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Chemical Vapor Deposition of Ionic Liquids for the Fabrication of Ionogel Films and Patterns. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Eschenbacher R, Schuschke C, Bühlmeyer H, Taccardi N, Wasserscheid P, Bauer T, Xu T, Libuda J. Interaction between Ionic Liquids and a Pt(111) Surface Probed by Coadsorbed CO as a Test Molecule. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:10079-10085. [PMID: 34624196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We used temperature-programmed infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (TP-IRAS) to study the desorption behavior of CO on Pt(111) coadsorbed with four kinds of ionic liquids (ILs), namely 1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C4C1Pyr][NTf2]), 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C2C1Im][NTf2]), 1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium-trifluoro-methanesulfonate ([C4C1Pyr][OTf]), and 1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium-hexafluorophosphate ([C4C1Pyr][PF6]). We found that CO desorbs earlier from a Pt(111) surface with coadsorbed ILs than without. In addition, the CO desorption temperature varies between different types of coadsorbed ILs, which follows the order: [C4C1Pyr][PF6] (365 K) > [C4C1Pyr][NTf2] (362 K) > [C2C1Im][NTf2] (352 K) > [C4C1Pyr][OTf] (348 K). We ascribe the difference in CO desorption temperature to the different interaction strength between ILs and the Pt(111) surface. A stronger IL-Pt(111) interaction leads to a lower CO desorption temperature. We suggest that TP-IRAS experiments of CO coadsorbed with ILs can be a useful method to aid the characterization of the interaction strength between ILs and metal surfaces such as Pt(111).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Eschenbacher
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Schuschke
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hanna Bühlmeyer
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Institute of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Institute of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tanja Bauer
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tao Xu
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Obst M, Arnauts G, Cruz AJ, Calderon Gonzalez M, Marcoen K, Hauffman T, Ameloot R. Chemical Vapor Deposition of Ionic Liquids for the Fabrication of Ionogel Films and Patterns. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25668-25673. [PMID: 34478224 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Film deposition and high-resolution patterning of ionic liquids (ILs) remain a challenge, despite a broad range of applications that would benefit from this type of processing. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of ILs. The IL-CVD method is based on the formation of a non-volatile IL through the reaction of two vaporized precursors. Ionogel micropatterns can be easily obtained via the combination of IL-CVD and standard photolithography, and the resulting microdrop arrays can be used as microreactors. The IL-CVD approach will facilitate leveraging the properties of ILs in a range of applications and microfabricated devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Obst
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giel Arnauts
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander John Cruz
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maider Calderon Gonzalez
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristof Marcoen
- Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rob Ameloot
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Wähler T, Schuster R, Libuda J. Self-Metalation of Anchored Porphyrins on Atomically Defined Cobalt Oxide Surfaces: In situ Studies by Surface Vibrational Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2020; 26:12445-12453. [PMID: 32333716 PMCID: PMC7590103 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metalation of anchored porphyrins is essential for their functionality at hybrid interfaces. In this work, we have studied the anchoring and metalation of a functionalized porphyrin derivative, 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin (MCTPP), on an atomically-defined CoO(100) film under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. We follow both the anchoring to the oxide surface and the self-metalation by surface Co2+ ions via infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS). At 150 K, MCTPP multilayer films adsorb molecularly on CoO(100) without anchoring to the surface. Upon heating to 195 K, the first layer of porphyrin molecules anchors via formation of a bridging surface carboxylate. Above 460 K, the MCTPP multilayer desorbs and only the anchored monolayer resides on the surface up to temperatures of 600 K approximately. The orientation of anchored MCTPP depends on the surface coverage. At low coverage, the MCTPP adopts a nearly flat-lying geometry, whereas an upright standing film is formed near the multilayer coverage. Self-metalation of MCTPP depends critically on the surface temperature, the coverage and on the molecular orientation. At 150 K, metalation is largely suppressed, while the degree of metalation increases with increasing temperature and reaches a value of around 60 % in the first monolayer at 450 K. At lower coverage higher metalation fractions (85 % and above) are observed, similar as for increasing temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wähler
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Ralf Schuster
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
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Lexow M, Heller BSJ, Partl G, Bhuin RG, Maier F, Steinrück HP. Cation Exchange at the Interfaces of Ultrathin Films of Fluorous Ionic Liquids on Ag(111). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:398-405. [PMID: 30540199 PMCID: PMC6377181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the context of applications with thin ionic liquid (IL) films on solid supports, we studied the ion distribution within mixed thin IL films by angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. After the deposition of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [C8C1Im][PF6], on top of a wetting layer (WL) of 3-methyl-1-(3,3,4,4,4-pentafluorobutyl)imidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [PFBMIm][PF6], on Ag(111) at room temperature (RT), we find a preferential enrichment of the [PFBMIm]+ cation at the IL/vacuum interface. In a similar deposition experiment at 82 K, this cation exchange at the IL/solid interface does not occur. Upon heating the film from 82 K to RT, we observe the replacement of [C8C1Im]+ by [PFBMIm]+ at the IL/vacuum interface between ∼160 and ∼220 K. No further changes in the surface composition were observed between 220 K and RT. Upon further heating the mixed IL film, we find the complete desorption of [PFBMIm][PF6] from the mixed film below 410 K, leaving a WL of pure [C8C1Im][PF6] on Ag(111), which desorbs until 455 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Lexow
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- M.L.: E-mail,
| | - Bettina S. J. Heller
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gabriel Partl
- Institut
für Allgemeine, Anorganische und Theoretische Chemie, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Radha G. Bhuin
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Maier
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- H.-P.S.: E-mail,
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Xu T, Waehler T, Vecchietti J, Bonivardi A, Bauer T, Schwegler J, Schulz PS, Wasserscheid P, Libuda J. Interaction of Ester-Functionalized Ionic Liquids with Atomically-Defined Cobalt Oxides Surfaces: Adsorption, Reaction and Thermal Stability. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:3443-3453. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany), Fax: +49 9131 8527308
| | - Tobias Waehler
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany), Fax: +49 9131 8527308
| | - Julia Vecchietti
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), UNL-CONICET; Güemes 3450 3000 Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Adrian Bonivardi
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), UNL-CONICET; Güemes 3450 3000 Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Tanja Bauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany), Fax: +49 9131 8527308
| | - Johannes Schwegler
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Peter S. Schulz
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Joerg Libuda
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany), Fax: +49 9131 8527308
- Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center and Interdisciplinary Center for Interface Controlled Processes; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; 91058 Erlangen Germany
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