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Chen BH, Du YD, Shu W. Organophotocatalytic Regioselective C-H Alkylation of Electron-Rich Arenes Using Activated and Unactivated Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200773. [PMID: 35286774 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Direct alkylation of the C-H bond arenes in a selective manner is a long-standing challenge. Herein, a metal-free photocatalytic regioselective C-H alkylation method for electron-rich arenes with both activated and unactivated alkenes was developed. The reaction tolerates a wide range of aromatic rings with diverse substitution patterns, as well as terminal and internal alkenes, providing a general and straightforward metal-free method for C-C bond formation from inert C-H bonds. Moreover, alkynes are also compatible to give the C-H vinylation of electron-rich arenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Hong Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Dan Du
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Wei Shu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
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2
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Chen B, Du Y, Shu W. Organophotocatalytic Regioselective C−H Alkylation of Electron‐Rich Arenes Using Activated and Unactivated Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bi‐Hong Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute Department of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Yi‐Dan Du
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute Department of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Wei Shu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute Department of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 Guangdong P. R. China
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3
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Wedi P, Farizyan M, Bergander K, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, van Gemmeren M. Mechanism of the Arene-Limited Nondirected C-H Activation of Arenes with Palladium*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15641-15649. [PMID: 33998116 PMCID: PMC8361776 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently palladium catalysts have been discovered that enable the directing-group-free C-H activation of arenes without requiring an excess of the arene substrate, thereby enabling methods for the late-stage modification of complex organic molecules. The key to success has been the use of two complementary ligands, an N-acyl amino acid and an N-heterocycle. Detailed experimental and computational mechanistic studies on the dual-ligand-enabled C-H activation of arenes have led us to identify the catalytically active species and a transition state model that explains the exceptional activity and selectivity of these catalysts. These findings are expected to be highly useful for further method development using this powerful class of catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wedi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Mirxan Farizyan
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Bergander
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
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4
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Wedi P, Farizyan M, Bergander K, Mück‐Lichtenfeld C, Gemmeren M. Mechanismus der Aren‐limitierten, nicht‐dirigierten C‐H‐Aktivierung von Arenen mit Palladium**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wedi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstraße 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Mirxan Farizyan
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstraße 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Klaus Bergander
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstraße 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Christian Mück‐Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstraße 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Manuel Gemmeren
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstraße 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
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5
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Harenberg JH, Weidmann N, Wiegand AJ, Hoefer CA, Annapureddy RR, Knochel P. (2-Ethylhexyl)sodium: A Hexane-Soluble Reagent for Br/Na-Exchanges and Directed Metalations in Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14296-14301. [PMID: 33826212 PMCID: PMC8252725 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report the on-demand generation of hexane-soluble (2-ethylhexyl)sodium (1) from 3-(chloromethyl)heptane (2) using a sodium-packed-bed reactor under continuous flow conditions. Thus, the resulting solution of 1 is free of elemental sodium and therefore suited for a range of synthetic applications. This new procedure avoids the storage of an alkylsodium and limits the handling of metallic sodium to a minimum. (2-Ethylhexyl)sodium (1) proved to be a very useful reagent and undergoes in-line Br/Na-exchanges as well as directed sodiations. The resulting arylsodium intermediates are subsequently trapped in batch with various electrophiles such as ketones, aldehydes, Weinreb-amides, imines, allyl bromides, disulfides and alkyl iodides. A reaction scale-up of the Br/Na-exchange using an in-line electrophile quench was also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. Harenberg
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Niels Weidmann
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Alexander J. Wiegand
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Carla A. Hoefer
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | | | - Paul Knochel
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
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Harenberg JH, Weidmann N, Wiegand AJ, Hoefer CA, Annapureddy RR, Knochel P. (2‐Ethylhexyl)natrium: Ein hexanlösliches Reagenz für Br/Na‐Austauschreaktionen und dirigierte Metallierungen im kontinuierlichen Durchfluss. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. Harenberg
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Niels Weidmann
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Alexander J. Wiegand
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Carla A. Hoefer
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Rajasekar Reddy Annapureddy
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
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Wang ZJ, Chen X, Wu L, Wong JJ, Liang Y, Zhao Y, Houk KN, Shi Z. Metal-Free Directed C-H Borylation of Pyrroles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8500-8504. [PMID: 33449421 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Robust strategies to enable the rapid construction of complex organoboronates in selective, practical, low-cost, and environmentally friendly modes remain conspicuously underdeveloped. Here, we develop a general strategy for the site-selective C-H borylation of pyrroles by using only BBr3 directed by pivaloyl groups, avoiding the use of any metal. The site-selectivity is generally dominated by chelation and electronic effects, thus forming diverse C2-borylated pyrroles against the steric effect. The formed products can readily engage in downstream transformations, enabling a step-economic process to access drugs such as Lipitor. DFT calculations (wB97X-D) demonstrate the preferred positional selectivity of this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiangyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jonathan J Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zhuangzhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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Wang Z, Chen X, Wu L, Wong JJ, Liang Y, Zhao Y, Houk KN, Shi Z. Metal‐Free Directed C−H Borylation of Pyrroles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng‐Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC) School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Xiangyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Lei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC) School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Jonathan J. Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC) School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC) School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Kendall N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Zhuangzhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC) School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China
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Karlinskii BY, Ananikov VP. Catalytic C-H Functionalization of Unreactive Furan Cores in Bio-Derived Platform Chemicals. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:558-568. [PMID: 33207076 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
C-H functionalization is one of the most convenient and powerful tools in the arsenal of modern chemistry, deservedly nominated as the "Holy Grail" of organic synthesis. A frequent disadvantage of this method is the need for harsh reaction conditions to carry out transformations of inert C-H bonds, which limits the possibility of its use for modifying less stable substrates. Biomass-derived furan platform chemicals, which have a relatively unstable aromatic furan core and highly reactive side chain substituents, are extremely promising and valuable organic molecules that are currently widely used in a variety of research and industrial fields. The high sensitivity of furan derivatives to acids, strong oxidants, and high temperatures significantly limits the use of classical methods of C-H functionalization for their modification. New methods of catalytic functionalization of non-reactive furan cores are urgently required to obtain a new generation of materials with controlled properties and potentially bioactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Y Karlinskii
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Mondal A, van Gemmeren M. Catalyst-Controlled Regiodivergent C-H Alkynylation of Thiophenes*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:742-746. [PMID: 33044788 PMCID: PMC7839547 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alkynes are highly attractive motifs in organic synthesis due to their presence in natural products and bioactive molecules as well as their versatility in a plethora of subsequent transformations. A common procedure to insert alkynes into (hetero)arenes, such as the thiophenes studied herein, consists of a halogenation followed by a Sonogashira cross-coupling. The regioselectivity of this approach depends entirely on the halogenation step. Similarly, direct alkynylations of thiophenes have been described that follow the same regioselectivity patterns. Herein we report the development of a palladium catalyzed C-H activation/alkynylation of thiophenes. The method is applicable to a broad range of thiophene substrates. For 3-substituted substrates where controlling the regioselectivity between the C2 and C5 position is particularly challenging, two sets of reaction conditions enable a regiodivergent reaction, giving access to each regioisomer selectively. Both protocols use the thiophene as limiting reagent and show a broad scope, rendering our method suitable for late-stage modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup Mondal
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 3648149MünsterGermany
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Mondal A, Gemmeren M. Katalysatorkontrollierte regiodivergente C‐H‐Alkinylierung von Thiophenen**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arup Mondal
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Manuel Gemmeren
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
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Chen H, Farizyan M, Gemmeren M. Regioselective Olefination of 3‐Substituted Five‐Membered Heteroarenes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Organisch‐Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Mirxan Farizyan
- Organisch‐Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Manuel Gemmeren
- Organisch‐Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
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