1
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Janssen M, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Kinetically Stabilized Diarylpnictogenium Ions. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200429. [PMID: 36670087 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The newly prepared and fully characterized stibenium and bismuthenium ions [Rind MesE]+ (E=Sb, Bi; Rind =dispiro[fluorene-9,3'-(1',1',7',7'-tetramethyl-s-hydrindacen-4'-yl)-5',9''-fluorene) were rigorously compared to the previously communicated phosphenium and arsenium ions (E=P, As) as well as the bis(m-terphenyl) pnictogenium ions [(2,6-Mes2 C6 H3 )2 E]+ (E=Sb, Bi). It is demonstrated that the choice of the aryl substituents dramatically effects the molecular structures (e. g. the primary E-C bond lengths) and the electronic structures (e. g. the energy of the LUMOs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Janssen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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2
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Duvinage D, Malaspina L, Grabowsky S, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Lewis Superacidic Divalent Bis(m‐terphenyl)element Cations [(2,6‐Mes2C6H3)2E]+ of Group 13 Revisited and Extended (E = B, Al, Ga, In, Tl)r. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefan Mebs
- Universitatsbibliothek der Freien Universitat Berlin: Freie Universitat Berlin Universitatsbibliothek Physik GERMANY
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Universität Bremen Institut fuer Biologie und Chemie Leobener Str. 28359 Bremen GERMANY
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3
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Duvinage D, Janssen M, Lork E, Grützmacher H, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Kinetic Stabilization of Heavier Bis(m‐terphenyl)pnictogen Phosphaethynolates. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jens Beckmann
- Universität Bremen Institut fuer Biologie und Chemie Leobener Str. 28359 Bremen GERMANY
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4
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Ramler J, Schwarzmann J, Stoy A, Lichtenberg C. Two Faces of the Bi-O Bond: Photochemically and Thermally Induced Dehydrocoupling for Si-O Bond Formation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022; 2022:e202100934. [PMID: 35873275 PMCID: PMC9300068 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The diorgano(bismuth)alcoholate [Bi((C6H4CH2)2S)OPh] (1-OPh) has been synthesized and fully characterized. Stoichiometric reactions, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and (TD-)DFT calculations suggest its susceptibility to homolytic and heterolytic Bi-O bond cleavage under given reaction conditions. Using the dehydrocoupling of silanes with either TEMPO or phenol as model reactions, the catalytic competency of 1-OPh has been investigated (TEMPO=(tetramethyl-piperidin-1-yl)-oxyl). Different reaction pathways can deliberately be addressed by applying photochemical or thermal reaction conditions and by choosing radical or closed-shell substrates (TEMPO vs. phenol). Applied analytical techniques include NMR, UV/Vis, and EPR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and (TD)-DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Ramler
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Johannes Schwarzmann
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Andreas Stoy
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Philipps-Universität MarburgFachbereich ChemieHans-Meerwein-Str. 435032MarburgGermany
| | - Crispin Lichtenberg
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Philipps-Universität MarburgFachbereich ChemieHans-Meerwein-Str. 435032MarburgGermany
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5
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Deb R, Balakrishna P, Majumdar M. Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Pn(I) (Pn=N, P, As, Sb, Bi) Cations. Chem Asian J 2021; 17:e202101133. [PMID: 34786856 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Group 15 Pn(I) cations (Pn=N, P, As, Sb and Bi), which are isoelectronic with the donor-stabilized carbones, have emerged recently. Despite the presence of two lone pair of electrons, the Pn(I) cations are weakly nucleophilic due to their inherent positive charge. Strongly electron-donating supporting ligands including zwitterionic forms have been used to enhance their Lewis basicity. Furthermore, the chelating effect of cyclic ligand systems proved effective in increasing their nucleophilicity. The strategies involved in successfully isolating the fleeting Sb(I) and Bi(I) cations as the recent most achievements in this field have been discussed. The syntheses, structure, bonding situations and reactivity of the Pn(I) cations are discussed. An outlook on the periodic trends and future applications of these electronically unique electron-rich cationic moieties have been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Deb
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - P Balakrishna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Moumita Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, Maharashtra, India
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6
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Ramler J, Fantuzzi F, Geist F, Hanft A, Braunschweig H, Engels B, Lichtenberg C. The Dimethylbismuth Cation: Entry Into Dative Bi-Bi Bonding and Unconventional Methyl Exchange. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24388-24394. [PMID: 34378855 PMCID: PMC8596701 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The isolation of simple, fundamentally important, and highly reactive organometallic compounds remains among the most challenging tasks in synthetic chemistry. The detailed characterization of such compounds is key to the discovery of novel bonding scenarios and reactivity. The dimethylbismuth cation, [BiMe2 (SbF6 )] (1), has been isolated and characterized. Its reaction with BiMe3 gives access to an unprecedented dative bond, a Bi→Bi donor-acceptor interaction. The exchange of methyl groups (arguably the simplest hydrocarbon moiety) between different metal atoms is among the most principal types of reactions in organometallic chemistry. The reaction of 1 with BiMe3 enables an SE 2(back)-type methyl exchange, which is, for the first time, investigated in detail for isolable, (pseudo-)homoleptic main-group compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Ramler
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany), E-mai
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany), E-mai
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Felix Geist
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany), E-mai
| | - Anna Hanft
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany), E-mai
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany), E-mai
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Crispin Lichtenberg
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany), E-mai
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7
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Ramler J, Fantuzzi F, Geist F, Hanft A, Braunschweig H, Engels B, Lichtenberg C. Das Dimethylbismut‐Kation: Zugang zu dativen Bi‐Bi‐Bindungen und unkonventionellem Methylaustausch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Ramler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland), E-mai
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland), E-mai
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Felix Geist
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland), E-mai
| | - Anna Hanft
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland), E-mai
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland), E-mai
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Crispin Lichtenberg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland), E-mai
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8
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Zhang T, Lee VY, Morisako S, Aoyagi S, Sasamori T. Ferrocene‐Based Phosphenium Ion with Intramolecular Phosphine Coordination. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianqing Zhang
- Graduate School of Science Nagoya City University Nagoya Aichi 467-8501 Japan
| | - Vladimir Ya. Lee
- Division of Chemistry Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
| | - Shogo Morisako
- Division of Chemistry Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
- Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Sciences (TREMS) University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
| | - Shinobu Aoyagi
- Graduate School of Science Nagoya City University Nagoya Aichi 467-8501 Japan
| | - Takahiro Sasamori
- Division of Chemistry Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
- Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Sciences (TREMS) University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
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9
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Olaru M, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Kationische Carben‐Analoga: Donorfreie Phosphenium‐ und Arsenium‐Ionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian Olaru
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
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10
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Olaru M, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Cationic Carbene Analogues: Donor-Free Phosphenium and Arsenium Ions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19133-19138. [PMID: 34219354 PMCID: PMC8456819 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbenes and their analogues have constantly enthralled chemists with their intriguing reactivity of ambiphilic character stemming from their electronic structures. Phosphenium and arsenium ions are fiercely reactive cationic species, the stabilization of which has been so far achieved in the condensed phase by dispersing the positive charge through electromeric conjugation with at least one electron-rich substituent (frequently amido groups). Although observed in the gas phase, the isolation of dicoordinate phosphenium and arsenium ions lacking such stabilizing ligands has eluded chemists for decades. Herein we show that by judicious choice of aromatic substituents, dicoordinate, donor-free, Lewis-superacidic phosphenium and arsenium ions can be kinetically stabilized. They feature singlet electronic ground states possessing a vacant p-orbital and an electron lone pair with predominantly s-character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Olaru
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Straße 728359BremenGermany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für ExperimentalphysikFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 1414195BerlinGermany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Straße 728359BremenGermany
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11
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Walley JE, Warring LS, Wang G, Dickie DA, Pan S, Frenking G, Gilliard RJ. Carbodicarbene Bismaalkene Cations: Unravelling the Complexities of Carbene versus Carbone in Heavy Pnictogen Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6682-6690. [PMID: 33290596 PMCID: PMC7986408 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report a combined experimental and theoretical study on the first examples of carbodicarbene (CDC)-stabilized bismuth complexes, which feature low-coordinate cationic bismuth centers with C=Bi multiple-bond character. Monocations [(CDC)Bi(Ph)Cl][SbF6 ] (8) and [(CDC)BiBr2 (THF)2 ][SbF6 ] (11), dications [(CDC)Bi(Ph)][SbF6 ]2 (9) and [(CDC)BiBr(THF)3 ][NTf2 ]2 (12), and trication [(CDC)2 Bi][NTf2 ]3 (13) have been synthesized via sequential halide abstractions from (CDC)Bi(Ph)Cl2 (7) and (CDC)BiBr3 (10). Notably, the dications and trication exhibit C ⇉ Bi double dative bonds and thus represent unprecedented bismaalkene cations. The synthesis of these species highlights a unique non-reductive route to C-Bi π-bonding character. The CDC-[Bi] complexes (7-13) were compared with related NHC-[Bi] complexes (1, 3-6) and show substantially different structural properties. Indeed, the CDC ligand has a remarkable influence on the overall stability of the resulting low-coordinate Bi complexes, suggesting that CDC is a superior ligand to NHC in heavy pnictogen chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E. Walley
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Virginia409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319CharlottesvilleVA22904USA
| | - Levi S. Warring
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Virginia409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319CharlottesvilleVA22904USA
| | - Guocang Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Virginia409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319CharlottesvilleVA22904USA
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Virginia409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319CharlottesvilleVA22904USA
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universitt MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße35043MarburgGermany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universitt MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße35043MarburgGermany
| | - Robert J. Gilliard
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Virginia409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319CharlottesvilleVA22904USA
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12
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Walley JE, Warring LS, Wang G, Dickie DA, Pan S, Frenking G, Gilliard RJ. Carbodicarbene Bismaalkene Cations: Unravelling the Complexities of Carbene versus Carbone in Heavy Pnictogen Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E. Walley
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Levi S. Warring
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Guocang Wang
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universitt Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universitt Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Robert J. Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
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13
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MacMillan JWM, Marczenko KM, Johnson ER, Chitnis SS. Hydrostibination of Alkynes: A Radical Mechanism*. Chemistry 2020; 26:17134-17142. [PMID: 32706129 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The addition of Sb-H bonds to alkynes was reported recently as a new hydroelementation reaction that exclusively yields anti-Markovnikov Z-olefins from terminal acetylenes. We examine four possible mechanisms that are consistent with the observed stereochemical and regiochemical outcomes. A comprehensive analysis of solvent, substituent, isotope, additive, and temperature effects on hydrostibination reaction rates definitively refutes three ionic mechanisms involving closed-shell charged intermediates. Instead the data support a fourth pathway featuring open-shell neutral intermediates. Density-functional theory (DFT) calculations are consistent with this model, predicting an activation barrier that is in agreement with the experimental value (Eyring analysis) and a rate limiting step that is congruent with the experimental kinetic isotope effect. We therefore conclude that hydrostibination of arylacetylenes is initiated by the generation of stibinyl radicals, which then participate in a cycle featuring SbII and SbIII intermediates to yield the observed Z-olefins as products. This mechanistic understanding will enable rational evolution of hydrostibination as a synthetic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W M MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, B3H 4R2, Halifax, Canada
| | - Katherine M Marczenko
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, B3H 4R2, Halifax, Canada
| | - Erin R Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, B3H 4R2, Halifax, Canada
| | - Saurabh S Chitnis
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, B3H 4R2, Halifax, Canada
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Helling C, Wölper C, Cutsail GE, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. A Mechanistic Study on Reactions of Group 13 Diyls LM with Cp*SbX 2 : From Stibanyl Radicals to Antimony Hydrides. Chemistry 2020; 26:13390-13399. [PMID: 32428370 PMCID: PMC7693246 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative addition of Cp*SbX2 (X=Cl, Br, I; Cp*=C5 Me5 ) to group 13 diyls LM (M=Al, Ga, In; L=HC[C(Me)N (Dip)]2 , Dip=2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ) yields elemental antimony (M=Al) or the corresponding stibanylgallanes [L(X)Ga]Sb(X)Cp* (X=Br 1, I 2) and -indanes [L(X)In]Sb(X)Cp* (X=Cl 5, Br 6, I 7). 1 and 2 react with a second equivalent of LGa to eliminate decamethyl-1,1'-dihydrofulvalene (Cp*2 ) and form stibanyl radicals [L(X)Ga]2 Sb. (X=Br 3, I 4), whereas analogous reactions of 5 and 6 with LIn selectively yield stibanes [L(X)In]2 SbH (X=Cl 8, Br 9) by elimination of 1,2,3,4-tetramethylfulvene. The reactions are proposed to proceed via formation of [L(X)M]2 SbCp* as reaction intermediate, which is supported by the isolation of [L(Cl)Ga]2 SbCp (11, Cp=C5 H5 ). The reaction mechanism was further studied by computational calculations using two different models. The energy values for the Ga- and the In-substituted model systems showing methyl groups instead of the very bulky Dip units are very similar, and in both cases the same products are expected. Homolytic Sb-C bond cleavage yields van der Waals complexes from the as-formed radicals ([L(Cl)M]2 Sb. and Cp*. ), which can be stabilized by hydrogen atom abstraction to give the corresponding hydrides, whereas the direct formation of Sb hydrides starting from [L(Cl)M]2 SbCp* via concerted β-H elimination is unlikely. The consideration of the bulky Dip units reveals that the amount of the steric overload in the intermediate I determines the product formation (radical vs. hydride).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Helling
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstraße 5–745117EssenGermany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstraße 5–745117EssenGermany
| | - George E. Cutsail
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (CEC)Stiftstrasse 34–36/45470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstraße 5–745117EssenGermany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstraße 5–745117EssenGermany
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15
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Olaru M, Duvinage D, Naß Y, Malaspina LA, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Intramolecular Reaction of Transient Phosphenium and Arsenium Ions Giving Rise to Isolable 9-Phospha- and 9-Arsena-Fluorenium Ions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14414-14417. [PMID: 32460394 PMCID: PMC7496934 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transient phosphenium and arsenium ions, generated by fluoride abstraction from bis(m-terphenyl)fluoropnictogens, underwent intramolecular electrophilic attack prior to methyl group migration and gave rise to isolable 9-phospha- and 9-arsena-fluorenium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Olaru
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Straße 728359BremenGermany
| | - Daniel Duvinage
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Straße 728359BremenGermany
| | - Yannik Naß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Straße 728359BremenGermany
| | - Lorraine A. Malaspina
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Straße 728359BremenGermany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für ExperimentalphysikFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 1414195BerlinGermany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Straße 728359BremenGermany
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16
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Ramler J, Lichtenberg C. Molecular Bismuth Cations: Assessment of Soft Lewis Acidity. Chemistry 2020; 26:10250-10258. [PMID: 32428329 PMCID: PMC7818483 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Three-coordinate cationic bismuth compounds [Bi(diaryl)(EPMe3 )][SbF6 ] have been isolated and fully characterized (diaryl=[(C6 H4 )2 C2 H2 ]2- , E=S, Se). They represent rare examples of molecular complexes with Bi⋅⋅⋅EPR3 interactions (R=monoanionic substituent). The 31 P NMR chemical shift of EPMe3 has been found to be sensitive to the formation of LA⋅⋅⋅EPMe3 Lewis acid/base interactions (LA=Lewis acid). This corresponds to a modification of the Gutmann-Beckett method and reveals information about the hardness/softness of the Lewis acid under investigation. A series of organobismuth compounds, bismuth halides, and cationic bismuth species have been investigated with this approach and compared to traditional group 13 and cationic group 14 Lewis acids. Especially cationic bismuth species have been shown to be potent soft Lewis acids that may prefer Lewis pair formation with a soft (S/Se-based) rather than a hard (O/N-based) donor. Analytical techniques applied in this work include (heteronuclear) NMR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Ramler
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Crispin Lichtenberg
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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17
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Olaru M, Duvinage D, Naß Y, Malaspina LA, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Intramolekulare Reaktionen transienter Phosphenium‐ und Arsenium‐Ionen führen zur Bildung isolierbarer 9‐Phospha‐ und 9‐Arsena‐Fluorenium‐Ionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian Olaru
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Daniel Duvinage
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Yannik Naß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Lorraine A. Malaspina
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
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18
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Deka R, Sarkar A, Gupta A, Butcher RJ, Junk PC, Turner DR, Deacon GB, Singh HB. Exploring the Role of Strong Intramolecular Coordination of the 2‐(2'‐pyridyl)phenyl Group in Heavy Main Group Halides: Insights from Synthesis, Structural, and Bonding Analyses. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Deka
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay 400076 Mumbai India
- IITB‐Monash Research Academy 400076 Mumbai India
- School of Chemistry Monash University 3800 Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Arup Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay 400076 Mumbai India
| | - Anand Gupta
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay 400076 Mumbai India
| | - Ray J. Butcher
- Department of Chemistry Howard University 20059 Washington D. C. USA
| | - Peter C. Junk
- IITB‐Monash Research Academy 400076 Mumbai India
- College of Science & Engineering James Cook University 4811 Townsville QLD Australia
| | - David R. Turner
- IITB‐Monash Research Academy 400076 Mumbai India
- School of Chemistry Monash University 3800 Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Glen B. Deacon
- IITB‐Monash Research Academy 400076 Mumbai India
- School of Chemistry Monash University 3800 Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Harkesh B. Singh
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay 400076 Mumbai India
- IITB‐Monash Research Academy 400076 Mumbai India
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19
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Balasubramaniam S, Kumar S, Andrews AP, Jemmis ED, Venugopal A. trans
-Influence in Heavy Main Group Compounds: A Case Study on Tris(pyrazolyl)borate Bismuth Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selvakumar Balasubramaniam
- School of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram; 695551 Thiruvananthapuram Vithura India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; 560012 Bangalore India
| | - Alex P. Andrews
- School of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram; 695551 Thiruvananthapuram Vithura India
| | - Eluvathingal D. Jemmis
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; 560012 Bangalore India
| | - Ajay Venugopal
- School of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram; 695551 Thiruvananthapuram Vithura India
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20
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Deka R, Sarkar A, Butcher RJ, Junk PC, Turner DR, Deacon GB, Singh HB. Isolation of Homoleptic Dicationic Tellurium and Monocationic Bismuth Analogues of Non-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Derivatives. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Deka
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Arup Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Ray J. Butcher
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, United States
| | - Peter C. Junk
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
- College of Science & Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, QLD, Australia
| | - David R. Turner
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Glen B. Deacon
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Harkesh B. Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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21
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Olaru M, Mischin A, Malaspina LA, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Das Bis(ferrocenyl)phosphenium‐Ion im neuen Licht betrachtet. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian Olaru
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Alexandra Mischin
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Lorraine A. Malaspina
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
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22
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Olaru M, Mischin A, Malaspina LA, Mebs S, Beckmann J. The Bis(ferrocenyl)phosphenium Ion Revisited. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1581-1584. [PMID: 31751492 PMCID: PMC7003730 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The bis(ferrocenyl)phosphenium ion, [Fc2P]+, reported by Cowley et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 714–715), was the only claimed donor‐free divalent phosphenium ion. Our examination of the molecular and electronic structure reveals that [Fc2P]+ possesses significant intramolecular Fe⋅⋅⋅P contacts, which are predominantly electrostatic and moderate the Lewis acidity. Nonetheless, [Fc2P]+ undergoes complex formation with the Lewis bases PPh3 and IPr to give the donor–acceptor complexes [Fc2P(PPh3)]+ and [Fc2P(IPr)]+ (IPr=1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazole‐2‐ylidene).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Olaru
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Mischin
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Lorraine A Malaspina
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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23
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Olaru M, Duvinage D, Lork E, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Transient Phosphenium and Arsenium Ions versus Stable Stibenium and Bismuthenium Ions. Chemistry 2019; 25:14758-14761. [PMID: 31404472 PMCID: PMC6900177 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride abstraction from bis-m-terphenylelement fluorides (2,6-Mes2 C6 H3 )2 EF (E=P, As) generated the highly reactive phosphenium ion [(2,6-Mes2 C6 H3 )2 P]+ and the arsenium ion [(2,6-Mes2 C6 H3 )2 As]+ , which immediately underwent intramolecular electrophilic substitution and formation of an 1,2,4-trimethyl-6-mesityl-5-m-terphenyl-benzo[b]phospholium ion and an 1,2,4-trimethyl-6-mesityl-5-m-terphenyl-benzo[b]arsolium ion, respectively. The formation of the latter involved a methyl group migration from the ortho-position of a flanking mesityl group to the meta-position. This reactivity of [(2,6-Mes2 C6 H3 )2 E]+ (E=P, As) is in sharp contrast to the related stibenium ion [(2,6-Mes2 C6 H3 )2 Sb]+ and bismuthenium ion [(2,6-Mes2 C6 H3 )2 Bi]+ , which have been recently isolated and fully characterized (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 10080-10084). On the basis of DFT calculations, a mechanism for the rearrangement of the phosphenium and arsenium ions into the phospholium and arsolium ions is proposed, which is not feasible for the stibenium and bismuthenium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Olaru
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Straße 728359BremenGermany
| | - Daniel Duvinage
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Straße 728359BremenGermany
| | - Enno Lork
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Straße 728359BremenGermany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für ExperimentalphysikFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 1414195BerlinGermany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Straße 728359BremenGermany
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24
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Olaru M, Schröder A, Albers L, Duvinage D, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Functionalized Fluorophosphonium Ions. Chemistry 2019; 25:9861-9865. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian Olaru
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Artem Schröder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Lena Albers
- Institut für ChemieCarl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky Str. 9-11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Daniel Duvinage
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für ExperimentalphysikFreie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
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25
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Balasubramaniam S, Kumar S, Andrews AP, Varghese B, Jemmis ED, Venugopal A. A Dicationic Bismuth(III) Lewis Acid: Catalytic Hydrosilylation of Olefins. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selvakumar Balasubramaniam
- School of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram; 695551 Vithura Thiruvananthapuram India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; 560012 Bangalore India
| | - Alex P. Andrews
- School of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram; 695551 Vithura Thiruvananthapuram India
| | - Babu Varghese
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility; Indian Institute of Technology Madras; 600036 Chennai India
| | - Eluvathingal D. Jemmis
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; 560012 Bangalore India
| | - Ajay Venugopal
- School of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram; 695551 Vithura Thiruvananthapuram India
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26
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Schwamm RJ, Fitchett CM, Coles MP. Intramolecular Metal⋅⋅⋅π-Arene Interactions in Neutral and Cationic Main Group Compounds. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1204-1211. [PMID: 30600924 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The role of intramolecular metal⋅⋅⋅π-arene interactions has been investigated in the solid-state structures of a series of main group compounds supported by the bulky amide ligands, [N(tBu Ar≠ )(SiR3 )]- (tBu Ar≠ =2,6-(CHPh2 )2 -4-tBuC6 H2 , R=Me, Ph). The lithium and potassium amide salts showed different patterns of solvation and demonstrated that the SiPh3 substituent is able to be involved in stabilizing the electrophilic metal. These group 1 metal compounds served as ligand transfer reagents to access a series of bismuth(III) halides. Chloride extraction from Bi(N{tBu Ar≠ }{SiPh3 })Cl2 using AlCl3 afforded the 1:1 salt [Bi(N{tBu Ar≠ }{SiPh3 })Cl][AlCl4 ]. This was accompanied by a significant rearrangement of the stabilizing π-arene contacts in the solid-state. Attempted preparation of the corresponding tetraphenylborate salt resulted in phenyl-transfer and generation of the neutral Bi(N{tBu Ar≠ }{SiPh3 })(Ph)Cl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Schwamm
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | | | - Martyn P Coles
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
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Greb L. Lewis Superacids: Classifications, Candidates, and Applications. Chemistry 2018; 24:17881-17896. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 Germany
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