies and can be isolated in different polymorphic liquid‐crystalline states. The interchromophoric arrangement causing the spectral features was elucidated, revealing the formation of columnar and lamellar phases, which are formed by either homo‐ or heterochiral self‐assembly, respectively, of the atropoenantiomeric PBIs. Kinetic studies reveal a narcissistic self‐sorting process upon fast cooling, and that the transformation into the heterochiral (racemic) sheetlike self‐assemblies proceeds by dissociation via the monomeric state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Tabea Gerlach
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Stolte
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Lehmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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9
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Hecht M, Leowanawat P, Gerlach T, Stepanenko V, Stolte M, Lehmann M, Würthner F. Self‐Sorting Supramolecular Polymerization: Helical and Lamellar Aggregates of Tetra‐Bay‐Acyloxy Perylene Bisimide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | | | - Tabea Gerlach
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | | | - Matthias Stolte
- Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Matthias Lehmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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10
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Guo H, Zheng S, Chen S, Han C, Yang F. A first porphyrin liquid crystal with strong fluorescence in both solution and aggregated states based on the AIE-FRET effect. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:8329-8337. [PMID: 31566635 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01174a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrins are good near-infrared fluorescent materials, but the strong self-assembly stacking resulted in the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect, limiting their emissive performance in aggregated states. In this work, a novel diphenylacrylonitrile-porphyrin derivative with multiple polyglycol chains on the periphery was designed and synthesized as an excellent near-infrared-emissive liquid crystalline material in both solution and aggregated states, which was first observed for porphyrin liquid crystals. It exhibited a high self-assembly ability with the ordered hexagonal columnar mesophase between 70 and 120 °C approximately. The strong AIE-FRET effect was produced based on the overlap of the emission wavelength of diphenylacrylonitrile and the absorption wavelength of the porphyrin, resulting in the excellent near-infrared emission in both solution and aggregated states. The pseudo Stokes shift was as large as 210 nm and the fluorescence quantum yield reached 0.12 in the solid state. Moreover, this porphyrin liquid crystal displayed low biotoxicity and excellent fluorescence bio-imaging ability in living cells, opening a new application prospect for porphyrin liquid crystalline materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Guo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, P. R. China.
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11
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Hecht M, Schlossarek T, Stolte M, Lehmann M, Würthner F. Photoconductive Core–Shell Liquid‐Crystals of a Perylene Bisimide J‐Aggregate Donor–Acceptor Dyad. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Tim Schlossarek
- Institut für Organische Chemie Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Institut für Organische Chemie Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Matthias Lehmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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12
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Hecht M, Schlossarek T, Stolte M, Lehmann M, Würthner F. Photoconductive Core-Shell Liquid-Crystals of a Perylene Bisimide J-Aggregate Donor-Acceptor Dyad. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12979-12983. [PMID: 31246352 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel core-shell structured columnar liquid crystal composed of a donor-acceptor dyad of tetraphenoxy perylene bisimide (PBI), decorated with four bithiophene units on the periphery, was synthesized. This molecule self-assembles in solution into helical J-aggregates guided by π-π interactions and hydrogen bonds which organize into a liquid-crystalline (LC) columnar hexagonal domain in the solid state. Donor and acceptor moieties exhibit contrasting exciton coupling behavior with the PBIs' (J-type) transition dipole moment parallel and the bithiophene side arms' (H-type) perpendicular to the columnar axis. The dyad shows efficient energy and electron transfer in solution as well as in the solid state. The synergy of photoinduced electron transfer (PET) and charge transport along the narcissistically self-assembled core-shell structure enables the implementation of the dye in two-contact photoconductivity devices giving rise to a 20-fold increased photoresponse compared to a reference dye without bithiophene donor moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tim Schlossarek
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Lehmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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13
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Ling W, Cheng X, Miao T, Zhang S, Zhang W, Zhu X. Synthesis and Photocontrolled Supramolecular Self-Assembly of Azobenzene-Functionalized Perylene Bisimide Derivatives. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071143. [PMID: 31277350 PMCID: PMC6681406 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Azobenzene (Azo) units were successfully introduced into perylene bisimide (PBI) structures in order to realize the photocontrolling of the morphology of the supramolecular assembly of PBI by a photoisomerization process. A total of three Azo-functionalized perylene bisimide derivatives (PBI1, PBI2, and PBI3) with different alkyl chain lengths were designed and synthesized by imidization of 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride with the corresponding amines. The structures of these compounds were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The photoisomerization behaviors of Azo units in PBIs were investigated using ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) absorption spectroscopy, which were obviously effected by solvents and the alkyl chain length. Furthermore, the photoisomerization of Azo units has the obviously regulatory effect on the morphology of supramolecular assembly of PBIs, especially for the medium-length alkyl chain-linked Azo-functionalized PBI derivative (PBI2). This research realized the photocontrolling of the morphology of the supramolecular assembly of PBI derivatives by photoisomerization of Azo units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Ling
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cheng
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tengfei Miao
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Xiulin Zhu
- Global Institute of Software Technology, No 5. Qingshan Road, Suzhou National Hi-Tech District, Suzhou 215163, China
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14
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Haenle JC, Stöckl Y, Forschner R, Haenle E, Laschat S. Fluorophobic Effect Promoting Lamellar Self-Assembly of Donor Acceptor Dyes. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:2758-2767. [PMID: 29999251 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To combine liquid crystalline and linear optical properties in the same molecule, the fluorophobic effect was probed for the first time in donor acceptor dyes. Thus, a series of mono-, bi-, and tricyclic donor acceptor dyes with 1H,1H-perfluorinated alkyl chains of different lengths as donor units and nitrile, malononitrile or barbiturate as acceptor units was synthesized in 5 steps and 1.4-6.6 % overall yield. UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and DFT calculations revealed that absorption and emission maxima, Stokes shifts and LUMO energies were mainly governed by the chromophore size and acceptor strengths. The perfluorinated chain was electronically almost decoupled from the remaining chromophore and induced only slight changes of the absorption maxima as compared to the alkyl substituted counterparts. However, in contrast to the non-mesomorphic alkyl donor-substituted derivatives, the perfluorinated donors resulted in self-assembly into partially interdigitated SmA bilayers according to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing optical microscopy (POM), X-ray diffraction (WAXS, SAXS) studies and electron density profile calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yannick Stöckl
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwalding 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Robert Forschner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwalding 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Elena Haenle
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwalding 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwalding 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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15
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Zhu M, Chen Y, Zhang X, Chen M, Guo H, Yang F. Perylene bisimide with diphenylacrylonitrile on side-chain: strongly fluorescent liquid crystal with large pseudo Stokes shift based on AIE and FRET effect. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:6737-6744. [PMID: 30062329 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01183d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel perylene bisimide (PBI) derivative with an AIE-active diphenylacrylonitrile unit positioned at the terminal N-imide position through a flexible spacer has been synthesized and characterized. The DSC, POM and XRD studies confirmed that it could self-assemble into a stable hexagonal columnar liquid-crystalline phase between 56 °C and 160 °C. This PBI derivative also exhibited strong fluorescence in solution, thin film and mesophase based on the cooperative mechanism of AIE and FRET between the diphenylacrylonitrile group and perylene moiety. The pseudo Stokes shift was as large as 283 nm, and the fluorescence quantum yields were as high as 0.62-0.79 in solution and 0.68-0.86 in solid state. This study provides a good strategy for converting the columnar liquid crystal with ACQ effect to one with the AIE effect, successfully filling the gap between the excellent columnar mesomorphic properties and strong fluorescence in solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingguang Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, P. R. China.
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16
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Soberats B, Hecht M, Würthner F. Diketopyrrolopyrrole Columnar Liquid-Crystalline Assembly Directed by Quadruple Hydrogen Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartolome Soberats
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI); Universität Würzburg; Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Markus Hecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI); Universität Würzburg; Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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17
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Soberats B, Hecht M, Würthner F. Diketopyrrolopyrrole Columnar Liquid-Crystalline Assembly Directed by Quadruple Hydrogen Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10771-10774. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartolome Soberats
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI); Universität Würzburg; Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Markus Hecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI); Universität Würzburg; Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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