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Searle B, Müller M, Carell T, Kellett A. Third-Generation Sequencing of Epigenetic DNA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215704. [PMID: 36524852 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of epigenetic bases has revolutionised the understanding of disease and development. Among the most studied epigenetic marks are cytosines covalently modified at the 5 position. In order to gain insight into their biological significance, the ability to determine their spatiotemporal distribution within the genome is essential. Techniques for sequencing on "next-generation" platforms often involve harsh chemical treatments leading to sample degradation. Third-generation sequencing promises to further revolutionise the field by providing long reads, enabling coverage of highly repetitive regions of the genome or structural variants considered unmappable by next generation sequencing technology. While the ability of third-generation platforms to directly detect epigenetic modifications is continuously improving, at present chemical or enzymatic derivatisation presents the most convenient means of enhancing reliability. This Review presents techniques available for the detection of cytosine modifications on third-generation platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Searle
- SSPC, the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Markus Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Carell
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew Kellett
- SSPC, the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Dublin, Ireland
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2
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Chakrapani A, Ruiz‐Larrabeiti O, Pohl R, Svoboda M, Krásný L, Hocek M. Glucosylated 5‐Hydroxymethylpyrimidines as Epigenetic DNA Bases Regulating Transcription and Restriction Cleavage. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200911. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aswathi Chakrapani
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo nam. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science Charles University Hlavova 8 CZ-12843 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Olatz Ruiz‐Larrabeiti
- Dept. of Microbial Genetics and Gene Expression Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of Sciences 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo nam. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Svoboda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo nam. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Libor Krásný
- Dept. of Microbial Genetics and Gene Expression Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of Sciences 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo nam. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science Charles University Hlavova 8 CZ-12843 Prague 2 Czech Republic
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3
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Nguyen H, Abramov M, Rozenski J, Eremeeva E, Herdewijn P. In vivo assembly and expression of DNA containing non-canonical bases in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200060. [PMID: 35322918 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chemically modified nucleic acids are of utmost interest in synthetic biology to create a regulable and sophisticated synthetic system with tailor-made properties. Implanting chemically modified nucleic acids in microorganisms might serve biotechnological applications, while using them in human cells might lead to new advanced medicines. Previously, we reported that a fully modified DNA sequence (called DZA) composed of the four base-modified nucleotides - 7-deaza-adenine, 5-chlorouracil, 7-deaza-guanine and 5-fluorocytosine - could function as a genetic template in prokaryotic cells, Escherichia coli . Here, we report the synthesis of long, partially or fully modified DZA fragments that encode the yeast-enhanced red fluorescence protein (yEmRFP). The DZA sequences were directly introduced in the genome of the eukaryotic cells, Saccharomyces cerevisiae , via the yeast natural homologous recombination. The simple and straightforward DZA cloning strategy reported herein might be of interest to scientists working in the field of xenobiology in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoai Nguyen
- KU Leuven Rega Institute for Medical Research.: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, BELGIUM
| | - Mikhail Abramov
- KU Leuven Rega Institute for Medical Research: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, BELGIUM
| | - Jef Rozenski
- KU Leuven Rega Institute for Medical Research.: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, BELGIUM
| | - Elena Eremeeva
- KU Leuven Rega Institute for Medical Research.: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, BELGIUM
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Herestraat 49 - box 1030, 3000, Leuven, BELGIUM
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Schmidl D, Jonasson NSW, Korytiaková E, Carell T, Daumann LJ. Biomimetic Iron Complex Achieves TET Enzyme Reactivity**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Schmidl
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-University München Butenandtstr. 5–13, Haus D München Germany
| | - Niko S. W. Jonasson
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-University München Butenandtstr. 5–13, Haus D München Germany
| | - Eva Korytiaková
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-University München Butenandtstr. 5–13, Haus D München Germany
| | - Thomas Carell
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-University München Butenandtstr. 5–13, Haus D München Germany
| | - Lena J. Daumann
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-University München Butenandtstr. 5–13, Haus D München Germany
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5
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Schmidl D, Jonasson NSW, Korytiaková E, Carell T, Daumann LJ. Biomimetic Iron Complex Achieves TET Enzyme Reactivity*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21457-21463. [PMID: 34181314 PMCID: PMC8518650 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The epigenetic marker 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine (5mdC) is the most prevalent modification to DNA. It is removed inter alia via an active demethylation pathway: oxidation by Ten-Eleven Translocation 5-methyl cytosine dioxygenase (TET) and subsequent removal via base excision repair or direct demodification. Recently, we have shown that the synthetic iron(IV)-oxo complex [FeIV (O)(Py5 Me2 H)]2+ (1) can serve as a biomimetic model for TET by oxidizing the nucleobase 5-methyl cytosine (5mC) to its natural metabolites. In this work, we demonstrate that nucleosides and even short oligonucleotide strands can also serve as substrates, using a range of HPLC and MS techniques. We found that the 5-position of 5mC is oxidized preferably by 1, with side reactions occurring only at the strand ends of the used oligonucleotides. A detailed study of the reactivity of 1 towards nucleosides confirms our results; that oxidation of the anomeric center (1') is the most common side reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schmidl
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-University MünchenButenandtstr. 5–13, Haus DMünchenGermany
| | - Niko S. W. Jonasson
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-University MünchenButenandtstr. 5–13, Haus DMünchenGermany
| | - Eva Korytiaková
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-University MünchenButenandtstr. 5–13, Haus DMünchenGermany
| | - Thomas Carell
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-University MünchenButenandtstr. 5–13, Haus DMünchenGermany
| | - Lena J. Daumann
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-University MünchenButenandtstr. 5–13, Haus DMünchenGermany
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Schelter F, Kirchner A, Traube FR, Müller M, Steglich W, Carell T. 5-Hydroxymethyl-, 5-Formyl- and 5-Carboxydeoxycytidines as Oxidative Lesions and Epigenetic Marks. Chemistry 2021; 27:8100-8104. [PMID: 33769637 PMCID: PMC8252671 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The four non-canonical nucleotides in the human genome 5-methyl-, 5-hydroxymethyl-, 5-formyl- and 5-carboxydeoxycytidine (mdC, hmdC, fdC and cadC) form a second layer of epigenetic information that contributes to the regulation of gene expression. Formation of the oxidized nucleotides hmdC, fdC and cadC requires oxidation of mdC by ten-eleven translocation (Tet) enzymes that require oxygen, Fe(II) and α-ketoglutarate as cosubstrates. Although these oxidized forms of mdC are widespread in mammalian genomes, experimental evidence for their presence in fungi and plants is ambiguous. This vagueness is caused by the fact that these oxidized mdC derivatives are also formed as oxidative lesions, resulting in unclear basal levels that are likely to have no epigenetic function. Here, we report the xdC levels in the fungus Amanita muscaria in comparison to murine embryonic stem cells (mESCs), HEK cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), to obtain information about the basal levels of hmdC, fdC and cadC as DNA lesions in the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schelter
- Ludwigs-Maximilian-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Angie Kirchner
- Ludwigs-Maximilian-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteLi Ka Shing CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0REUK
| | | | - Markus Müller
- Ludwigs-Maximilian-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Wolfgang Steglich
- Ludwigs-Maximilian-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Thomas Carell
- Ludwigs-Maximilian-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
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Sengupta P, Bose D, Chatterjee S. The Molecular Tête-à-Tête between G-Quadruplexes and the i-motif in the Human Genome. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1517-1537. [PMID: 33355980 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
G-Quadruplex (GQ) and i-motif structures are the paradigmatic examples of nonclassical tetrastranded nucleic acids having multifarious biological functions and widespread applications in therapeutics and material science. Recently, tetraplexes emerged as promising anticancer targets due to their structural robustness, gene-regulatory roles, and predominant distribution at specific loci of oncogenes. However, it is arguable whether the i-motif evolves in the complementary single-stranded region after GQ formation in its opposite strand and vice versa. In this review, we address the prerequisites and significance of the simultaneous and/or mutually exclusive formation of GQ and i-motif structures at complementary and sequential positions in duplexes in the cellular milieu. We discussed how their dynamic interplay Sets up cellular homeostasis and exacerbates carcinogenesis. The review gives insights into the spatiotemporal formation of GQ and i-motifs that could be harnessed to design different types of reporter systems and diagnostic platforms for potential bioanalytical and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallabi Sengupta
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Debopriya Bose
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhrangsu Chatterjee
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
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Sahakyan AB, Mahtey A, Kawasaki F, Balasubramanian S. A Spontaneous Ring-Opening Reaction Leads to a Repair-Resistant Thymine Oxidation Product in Genomic DNA. Chembiochem 2020; 21:320-323. [PMID: 31386787 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The alphabet of modified DNA bases goes beyond the conventional four letters, with biological roles being found for many such modifications. Herein, we describe the observation of a modified thymine base that arises from spontaneous N1 -C2 ring opening of the oxidation product 5-formyl uracil, after N3 deprotonation. We first observed this phenomenon in silico through ab initio calculations, followed by in vitro experiments to verify its formation at a mononucleoside level and in a synthetic DNA oligonucleotide context. We show that the new base modification (Trex , thymine ring expunged) can form under physiological conditions, and is resistant to the action of common repair machineries. Furthermore, we found cases of the natural existence of Trex while screening a number of human cell types and mESC (E14), thus suggesting potential biological relevance of this modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr B Sahakyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Present address: MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Areeb Mahtey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Fumiko Kawasaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Present address: RIKEN, Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Tokyo, 103-0027, Japan
| | - Shankar Balasubramanian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Cancer Research (UK), Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
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9
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Furuhata T, Ohshiro T, Izuhara Y, Suzuki T, Ueki R, Taniguchi M, Sando S. Chemical-Labeling-Assisted Detection of Nucleobase Modifications by Quantum-Tunneling-Based Single-Molecule Sensing. Chembiochem 2019; 21:335-339. [PMID: 31267643 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Quantum-tunneling-based DNA sensing is a single-molecule technique that promises direct mapping of nucleobase modifications. However, its applicability is seriously limited because of the small difference in conductivity between modified and unmodified nucleobases. Herein, a chemical labeling strategy is presented that facilitates the detection of modified nucleotides by quantum tunneling. We used 5-Formyl-2'-deoxyuridine as a model compound and demonstrated that chemical labeling dramatically alters its molecular conductance compared with that of canonical nucleotides; thus, facilitating statistical discrimination, which is impeded in the unlabeled state. This work introduces a chemical strategy that overcomes the intrinsic difficulty in quantum-tunneling-based modification analysis-the similarity of the molecular conductance of the nucleobases of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Furuhata
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takahito Ohshiro
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yuichi Izuhara
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ueki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Masateru Taniguchi
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Sando
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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10
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Jonasson NSW, Daumann LJ. 5‐Methylcytosine is Oxidized to the Natural Metabolites of TET Enzymes by a Biomimetic Iron(IV)‐Oxo Complex. Chemistry 2019; 25:12091-12097. [PMID: 31211459 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niko S. W. Jonasson
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-University München Butenandtstr. 5-13, Haus D Germany
| | - Lena J. Daumann
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-University München Butenandtstr. 5-13, Haus D Germany
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11
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Sarac I, Hollenstein M. Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase in the Synthesis and Modification of Nucleic Acids. Chembiochem 2019; 20:860-871. [PMID: 30451377 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) belongs to the X family of DNA polymerases. This unusual polymerase catalyzes the template-independent addition of random nucleotides on 3'-overhangs during V(D)J recombination. The biological function and intrinsic biochemical properties of the TdT have spurred the development of numerous oligonucleotide-based tools and methods, especially if combined with modified nucleoside triphosphates. Herein, we summarize the different applications stemming from the incorporation of modified nucleotides by the TdT. The structural, mechanistic, and biochemical properties of this polymerase are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Sarac
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Marcel Hollenstein
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
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13
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Liu C, Zou G, Peng S, Wang Y, Yang W, Wu F, Jiang Z, Zhang X, Zhou X. 5-Formyluracil as a Multifunctional Building Block in Biosensor Designs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9689-9693. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxing Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of, Ministry of Education; The Institute for Advanced Studies; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Guangrong Zou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of, Ministry of Education; The Institute for Advanced Studies; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Shuang Peng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of, Ministry of Education; The Institute for Advanced Studies; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Yafen Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of, Ministry of Education; The Institute for Advanced Studies; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of, Ministry of Education; The Institute for Advanced Studies; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Fan Wu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of, Ministry of Education; The Institute for Advanced Studies; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Zhuoran Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of, Ministry of Education; The Institute for Advanced Studies; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of, Ministry of Education; The Institute for Advanced Studies; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of, Ministry of Education; The Institute for Advanced Studies; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
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