1
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Tremlett WDJ, Crowley JD, Wright LJ, Hartinger CG. Towards building blocks for metallosupramolecular structures: non-symmetrically-functionalised ferrocenyl compounds. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:14742-14751. [PMID: 39158552 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01646g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Metallosupramolecular architectures formed from metal ions and bridging ligands are increasing in popularity due to their range of applications and ease of self-assembly. Many are able to readily change their shape and/or function in response to an external stimulus and have the ability to encapsulate guest molecules within their internal cavities. Ferrocenyl groups (Fc) have been incorporated previously within the bridging ligands of metallosupramolecular structures due to their ideal attributes brought about by the structural and rotational flexiblity of the two cyclopentadienyl (Cp) rings coordinated to the Fe(II) centre. However, the majority of these Fc-based structures contain symmetrically substituted Cp rings. We report the synthesis and characterisation of non-symmetrically functionalised Fc-based ligands incorporating both N,N' and NHC-donor groups chosen for their differing coordination properties. Both substituents were designed to coordinate to a single metal centre with the dissimilar coordination properties of each donor group facilitating stimulus-induced dissociation/association of one of the substituents as an opening/closing mechanism. Preliminary investigations into the coordination of these Fc-based ligands to a [Ru(η6-p-cymene)]2+ moiety indicated complexation through a mixture of either a bi- or tridentate fashion, as alluded by 1H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed the Fc-based ligands adopt a syn conformation driven by H-bonding and π-interactions between the two Cp substituents, which facilitate coordination of both donor groups towards the metal centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D J Tremlett
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - L James Wright
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Christian G Hartinger
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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2
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Núñez-Villanueva D, Hunter CA. Effect of backbone flexibility on covalent template-directed synthesis of linear oligomers. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8285-8292. [PMID: 36226964 PMCID: PMC9629452 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01627c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Covalent template-directed synthesis can be used to replicate synthetic oligomers, but success depends critically on the conformational properties of the backbone. Here we investigate how the choice of monomer building block affects the flexibility of the backbone and in turn the efficiency of the replication process for a series of different triazole oligomers. Two competing reaction pathways were identified for monomers attached to a template, resulting in the formation of either macrocyclic or linear products. For flexible backbones, macrocycles and linear oligomers are formed at similar rates, but a more rigid backbone gave exclusively the linear product. The experimental results are consistent with ring strain calculations using molecular mechanics: products with low ring strain (20-30 kJ mol-1) formed rapidly, and products with high ring strain (>100 kJ mol-1) were not observed. Template-directed replication of linear oligomers requires monomers that rigid enough to prevent the formation of undesired macrocycles, but not so rigid that the linear templating pathway leading to the duplex is inhibited. Molecular mechanics calculations of ring strain provide a straightforward tool for assessing the flexibility of potential backbones and the viability different monomer designs before embarking on synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Núñez-Villanueva
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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3
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Laurent Q, Sakai N, Matile S. An Orthogonal Dynamic Covalent Chemistry Tool for Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Oligochalcogenides on Detachable Helical Peptide Templates. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200785. [PMID: 35416345 PMCID: PMC9324982 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A model system is introduced as a general tool to elaborate on orthogonal templation of dynamic covalent ring-opening polymerization (ODC-TROP). The tool consists of 310 helical peptides as unprecedented templates and semicarbazones as orthogonal dynamic covalent linkers. With difficult-to-control 1,2-dithiolanes, ODC-TROP on the level of short model oligomers occurs with high templation efficiency, increasing and diminishing upon helix stabilization and denaturation, respectively. Further, an anti-templated conjugate with mispositioned monomers gave reduced templation upon helix twisting. Even with the "unpolymerizable" 1,2-diselenolanes, initial studies already afford mild templation efficiency. These proof-of-principle results promise that the here introduced tool, recyclable and enabling late-stage side chain modification, will be useful to realize ODC-TROP of intractable or unknown cyclic dynamic covalent monomers for dynamer materials as well as cellular uptake and signaling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Laurent
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Geneva1211GenevaSwitzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Geneva1211GenevaSwitzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Geneva1211GenevaSwitzerland
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4
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Fasano F, Bolgar P, Iadevaia G, Hunter CA. Supramolecular template-directed synthesis of triazole oligomers. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13085-13093. [PMID: 36425510 PMCID: PMC9667925 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04155c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sandwich complexes formed by two zinc porphyrins and a diamine ligand (DABCO) have been used as a supramolecular template to direct the synthesis of triazole oligomers. Monomer units equipped with two polymerizable functional groups, an alkyne and an azide, were attached to the template via ester bonds between a phenol unit on the monomer and benzoic acid units on the porphyrin. Self-assembly of the zinc porphyrins by addition of DABCO led to a supramolecular complex containing four of the monomer units, two on each porphyrin. CuAAC oligomerisation was carried out in the presence of a chain capping agent to prevent intermolecular reactions between the templated products, which carry reactive chain ends. The templated-directed oligomerisation resulted in selective formation of a duplex, which contains two identical chains of triazole oligomers connecting the porphyrin linkers. The effective molarity for the intramolecular CuAAC reactions on the template is 3–9 mM, and because the triazole backbone has a direction, the product duplex was obtained as a 4 : 1 mixture of the parallel and antiparallel isomers. Hydrolysis of the ester bonds connecting the oligomers to the template gave a single product, the phenol 2-mer, in excellent yield. The introduction of a supramolecular element into the template considerably broadens the scope of the covalent template-directed oligomerisation methodology that we previously developed for the replication of sequence information in synthetic oligomers. A supramolecular metalloporphyrin assembly was used as a disposable template for controlling the oligomerisation of covalently attached monomer building blocks to give a linear oligomeric product that is not accessible via untemplated reactions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fasano
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Peter Bolgar
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Giulia Iadevaia
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Christopher A. Hunter
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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5
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Núñez-Villanueva D, Hunter CA. Replication of Sequence Information in Synthetic Oligomers. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1298-1306. [PMID: 33554599 PMCID: PMC7931443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The holy grail identified by Orgel in his 1995 Account was the development of novel chemical systems that evolve using reactions in which replication and information transfer occur together. There has been some success in the adaption of nucleic acids to make artificial analogues and in templating oligomerization reactions to form synthetic homopolymers, but replication of sequence information in synthetic polymers remains a major unsolved problem. In this Account, we describe our efforts in this direction based on a covalent base-pairing strategy to transfer sequence information between a parent template and a daughter copy. Oligotriazoles, which carry information as a sequence of phenol and benzoic acid side chains, have been prepared from bifunctional monomers equipped with an azide and an alkyne. Formation of esters between phenols and benzoic acids is used as the equivalent of nucleic base pairing to covalently attach monomer building blocks to a template oligomer. Sequential protection of the phenol side chains on the template, ester coupling of the benzoic acid side chains, and deprotection and ester coupling of the phenol side chains allow quantitative selective base-pair formation on a mixed sequence template. Copper catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) is then used to oligomerize the monomers on the template. Finally, cleavage of the ester base pairs in the product duplex by hydrolysis releases the copy strand. This covalent template-directed synthesis strategy has been successfully used to copy the information encoded in a trimer template into a sequence-complementary oligomer in high yield.The use of covalent base pairing provides opportunities to manipulate the nature of the information transferred in the replication process. By using traceless linkers to connect the phenol and benzoic acid units, it is possible to carry out direct replication, reciprocal replication, and mutation. These preliminary results are promising, and methods have been developed to eliminate some of the side reactions that compete with the CuAAC process that zips up the duplex. In situ end-capping of the copy strand was found to be an effective general method for blocking intermolecular reactions between product duplexes. By selecting an appropriate concentration of an external capping agent, it is also possible to intercept macrocyclization of the reactive chain ends in the product duplex. The other side reaction observed is miscoupling of monomer units that are not attached to adjacent sites on the template, and optimization is required to eliminate these reactions. We are still some way from an evolvable synthetic polymer, but the chemical approach to molecular replication outlined here has some promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Núñez-Villanueva
- Yusuf Hamied Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Christopher A. Hunter
- Yusuf Hamied Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
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6
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Núñez-Villanueva D, Hunter CA. Controlled mutation in the replication of synthetic oligomers. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4063-4068. [PMID: 34163677 PMCID: PMC8179503 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06770a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication of sequence information with mutation is the molecular basis for the evolution of functional biopolymers. Covalent template-directed synthesis has been used to replicate sequence information in synthetic oligomers, and the covalent base-pairs used in these systems provide an opportunity to manipulate the outcome of the information transfer process through the use of traceless linkers. Two new types of covalent base-pair have been used to introduce mutation in the replication of an oligotriazole, where information is encoded as the sequence of benzoic acid and phenol monomer units. When a benzoic acid-benzoic acid base-pairing system was used, a direct copy of a benzoic acid homo-oligomer template was obtained. When a phenol-benzoic acid base-pairing system was used, a reciprocal copy, the phenol homo-oligomer, was obtained. The two base-pairing systems are isosteric, so they can be used interchangeably, allowing direct and reciprocal copying to take place simultaneously on the same template strand. As a result, it was possible to introduce mutations in the replication process by spiking the monomer used for direct copying with the monomer used for reciprocal copying. The mutation rate is determined precisely by the relative proportions of the two monomers. The ability to introduce mutation at a controlled rate is a key step in the development of synthetic systems capable of evolution, which requires replication with variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Núñez-Villanueva
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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7
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Song W, Shen J, Li X, Huang J, Ding L, Wu J. Metathesis Cyclopolymerization Triggered Self-Assembly of Azobenzene-Containing Nanostructure. Molecules 2020; 25:E3767. [PMID: 32824998 PMCID: PMC7503929 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Azobenzene (AB) units were successfully introduced into poly(1,6-heptadiyne)s in order to ensure smooth synthesis of double- and single-stranded poly(1,6-heptadiyne)s (P1 and P2) and simultaneously realize the self-assembly by Grubbs-III catalyst-mediated metathesis cyclopolymerization (CP) of AB-functionalized bis(1,6-heptadiyne) and 1,6-heptadiyne monomers (M1 and M2). Monomers and polymers were characterized by 1H NMR, mass spectroscopy, and GPC techniques. The double-stranded poly(1,6-heptadiyne)s exhibited a large scale of ordered ladder nanostructure. This result was attributed to the π-π attractions between end groups along the longitudinal axis of the polymers and van der Waals interactions between the neighboring polymeric backbones. While the Azo chromophore connected in the side chain of P2 induced conformation of micelles nanostructure during the CP process without any post-treatment. Furthermore, the photoisomerization of Azo units had an obviously different regulatory effect on the conjugated degree of the polymer backbone, especially for the single-stranded P2, which was attributed to the structural differences and the interaction between AB chromophores in the polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Department of Polymer and Composite Material, School of Materials Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; (J.S.); (X.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Jiamin Shen
- Department of Polymer and Composite Material, School of Materials Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; (J.S.); (X.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Polymer and Composite Material, School of Materials Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; (J.S.); (X.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Jinhui Huang
- Department of Polymer and Composite Material, School of Materials Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; (J.S.); (X.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Liang Ding
- Department of Polymer and Composite Material, School of Materials Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; (J.S.); (X.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Jianhua Wu
- Department of Materials, College of Physics, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China
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8
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Luh TY, Lin WY, Lai G. Determination of the Orientation of Pendants on Rigid-Rod Polymers. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:1808-1818. [PMID: 32314531 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bis-norbornene and bis-cyclobutene with different kinds of linkers have been extensively used for the synthesis of double stranded ladderphanes under ruthenium- or molybdenum-catalyzed ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) conditions. The key to the success relies on the selective formation of comb-like polynorbornenes or polycycloubtenes, where pendants are all aligned towards similar direction. This minireview summarizes various methods (chemical methods, spectroscopic means, and nonlinear optical measurements) for determining the comb-like conformations of pendants on these rigid-rod polymers. The approach is based on the proximal relationship between adjacent pendants. Interactions between these adjacent pendants would enable a change in chemical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Yau Luh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Guoqiao Lai
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material, Technology of Ministry of Eduction,\, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
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9
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Brzeziński M, Michalski A, Kost B, Socka M, Florczak M, Łapienis G, Biela T. Simultaneous Stereocomplexation of Polylactides during Polymerization of
d
‐LA in the Presence of a PLLA Template. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Brzeziński
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 Lodz 90‐363 Poland
| | - Adam Michalski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 Lodz 90‐363 Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Kost
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 Lodz 90‐363 Poland
| | - Marta Socka
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 Lodz 90‐363 Poland
| | - Marcin Florczak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 Lodz 90‐363 Poland
| | - Grzegorz Łapienis
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 Lodz 90‐363 Poland
| | - Tadeusz Biela
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 Lodz 90‐363 Poland
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10
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Núñez-Villanueva D, Hunter CA. Molecular replication using covalent base-pairs with traceless linkers. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:9660-9665. [PMID: 31691702 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02336d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A unique feature of kinetically inert covalent base-pairing is that the nature of the chemical information that is transferred can be modulated by changing the chemical connectivity between the two bases. Formation of esters between phenols and benzoic acids has been used as a base-pairing strategy for sequence information transfer in template-directed synthesis of linear oligomers, but the copy strand produced by this process has the complementary sequence to the template strand. It is possible to form a base-pair between two benzoic acids by using a hydroquinone linker, which is eliminated when the product duplex is hydrolysed. Using this approach, covalent template-directed synthesis was carried out using a benzoic acid 3-mer template to produce an identical copy. This direct replication process was used in iterative rounds of replication leading to an increase of the population of the copied oligomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Núñez-Villanueva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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11
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Ciaccia M, Núñez-Villanueva D, Hunter CA. Capping Strategies for Covalent Template-Directed Synthesis of Linear Oligomers Using CuAAC. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10862-10875. [PMID: 31251047 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Covalent templating provides an attractive solution to the controlled synthesis of linear oligomers because a template oligomer can be used to define the precise length and sequence of the product. If the monomer units are attached to the template using kinetically inert covalent bonds it should be possible to operate at high dilution to favor intramolecular over intermolecular reaction. However, for oligomerization reactions using copper-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) this is not the case. The rate-limiting step is formation of an activated copper complex, so any alkyne that is activated by copper reacts rapidly with the nearest available azide. As a result, every time a chain end alkyne is activated, rapid intermolecular reaction takes place with a different oligomer leading to the formation of higher order products. It proved possible to block these intermolecular reactions by adding an excess of an azide capping agent that intercepts the chain end of the growing oligomer on the template. By adjusting the concentration of the capping agent to compete effectively with the unwanted intermolecular reactions without interfering with the desired intramolecular reactions, it was possible to obtain quantitative yields of copy strands from covalent template-directed oligomerization reactions. Remarkably, the capping agent could also be used to control the stereochemistry of the duplex formed in the templated oligomerization reaction to give exclusively the antiparallel product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ciaccia
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Diego Núñez-Villanueva
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
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12
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Núñez-Villanueva D, Ciaccia M, Iadevaia G, Sanna E, Hunter CA. Sequence information transfer using covalent template-directed synthesis. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5258-5266. [PMID: 31191881 PMCID: PMC6540929 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01460h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetically inert ester bonds were used to attach monomers to a template, dictating the sequence of the polymer product.
Template-directed synthesis is the biological method for the assembly of oligomers of defined sequence, providing the molecular basis for replication and the process of evolution. To apply analogous processes to synthetic oligomeric molecules, methods are required for the transfer of sequence information from a template to a daughter strand. We show that covalent template-directed synthesis is a promising approach for the molecular replication of sequence information in synthetic oligomers. Two monomer building blocks were synthesized: a phenol monomer and a benzoic acid monomer, each bearing an alkyne and an azide for oligomerization via copper catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions. Stepwise synthesis was used to prepare oligomers, where information was encoded as the sequence of phenol (P) and benzoic acid (A) units. Ester base-pairing was used to attach monomers to a mixed sequence template, and CuAAC was used to zip up the backbone. Hydrolysis of the ester base-pairs gave back the starting template and the sequence complementary copy. When the AAP trimer was used as the template, the complementary sequence PPA was obtained as the major product, with a small amount of scrambling resulting in PAP as a side-product. This covalent base-pairing strategy represents a general approach that can be implemented in different formats for the replication of sequence information in synthetic oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Núñez-Villanueva
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Maria Ciaccia
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Giulia Iadevaia
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Elena Sanna
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
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13
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Strom KR, Szostak JW, Prywes N. Transfer of Sequence Information and Replication of Diimine Duplexes. J Org Chem 2019; 84:3754-3761. [PMID: 30855962 PMCID: PMC7547894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
ability of the biopolymers RNA and DNA to store and transfer
information is essential to life. Herein, we demonstrate template-directed
replication in a set of dimer duplexes that use reversible covalent
bonds to form base-pairing interactions. Binary sequence information
was encoded as a sequence of aniline and benzaldehyde subunits linked
together by a diethynyl benzene backbone. These dimers formed sequence-specific,
imine-linked duplexes, which could be separated and used as templates
for the synthesis of daughter duplexes with identical sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Strom
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts 02114 , United States
| | - Jack W Szostak
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts 02114 , United States
| | - Noam Prywes
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts 02114 , United States
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14
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Ke YZ, Huang SL, Lai G, Luh TY. Selective ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of cyclobutenes. Unsymmetrical ladderphane containing polycyclobutene and polynorbornene strands. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:44-51. [PMID: 30680037 PMCID: PMC6334803 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
At 0 °C in THF in the presence of Grubbs first generation catalyst, cyclobutene derivatives undergo ROMP readily, whereas norbornene derivatives remain intact. When the substrate contains both cyclobutene and norbornene moieties, the conditions using THF as the solvent at 0 °C offer a useful protocol for the selective ROMP of cyclobutene to give norbornene-appended polycyclobutene. Unsymmetrical ladderphane having polycyclobutene and polynorbornene as two strands is obtained by further ROMP of the norbornene appended polycyclobutene in the presence of Grubbs first generation catalyst in DCM at ambient temperature. Methanolysis of this unsymmetrical ladderphane gives polycyclobutene methyl ester and insoluble polynorbornene-amide-alcohol. The latter is converted into the corresponding soluble acetate. Both polymers are well characterized by spectroscopic means. No norbornene moiety is found to be incorporated into polycyclobutene strand at all. The double bonds in the polycyclobutene strand are mainly in cis configuration (ca 70%), whereas the E/Z ratio for polynorbornene strand is 8:1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Zhen Ke
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.,Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shou-Ling Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Guoqiao Lai
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Tien-Yau Luh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Núñez-Villanueva D, Ciaccia M, Hunter CA. Cap control: cyclic versus linear oligomerisation in covalent template-directed synthesis. RSC Adv 2019; 9:29566-29569. [PMID: 35531529 PMCID: PMC9071899 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07233k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent template-directed synthesis was used to oligomerise monomer building blocks in a controlled manner to give exclusively the linear trimer. Competing reaction pathways were blocked by addition of a large excess of a monomeric capping agent. At a concentration of 1 mM, the cap selectively prevented further reaction of the product chain ends to give polymeric and macrocyclic products, but did not interfere with the templating process. The right concentration of capping agent is required to control the product distribution in covalent template-directed synthesis of linear oligomers using CuAAC.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Ciaccia
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
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16
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Lai G, Luh TY. Polynorbornene-based Template for Polymer Synthesis. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20170354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiao Lai
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Tien-Yau Luh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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17
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18
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Ding L, Li T, Li J, Song W. Azobenzene-Incorporated Single- and Double-Stranded Polynorbornenes: Facile Synthesis and Diverse Photoresponsive Property. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ding
- Department of Polymer and Composite Material; School of Materials Engineering; Yancheng Institute of Technology; Yancheng 224051 China
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Tianjing Li
- School of Automotive Engineering; Yancheng Vocational Institute of Industry Technology; Yancheng 224005 China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Polymer and Composite Material; School of Materials Engineering; Yancheng Institute of Technology; Yancheng 224051 China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Polymer and Composite Material; School of Materials Engineering; Yancheng Institute of Technology; Yancheng 224051 China
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19
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Kamonsutthipaijit N, Anderson HL. Template-directed synthesis of linear porphyrin oligomers: classical, Vernier and mutual Vernier. Chem Sci 2017; 8:2729-2740. [PMID: 28553508 PMCID: PMC5426366 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc05355f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a variety of template-directed strategies for preparing linear monodisperse butadiyne-linked porphyrin oligomers by Glaser–Hay coupling, based on the coordination of pyridine-substituted nickel(ii) porphyrins to zinc(ii) porphyrins.
Three different types of template-directed syntheses of linear porphyrin oligomers are presented. In the classical approach the product has the same number of binding sites as the template, whereas in Vernier reactions the product has the lowest common multiple of the numbers of binding sites in the template and the building block. Mutual Vernier templating is like Vernier templating except that both strands of the Vernier complex undergo coupling simultaneously, so that it becomes impossible to say which is the ‘template’ and which is the ‘building block’. The template-directed synthesis of monodisperse linear oligomers is more difficult than that of cyclic oligomers, because the products of linear templating have reactive ends. All three types of templating are demonstrated here, and used to prepare a nickel(ii) porphyrin dodecamer with 4-pyridyl substituents on all twelve porphyrin units. The stabilities and cooperativities of the double-strand complexes involved in these reactions were investigated by UV-vis-NIR titration. The four-rung ladder duplex has a stability constant of about 2 × 1018 M–1 in dichloromethane at 298 K.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Chemistry Research Laboratory , Oxford OX1 3TA , UK .
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20
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Yashima E, Ousaka N, Taura D, Shimomura K, Ikai T, Maeda K. Supramolecular Helical Systems: Helical Assemblies of Small Molecules, Foldamers, and Polymers with Chiral Amplification and Their Functions. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13752-13990. [PMID: 27754649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1198] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we describe the recent advances in supramolecular helical assemblies formed from chiral and achiral small molecules, oligomers (foldamers), and helical and nonhelical polymers from the viewpoints of their formations with unique chiral phenomena, such as amplification of chirality during the dynamic helically assembled processes, properties, and specific functionalities, some of which have not been observed in or achieved by biological systems. In addition, a brief historical overview of the helical assemblies of small molecules and remarkable progress in the synthesis of single-stranded and multistranded helical foldamers and polymers, their properties, structures, and functions, mainly since 2009, will also be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Naoki Ousaka
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Daisuke Taura
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kouhei Shimomura
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ikai
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University , Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Maeda
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University , Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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21
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Thiophene-Based Double Helices: Syntheses, X-ray Structures, and Chiroptical Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:10002-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Chen CH, Satyanarayana K, Liu YH, Huang SL, Lim TS, Luh TY. Excimer formation in a confined space: photophysics of ladderphanes with tetraarylethylene linkers. Chemistry 2015; 21:800-7. [PMID: 25345595 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Communication between chromophores is vital for both natural and non-natural photophysical processes. Spatial confinements offer unique conditions to scrutinize such interactions. Polynorbornene- and polycyclobutene-based ladderphanes are ideal model compounds in which all tetraarylethylene (TAE) linkers are aligned coherently. The spans for each of the monomeric units in these ladderphanes are 4.5-5.5 Å. Monomers do not exhibit emission, because bond rotation in TAE can quench the excited-state energy. However, polymers emit at 493 nm (Φ=0.015) with large Stokes shift under ambient conditions and exhibit dual emission at 450 and 493 nm at 150 K. When the temperature is lowered, the emission intensity at 450 nm increases, whereas that at 493 nm decreases. At 100 K, both monomers and polymers emit only at 450 nm. This shorter-wavelength emission arises from the intrinsic emission of TAE chromophore, and the emission at 493 nm could be attributed to the excimer emission in the confined space of ladderphanes. The fast kinetics suggest diffusion-controlled formation of the excimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsien Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106 (Taiwan); Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, 407 (Taiwan)
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23
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Song W, Han H, Wu J, Xie M. A bridge-like polymer synthesized by tandem metathesis cyclopolymerization and acyclic diene metathesis polymerization. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01229a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel bridge-like polymer with excellent thermal stability, an ordered ladder-like structure, and a fence-like ribbon morphology was synthesized by tandem metathesis cyclopolymerization and acyclic diene metathesis polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Department of Chemistry
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
| | - Huijing Han
- Department of Chemistry
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
| | - Jianhua Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
| | - Meiran Xie
- Department of Chemistry
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
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24
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Ding L, Zhang J, Wang L, Wang C. Ladder- and bridge-like polynorbornenes with phosphate linkers: facile one-pot synthesis and excellent properties. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16415j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel telechelic double-stranded polymer with two terminal alkenyl groups was prepared through ROMP of the corresponding monomer bearing a phosphate linker, and was then used as a macromonomer in ADMET polymerization to yield a bridge-like polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ding
- School of Materials Engineering
- Yancheng Institute of Technology
- Yancheng
- China
| | - Junmei Zhang
- No. 52 Institute of China Ordnance Industries Yantai Branch
- Yantai
- China
| | - Lingfang Wang
- School of Materials Engineering
- Yancheng Institute of Technology
- Yancheng
- China
| | - Chengshuang Wang
- School of Materials Engineering
- Yancheng Institute of Technology
- Yancheng
- China
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25
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Lin NT, Satyanarayana K, Chen CH, Tsai YF, Yu SSF, Chan SI, Luh TY. Controlling the Orientation of Pendants in Two-Dimensional Comb-Like Polymers by Varying Stiffness of Polymeric Backbones. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5007655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Ti Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106 Taiwan
| | | | - Chih-Hsien Chen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, 407 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Tsai
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
| | - Steve Sheng-Fa Yu
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
| | - Sunney I. Chan
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
| | - Tien-Yau Luh
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106 Taiwan
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26
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Song W, Han H, Wu J, Xie M. Ladder-like polyacetylene with excellent optoelectronic properties and regular architecture. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:12899-902. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc05524a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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28
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Ke YZ, Ji RJ, Wei TC, Lee SL, Huang SL, Huang MJ, Chen CH, Luh TY. Well-Defined Condensation Polymers with Narrow Polydispersity via Unsymmetrical Ladderphanes by Sequential Polymerization. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4012363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Zhen Ke
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
- Shanghai
Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, China 200032
| | - Ren-Jie Ji
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
- Shanghai
Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, China 200032
| | - Te-Chung Wei
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Shou-Ling Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Min-Jie Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Chun-hsien Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Tien-Yau Luh
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
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29
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Abstract
A polymeric ladderphane is a step-like structure comprising multiple layers of linkers covalently connected to two or more polymeric backbones. The linkers can be planar aromatic, macrocyclic metal complexes, or three-dimensional organic or organometallic moieties. Structurally, a DNA molecule is a special kind of ladderphane, where the cofacially aligned base-pair pendants are linked through hydrogen bonding. A greater understanding of this class of molecules could help researchers develop new synthetic molecules capable of a similar transfer of chemical information. In this Account, we summarize our studies of the strategy, design, synthesis, characterization, replications, chemical and photophysical properties, and assembly of a range of double-stranded ladderphanes with many fascinating structures. We employed two norbornene moieties fused with N-arylpyrrolidine to connect covalently with a range of relatively rigid linkers. Ring opening metathesis polymerizations (ROMP) of these bis-norbornenes using the first-generation Grubbs ruthenium-benzylidene catalyst produced the corresponding symmetrical double-stranded ladderphanes. The N-arylpyrrolidene moiety in the linker controls the isotactic selectivity and the trans configuration for all double bonds in both single- and double-stranded polynorbornenes. The π-π interactions between these aryl pendants may contribute to the high stereoselectivity in the ROMP of these substrates. We synthesized chiral helical ladderphanes by incorporating asymmetric center(s) in the linkers. Replication protocols and sequential polymerization of a monomer that includes two different polymerizable groups offer methods for producing unsymmetical ladderphanes. These routes furnish template synthesis of daughter polymers with well-controlled chain lengths and polydispersities. The linkers in these ladderphanes are well aligned in the center along the longitudinal axis of the polymer. Fluorescence quenching, excimer formation, or Soret band splitting experiments suggest that strong interactions take place between the linkers. The antiferromagnetism of the oxidized ferrocene-based ladderphanes further indicates strong coupling between linkers in these ladderphanes. These polynorbornene-based ladderphanes can easily aggregate to form a two-dimensional, highly ordered array on the graphite surface with areas that can reach the submicrometer range. These morphological patterns result from interactions between vinyl and styryl end groups via π-π stacking along the longitudinal axis of the polymer and van der Waals interaction between backbones of polymers. Such assembly orients planar arene moieties cofacially, and polynorbornene backbones insulate each linear array of arenes from the adjacent arrays. Dihydroxylation converts the double bonds in polynorbornene backbones of ladderphanes into more hydrophilic polyols. Hydrogen bonding between these polyol molecules leads to self-assembly and produces structures with longitudinally staggered morphologies on the graphite surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Yau Luh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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30
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Zhu L, Lin NT, Xie ZY, Lee SL, Huang SL, Yang JH, Lee YD, Chen CH, Chen CH, Luh TY. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Cascade Metathetical Cyclopolymerization of Bisnorbornenes with Flexible Linkers. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma302293q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
- Shanghai
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lingling Lu, Shanghai, China 200032
| | - Nai-Ti Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Zhen-Yu Xie
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
- Genomic Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan 115
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Shou-Ling Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Jian-He, Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300
| | - Yu-Der, Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300
| | - Chun-hsien Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Chung-Hsuan Chen
- Genomic Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan 115
| | - Tien-Yau Luh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
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31
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Tanabe J, Taura D, Yamada H, Furusho Y, Yashima E. Photocontrolled template-directed synthesis of complementary double helices assisted by amidinium–carboxylate salt bridge formation. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50833a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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32
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Zhu L, Flook MM, Lee SL, Chan LW, Huang SL, Chiu CW, Chen CH, Schrock RR, Luh TY. Cis, Isotactic Selective ROMP of Norbornenes Fused with N-Arylpyrrolidines. Double Stranded Polynorbornene-Based Ladderphanes with Z-Double Bonds. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma301686f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
- Shanghai
Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Lingling Lu, Shanghai, China 200032
| | - Margaret M. Flook
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Li-Wei Chan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Shou-Ling Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Ching-Wen Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Chun-Hsien Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Richard R. Schrock
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Tien-Yau Luh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
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Yamada H, Wu ZQ, Furusho Y, Yashima E. Thermodynamic and Kinetic Stabilities of Complementary Double Helices Utilizing Amidinium–Carboxylate Salt Bridges. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9506-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ja303701d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Yamada
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Zong-Quan Wu
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yoshio Furusho
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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Yamada H, Furusho Y, Yashima E. Diastereoselective Imine-Bond Formation through Complementary Double-Helix Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:7250-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja301430h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Yamada
- Department
of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate
School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yoshio Furusho
- Department
of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate
School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department
of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate
School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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35
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Yeh NH, Chen CW, Lee SL, Wu HJ, Chen CH, Luh TY. Polynorbornene-Based Double-Stranded Ladderphanes with Cubane, Cuneane, Tricyclooctadiene, and Cyclooctatetraene Linkers. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300027k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Hua Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Chih-Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Hung-Jen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Chun-hsien Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Tien-Yau Luh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
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36
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Abstract
Double-stranded polymeric ladderphanes are obtained by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of bisnorbornene derivatives by the first generation of Grubbs catalyst (G-I). A range of two- and three-dimensional organic and organometallic linkers are used to connect two norbornene units. The structures of these double-stranded polymers are proved by spectroscopic means and scanning tunneling microscopic (STM) images. Hydrolytic cleavages of these ladderphanes give the corresponding single-stranded polymers with the same degree of polymerization and polydispersity as those of the double-stranded counterparts. Helical polymeric ladderphanes are also synthesized similarly when chiral linkers are used. Strong intereactions between adjacent linkers have been revealed by their physical properties in these polymers. Chemical modification of ladderphanes is achieved by bis-dihydroxylation, diimide reduction of double bonds, and electrochemical oxidation of linkers. Unsymmetrical ladderphanes with well-defined lengths and narrow dispersity are also obtained by replication and by sequential polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Yau Luh
- 1Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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37
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Huang HH, Chao CG, Lee SL, Wu HJ, Chen CH, Luh TY. Double stranded polymeric ladderphanes with 16-π-electron antiaromatic metallocycle linkers. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:5948-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25114k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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39
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Kao MJ, Chen CH, Tsai PY, Lim TS, Lin KC, Luh TY. Hydrogen-Bonding-Induced One-Handed Helical Polynorbornenes Appended With Chiral Alaninegland. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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40
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Ke YZ, Lee SL, Chen CH, Luh TY. Unsymmetrical polymeric ladderphanes by sequential polymerization: a new approach for the template synthesis of polymers with well-defined chain length and narrow polydispersity. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:1748-51. [PMID: 21341375 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Zhen Ke
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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41
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Synthesis of polynorbornene with pendant moiety bearing azide and terminal alkyne groups. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2010.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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42
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Whittell GR, Hager MD, Schubert US, Manners I. Functional soft materials from metallopolymers and metallosupramolecular polymers. NATURE MATERIALS 2011; 10:176-88. [PMID: 21336298 DOI: 10.1038/nmat2966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 729] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers containing metal centres are emerging as an interesting and broad class of easily processable materials with properties and functions that complement those of state-of-the-art organic macromolecular materials. A diverse range of different metal centres can be harnessed to tune macromolecular properties, from transition- and main-group metals to lanthanides. Moreover, the linkages that bind the metal centres can vary almost continuously from strong, essentially covalent bonds that lead to irreversible or 'static' binding of the metal to weak and labile, non-covalent coordination interactions that allow for reversible, 'dynamic' or 'metallosupramolecular', binding. Here we review recent advances and challenges in the field and illustrate developments towards applications as emissive and photovoltaic materials; as optical limiters; in nanoelectronics, information storage, nanopatterning and sensing; as macromolecular catalysts and artificial enzymes; and as stimuli-responsive materials. We focus on materials in which the metal centres provide function; although they can also play a structural role, systems where this is solely their purpose have not been discussed.
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43
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Ji R, Chao CG, Huang YC, Lan YK, Lu CL, Luh TY. Protonated Amino Acid-Induced One-Handed Helicity of Polynorbornene Having Monoaza-18-crown-6 Pendants. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1014726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Ji
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 354 Ling Ling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Chih-Gang Chao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Yen-Chin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Yi-kang Lan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Cheng-Lu Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 354 Ling Ling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tien-Yau Luh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
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44
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Chen CW, Chang HY, Lee SL, Hsu IJ, Lee JJ, Chen CH, Luh TY. Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC)-Incorporated Single- and Double-Stranded Polynorbornenes. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101956n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Hong-Yi Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - I-Jui Hsu
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Jey-Jau Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30076
| | - Chun-hsien Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Tien-Yau Luh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
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45
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Wang HW, Chen CH, Lim TS, Huang SL, Luh TY. Supramolecular Porphyrin-DABCO Array in Single- and Double-Stranded Polynorbornenes. Chem Asian J 2010; 6:524-33. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Wu CI, Wang YS, Chen NG, Wu CY, Chen CH. Ultrasound ionization of biomolecules. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:2569-2574. [PMID: 20740532 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To date, mass spectrometric analysis of biomolecules has been primarily performed with either matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) or electrospray ionization (ESI). In this work, ultrasound produced by a simple piezoelectric device is shown as an alternative method for soft ionization of biomolecules. Precursor ions of proteins, saccharides and fatty acids showed little fragmentation. Cavitation is considered as a primary mechanism for the ionization of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-I Wu
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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47
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Honda T, Nakanishi T, Ohkubo K, Kojima T, Fukuzumi S. Structure and Photoinduced Electron Transfer Dynamics of a Series of Hydrogen-Bonded Supramolecular Complexes Composed of Electron Donors and a Saddle-Distorted Diprotonated Porphyrin. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:10155-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ja103889f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Honda
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Department of Chemistry, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan, and Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Tatsuaki Nakanishi
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Department of Chemistry, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan, and Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Kei Ohkubo
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Department of Chemistry, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan, and Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Takahiko Kojima
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Department of Chemistry, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan, and Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Department of Chemistry, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan, and Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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48
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Liu ZC, Chen CH, Wang HW, Huang YC, Kao MJ, Lim TS, Luh TY. Hydrogen-bonding induced cooperative effect on the energy transfer in helical polynorbornenes appended with porphyrin-containing amidic alanine linkers. Chem Asian J 2010; 5:1425-38. [PMID: 20397254 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200900567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Polynorbornenes appended with porphyrins containing a range of different linkers are synthesized. The use of bisamidic chiral alanine linkers between the pending porphyrins and the polymeric backbone has been shown to bring the adjacent porphyrin chromophores to more suitable orientation for exciton coupling owing to hydrogen bonding between the adjacent linkers. The hydrogen bonding between the adjacent pendants in these polymers may induce a cooperative effect and therefore render single-handed helical structures for these polymers. Such a cooperative effect is reflected in the enhancement of FRET efficiencies between zinc-porphyrin and free base porphyrin in random copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chang Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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49
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Yang KW, Xu J, Chen CH, Huang HH, Yu TJY, Lim TS, Chen CH, Luh TY. Triple-Stranded Polymeric Ladderphanes. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100550q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Wei Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China 230026
| | - Chih-Hsien Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Hsin-Hua Huang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Tony Jian-Yuan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Tsong-Shin Lim
- Department of Physics, Tung Hai University, Taichung, Taiwan 305
| | - Chun-hsien Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Tien-Yau Luh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
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50
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Krief A, Kremer A. Synthesis of Alkali Metal Carboxylates and Carboxylic Acids Using “Wet” and “Anhydrous” Alkali Metal Hydroxides. Chem Rev 2010; 110:4772-819. [DOI: 10.1021/cr9003506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Krief
- Facultes Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, Departement de Chimie, 61 rue de Bruxelles, Namur B-5000, Belgium
| | - Adrian Kremer
- Facultes Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, Departement de Chimie, 61 rue de Bruxelles, Namur B-5000, Belgium
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