1
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Mohr Y, Ranscht A, Alves-Favaro M, Alessandra Quadrelli E, M Wisser F, Canivet J. Nickel-Catalyzed Direct Arylation Polymerization for the Synthesis of Thiophene-Based Cross-linked Polymers. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202667. [PMID: 36205632 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An earth-abundant nickel(II) bipyridine catalyst, combined with lithium hexamethyldisilazide as base, demonstrates its wide applicability in the direct arylation polymerization of di- and tri-thiophene heteroaryls with poly(hetero)aryl halides. With a nickel catalyst loading of 2.5 mol%, a series of twenty highly cross-linked organic polymers is obtained in 34 to 99 % yields. Using mixed polytopic coupling partners allows obtaining alternating and optically active thiophene-based solids with intrinsic porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorck Mohr
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alisa Ranscht
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marcelo Alves-Favaro
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Elsje Alessandra Quadrelli
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Florian M Wisser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistr, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jérôme Canivet
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France
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2
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Chi X, Chen Q, Lan ZA, Zhang X, Chen X, Wang X. Structure-Property Relationship of Cyano-Functionalized Conjugated Polymers for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202734. [PMID: 36173922 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) have garnered increasing attention in the field of photocatalysis due to their stability and molecular tunability. Understanding the structure-property relationship in CPs and addressing appropriate molecular design strategies are pivotal to improving the photocatalytic performance of CPs. Herein, a new efficient cyano (CN) engineering approach was proposed to promote the photocatalytic performance of CPs, and three representative CP-based photocatalysts with different CN contents were tailor-made to investigate the relationship between CN functionalization and photocatalytic activity. A series of systematically experimental and theoretical studies reveal that CN functionalization contributes to strengthening the donor-acceptor (D-A) interaction, enhancing the light absorption ability, charge separation/transfer efficiency, and hydrophilicity of CPs, and also facilitating the output of separated photoinduced electrons from CPs to Pt cocatalyst. Thus, the dicyano-functionalized polymer (P-2CN) manifests an attractive photocatalytic performance in hydrogen production. This study provides a facile strategy to develop excellent CP-based photocatalysts for solar fuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350108, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350108, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-An Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350108, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xirui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350108, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350108, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350108, Fuzhou, P. R. China
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3
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Fritz PW, Chen T, Ashirov T, Nguyen A, Dincă M, Coskun A. Fully Conjugated Tetraoxa[8]circulene-Based Porous Semiconducting Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116527. [PMID: 35172031 PMCID: PMC9313886 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tetraoxa[8]circulenes (TOCs) are a class of hetero[8]circulenes featuring a planar cyclooctatetraene core with a mixed aromatic/antiaromatic motif that governs their electronic properties. Polymeric TOCs (pTOCs) have been the subject of several computational simulations because they are predicted to be low-band-gap semiconductors, but they have not been available synthetically yet. Here, we report the first example of pTOCs, a new family of porous semiconductors, synthesized under ionothermal conditions through the intermolecular cyclization of 1,4,5,8-anthracene tetrone. pTOCs are porous, with surface areas up to 1656 m2 g-1 , and exhibit light-switchable and tunable semiconducting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W. Fritz
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FribourgChemin du Musée 91700FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Tianyang Chen
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AveCambridgeMA 02139USA
| | - Timur Ashirov
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FribourgChemin du Musée 91700FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Anh‐Dao Nguyen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FribourgChemin du Musée 91700FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AveCambridgeMA 02139USA
| | - Ali Coskun
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FribourgChemin du Musée 91700FribourgSwitzerland
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4
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Fritz PW, Chen T, Ashirov T, Nguyen A, Dincă M, Coskun A. Fully Conjugated Tetraoxa[8]circulene‐Based Porous Semiconducting Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1002/anie.202116527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
AbstractTetraoxa[8]circulenes (TOCs) are a class of hetero[8]circulenes featuring a planar cyclooctatetraene core with a mixed aromatic/antiaromatic motif that governs their electronic properties. Polymeric TOCs (pTOCs) have been the subject of several computational simulations because they are predicted to be low‐band‐gap semiconductors, but they have not been available synthetically yet. Here, we report the first example of pTOCs, a new family of porous semiconductors, synthesized under ionothermal conditions through the intermolecular cyclization of 1,4,5,8‐anthracene tetrone. pTOCs are porous, with surface areas up to 1656 m2 g−1, and exhibit light‐switchable and tunable semiconducting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W. Fritz
- Department of Chemistry University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Tianyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Timur Ashirov
- Department of Chemistry University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Anh‐Dao Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Ali Coskun
- Department of Chemistry University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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5
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Fritz PW, Chen T, Ashirov T, Nguyen A, Dincă M, Coskun A. Fully Conjugated Tetraoxa[8]circulene‐Based Porous Semiconducting Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W. Fritz
- Department of Chemistry University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Tianyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Timur Ashirov
- Department of Chemistry University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Anh‐Dao Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Ali Coskun
- Department of Chemistry University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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6
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Matsumoto K, Yamashita K, Sakoda Y, Ezoe H, Tanaka Y, Okazaki T, Ohkita M, Tanaka S, Aoki Y, Kiriya D, Kashimura S, Maekawa M, Kuroda‐Sowa T, Okubo T. Organic Thin‐film Solar Cells Using Benzotrithiophene Derivatives Bearing Acceptor Units as Non‐Fullerene Acceptors. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry School of Science and Engineering Kindai University Kowakae 3-4-1 Higashi-Osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry School of Science and Engineering Kindai University Kowakae 3-4-1 Higashi-Osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Yuuki Sakoda
- Department of Chemistry School of Science and Engineering Kindai University Kowakae 3-4-1 Higashi-Osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Hinata Ezoe
- Department of Chemistry School of Science and Engineering Kindai University Kowakae 3-4-1 Higashi-Osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry School of Science and Engineering Kindai University Kowakae 3-4-1 Higashi-Osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Okazaki
- Department of Chemistry School of Science and Engineering Kindai University Kowakae 3-4-1 Higashi-Osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Misaki Ohkita
- Department of Chemistry School of Science and Engineering Kindai University Kowakae 3-4-1 Higashi-Osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Senku Tanaka
- Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering Faculty of Science and Engineering Kindai University Kowakae 3-4-1 Higashi-Osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology Kindai University Kowakae 3-4-1 Higashi-Osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Yuki Aoki
- Department of Physics and Electronics Osaka Prefecture University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku Sakai-shi Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Daisuke Kiriya
- Department of Physics and Electronics Osaka Prefecture University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku Sakai-shi Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Shigenori Kashimura
- Department of Chemistry School of Science and Engineering Kindai University Kowakae 3-4-1 Higashi-Osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Masahiko Maekawa
- Research Institute for Science and Technology Kindai University Kowakae 3-4-1 Higashi-Osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Takayoshi Kuroda‐Sowa
- Department of Chemistry School of Science and Engineering Kindai University Kowakae 3-4-1 Higashi-Osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Takashi Okubo
- Department of Chemistry School of Science and Engineering Kindai University Kowakae 3-4-1 Higashi-Osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology Kindai University Kowakae 3-4-1 Higashi-Osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
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7
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Yang J, Acharjya A, Ye M, Rabeah J, Li S, Kochovski Z, Youk S, Roeser J, Grüneberg J, Penschke C, Schwarze M, Wang T, Lu Y, Krol R, Oschatz M, Schomäcker R, Saalfrank P, Thomas A. Protonated Imine‐Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yang
- Department of Chemistry/ Functional Materials Technische Universität Berlin Hardenbergstraße 40 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Amitava Acharjya
- Department of Chemistry/ Functional Materials Technische Universität Berlin Hardenbergstraße 40 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Meng‐Yang Ye
- Department of Chemistry/ Functional Materials Technische Universität Berlin Hardenbergstraße 40 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Jabor Rabeah
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Chemistry/ Functional Materials Technische Universität Berlin Hardenbergstraße 40 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Zdravko Kochovski
- Institute of Electrochemical Energy Storage Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - Sol Youk
- Department of Colloid Chemistry Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Jérôme Roeser
- Department of Chemistry/ Functional Materials Technische Universität Berlin Hardenbergstraße 40 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Julia Grüneberg
- Department of Chemistry/ Functional Materials Technische Universität Berlin Hardenbergstraße 40 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Christopher Penschke
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute of Chemistry University of Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24–25 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Michael Schwarze
- Department of Chemistry Technische Universität Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Institute for Solar Fuels Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - Yan Lu
- Institute of Electrochemical Energy Storage Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - Roel Krol
- Institute for Solar Fuels Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - Martin Oschatz
- Department of Colloid Chemistry Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Reinhard Schomäcker
- Department of Chemistry Technische Universität Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Peter Saalfrank
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute of Chemistry University of Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24–25 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Arne Thomas
- Department of Chemistry/ Functional Materials Technische Universität Berlin Hardenbergstraße 40 10623 Berlin Germany
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8
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Yang J, Acharjya A, Ye MY, Rabeah J, Li S, Kochovski Z, Youk S, Roeser J, Grüneberg J, Penschke C, Schwarze M, Wang T, Lu Y, van de Krol R, Oschatz M, Schomäcker R, Saalfrank P, Thomas A. Protonated Imine-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19797-19803. [PMID: 34043858 PMCID: PMC8457210 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as an important class of organic semiconductors and photocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)from water. To optimize their photocatalytic activity, typically the organic moieties constituting the frameworks are considered and the most suitable combinations of them are searched for. However, the effect of the covalent linkage between these moieties on the photocatalytic performance has rarely been studied. Herein, we demonstrate that donor‐acceptor (D‐A) type imine‐linked COFs can produce hydrogen with a rate as high as 20.7 mmol g−1 h−1 under visible light irradiation, upon protonation of their imine linkages. A significant red‐shift in light absorbance, largely improved charge separation efficiency, and an increase in hydrophilicity triggered by protonation of the Schiff‐base moieties in the imine‐linked COFs, are responsible for the improved photocatalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yang
- Department of Chemistry/, Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Amitava Acharjya
- Department of Chemistry/, Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Meng-Yang Ye
- Department of Chemistry/, Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jabor Rabeah
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Chemistry/, Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zdravko Kochovski
- Institute of Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sol Youk
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jérôme Roeser
- Department of Chemistry/, Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Grüneberg
- Department of Chemistry/, Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher Penschke
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarze
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Institute for Solar Fuels, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yan Lu
- Institute of Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roel van de Krol
- Institute for Solar Fuels, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Oschatz
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schomäcker
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Saalfrank
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arne Thomas
- Department of Chemistry/, Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Fritz PW, Coskun A. The Prospect of Dimensionality in Porous Semiconductors. Chemistry 2021; 27:7489-7501. [PMID: 33493354 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of silicon-based semiconductors, a plethora of previously unknown technologies became possible. The development of lightweight low-dimensional organic semiconductors followed soon after. However, the efficient charge/electron transfers enabled by the non-porous 3D structure of silicon is rather challenging to be realized by their (metal-)organic counterparts. Nevertheless, the demand for lighter, more efficient semiconductors is steadily increasing resulting in a growing interest in (metal-)organic semiconductors. These novel materials are faced with a variety of challenges originating from their chemical design, their packing and crystallinity. Although the effect of molecular design is quite well understood, the influence of dimensionality and the associated change in properties (porosity, packing, conjugation) is still an uncharted area in (metal-)organic semiconductors, yet highly important for their practical utilization. In this Minireview, an overview on the design and synthesis of porous semiconductors, with a particular emphasis on organic semiconductors, is presented and the influence of dimensionality is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Fritz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ali Coskun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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10
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Yang L, Peng Y, Luo X, Dan Y, Ye J, Zhou Y, Zou Z. Beyond C 3N 4 π-conjugated metal-free polymeric semiconductors for photocatalytic chemical transformations. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:2147-2172. [PMID: 33331365 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00445f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalysis with stable, efficient and inexpensive metal-free catalysts is one of the most promising options for non-polluting energy production. This review article covers the state-of-the-art development of various effective metal-free polymeric photocatalysts with large π-conjugated units for chemical transformations including water splitting, CO2 and N2 reduction, organic synthesis and monomer polymerisation. The article starts with the catalytic mechanisms of metal-free photocatalysts. Then a particular focus is on the rational manipulation of π-conjugation enlargement, charge separation, electronic structures and band structures in the design of metal-free polymeric photocatalysts. Following the design principles, the selection and construction of functional units are discussed, as well as the connecting bonds and dimensions of π-conjugated polymeric photocatalysts. Finally the hot and emerging applications of metal-free polymeric photocatalysts for photocatalytic chemical transformations are summarized. The strategies provide potential avenues to address the challenges of catalyst activity, selectivity and stability in the further development of highly effective metal-free polymeric photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, P. R. China.
| | - Yuting Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, P. R. China.
| | - Xuedan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, P. R. China.
| | - Yi Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China (Sichuan University), Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Jinhua Ye
- Environmental Remediation Materials Unit National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan and TU-NIMS Joint Reseach Center School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yong Zhou
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nano Technology, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China. and The School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Zou
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nano Technology, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China. and The School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, P. R. China
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11
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Xu J, Yang C, Bi S, Wang W, He Y, Wu D, Liang Q, Wang X, Zhang F. Vinylene‐Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) with Symmetry‐Tuned Polarity and Photocatalytic Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23845-23853. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junsong Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China),
| | - Can Yang
- College of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Shuai Bi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China),
| | - Wenyan Wang
- College of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Yafei He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China),
| | - Dongqing Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China),
| | - Qifeng Liang
- Department of Physics Shaoxing University Shaoxing 312000 China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- College of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China),
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12
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Xu J, Yang C, Bi S, Wang W, He Y, Wu D, Liang Q, Wang X, Zhang F. Vinylene‐Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) with Symmetry‐Tuned Polarity and Photocatalytic Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junsong Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China),
| | - Can Yang
- College of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Shuai Bi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China),
| | - Wenyan Wang
- College of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Yafei He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China),
| | - Dongqing Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China),
| | - Qifeng Liang
- Department of Physics Shaoxing University Shaoxing 312000 China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- College of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China),
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13
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Sprick RS, Chen Z, Cowan AJ, Bai Y, Aitchison CM, Fang Y, Zwijnenburg MA, Cooper AI, Wang X. Water Oxidation with Cobalt-Loaded Linear Conjugated Polymer Photocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18695-18700. [PMID: 32596879 PMCID: PMC7589379 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The first examples of linear conjugated organic polymer photocatalysts that produce oxygen from water after loading with cobalt and in the presence of an electron scavenger are reported. The oxygen evolution rates, which are higher than for related organic materials, can be rationalized by a combination of the thermodynamic driving force for water oxidation, the light absorption of the polymer, and the aqueous dispersibility of the relatively hydrophilic polymer particles. We also used transient absorption spectroscopy to study the best performing system and we found that fast oxidative quenching of the exciton occurs (picoseconds) in the presence of an electron scavenger, minimizing recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeThomas Graham Building295 Cathedral StreetGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Zheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentCollege of ChemistryFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350116P. R. China
| | - Alexander J. Cowan
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable EnergyUniversity of LiverpoolChadwick BuildingPeach StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZFUK
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Catherine M. Aitchison
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Yuanxing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentCollege of ChemistryFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350116P. R. China
| | | | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentCollege of ChemistryFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350116P. R. China
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14
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Chen W, Wang L, Mo D, He F, Wen Z, Wu X, Xu H, Chen L. Modulating Benzothiadiazole‐Based Covalent Organic Frameworks via Halogenation for Enhanced Photocatalytic Water Splitting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiben Chen
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Molecular Plus Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Daize Mo
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Feng He
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Zhilin Wen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Hangxun Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Molecular Plus Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
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15
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Chen W, Wang L, Mo D, He F, Wen Z, Wu X, Xu H, Chen L. Modulating Benzothiadiazole‐Based Covalent Organic Frameworks via Halogenation for Enhanced Photocatalytic Water Splitting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16902-16909. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiben Chen
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Molecular Plus Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Daize Mo
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Feng He
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Zhilin Wen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Hangxun Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Molecular Plus Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
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16
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Sprick RS, Chen Z, Cowan AJ, Bai Y, Aitchison CM, Fang Y, Zwijnenburg MA, Cooper AI, Wang X. Water Oxidation with Cobalt‐Loaded Linear Conjugated Polymer Photocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Thomas Graham Building 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Zheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Alexander J. Cowan
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy University of Liverpool Chadwick Building Peach Street Liverpool L69 7ZF UK
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Catherine M. Aitchison
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Yuanxing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | | | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
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17
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Jayakumar J, Chou H. Recent Advances in Visible‐Light‐Driven Hydrogen Evolution from Water using Polymer Photocatalysts. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayachandran Jayakumar
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNational Tsing Hua University No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Ho‐Hsiu Chou
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNational Tsing Hua University No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
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18
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Huang J, Tarábek J, Kulkarni R, Wang C, Dračínský M, Smales GJ, Tian Y, Ren S, Pauw BR, Resch‐Genger U, Bojdys MJ. A π-Conjugated, Covalent Phosphinine Framework. Chemistry 2019; 25:12342-12348. [PMID: 31322767 PMCID: PMC6790668 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Structural modularity of polymer frameworks is a key advantage of covalent organic polymers, however, only C, N, O, Si, and S have found their way into their building blocks so far. Here, the toolbox available to polymer and materials chemists is expanded by one additional nonmetal, phosphorus. Starting with a building block that contains a λ5 -phosphinine (C5 P) moiety, a number of polymerization protocols are evaluated, finally obtaining a π-conjugated, covalent phosphinine-based framework (CPF-1) through Suzuki-Miyaura coupling. CPF-1 is a weakly porous polymer glass (72.4 m2 g-1 BET at 77 K) with green fluorescence (λmax =546 nm) and extremely high thermal stability. The polymer catalyzes hydrogen evolution from water under UV and visible light irradiation without the need for additional co-catalyst at a rate of 33.3 μmol h-1 g-1 . These results demonstrate for the first time the incorporation of the phosphinine motif into a complex polymer framework. Phosphinine-based frameworks show promising electronic and optical properties, which might spark future interest in their applications in light-emitting devices and heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyang Huang
- Department of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Str. 212489BerlinGermany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CASFlemingovo nám. 2166 10PragueCzech Republic
| | - Ján Tarábek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CASFlemingovo nám. 2166 10PragueCzech Republic
| | - Ranjit Kulkarni
- Department of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Str. 212489BerlinGermany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CASFlemingovo nám. 2166 10PragueCzech Republic
| | - Cui Wang
- Division BiophotonicsFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)Richard- Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFree University of BerlinTakustrasse 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CASFlemingovo nám. 2166 10PragueCzech Republic
| | - Glen J. Smales
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)Unter den Eichen 8712205BerlinGermany
| | - Yu Tian
- College of Polymer Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610065P. R. China
| | - Shijie Ren
- College of Polymer Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610065P. R. China
| | - Brian R. Pauw
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)Unter den Eichen 8712205BerlinGermany
| | - Ute Resch‐Genger
- Division BiophotonicsFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)Richard- Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Michael J. Bojdys
- Department of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Str. 212489BerlinGermany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CASFlemingovo nám. 2166 10PragueCzech Republic
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19
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Lan Z, Zhang G, Chen X, Zhang Y, Zhang KAI, Wang X. Reducing the Exciton Binding Energy of Donor–Acceptor‐Based Conjugated Polymers to Promote Charge‐Induced Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10236-10240. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi‐An Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentCollege of ChemistryFuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Guigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentCollege of ChemistryFuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Xiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentCollege of ChemistryFuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Yongfan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentCollege of ChemistryFuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Kai A. I. Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentCollege of ChemistryFuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
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20
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Huang W, He Q, Hu Y, Li Y. Molecular Heterostructures of Covalent Triazine Frameworks for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8676-8680. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials, and DevicesSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Qing He
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials, and DevicesSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yongpan Hu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials, and DevicesSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yanguang Li
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials, and DevicesSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
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21
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Lan Z, Zhang G, Chen X, Zhang Y, Zhang KAI, Wang X. Reducing the Exciton Binding Energy of Donor–Acceptor‐Based Conjugated Polymers to Promote Charge‐Induced Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi‐An Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentCollege of ChemistryFuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Guigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentCollege of ChemistryFuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Xiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentCollege of ChemistryFuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Yongfan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentCollege of ChemistryFuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Kai A. I. Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentCollege of ChemistryFuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
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22
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Huang W, He Q, Hu Y, Li Y. Molecular Heterostructures of Covalent Triazine Frameworks for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials, and DevicesSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Qing He
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials, and DevicesSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yongpan Hu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials, and DevicesSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yanguang Li
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials, and DevicesSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
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