High Performance Dynamic X-ray Flexible Imaging Realized Using a Copper Iodide Cluster-Based MOF Microcrystal Scintillator

X-ray imaging technology has achieved important applications in many fields and has attracted extensive attentions. Dynamic X-ray flexible imaging for the real-time observation of the internal structure of complex materials is the most challenging type of X-ray imaging technology, which requires high-performance X-ray scintillators with high X-ray excited luminescence (XEL) efficiency as well as excellent processibility and stability. Here, a macrocyclic bridging ligand with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) feature was introduced for constructing a copper iodide cluster-based metal-organic framework (MOF) scintillator. This strategy endows the scintillator with high XEL efficiency and excellent chemical stability. Moreover, a regular rod-like microcrystal was prepared through the addition of polyvinyl pyrrolidone during the in situ synthesis process, which further enhanced the XEL and processibility of the scintillator. The microcrystal was used for the preparation of a scintillator screen with excellent flexibility and stability, which can be used for high-performance X-ray imaging in extremely humid environments. Furthermore, dynamic X-ray flexible imaging was realized for the first time. The internal structure of flexible objects was observed in real time with an ultrahigh resolution of 20 LP mm-1 .

Plenates: Anion-Dependent Self-Assembly of the Pyrrole Cage Encapsulating Silver(I) Clusters

The self-assembly of 2,5-diformylpyrrole, tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, and silver(I) yielded, depending on the size and basicity of the anion, new cascade complexes or plenates, that is, cryptates incorporating Ag_n ⁿ⁺ clusters. The nature of the product was counterion-dependent, and its formation was either driven by cascade anion binding or by argentophilic interactions stabilizing the cluster within the cavity. The reaction of plenates with tetrabutylammonium halides resulted in the protonation-coupled replacement of the Ag₃ ³⁺ with anion(s), yielding cascade cryptates.

Modification of Multi-Component Building Blocks for Assembling Giant Chiral Lanthanide-Titanium Molecular Rings

Building blocks with multiple components are promising for the synthesis of complex molecular assemblies, but are rarely available. Herein, we report a modification procedure for a multi-component building block [Ln₃ Ti(HSA)₆ (SA)₄ (H₂ O)]^- ({Ln₃ Ti-SA}, H₂ SA=salicylic acid, Ln=Eu/Gd) to form new building blocks {Ln₃ Ti_x -MSA} (H₂ MSA=5-methoxysalicylic acid, x=1, 2, 3) by constructing [Ti(MSA)₃ ]^2- units. The obtained {Ln₃ Ti_x -MSA} can further assemble into a chiral Ln₂₂ Ti₁₄ ring with the formulae [Eu₂₂ Ti₁₄ (MSA)₄₈ (HMSA)₂₂ (CH₃ COO)₄ (H₂ O)₁₀ (iPrOH)] and [Gd₂₂ Ti₁₄ (MSA)₄₆ (HMSA)₂₆ (CH₃ COO)₄ (H₂ O)₈ ]. Parallel experiments without Ti⁴⁺ result in linear Ln chains. Detailed analysis shows that the [Ti(MSA)₄ ]^4- unit makes the originally variable Ln chains become available building blocks and the modified [Ti(MSA)₃ ]^2- further triggers interesting chiral-sorting behavior. Finally, the electronic adsorption and magneto-optic responses of these molecular rings are investigated.

Machine-Learning-Assisted Selective Synthesis of a Semiconductive Silver Thiolate Coordination Polymer with Segregated Paths for Holes and Electrons

Coordination polymers (CPs) with infinite metal-sulfur bond networks have unique electrical conductivities and optical properties. However, the development of new (-M-S-)_n -structured CPs is hindered by difficulties with their crystallization. Herein, we describe the use of machine learning to optimize the synthesis of trithiocyanuric acid (H₃ ttc)-based semiconductive CPs with infinite Ag-S bond networks, report three CP crystal structures, and reveal that isomer selectivity is mainly determined by proton concentration in the reaction medium. One of the CPs, [Ag₂ Httc]_n , features a 3D-extended infinite Ag-S bond network with 1D columns of stacked triazine rings, which, according to first-principle calculations, provide separate paths for holes and electrons. Time-resolved microwave conductivity experiments show that [Ag₂ Httc]_n is highly photoconductive (φΣμ_max =1.6×10^-4  cm²  V^-1  s^-1 ). Thus, our method promotes the discovery of novel CPs with selective topologies that are difficult to crystallize.

Synthesizing Photoluminescent Au28 (SCH2 Ph-t Bu)22 Nanoclusters with Structural Features by Using a Combined Method

We present a method for atomically precise nanocluster synthesis. As an illustration, we introduced the reducing-ligand induction combined method and synthesized a novel nanocluster, which was determined to be Au₂₈ (SCH₂ Ph-^t Bu)₂₂ with the same number of gold atoms as existing Au₂₈ (SR)₂₀ nanoclusters but different ligands (hetero-composition-homo-size). Compared with the latter, the former has distinct properties and structures. In particular, a novel kernel evolution pattern is reported, i.e., the quasi-linear growth of Au₄ -tetrahedron by sharing one vertex and structural features, including a tritetrahedron kernel with two bridging thiolates and two Au₆ (SCH₂ Ph-^t Bu)₆ hexamer chair-like rings on the kernel surface were also first reported, which endow Au₂₈ (SCH₂ Ph-^t Bu)₂₂ with the best photoluminescence quantum yield among hydrophobic thiolated gold nanoclusters so far, probably due to the enhanced charge transfer from the bi-ring to the kernel via Au-Au bonds.

Silver in the Center Enhances Room-Temperature Phosphorescence of a Platinum Sub-nanocluster by 18 Times

There has been controversy surrounding the roles of the metal core (metal-metal interaction) and the shell (metal-ligand interaction) in photoluminescence of ligand-protected metal nanoclusters. We have discovered aggregation-induced room-temperature phosphorescence of a platinum-thiolate complex and its silver ion inclusion complex (a silver-doped platinum sub-nanocluster). The inclusion of silver ion boosted the photoluminescent quantum yield by 18 times. Photophysical measurements indicate that the rate of nonradiative decay was slower for the silver-doped platinum sub-nanocluster. DFT calculations showed that the LUMO, which had the main contribution from Ag s-orbital and Pt d-orbitals, played a critical role in suppressing the structural distortion at the excited state. This work will hopefully stimulate more research on designing strategies based on molecular orbitals of atomicity-precise luminescent multimetallic nanoclusters.

Stepwise Assembly of an Electroactive Framework from a Co6 S8 Superatomic Metalloligand and Cuprous Iodide Building Units

The design of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) that incorporate more than one metal cluster constituent is a challenging task. Conventional one-pot reaction protocols require judicious selection of ligand and metal ion precursors, yet remain unpredictable. Stable, preformed nanoclusters, with ligand shells that can undergo additional coordination-driven reactions, provide a platform for assembling multi-cluster solids with precision. Herein, a discrete Co₆ S₈ (PTA)₆ (PTA=1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) superatomic-metalloligand is assembled into a three-dimensional (3D) coordination polymer comprising Cu₄ I₄ secondary building units (SBUs). The resulting heterobimetallic framework (1) contains two distinct cluster constituents and bifunctional PTA linkers. Solid-state diffuse reflectance studies reveal that 1 is an optical semiconductor with a band-gap of 1.59 eV. Framework-modified electrodes exhibit reversible redox behavior in the solid state arising from the Co₆ S₈ superatoms, which remain intact during framework synthesis.

Giant Emission Enhancement of Solid-State Gold Nanoclusters by Surface Engineering

Ligand-induced surface restructuring with heteroatomic doping is used to precisely modify the surface of a prototypical [Au₂₅ (SR¹ )₁₈ ]^- cluster (1) while maintaining its icosahedral Au₁₃ core for the synthesis of a new bimetallic [Au₁₉ Cd₃ (SR² )₁₈ ]^- cluster (2). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies reveal that six bidentate Au₂ (SR¹ )₃ motifs (L2) attached to the Au₁₃ core of 1 were replaced by three quadridentate Au₂ Cd(SR² )₆ motifs (L4) to create a bimetallic cluster 2. Experimental and theoretical results demonstrate a stronger electronic interaction between the surface motifs (Au₂ Cd(SR² )₆ ) and the Au₁₃ core, attributed to a more compact cluster structure and a larger energy gap of 2 compared to that of 1. These factors dramatically enhance the photoluminescence quantum efficiency and lifetime of crystal of the cluster 2. This work provides a new route for the design of a wide range of bimetallic/alloy metal nanoclusters with superior optoelectronic properties and functionality.

Cations Controlling the Chiral Assembly of Luminescent Atomically Precise Copper(I) Clusters

Chiral assembly and asymmetric synthesis are critically important for the generation of chiral metal clusters with chiroptical activities. Here, a racemic mixture of [K(CH₃ OH)₂ (18-crown-6)]⁺ [Cu₅ (S^t Bu)₆ ]^- (1⋅CH₃ OH) in the chiral space group was prepared, in which the chiral red-emissive anionic [Cu₅ (S^t Bu)₆ ]^- cluster was arranged along a twofold screw axis. Interestingly, the release of the coordinated CH₃ OH of the cationic units turned the chiral 1⋅CH₃ OH crystal into a mesomeric crystal [K(18-crown-6)]⁺ [Cu₅ (S^t Bu)₆ ]^- (1), which has a centrosymmetric space group, by adding symmetry elements of glide and mirror planes through both disordered [Cu₅ (S^t Bu)₆ ]^- units. The switchable chiral/achiral rearrangement of [Cu₅ (S^t Bu)₆ ]^- clusters along with the capture/release of CH₃ OH were concomitant with an intense increase/decrease in luminescence. We also used cationic chiral amino alcohols to induce the chiral assembly of a pair of enantiomers, [d/l-valinol(18-crown-6)]⁺ [Cu₅ (S^t Bu)₆ ]^- (d/l-Cu_5V ), which display impressive circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) in contrast to the CPL-silent racemic mixture of 1⋅CH₃ OH and mesomeric 1.

Interlinking supertetrahedral chalcogenolate clusters with bipyridines to form two-dimensional coordination polymers for photocatalytic degradation of organic dye

Chalcogenolate clusters Cd6Ag4(EPh)16(DMF)3(CH3OH) (E = S, Se) with supertetrahedral structures are isolated. Further interlinking the clusters with organic linker 4,4'-trimethylenedipiperidine in the stepwise assembly approach forms two-dimensional coordination polymers. The clusters and the coordination polymers show tunable band gaps and efficient photocatalytic activities for the degradation of aqueous dye solution. This study demonstrates the great potential of using chalcogenolate clusters and their coordination polymers in photocatalysis applications.

Matrix Coordination Induced Emission in a Three-Dimensional Silver Cluster-Assembled Material

Developing highly luminescent and extensively stable silver cluster-assembled materials (SCAMs) from the inferior luminogens and unstable silver cluster is an important and challenging issue. Herein, a new luminescent three-dimensional SCAM (Ag₁₂ CPPP, [Ag₁₂ (StBu)₆ (CF₃ COO)₆ (CPPP)₂ (DMAc)₁₂ ]_n ; CPPP=2,5-bis(4-cyanophenyl)-1,4-bis(4-(pyridine-4-yl)-phenyl)-1,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole, DMAc=dimethylacetamide) was designed and synthesized with a quadridentate rigid emission ligand (CPPP) and a silver-chalcogenolate cluster (SCC) containing 12 Ag^I atoms. The luminescence study indicates that CPPP is an aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) molecule with twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) character. Benefiting from the strong immobilization effect in the robust framework, the quantum yield of CPPP is greatly enhanced in Ag₁₂ CPPP compared with that of CPPP in solution or in the solid state. As a result, Ag₁₂ CPPP exhibits typical matrix coordination induced emission (MCIE) effect. Such efficient rigidifying methodology provides a promising approach for enhancing luminescence of ACQ molecules in an aggregated state and strengthening the silver cluster in an unstable state.