Strategy for the Construction of Diverse Poly‐NHC‐Derived Assemblies and Their Photoinduced Transformations

Organometallic Borromean Rings and [2]Catenanes Featuring Di-NHC Ligands

We report herein a series of organometallic Borromean rings (BRs) and [2]catenanes prepared from benzobiscarbene ligands. The reaction of dinickel complexes of the benzobiscarbenes 1 a-1 c with a thiazolothiazole bridged bipyridyl ligand L² led by self-assembly to a series of organometallic BRs. Solvophobic effects played a crucial role in the formation and stability of the interlocked species. The stability of BRs is related to the N-alkyl substituents at the precursors 1 a-1 c, where longer alkyl substitutes improve stability and inter-ring interactions. Solvophobic effects are also important for the stability of [2]catenanes prepared from 1 a-1 c and a flexible bipyridyl ligand L³ . In solution, an equilibrium between the [2]catenanes and their macrocyclic building blocks was observed. High proportions of [2]catenanes were obtained in concentrated solutions or polar solvents. The proportion of [2]catenanes in solution could be further enhanced by lengthening of the N-alkyl substitutes.

Solvato-Controlled Assembly and Structural Transformation of Emissive Poly-NHC-Based Organometallic Cages and Their Applications in Amino Acid Sensing and Fluorescence Imaging

Stimuli-induced structural transformation of supramolecular cages has drawn increasing attention because of their sensitive feature to external variations as model systems to simulate biological processes. However, combining structural transformation and useful functions has remained a difficult task. This study reports the solvato-controlled self-assembly of two unique topologies with different emission characteristics, a water-soluble Ag₈ L₄ cage (A) and an Ag₄ L₂ cage (B), produced from the same sulfonate-pendant tetraphenylethene (TPE) bridged tetrakis-(1,2,4-triazolium) ligand. Both cages show interesting solvent-responsive reversible structural transformation, and the change of fluorescence signals can efficiently track the process. Additionally, water-soluble cage A exhibits unique properties in thermochromism, thiol amino acid sensing, and subcellular imaging in aqueous media.

Hexaphenyltriphenylene-Based Multicomponent Metallacages: Host-Guest Complexation for White-Light Emission

A hexaphenyltriphenylene-based hexatopic pyridyl ligand is designed and used to prepare three hexagonal prismatic metallacages via metal-coordination-driven self-assembly. Owing to the planar conjugated structures of the hexaphenyltriphenylene skeleton, such metallacages show good host-guest complexation with a series of emissive dyes, which have been further used to tune their emission in solution. Interestingly, based on their complementary emission colors, white light emission is achieved in a mixture of the host metallacages and the guests.

Synthesis of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and Their Complexes by Chloronium Ion Abstraction from 2-Chloroazolium Salts Using Electron-Rich Phosphines

N‐Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are commonly prepared by deprotonation of azolium salts using strong anionic bases. This reaction is often unselective, yielding alkali metal NHC complexes or dimerized NHCs. Alternatively, free NHCs are obtained by the dechlorination of 2‐chloroazolium salts using electron‐rich phosphines. PPh₃, PCy₃, and PtBu₃ are unsuitable for Cl⁺ abstraction, while the sterically encumbered tris(1,3‐tert‐butylimidazolidin‐2‐ylidenamino)phosphine 1 selectively removes Cl⁺ from 2‐chloroazolium salts. Since bulky 1 does not bind to metal complexes, it was used for the preparation of NHC complexes via in situ Cl⁺ abstraction from 2‐chloroazolium salts. The dechlorination was employed for the site‐selective monometallation with Ir^I, Ir^III, Rh^I, Rh^III, and Ru^II of a bis‐NHC precursor composed of a 2‐chlorobenzimidazolium and a 2‐chlorobenzimidazole group, followed by the preparation of the heterobimetallic Ir^III/Pd^II complex [18](BF₄)₂ by a dechlorination/oxidative addition reaction sequence.

Tetraphenylethylene-Based Multicomponent Emissive Metallacages as Solid-State Fluorescent Materials

The construction of solid-state fluorescent materials with high quantum yield and good processability is of vital importance in the preparation of organic light-emitting devices. Herein, a series of tetraphenylethylene (TPE)-based multicomponent emissive metallacages are prepared by the coordination-driven self-assembly of tetra-(4-pyridylphenyl)ethylene, cis-Pt(PEt₃ )₂ (OTf)₂ and tetracarboxylic ligands. These metallacages exhibit good emission both in solution and in the solid state because the coordination bonds and aggregation restrict the molecular motions of TPE synergistically, which suppresses the non-radiative decay of these metallacages. Impressively, one of the metallacages achieves very high fluorescence quantum yield (Φ_F =88.46 %) in the solid state, which is further used as the coatings of a blue LED bulb to achieve white-light emission. The study not only provides a general method to the preparation of TPE-based metallacages but also explores their applications as solid-state fluorescent materials, which will promote the future design and applications of metallacages as useful emissive devices.

Supramolecular Coordination Cages Based on N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Gold(I) Ligands and Their Precursors: Self-Assembly, Structural Transformation and Guest-Binding Properties

The incorporation of functional groups into the cavity of discrete supramolecular coordination cages (SCCs) will bring unique functions and applications. Here, three dicarboxylate ligands (H₂ L1Cl, H₂ L2Cl and H₂ L3Cl) containing N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursors as linkers were introduced to construct SCCs by combining with two C₃ -symmertic (CpZr)₃ (μ₃ -O)(μ₂ -OH)₃ clusters as three-connect vertices, resulted in a series of rugby-like V₂ E₃ (V=vertex, E=edge) type homoleptic cages (SCC-1, SCC-2 and SCC-3). However, V₄ E₆ -type tetrahedral cages (SCC-4 and SCC-5), incorporating six Au-NHC moieties, were obtained when the corresponding NHC-gold(I) functionalized ligands (H₂ L1^Au , H₂ L2^Au ) were applied. For the first time, we present a trackable CpZr-involved cage to cage conversion to generate a heteroleptic V₂ E₃ cage (SCC-6) from two homoleptic cages (SCC-2 and SCC-5) with different geometries of V₂ E₃ and V₄ E₆ . The heteroleptic assembly SCC-6 can also be formed upon a subcomponent displacement strategy. The structural transformation and reassembly processes were detected and monitored by ¹ H NMR spectroscopy and electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry. The formation of heteroleptic assembly was further supported by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Moreover, homoleptic cage SCC-2 possesses a trigonal bipyramidal cationic cavity allowing the encapsulation of a series of sulfonate anionic guests.

Coordination-Induced Emission from Tetraphenylethylene Units and Their Applications

Thanks to the potential of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) phenomena, improved stabilities, and the good selectivity and sensitivity of the chemical responses exhibited by the products, coordination-driven self-assembly with tetraphenylethylene (TPE) units has recently received much attention and has been widely investigated for application in chemical sensors, cell imaging agents, light-harvesting systems, and others. Several reviews have emerged on the topics of AIE chemistry and aggregation-induced emission luminogen (AIEgen)-based supramolecular assembles, however, there is still a distinct lack of full overviews of emission enhancement from the viewpoint of metal-coordination effects. Thus, this minireview offers recent advances that have been made in the design and application of TPE-based metallacycles, metallacages, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and coordination polymers (CPs).

Self-Assembly of Benzimidazole-Derived Tris-NHC Ligands and AgI -Ions to Hexanuclear Organometallic Cages and Their Unusual Transmetalation Chemistry

Multi-ligand self-assembly to attain the Ag^I -N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-built hexanuclear organometallic cages of composition [Ag₆ (3 a,b)₄ ](PF₆ )₆ from the reaction of benzimidazole-derived tris(azolium) salts [H₃ -3 a,b](PF₆ )₃ with Ag₂ O was achieved. The molecular structures of the cages were established by X-ray diffraction studies along with NMR and MS analyses. The existence of a single assembly in solution was supported by diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) ¹ H NMR spectra. Further, transmetalation reactions of these self-assembled complexes, [Ag₆ (3 a,b)₄ ](PF₆ )₆ , with Cu^I /Au^I -ions provided various coinage metal-NHC complexes having diverse molecular compositions, which included the first example of a hexanuclear Cu^I -dodecacarbene complex, [Cu₆ (3 b)₄ ](PF₆ )₆ .

Template-Controlled Synthesis of Polyimidazolium Salts by Multiple [2+2] Cycloaddition Reactions

The tetrakisimidazolium salt H4 -2(Br)4 , featuring a central benzene linker and 1,2,4,5-(nBu-imidazolium-Ph-CH=CH-) substituents reacts with Ag2 O in the presence of AgBF4 to yield the tetranuclear, oktakis-NHC assembly [3](BF4 )4 . Cation [3]4+ features four pairs of olefins from the two tetrakis-NHC ligands perfectly arranged for a subsequent [2+2] cycloaddition. Irradiation of [3](BF4 )4 with a high pressure Hg lamp connects the two tetra-NHC ligands through four cyclobutane linkers to give compound [4](BF4 )4 . Removal of the template metals yields the novel oktakisimidazolium salt H8 -5(BF4 )8 . The tetrakisimidazolium salt H4 -2(BF4 )4 and the oktakisimidazolium salt H8 -5(BF4 )8 have been used as multivalent anion receptors and their anion binding properties towards six different anions have been compared.