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Esposito F, Laezza A, Gargiulo V, Traboni S, Iadonisi A, La Gatta A, Schiraldi C, Bedini E. Multi-step Strategies Toward Regioselectively Sulfated M-Rich Alginates. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:2522-2531. [PMID: 37116076 PMCID: PMC10265665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Sulfated alginates (ASs), as well as several artificially sulfated polysaccharides, show interesting bioactivities. The key factors for structure-activity relationships studies are the degree of sulfation and the distribution of the sulfate groups along the polysaccharide backbone (sulfation pattern). The former parameter can often be controlled through stoichiometry, while the latter requires the development of suitable chemical or enzymatic, regioselective methods and is still missing for ASs. In this work, a study on the regioselective installation of several different protecting groups on a d-mannuronic acid enriched (M-rich) alginate is reported in order to develop a semi-synthetic access to regioselectively sulfated AS derivatives. A detailed structural characterization of the obtained ASs revealed that the regioselective sulfation could be achieved complementarily at the O-2 or O-3 positions of M units through multi-step sequences relying upon a silylating or benzoylating reagent for the regioselective protection of M-rich alginic acid, followed by sulfation and deprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Esposito
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Laezza
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, I-85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Valentina Gargiulo
- Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility, National Research Council (STEMS-CNR), Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, I-80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Serena Traboni
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alfonso Iadonisi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Annalisa La Gatta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via de Crecchio 7, I-80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via de Crecchio 7, I-80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
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2
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Remmerswaal WA, Hansen T, Hamlin TA, Codée JDC. Origin of Stereoselectivity in S E 2' Reactions of Six-membered Ring Oxocarbenium Ions. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203490. [PMID: 36511875 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxocarbenium ions are key reactive intermediates in organic chemistry. To generate a series of structure-reactivity-stereoselectivity principles for these species, we herein investigated the bimolecular electrophilic substitution reactions (SE 2') between allyltrimethylsilane and a series of archetypal six-membered ring oxocarbenium ions using a combined density functional theory (DFT) and coupled-cluster theory approach. These reactions preferentially proceed following a reaction path where the oxocarbenium ion transforms from a half chair (3 H4 or 4 H3 ) to a chair conformation. The introduction of alkoxy substituents on six-membered ring oxocarbenium ions, dramatically influences the conformational preference of the canonical 3 H4 and 4 H3 conformers, and thereby the stereochemical outcome of the SE 2' reaction. In general, we find that the stereoselectivity in the reactions correlates to the "intrinsic preference" of the cations, as dictated by their shape. However, for the C5-CH2 OMe substituent, steric factors override the "intrinsic preference", showing a more selective reaction than expected based on the shape of the ion. Our SE 2' energetics correlate well with experimentally observed stereoselectivity, and the use of the activation strain model has enabled us to quantify important interactions and structural features that occur in the transition state of the reactions to precisely understand the relative energy barriers of the diastereotopic addition reactions. The fundamental mechanistic insight provided in this study will aid in understanding the reactivity of more complex glycosyl cations featuring multiple substituents and will facilitate our general understanding of glycosylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A Remmerswaal
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden (The, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hansen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden (The, Netherlands.,Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden (The, Netherlands
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3
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Elferink H, Remmerswaal WA, Houthuijs KJ, Jansen O, Hansen T, Rijs AM, Berden G, Martens J, Oomens J, Codée JDC, Boltje TJ. Competing C-4 and C-5-Acyl Stabilization of Uronic Acid Glycosyl Cations. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201724. [PMID: 35959853 PMCID: PMC9825916 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Uronic acids are carbohydrates carrying a terminal carboxylic acid and have a unique reactivity in stereoselective glycosylation reactions. Herein, the competing intramolecular stabilization of uronic acid cations by the C-5 carboxylic acid or the C-4 acetyl group was studied with infrared ion spectroscopy (IRIS). IRIS reveals that a mixture of bridged ions is formed, in which the mixture is driven towards the C-1,C-5 dioxolanium ion when the C-5,C-2-relationship is cis, and towards the formation of the C-1,C-4 dioxepanium ion when this relation is trans. Isomer-population analysis and interconversion barrier computations show that the two bridged structures are not in dynamic equilibrium and that their ratio parallels the density functional theory computed stability of the structures. These studies reveal how the intrinsic interplay of the different functional groups influences the formation of the different regioisomeric products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidde Elferink
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsSynthetic Organic ChemistryRadboud University NijmegenHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJNijmegen (TheNetherlands
| | - Wouter A. Remmerswaal
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeiden (TheNetherlands
| | - Kas J. Houthuijs
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsFELIX LaboratoryRadboud University NijmegenToernooiveld 76525 EDNijmegen (TheNetherlands
| | - Oscar Jansen
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsFELIX LaboratoryRadboud University NijmegenToernooiveld 76525 EDNijmegen (TheNetherlands
| | - Thomas Hansen
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeiden (TheNetherlands,Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTUBUniversitat de Barcelona08028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Anouk M. Rijs
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsFELIX LaboratoryRadboud University NijmegenToernooiveld 76525 EDNijmegen (TheNetherlands,Division of BioAnalytical ChemistryDepartment of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesAIMMS Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life SciencesVrije Univeristeit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10851081 HVAmsterdam (TheNetherlands
| | - Giel Berden
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsFELIX LaboratoryRadboud University NijmegenToernooiveld 76525 EDNijmegen (TheNetherlands
| | - Jonathan Martens
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsFELIX LaboratoryRadboud University NijmegenToernooiveld 76525 EDNijmegen (TheNetherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsFELIX LaboratoryRadboud University NijmegenToernooiveld 76525 EDNijmegen (TheNetherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeiden (TheNetherlands
| | - Thomas J. Boltje
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsSynthetic Organic ChemistryRadboud University NijmegenHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJNijmegen (TheNetherlands
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4
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Merx J, Houthuijs KJ, Elferink H, Witlox E, Mecinović J, Oomens J, Martens J, Boltje TJ, Rutjes FPJT. Characterization of Cyclic N-Acyliminium Ions by Infrared Ion Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104078. [PMID: 34911145 PMCID: PMC9302692 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
N‐Acyliminium ions are highly reactive intermediates that are important for creating CC‐bonds adjacent to nitrogen atoms. Here we report the characterization of cyclic N‐acyliminium ions in the gas phase, generated by collision induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry followed by infrared ion spectroscopy using the FELIX infrared free electron laser. Comparison of DFT calculated spectra with the experimentally observed IR spectra provided valuable insights in the conformations of the N‐acyliminium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jona Merx
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kas J Houthuijs
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hidde Elferink
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Witlox
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasmin Mecinović
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jos Oomens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Martens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P J T Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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5
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Alex C, Demchenko AV. Recent Advances in Stereocontrolled Mannosylation: Focus on Glycans Comprising Acidic and/or Amino Sugars. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3278-3294. [PMID: 34661961 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The main focus of this review is to describe accomplishments made in the stereoselective synthesis of β-linked mannosides functionalized with carboxyls or amines/amides. These ManNAc, ManA and ManNAcA residues found in many glycoconjugates, bacterial polysaccharides, and alginates have consistently captured interest of the glycoscience community both due to synthetic challenge and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Alex
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA
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6
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Tresse C, François-Heude M, Servajean V, Ravinder R, Lesieur C, Geiben L, Jeanne-Julien L, Steinmetz V, Retailleau P, Roulland E, Beau JM, Norsikian S. Total Synthesis of Tiacumicin B: Study of the Challenging β-Selective Glycosylations*. Chemistry 2021; 27:5230-5239. [PMID: 33433914 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We give a full account of the total synthesis of tiacumicin B (Tcn-B), a natural glycosylated macrolide with remarkable antibiotic properties. Our strategy is based on our experience with the synthesis of the tiacumicin B aglycone and on unique 1,2-cis-glycosylation steps. We used sulfoxide anomeric leaving-groups in combination with a remote 3-O-picoloyl group on the donors that allowed highly β-selective rhamnosylation and noviosylation that rely on H-bond-mediated aglycone delivery. The rhamnosylated C1-C3 fragment was anchored to the C4-C19 aglycone fragment by a Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling. Ring-size-selective Shiina macrolactonization provided a semiglycosylated aglycone that was engaged directly in the noviolysation step with a virtually total β-selectivity. Finally, a novel deprotection method was devised for the removal of a 2-naphthylmethyl ether on a phenol, and efficient removal of all the protecting groups provided synthetic tiacumicin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Tresse
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, CNRS Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marc François-Heude
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, CNRS Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Vincent Servajean
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, CNRS Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Rubal Ravinder
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, CNRS Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Clémence Lesieur
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, CNRS Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Lucie Geiben
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, CNRS Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Louis Jeanne-Julien
- C-Tac, CitCom, UMR 8038, Faculté de Pharmacie, CNRS-Université de Paris, avenue de l'Observatoire 4, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Steinmetz
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, CNRS Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, CNRS Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Emmanuel Roulland
- C-Tac, CitCom, UMR 8038, Faculté de Pharmacie, CNRS-Université de Paris, avenue de l'Observatoire 4, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Beau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, CNRS Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), UMR 8182, Univ. Paris-Sud and CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Stéphanie Norsikian
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, CNRS Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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7
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Chang CW, Lin MH, Wang CC. Statistical Analysis of Glycosylation Reactions. Chemistry 2020; 27:2556-2568. [PMID: 32939892 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemical synthesis is one of the practical approaches to access carbohydrate-based natural products and their derivatives with high quality and in a large quantity. However, stereoselectivity during the glycosylation reaction is the main challenge because the reaction can generate both α- and β-glycosides. The main focus of the present article is the concept of recent mechanistic studies that have applied statistical analysis and quantitation for defining stereoselective changes during the reaction process. Based on experimental evidence, a detailed discussion associated with the mechanism and degree of influence affecting the stereoselective outcome of glycosylation is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Huei Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program (Taiwan), International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
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8
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Marianski M, Mucha E, Greis K, Moon S, Pardo A, Kirschbaum C, Thomas DA, Meijer G, von Helden G, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH, Pagel K. Remote Participation during Glycosylation Reactions of Galactose Building Blocks: Direct Evidence from Cryogenic Vibrational Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6166-6171. [PMID: 31944510 PMCID: PMC7187407 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The stereoselective formation of 1,2-cis-glycosidic bonds is challenging. However, 1,2-cis-selectivity can be induced by remote participation of C4 or C6 ester groups. Reactions involving remote participation are believed to proceed via a key ionic intermediate, the glycosyl cation. Although mechanistic pathways were postulated many years ago, the structure of the reaction intermediates remained elusive owing to their short-lived nature. Herein, we unravel the structure of glycosyl cations involved in remote participation reactions via cryogenic vibrational spectroscopy and first principles theory. Acetyl groups at C4 ensure α-selective galactosylations by forming a covalent bond to the anomeric carbon in dioxolenium-type ions. Unexpectedly, also benzyl ether protecting groups can engage in remote participation and promote the stereoselective formation of 1,2-cis-glycosidic bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Marianski
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryHunter College695 Park Ave10065New YorkNYUSA
- The Ph.D. Program in ChemistryThe Graduate Center of the City University of New York365 5th AveNew YorkNY10016USA
| | - Eike Mucha
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-GesellschaftFaradayweg 4–614195BerlinGermany
| | - Kim Greis
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-GesellschaftFaradayweg 4–614195BerlinGermany
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustrasse 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Sooyeon Moon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid und GrenzflächenforschungAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustrasse 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Alonso Pardo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid und GrenzflächenforschungAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustrasse 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Carla Kirschbaum
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-GesellschaftFaradayweg 4–614195BerlinGermany
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustrasse 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Daniel A. Thomas
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-GesellschaftFaradayweg 4–614195BerlinGermany
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-GesellschaftFaradayweg 4–614195BerlinGermany
| | - Gert von Helden
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-GesellschaftFaradayweg 4–614195BerlinGermany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid und GrenzflächenforschungAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid und GrenzflächenforschungAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustrasse 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-GesellschaftFaradayweg 4–614195BerlinGermany
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustrasse 314195BerlinGermany
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9
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Marianski M, Mucha E, Greis K, Moon S, Pardo A, Kirschbaum C, Thomas DA, Meijer G, Helden G, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH, Pagel K. Fernpartizipation in Glykosylierungen von Galaktose‐Bausteinen: Direktnachweis durch kryogene Schwingungsspektroskopie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Marianski
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryHunter College 695 Park Ave 10065 New York NY USA
- The Ph.D. Program in ChemistryThe Graduate Center of the City University of New York 365 5th Ave New York NY 10016 USA
| | - Eike Mucha
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Kim Greis
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Sooyeon Moon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid und Grenzflächenforschung Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Alonso Pardo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid und Grenzflächenforschung Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Carla Kirschbaum
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Daniel A. Thomas
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Gert Helden
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid und Grenzflächenforschung Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid und Grenzflächenforschung Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Deutschland
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