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Delamarche E, Pereiro I, Kashyap A, Kaigala GV. Biopatterning: The Art of Patterning Biomolecules on Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:9637-9651. [PMID: 34347483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Patterning biomolecules on surfaces provides numerous opportunities for miniaturizing biological assays; biosensing; studying proteins, cells, and tissue sections; and engineering surfaces that include biological components. In this Feature Article, we summarize the themes presented in our recent Langmuir Lecture on patterning biomolecules on surfaces, miniaturizing surface assays, and interacting with biointerfaces using three key technologies: microcontact printing, microfluidic networks, and microfluidic probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Delamarche
- IBM Research Europe-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, Rüschlikon CH-8803, Switzerland
| | - Iago Pereiro
- IBM Research Europe-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, Rüschlikon CH-8803, Switzerland
| | - Aditya Kashyap
- IBM Research Europe-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, Rüschlikon CH-8803, Switzerland
| | - Govind V Kaigala
- IBM Research Europe-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, Rüschlikon CH-8803, Switzerland
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2
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Kopu̅stas A, Ivanovaitė Š, Rakickas T, Pocevičiu̅tė E, Paksaitė J, Karvelis T, Zaremba M, Manakova E, Tutkus M. Oriented Soft DNA Curtains for Single-Molecule Imaging. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:3428-3437. [PMID: 33689355 PMCID: PMC8280724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, single-molecule methods have become extremely important for biophysical studies. These methods, in combination with new nanotechnological platforms, can significantly facilitate experimental design and enable faster data acquisition. A nanotechnological platform, which utilizes a flow-stretch of immobilized DNA molecules, called DNA Curtains, is one of the best examples of such combinations. Here, we employed new strategies to fabricate a flow-stretch assay of stably immobilized and oriented DNA molecules using a protein template-directed assembly. In our assay, a protein template patterned on a glass coverslip served for directional assembly of biotinylated DNA molecules. In these arrays, DNA molecules were oriented to one another and maintained extended by either single- or both-end immobilization to the protein templates. For oriented both-end DNA immobilization, we employed heterologous DNA labeling and protein template coverage with the antidigoxigenin antibody. In contrast to single-end immobilization, both-end immobilization does not require constant buffer flow for keeping DNAs in an extended configuration, allowing us to study protein-DNA interactions at more controllable reaction conditions. Additionally, we increased the immobilization stability of the biotinylated DNA molecules using protein templates fabricated from traptavidin. Finally, we demonstrated that double-tethered Soft DNA Curtains can be used in nucleic acid-interacting protein (e.g., CRISPR-Cas9) binding assay that monitors the binding location and position of individual fluorescently labeled proteins on DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurimas Kopu̅stas
- Departments
of Molecular Compound Physics, Nanoengineering, and Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu 231, Vilnius LT-02300, Lithuania
- Life
Sciences Center, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Šaru̅nė Ivanovaitė
- Departments
of Molecular Compound Physics, Nanoengineering, and Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu 231, Vilnius LT-02300, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Rakickas
- Departments
of Molecular Compound Physics, Nanoengineering, and Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu 231, Vilnius LT-02300, Lithuania
| | - Ernesta Pocevičiu̅tė
- Departments
of Molecular Compound Physics, Nanoengineering, and Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu 231, Vilnius LT-02300, Lithuania
- Life
Sciences Center, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Justė Paksaitė
- Life
Sciences Center, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tautvydas Karvelis
- Life
Sciences Center, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Zaremba
- Life
Sciences Center, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Elena Manakova
- Life
Sciences Center, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Marijonas Tutkus
- Departments
of Molecular Compound Physics, Nanoengineering, and Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu 231, Vilnius LT-02300, Lithuania
- Life
Sciences Center, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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3
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Humenik M, Winkler A, Scheibel T. Patterning of protein-based materials. Biopolymers 2020; 112:e23412. [PMID: 33283876 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Micro- and nanopatterning of proteins on surfaces allows to develop for example high-throughput biosensors in biomedical diagnostics and in general advances the understanding of cell-material interactions in tissue engineering. Today, many techniques are available to generate protein pattern, ranging from technically simple ones, such as micro-contact printing, to highly tunable optical lithography or even technically sophisticated scanning probe lithography. Here, one focus is on the progress made in the development of protein-based materials as positive or negative photoresists allowing micro- to nanostructured scaffolds for biocompatible photonic, electronic and tissue engineering applications. The second one is on approaches, which allow a controlled spatiotemporal positioning of a single protein on surfaces, enabled by the recent developments in immobilization techniques coherent with the sensitive nature of proteins, defined protein orientation and maintenance of the protein activity at interfaces. The third one is on progress in photolithography-based methods, which allow to control the formation of protein-repellant/adhesive polymer brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Humenik
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Science, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anika Winkler
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Science, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Science, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces (BZKG), Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,Bayreuth Center for Molecular Biosciences (BZMB), Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,Bayreuth Center for Material Science (BayMAT), Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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4
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Cėpla V, Rakickas T, Stankevičienė G, Mazėtytė-Godienė A, Baradokė A, Ruželė Ž, Valiokas RN. Photografting and Patterning of Poly(ethylene glycol) Methacrylate Hydrogel on Glass for Biochip Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:32233-32246. [PMID: 32438798 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An efficient procedure for chemical initiator-free, in situ synthesis of a functional polyethylene glycol methacrylate (PEG MA) hydrogel on regular glass substrates is reported. It is demonstrated that self-initiated photografting and photopolymerization driven by UV irradiation can yield tens of nanometer-thick coatings of carboxy-functionalized PEG MA on the aldehyde-terminated borosilicate glass surface. The most efficient formulation for hydrogel synthesis contained methyl methacrylic acid (MAA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and PEG methacrylate (PEG10MA) monomers (1:1:1). The resulting HEMA/PEG10MA/MAA (HPMAA) coatings had a defined thickness in the range from 11 to 50 nm. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized HPMAA coatings were analyzed by combining water contact angle measurements, stylus profilometry, imaging null ellipsometry, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The latter technique was employed in the quantitative imaging mode not only for direct probing of the surface topography but also for swelling behavior characterization in the pH range from 4.5 to 8.0. The estimated high swelling ratios of the HPMAA hydrogel (up to 3.2) together with its good stability and resistance to nonspecific protein binding were advantageous in extracellular matrix mimetics via patterning of fibronectin (FN) at a resolution close to 200 nm. It was shown that the fabricated FN micropatterns on HPMAA were equally suitable for single-cell arraying, as well as controlled cell culture lasting at least for 96 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vytautas Cėpla
- Department of Nanoengineering, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanorių 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Rakickas
- Department of Nanoengineering, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanorių 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gintarė Stankevičienė
- Department of Nanoengineering, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanorių 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Airina Mazėtytė-Godienė
- Department of Nanoengineering, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanorių 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aušra Baradokė
- Department of Nanoengineering, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanorių 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Živilė Ruželė
- Department of Nanoengineering, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanorių 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ramu Nas Valiokas
- Department of Nanoengineering, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanorių 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
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5
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Tutkus M, Rakickas T, Kopu Stas A, Ivanovaitė ŠN, Venckus O, Navikas V, Zaremba M, Manakova E, Valiokas RN. Fixed DNA Molecule Arrays for High-Throughput Single DNA-Protein Interaction Studies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:5921-5930. [PMID: 30955328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The DNA Curtains assay is a recently developed experimental platform for protein-DNA interaction studies at the single-molecule level that is based on anchoring and alignment of DNA fragments. The DNA Curtains so far have been made by using chromium barriers and fluid lipid bilayer membranes, which makes such a specialized assay technically challenging and relatively unstable. Herein, we report on an alternative strategy for DNA arraying for analysis of individual DNA-protein interactions. It relies on stable DNA tethering onto nanopatterned protein templates via high affinity molecular recognition. We describe fabrication of streptavidin templates (line features as narrow as 200 nm) onto modified glass coverslips by combining surface chemistry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and soft lithography techniques with affinity-driven assembly. We have employed such chips for arraying single- and double-tethered DNA strands, and we characterized the obtained molecular architecture: we evaluated the structural characteristics and specific versus nonspecific binding of fluorescence-labeled DNA using AFM and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. We demonstrate the feasibility of our DNA molecule arrays for short single-tethered as well as for lambda single- and double-tethered DNA. The latter type of arrays proved very suitable for localization of single DNA-protein interactions employing restriction endonucleases. The presented molecular architecture and facile method of fabrication of our nanoscale platform does not require clean room equipment, and it offers advanced functional studies of DNA machineries and the development of future nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aurimas Kopu Stas
- Vilnius University, Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biotechnology , Sauletekio av. 7 , Vilnius LT-10257 , Lithuania
| | | | | | | | - Mindaugas Zaremba
- Vilnius University, Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biotechnology , Sauletekio av. 7 , Vilnius LT-10257 , Lithuania
| | - Elena Manakova
- Vilnius University, Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biotechnology , Sauletekio av. 7 , Vilnius LT-10257 , Lithuania
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6
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El Zubir O, Xia S, Ducker RE, Wang L, Mullin N, Cartron ML, Cadby AJ, Hobbs JK, Hunter CN, Leggett GJ. From Monochrome to Technicolor: Simple Generic Approaches to Multicomponent Protein Nanopatterning Using Siloxanes with Photoremovable Protein-Resistant Protecting Groups. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:8829-8837. [PMID: 28551995 PMCID: PMC5588097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We show that sequential protein deposition is possible by photodeprotection of films formed from a tetraethylene-glycol functionalized nitrophenylethoxycarbonyl-protected aminopropyltriethoxysilane (NPEOC-APTES). Exposure to near-UV irradiation removes the protein-resistant protecting group, and allows protein adsorption onto the resulting aminated surface. The protein resistance was tested using proteins with fluorescent labels and microspectroscopy of two-component structures formed by micro- and nanopatterning and deposition of yellow and green fluorescent proteins (YFP/GFP). Nonspecific adsorption onto regions where the protecting group remained intact was negligible. Multiple component patterns were also formed by near-field methods. Because reading and writing can be decoupled in a near-field microscope, it is possible to carry out sequential patterning steps at a single location involving different proteins. Up to four different proteins were formed into geometric patterns using near-field lithography. Interferometric lithography facilitates the organization of proteins over square cm areas. Two-component patterns consisting of 150 nm streptavidin dots formed within an orthogonal grid of bars of GFP at a period of ca. 500 nm could just be resolved by fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama El Zubir
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United
Kingdom
| | - Sijing Xia
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United
Kingdom
| | - Robert E. Ducker
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United
Kingdom
| | - Lin Wang
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Nic Mullin
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Michaël L. Cartron
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley J. Cadby
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie K. Hobbs
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - C. Neil Hunter
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Graham J. Leggett
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United
Kingdom
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7
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Yokoyama S, Matsui TS, Deguchi S. Microcontact Peeling: A Cell Micropatterning Technique for Circumventing Direct Adsorption of Proteins to Hydrophobic PDMS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cpcb.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sho Yokoyama
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Nagoya Japan
- Current: Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University Hiratsuka Japan
| | - Tsubasa S. Matsui
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Nagoya Japan
- Current: Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Osaka Japan
| | - Shinji Deguchi
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Nagoya Japan
- Current: Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Osaka Japan
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8
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Temiz Y, Lovchik RD, Delamarche E. Capillary-Driven Microfluidic Chips for Miniaturized Immunoassays: Patterning Capture Antibodies Using Microcontact Printing and Dry-Film Resists. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1547:37-47. [PMID: 28044285 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6734-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The miniaturization of immunoassays using microfluidic devices is attractive for many applications, but an important challenge remains the patterning of capture antibodies (cAbs) on the surface of microfluidic structures. Here, we describe how to pattern cAbs on planar poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps and how to microcontact print the cAbs on a dry-film resist (DFR). DFRs are new types of photoresists having excellent chemical resistance and good mechanical, adhesive, and optical properties. Instead of being liquid photoresists, DFRs are thin layers that are easy to handle, cut, photo-pattern, and laminate over surfaces. We show how to perform a simple fluorescence immunoassay using anti-biotin cAbs patterned on a 50-μm-thick DF-1050 DFR, Atto 647N-biotin analytes, and capillary-driven chips fabricated in silicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuksel Temiz
- IBM Research GmbH, Saumerstrasse 4, 8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Robert D Lovchik
- IBM Research GmbH, Saumerstrasse 4, 8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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9
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Barner-Kowollik C, Goldmann AS, Schacher FH. Polymer Interfaces: Synthetic Strategies Enabling Functionality, Adaptivity, and Spatial Control. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Anja S. Goldmann
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Felix H. Schacher
- Institute
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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10
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Motrescu I, Nagatsu M. Nanocapillary Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet: A Tool for Ultrafine Maskless Surface Modification at Atmospheric Pressure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:12528-33. [PMID: 27116255 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
With respect to microsized surface functionalization techniques we proposed the use of a maskless, versatile, simple tool, represented by a nano- or microcapillary atmospheric pressure plasma jet for producing microsized controlled etching, chemical vapor deposition, and chemical modification patterns on polymeric surfaces. In this work we show the possibility of size-controlled surface amination, and we discuss it as a function of different processing parameters. Moreover, we prove the successful connection of labeled sugar chains on the functionalized microscale patterns, indicating the possibility to use ultrafine capillary atmospheric pressure plasma jets as versatile tools for biosensing, tissue engineering, and related biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliana Motrescu
- Department of Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" , 3 Sadoveanu Alley, Iasi 700490, Romania
| | - Masaaki Nagatsu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University , 3-5-1 Johoku Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
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11
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Xia S, Cartron M, Morby J, Bryant D, Hunter CN, Leggett GJ. Fabrication of Nanometer- and Micrometer-Scale Protein Structures by Site-Specific Immobilization of Histidine-Tagged Proteins to Aminosiloxane Films with Photoremovable Protein-Resistant Protecting Groups. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:1818-27. [PMID: 26820378 PMCID: PMC4848731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The site-specific immobilization of histidine-tagged proteins to patterns formed by far-field and near-field exposure of films of aminosilanes with protein-resistant photolabile protecting groups is demonstrated. After deprotection of the aminosilane, either through a mask or using a scanning near-field optical microscope, the amine terminal groups are derivatized first with glutaraldehyde and then with N-(5-amino-1-carboxypentyl)iminodiacetic acid to yield a nitrilo-triacetic-acid-terminated surface. After complexation with Ni(2+), this surface binds histidine-tagged GFP and CpcA-PEB in a site-specific fashion. The chemistry is simple and reliable and leads to extensive surface functionalization. Bright fluorescence is observed in fluorescence microscopy images of micrometer- and nanometer-scale patterns. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to study quantitatively the efficiency of photodeprotection and the reactivity of the modified surfaces. The efficiency of the protein binding process is investigated quantitatively by ellipsometry and by fluorescence microscopy. We find that regions of the surface not exposed to UV light bind negligible amounts of His-tagged proteins, indicating that the oligo(ethylene glycol) adduct on the nitrophenyl protecting group confers excellent protein resistance; in contrast, exposed regions bind His-GFP very effectively, yielding strong fluorescence that is almost completely removed on treatment of the surface with imidazole, confirming a degree of site-specific binding in excess of 90%. This simple strategy offers a versatile generic route to the spatially selective site-specific immobilization of proteins at surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijing Xia
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Michaël Cartron
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - James Morby
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Donald
A. Bryant
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State
University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United
States
| | - C. Neil Hunter
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Graham J. Leggett
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
- E-mail:
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12
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Cell sensing of physical properties at the nanoscale: Mechanisms and control of cell adhesion and phenotype. Acta Biomater 2016; 30:26-48. [PMID: 26596568 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry, geometry, topography and mechanical properties of biomaterials modulate biochemical signals (in particular ligand-receptor binding events) that control cells-matrix interactions. In turn, the regulation of cell adhesion by the biochemical and physical properties of the matrix controls cell phenotypes such as proliferation, motility and differentiation. In particular, nanoscale geometrical, topographical and mechanical properties of biomaterials are essential to achieve control of the cell-biomaterials interface. The design of such nanoscale architectures and platforms requires understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying adhesion formation and the assembly of the actin cytoskeleton. This review presents some of the important molecular mechanisms underlying cell adhesion to biomaterials mediated by integrins and discusses the nanoscale engineered platforms used to control these processes. Such nanoscale understanding of the cell-biomaterials interface offers exciting opportunities for the design of biomaterials and their application to the field of tissue engineering. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Biomaterials design is important in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, in particular to allow the long term expansion of stem cells and the engineering of scaffolds for tissue regeneration. Cell adhesion to biomaterials often plays a central role in regulating cell phenotype. It is emerging that physical properties of biomaterials, and more generally the microenvironment, regulate such behaviour. In particular, cells respond to nanoscale physical properties of their matrix. Understanding how such nanoscale physical properties control cell adhesion is therefore essential for biomaterials design. To this aim, a deeper understanding of molecular processes controlling cell adhesion, but also a greater control of matrix engineering is required. Such multidisciplinary approaches shed light on some of the fundamental mechanisms via which cell adhesions sense their nanoscale physical environment.
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13
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Liu W, Liu X, Ge P, Fang L, Xiang S, Zhao X, Shen H, Yang B. Hierarchical-Multiplex DNA Patterns Mediated by Polymer Brush Nanocone Arrays That Possess Potential Application for Specific DNA Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:24760-24771. [PMID: 26497053 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b07577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides a facile and cost-efficient method to prepare single-strand DNA (ssDNA) nanocone arrays and hierarchical DNA patterns that were mediated by poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) brush. The PHEMA brush nanocone arrays with different morphology and period were fabricated via colloidal lithography. The hierarchical structure was prepared through the combination of colloidal lithography and traditional photolithography. The DNA patterns were easily achieved via grafting the amino group modified ssDNA onto the side chain of polymer brush, and the anchored DNA maintained their reactivity. The as-prepared ssDNA nanocone arrays can be applied for target DNA sensing with the detection limit reaching 1.65 nM. Besides, with the help of introducing microfluidic ideology, the hierarchical-multiplex DNA patterns on the same substrate could be easily achieved with each kind of pattern possessing one kind of ssDNA, which are promising surfaces for the preparation of rapid, visible, and multiplex DNA sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaizhong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
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14
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Moxey M, Johnson A, El-Zubir O, Cartron M, Dinachali SS, Hunter CN, Saifullah MSM, Chong KSL, Leggett GJ. Fabrication of Self-Cleaning, Reusable Titania Templates for Nanometer and Micrometer Scale Protein Patterning. ACS NANO 2015; 9:6262-70. [PMID: 26042335 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The photocatalytic self-cleaning characteristics of titania facilitate the fabrication of reuseable templates for protein nanopatterning. Titania nanostructures were fabricated over square centimeter areas by interferometric lithography (IL) and nanoimprint lithography (NIL). With the use of a Lloyd's mirror two-beam interferometer, self-assembled monolayers of alkylphosphonates adsorbed on the native oxide of a Ti film were patterned by photocatalytic nanolithography. In regions exposed to a maximum in the interferogram, the monolayer was removed by photocatalytic oxidation. In regions exposed to an intensity minimum, the monolayer remained intact. After exposure, the sample was etched in piranha solution to yield Ti nanostructures with widths as small as 30 nm. NIL was performed by using a silicon stamp to imprint a spin-cast film of titanium dioxide resin; after calcination and reactive ion etching, TiO2 nanopillars were formed. For both fabrication techniques, subsequent adsorption of an oligo(ethylene glycol) functionalized trichlorosilane yielded an entirely passive, protein-resistant surface. Near-UV exposure caused removal of this protein-resistant film from the titania regions by photocatalytic degradation, leaving the passivating silane film intact on the silicon dioxide regions. Proteins labeled with fluorescent dyes were adsorbed to the titanium dioxide regions, yielding nanopatterns with bright fluorescence. Subsequent near-UV irradiation of the samples removed the protein from the titanium dioxide nanostructures by photocatalytic degradation facilitating the adsorption of a different protein. The process was repeated multiple times. These simple methods appear to yield durable, reuseable samples that may be of value to laboratories that require nanostructured biological interfaces but do not have access to the infrastructure required for nanofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Moxey
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
- ‡Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Republic of Singapore
| | - Alexander Johnson
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Osama El-Zubir
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Cartron
- §Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Saman Safari Dinachali
- ‡Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Republic of Singapore
| | - C Neil Hunter
- §Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad S M Saifullah
- ‡Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Republic of Singapore
| | - Karen S L Chong
- ‡Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Republic of Singapore
| | - Graham J Leggett
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
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15
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Ricoult SG, Kennedy TE, Juncker D. Substrate-bound protein gradients to study haptotaxis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:40. [PMID: 25870855 PMCID: PMC4378366 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells navigate in response to inhomogeneous distributions of extracellular guidance cues. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying migration in response to gradients of chemical cues have been investigated for over a century. Following the introduction of micropipettes and more recently microfluidics for gradient generation, much attention and effort was devoted to study cellular chemotaxis, which is defined as guidance by gradients of chemical cues in solution. Haptotaxis, directional migration in response to gradients of substrate-bound cues, has received comparatively less attention; however, it is increasingly clear that in vivo many physiologically relevant guidance proteins - including many secreted cues - are bound to cellular surfaces or incorporated into extracellular matrix and likely function via a haptotactic mechanism. Here, we review the history of haptotaxis. We examine the importance of the reference surface, the surface in contact with the cell that is not covered by the cue, which forms a gradient opposing the gradient of the protein cue and must be considered in experimental designs and interpretation of results. We review and compare microfluidics, contact printing, light patterning, and 3D fabrication to pattern substrate-bound protein gradients in vitro. The range of methods to create substrate-bound gradients discussed herein makes possible systematic analyses of haptotactic mechanisms. Furthermore, understanding the fundamental mechanisms underlying cell motility will inform bioengineering approaches to program cell navigation and recover lost function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien G. Ricoult
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Timothy E. Kennedy
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Juncker
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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16
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Tran H, Ronaldson K, Bailey NA, Lynd NA, Killops KL, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Campos LM. Hierarchically ordered nanopatterns for spatial control of biomolecules. ACS NANO 2014; 8:11846-53. [PMID: 25363506 PMCID: PMC4246004 DOI: 10.1021/nn505548n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The development and study of a benchtop, high-throughput, and inexpensive fabrication strategy to obtain hierarchical patterns of biomolecules with sub-50 nm resolution is presented. A diblock copolymer of polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene oxide), PS-b-PEO, is synthesized with biotin capping the PEO block and 4-bromostyrene copolymerized within the polystyrene block at 5 wt %. These two handles allow thin films of the block copolymer to be postfunctionalized with biotinylated biomolecules of interest and to obtain micropatterns of nanoscale-ordered films via photolithography. The design of this single polymer further allows access to two distinct superficial nanopatterns (lines and dots), where the PEO cylinders are oriented parallel or perpendicular to the substrate. Moreover, we present a strategy to obtain hierarchical mixed morphologies: a thin-film coating of cylinders both parallel and perpendicular to the substrate can be obtained by tuning the solvent annealing and irradiation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Kacey Ronaldson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Nevette A. Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Nathaniel A. Lynd
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kato L. Killops
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Luis M. Campos
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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17
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Ricoult SG, Nezhad AS, Knapp-Mohammady M, Kennedy TE, Juncker D. Humidified microcontact printing of proteins: universal patterning of proteins on both low and high energy surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:12002-12010. [PMID: 25222734 DOI: 10.1021/la502742r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microcontact printing (μCP) of proteins is widely used for biosensors and cell biology but is constrained to printing proteins adsorbed to a low free energy, hydrophobic surface to a high free energy, hydrophilic surface. This strongly limits μCP as harsh chemical treatments are required to form a high energy surface. Here, we introduce humidified μCP (HμCP) of proteins which enables universal printing of protein on any smooth surface. We found that by flowing water in proximity to proteins adsorbed on a hydrophilized stamp, the water vapor diffusing through the stamp enables the printing of proteins on both low and high energy surfaces. Indeed, when proteins are printed using stamps with increasing spacing between water-filled microchannels, only proteins adjacent to the channels are transferred. The vapor transport through the stamp was modeled, and by comparing the humidity profiles with the protein patterns, 88% relative humidity in the stamp was identified as the threshold for HμCP. The molecular forces occurring between PDMS, peptides, and glass during printing were modeled ab initio to confirm the critical role water plays in the transfer. Using HμCP, we introduce straightforward protocols to pattern multiple proteins side-by-side down to nanometer resolution without the need for expensive mask aligners, but instead exploiting self-alignment effects derived from the stamp geometry. Finally, we introduce vascularized HμCP stamps with embedded microchannels that allow printing proteins as arbitrary, large areas patterns with nanometer resolution. This work introduces the general concept of water-assisted μCP and opens new possibilities for "solvent-assisted" printing of proteins and of other nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien G Ricoult
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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18
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Abstract
Amphipols (APols) are short amphipathic polymers that can substitute for detergents at the transmembrane surface of membrane proteins (MPs) and, thereby, keep them soluble in detergent free aqueous solutions. APol-trapped MPs are, as a rule, more stable biochemically than their detergent-solubilized counterparts. APols have proven useful to produce MPs, most noticeably by assisting their folding from the denatured state obtained after solubilizing MP inclusion bodies in either SDS or urea. They facilitate the handling in aqueous solution of fragile MPs for the purpose of proteomics, structural and functional studies, and therapeutics. Because APols can be chemically labeled or functionalized, and they form very stable complexes with MPs, they can also be used to functionalize those indirectly, which opens onto many novel applications. Following a brief recall of the properties of APols and MP/APol complexes, an update is provided of recent progress in these various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Zoonens
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Moléculaire des Protéines Membranaires, UMR 7099, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Paris-7, 13, rue Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Popot
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Moléculaire des Protéines Membranaires, UMR 7099, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Paris-7, 13, rue Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, 75005 Paris, France
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19
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Ongo G, Ricoult SG, Kennedy TE, Juncker D. Ordered, random, monotonic and non-monotonic digital nanodot gradients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106541. [PMID: 25192173 PMCID: PMC4156346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell navigation is directed by inhomogeneous distributions of extracellular cues. It is well known that noise plays a key role in biology and is present in naturally occurring gradients at the micro- and nanoscale, yet it has not been studied with gradients in vitro. Here, we introduce novel algorithms to produce ordered and random gradients of discrete nanodots--called digital nanodot gradients (DNGs)--according to monotonic and non-monotonic density functions. The algorithms generate continuous DNGs, with dot spacing changing in two dimensions along the gradient direction according to arbitrary mathematical functions, with densities ranging from 0.02% to 44.44%. The random gradient algorithm compensates for random nanodot overlap, and the randomness and spatial homogeneity of the DNGs were confirmed with Ripley's K function. An array of 100 DNGs, each 400×400 µm2, comprising a total of 57 million 200×200 nm2 dots was designed and patterned into silicon using electron-beam lithography, then patterned as fluorescently labeled IgGs on glass using lift-off nanocontact printing. DNGs will facilitate the study of the effects of noise and randomness at the micro- and nanoscales on cell migration and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Ongo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sébastien G. Ricoult
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Timothy E. Kennedy
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - David Juncker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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20
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Yokoyama S, Matsui TS, Deguchi S. Microcontact peeling as a new method for cell micropatterning. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102735. [PMID: 25062030 PMCID: PMC4111480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Micropatterning is becoming a powerful tool for studying morphogenetic and differentiation processes of cells. Here we describe a new micropatterning technique, which we refer to as microcontact peeling. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates were treated with oxygen plasma, and the resulting hydrophilic layer of the surface was locally peeled off through direct contact with a peeling stamp made of aluminum, copper, or silicon. A hydrophobic layer of PDMS could be selectively exposed only at the places of the physical contact as revealed by water contact angle measurements and angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which thus enabled successful micropatterning of cells with micro-featured peeling stamps. This new micropatterning technique needs no procedure for directly adsorbing proteins to bare PDMS in contrast to conventional techniques using a microcontact printing stamp. Given the several unique characteristics, the present technique based on the peel-off of inorganic materials may become a useful option for performing cell micropatterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Yokoyama
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsubasa S. Matsui
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinji Deguchi
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
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21
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Shao Y, Fu J. Integrated micro/nanoengineered functional biomaterials for cell mechanics and mechanobiology: a materials perspective. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:1494-533. [PMID: 24339188 PMCID: PMC4076293 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of micro/nanoengineered functional biomaterials in the last two decades has empowered materials scientists and bioengineers to precisely control different aspects of the in vitro cell microenvironment. Following a philosophy of reductionism, many studies using synthetic functional biomaterials have revealed instructive roles of individual extracellular biophysical and biochemical cues in regulating cellular behaviors. Development of integrated micro/nanoengineered functional biomaterials to study complex and emergent biological phenomena has also thrived rapidly in recent years, revealing adaptive and integrated cellular behaviors closely relevant to human physiological and pathological conditions. Working at the interface between materials science and engineering, biology, and medicine, we are now at the beginning of a great exploration using micro/nanoengineered functional biomaterials for both fundamental biology study and clinical and biomedical applications such as regenerative medicine and drug screening. In this review, an overview of state of the art micro/nanoengineered functional biomaterials that can control precisely individual aspects of cell-microenvironment interactions is presented and they are highlighted them as well-controlled platforms for mechanistic studies of mechano-sensitive and -responsive cellular behaviors and integrative biology research. The recent exciting trend where micro/nanoengineered biomaterials are integrated into miniaturized biological and biomimetic systems for dynamic multiparametric microenvironmental control of emergent and integrated cellular behaviors is also discussed. The impact of integrated micro/nanoengineered functional biomaterials for future in vitro studies of regenerative medicine, cell biology, as well as human development and disease models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shao
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109 (USA)
| | - Jianping Fu
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109 (USA). Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109 (USA)
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22
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Della Pia EA, Holm JV, Lloret N, Le Bon C, Popot JL, Zoonens M, Nygård J, Martinez KL. A step closer to membrane protein multiplexed nanoarrays using biotin-doped polypyrrole. ACS NANO 2014; 8:1844-53. [PMID: 24476392 PMCID: PMC4004317 DOI: 10.1021/nn406252h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Whether for fundamental biological research or for diagnostic and drug discovery applications, protein micro- and nanoarrays are attractive technologies because of their low sample consumption, high-throughput, and multiplexing capabilities. However, the arraying platforms developed so far are still not able to handle membrane proteins, and specific methods to selectively immobilize these hydrophobic and fragile molecules are needed to understand their function and structural complexity. Here we integrate two technologies, electropolymerization and amphipols, to demonstrate the electrically addressable functionalization of micro- and nanosurfaces with membrane proteins. Gold surfaces are selectively modified by electrogeneration of a polymeric film in the presence of biotin, where avidin conjugates can then be selectively immobilized. The method is successfully applied to the preparation of protein-multiplexed arrays by sequential electropolymerization and biomolecular functionalization steps. The surface density of the proteins bound to the electrodes can be easily tuned by adjusting the amount of biotin deposited during electropolymerization. Amphipols are specially designed amphipathic polymers that provide a straightforward method to stabilize and add functionalities to membrane proteins. Exploiting the strong affinity of biotin for streptavidin, we anchor distinct membrane proteins onto different electrodes via a biotin-tagged amphipol. Antibody-recognition events demonstrate that the proteins are stably immobilized and that the electrodeposition of polypyrrole films bearing biotin units is compatible with the protein-binding activity. Since polypyrrole films show good conductivity properties, the platform described here is particularly well suited to prepare electronically transduced bionanosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Antonio Della Pia
- Bio-Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology & Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeppe V. Holm
- Niels Bohr Institute, Center for Quantum Devices & Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Noemie Lloret
- Bio-Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology & Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christel Le Bon
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR 7099, CNRS/Université Paris-7, 13 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Popot
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR 7099, CNRS/Université Paris-7, 13 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Manuela Zoonens
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR 7099, CNRS/Université Paris-7, 13 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jesper Nygård
- Niels Bohr Institute, Center for Quantum Devices & Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen Laurence Martinez
- Bio-Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology & Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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23
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Abstract
Spatially patterned subtractive de-inking, a process we term "stamp-off," provides a simple method to generate sparse, multicomponent protein micropatterns. It has been applied to control cell adhesion, study adhesion biology, as well as to micropattern fragile surfaces. This technique can also readily be applied to study nanoscale interactions between cell membrane receptors and surface-immobilized ligands. It is based on conventional microcontact printing and as such requires the same reagents, including photolithographically defined masters, a spin-coater, poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS), and conventional cell culture reagents such as glass coverslips and adhesive proteins. Stamp-off is conceptually simplified into three steps: (1) generation of an appropriate cell culture substrate, PDMS-coated glass, (2) micropatterning with stamp-off, and (3) cell deposition. After elaborating each of these three methods, we discuss limitations of the technique and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi A Desai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany; Medical Research Council, National Institute of Medical Research, London, United Kingdom; University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia M Rodriguez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher S Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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Liu W, Li Y, Wang T, Li D, Fang L, Zhu S, Shen H, Zhang J, Sun H, Yang B. Elliptical polymer brush ring array mediated protein patterning and cell adhesion on patterned protein surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:12587-12593. [PMID: 24256492 DOI: 10.1021/am403808s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel method to fabricate elliptical ring arrays of proteins. The protein arrays are prepared by covalently grafting proteins to the polymer brush ring arrays which are prepared by the techniques combining colloidal lithography dewetting and surface initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). Through this method, the parameters of protein patterns, such as height, wall thickness, periods, and distances between two elliptical rings, can be finely regulated. In addition, the sample which contains the elliptical protein ring arrays can be prepared over a large area up to 1 cm(2), and the protein on the ring maintains its biological activity. The as-prepared ring and elliptical ring arrays (ERAs) of fibronectin can promote cell adhesion and may have an active effect on the formation of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
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25
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Rostgaard KR, Frederiksen RS, Liu YCC, Berthing T, Madsen MH, Holm J, Nygård J, Martinez KL. Vertical nanowire arrays as a versatile platform for protein detection and analysis. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:10226-35. [PMID: 24062006 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03113f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein microarrays are valuable tools for protein assays. Reducing spot sizes from micro- to nano-scale facilitates miniaturization of platforms and consequently decreased material consumption, but faces inherent challenges in the reduction of fluorescent signals and compatibility with complex solutions. Here we show that vertical arrays of nanowires (NWs) can overcome several bottlenecks of using nanoarrays for extraction and analysis of proteins. The high aspect ratio of the NWs results in a large surface area available for protein immobilization and renders passivation of the surface between the NWs unnecessary. Fluorescence detection of proteins allows quantitative measurements and spatial resolution, enabling us to track individual NWs through several analytical steps, thereby allowing multiplexed detection of different proteins immobilized on different regions of the NW array. We use NW arrays for on-chip extraction, detection and functional analysis of proteins on a nano-scale platform that holds great promise for performing protein analysis on minute amounts of material. The demonstration made here on highly ordered arrays of indium arsenide (InAs) NWs is generic and can be extended to many high aspect ratio nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine R Rostgaard
- Bio-Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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26
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Ricoult SG, Pla-Roca M, Safavieh R, Lopez-Ayon GM, Grütter P, Kennedy TE, Juncker D. Large dynamic range digital nanodot gradients of biomolecules made by low-cost nanocontact printing for cell haptotaxis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:3308-3313. [PMID: 23606620 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201202915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel method is introduced for ultrahigh throughput and ultralow cost patterning of biomolecules with nanometer resolution and novel 2D digital nanodot gradients (DNGs) with mathematically defined slopes are created. The technique is based on lift-off nanocontact printing while using high-resolution photopolymer stamps that are rapidly produced at a low cost through double replication from Si originals. Printed patterns with 100 nm features are shown. DNGs with varying spacing between the dots and a record dynamic range of 4400 are produced; 64 unique DNGs, each with hundreds of thousands of dots, are inked and printed in 5.5 min. The adhesive response and haptotaxis of C2C12 myoblast cells on DNGs demonstrated their biofunctionality. The great flexibility in pattern design, the massive parallel ability, the ultra low cost, and the extreme ease of polymer lift-off nanocontact printing will facilitate its use for various biological and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien G Ricoult
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, McGill University, 740 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Montréal, Québec H3A 0G1, Canada, Fax: (+)1 (514) 398 1790; Webpage: http://wikisites.mcgill.ca/djgroup/; Department of Neuroscience, McGill University, 3801 University Avenue, Montréal, Québec H3A 0G1, Canada
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27
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Ul-Haq E, Patole S, Moxey M, Amstad E, Vasilev C, Hunter CN, Leggett GJ, Spencer ND, Williams NH. Photocatalytic nanolithography of self-assembled monolayers and proteins. ACS NANO 2013; 7:7610-8. [PMID: 23971891 PMCID: PMC4327559 DOI: 10.1021/nn402063b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers of alkylthiolates on gold and alkylsilanes on silicon dioxide have been patterned photocatalytically on sub-100 nm length-scales using both apertured near-field and apertureless methods. Apertured lithography was carried out by means of an argon ion laser (364 nm) coupled to cantilever-type near-field probes with a thin film of titania deposited over the aperture. Apertureless lithography was carried out with a helium-cadmium laser (325 nm) to excite titanium-coated, contact-mode atomic force microscope (AFM) probes. This latter approach is readily implementable on any commercial AFM system. Photodegradation occurred in both cases through the localized photocatalytic degradation of the monolayer. For alkanethiols, degradation of one thiol exposed the bare substrate, enabling refunctionalization of the bare gold by a second, contrasting thiol. For alkylsilanes, degradation of the adsorbate molecule provided a facile means for protein patterning. Lines were written in a protein-resistant film formed by the adsorption of oligo(ethylene glycol)-functionalized trichlorosilanes on glass, leading to the formation of sub-100 nm adhesive, aldehyde-functionalized regions. These were derivatized with aminobutylnitrilotriacetic acid, and complexed with Ni(2+), enabling the binding of histidine-labeled green fluorescent protein, which yielded bright fluorescence from 70-nm-wide lines that could be imaged clearly in a confocal microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehtsham Ul-Haq
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Samson Patole
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Moxey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Amstad
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cvetelin Vasilev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - C. Neil Hunter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Graham J. Leggett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas D. Spencer
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas H. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
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28
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Kristensen SH, Pedersen GA, Ogaki R, Bochenkov V, Nejsum LN, Sutherland DS. Complex protein nanopatterns over large areas via colloidal lithography. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:6158-68. [PMID: 23333875 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The patterning of biomolecules at the nanoscale provides a powerful method to investigate cellular adhesion processes. A novel method for patterning is presented that is based on colloidal monolayer templating combined with multiple and angled deposition steps. Patterns of gold and SiO2 layers are used to generate complex protein nanopatterns over large areas. Simple circular patches or more complex ring structures are produced in addition to hierarchical patterns of smaller patches. The gold regions are modified through alkanethiol chemistry, which enables the preparation of extracellular matrix proteins (vitronectin) or cellular ligands (the extracellular domain of E-cadherin) in the nanopatterns, whereas the selective poly(l-lysine)-poly(ethylene glycol) functionalization of the SiO2 matrix renders it protein repellent. Cell studies, as a proof of principle, demonstrate the potential for using sets of systematically varied samples with simpler or more complex patterns for studies of cellular adhesive behavior and reveal that the local distribution of proteins within a simple patch critically influences cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine H Kristensen
- iNANO Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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29
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Yang S, Lapsley MI, Cao B, Zhao C, Zhao Y, Hao Q, Kiraly B, Scott J, Li W, Wang L, Lei Y, Huang TJ. Large-Scale Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Surface Patterns Using Template-Defined Electrochemical Deposition. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2013; 23:720-730. [PMID: 31588203 PMCID: PMC6777745 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201201466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A new strategy to achieve large-scale, three-dimensional (3D) micro- and nanostructured surface patterns through selective electrochemical growth on monolayer colloidal crystal (MCC) templates is reported. This method can effectively create large-area (>1 cm2), 3D surface patterns with well-defined structures in a cost-effective and time-saving manner (<30 min). A variety of 3D surface patterns, including semishells, Janus particles, microcups, and mushroom-like clusters, is generated. Most importantly, our method can be used to prepare surface patterns with prescribed compositions, such as metals, metal oxides, organic materials, or composites (e.g., metal/metal oxide, metal/polymer). The 3D surface patterns produced by our method can be valuable in a wide range of applications, such as biosensing, data storage, and plasmonics. In a proof-of-concept study, we investigated, both experimentally and theoretically, the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) performance of the fabricated silver 3D semishell arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikuan Yang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-6812, USA
| | - Michael Ian Lapsley
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-6812, USA
| | - Bingqiang Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Chenglong Zhao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-6812, USA
| | - Yanhui Zhao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-6812, USA
| | - Qingzhen Hao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-6812, USA
| | - Brian Kiraly
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-6812, USA
| | - Jason Scott
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-6812, USA
| | - Weizhou Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Ascent Bio-Nano Technologies Inc., State College, PA 16801, USA
| | - Yong Lei
- Center for Innovation Competence & Institute for Physics, Technical University of Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802-6812, USA
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30
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Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that cell signaling, as a chemical process, must be considered at the local, micrometer scale. Micro- and nanofabrication techniques provide access to these dimensions, with the potential to capture and manipulate the spatial complexity of intracellular signaling in experimental models. This review focuses on recent advances in adapting surface engineering for use with biomolecular systems that interface with cell signaling, particularly with respect to surfaces that interact with multiple receptor systems on individual cells. The utility of this conceptual and experimental approach is demonstrated in the context of epithelial cells and T lymphocytes, two systems whose ability to perform their physiological function is dramatically impacted by the convergence and balance of multiple signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.C. Kam
- Deparment of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - K. Shen
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114;
| | - M.L. Dustin
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016;
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31
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Micrometer and Nanometer Scale Photopatterning of Proteins on Glass Surfaces by Photo-degradation of Films Formed from Oligo(Ethylene Glycol) Terminated Silanes. Biointerphases 2012; 7:54. [DOI: 10.1007/s13758-012-0054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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32
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Rupp B, Nédélec F. Patterns of molecular motors that guide and sort filaments. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:4903-4910. [PMID: 23038219 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40250e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Molecular motors can be immobilized to transport filaments and loads that are attached to these filaments inside a nano-device. However, if motors are distributed uniformly over a flat surface, the motility is undirected, and the filaments move equally in all directions. For many applications it is important to control the direction in which the filaments move, and two strategies have been explored to achieve this: applying external forces and confining the filaments inside channels. In this article, we discuss a third strategy in which the topography of the sample remains flat, but the motors are distributed non-uniformly over the surface. Systems of filaments and patterned molecular motors were simulated using a stochastic engine that included Brownian motion and filament bending elasticity. Using an evolutionary algorithm, patterns were optimized for their capacity to precisely control the paths of the filaments. We identified patterns of motors that could either direct the filaments in a particular direction, or separate short and long filaments. These functionalities already exceed what has been achieved with confinement. The patterns are composed of one or two types of motors positioned in lines or along arcs and should be easy to manufacture. Finally, these patterns can be easily combined into larger designs, allowing one to precisely control the motion of microscopic objects inside a device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Rupp
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
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33
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Coyer SR, Singh A, Dumbauld DW, Calderwood DA, Craig SW, Delamarche E, García AJ. Nanopatterning reveals an ECM area threshold for focal adhesion assembly and force transmission that is regulated by integrin activation and cytoskeleton tension. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:5110-23. [PMID: 22899715 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.108035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrin-based focal adhesions (FA) transmit anchorage and traction forces between the cell and the extracellular matrix (ECM). To gain further insight into the physical parameters of the ECM that control FA assembly and force transduction in non-migrating cells, we used fibronectin (FN) nanopatterning within a cell adhesion-resistant background to establish the threshold area of ECM ligand required for stable FA assembly and force transduction. Integrin-FN clustering and adhesive force were strongly modulated by the geometry of the nanoscale adhesive area. Individual nanoisland area, not the number of nanoislands or total adhesive area, controlled integrin-FN clustering and adhesion strength. Importantly, below an area threshold (0.11 µm(2)), very few integrin-FN clusters and negligible adhesive forces were generated. We then asked whether this adhesive area threshold could be modulated by intracellular pathways known to influence either adhesive force, cytoskeletal tension, or the structural link between the two. Expression of talin- or vinculin-head domains that increase integrin activation or clustering overcame this nanolimit for stable integrin-FN clustering and increased adhesive force. Inhibition of myosin contractility in cells expressing a vinculin mutant that enhances cytoskeleton-integrin coupling also restored integrin-FN clustering below the nanolimit. We conclude that the minimum area of integrin-FN clusters required for stable assembly of nanoscale FA and adhesive force transduction is not a constant; rather it has a dynamic threshold that results from an equilibrium between pathways controlling adhesive force, cytoskeletal tension, and the structural linkage that transmits these forces, allowing the balance to be tipped by factors that regulate these mechanical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Coyer
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30330, USA
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34
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Waldbaur A, Waterkotte B, Schmitz K, Rapp BE. Maskless projection lithography for the fast and flexible generation of grayscale protein patterns. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:1570-8. [PMID: 22411542 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201102163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein patterns of different shapes and densities are useful tools for studies of cell behavior and to create biomaterials that induce specific cellular responses. Up to now the dominant techniques for creating protein patterns are mostly based on serial writing processes or require templates such as photomasks or elastomer stamps. Only a few of these techniques permit the creation of grayscale patterns. Herein, the development of a lithography system using a digital mirror device which allows fast patterning of proteins by immobilizing fluorescently labeled molecules via photobleaching is reported. Grayscale patterns of biotin with pixel sizes in the range of 2.5 μm are generated within 10 s of exposure on an area of about 5 mm(2) . This maskless projection lithography method permits the rapid and inexpensive generation of protein patterns definable by any user-defined grayscale digital image on substrate areas in the mm(2) to cm(2) range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar Waldbaur
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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35
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Leggett GJ. Light-directed nanosynthesis: near-field optical approaches to integration of the top-down and bottom-up fabrication paradigms. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:1840-1855. [PMID: 22334357 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr11458e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The integration of top-down (lithographic) and bottom-up (synthetic chemical) methodologies remains a major goal in nanoscience. At larger length scales, light-directed chemical synthesis, first reported two decades ago, provides a model for this integration, by combining the spatial selectivity of photolithography with the synthetic utility of photochemistry. This review describes attempts to realise a similar integration at the nanoscale, by employing near-field optical probes to initiate selective chemical transformations in regions a few tens of nm in size. A combination of near-field exposure and an ultra-thin resist yields exceptional performance: in self-assembled monolayers, an ultimate resolution of 9 nm (ca. λ/30) has been achieved. A wide range of methodologies, based on monolayers of thiols, silanes and phosphonic acids, and thin films of nanoparticles and polymers, have been developed for use on metal and oxide surfaces, enabling the fabrication of metal nanowires, nanostructured polymers and nanopatterned oligonucleotides and proteins. Recently parallel lithography approaches have demonstrated the capacity to pattern macroscopic areas, and the ability to function under fluid, suggesting exciting possibilities for surface chemistry at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J Leggett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
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36
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Leggett GJ. Nanolithography. Supramol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470661345.smc193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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37
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Abstract
The actual progress towards biological chip devices consisting of nanostructured functional entities is summarized. The practical aspects of molecular nanobiochips are discussed, including the main surface chemistry platforms, as well as conventional and unconventional fabrication tools. Several successful biological demonstrations of the first generation of nanobiochip devices (mainly, different nanoarrays) are highlighted with the aim of revealing the potential of this technology in life sciences, medicine, and related areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramūnas Valiokas
- Department of Nanoengineering, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanorių 231, 02300 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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38
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Li Y, Zhang J, Fang L, Jiang L, Liu W, Wang T, Cui L, Sun H, Yang B. Polymer brush nanopatterns with controllable features for protein pattern applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm35197h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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39
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De Vlaminck I, Henighan T, van Loenhout MTJ, Pfeiffer I, Huijts J, Kerssemakers JWJ, Katan AJ, van Langen-Suurling A, van der Drift E, Wyman C, Dekker C. Highly parallel magnetic tweezers by targeted DNA tethering. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:5489-5493. [PMID: 22017420 DOI: 10.1021/nl203299e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule force-spectroscopy methods such as magnetic and optical tweezers have emerged as powerful tools for the detailed study of biomechanical aspects of DNA-enzyme interactions. As typically only a single molecule of DNA is addressed in an individual experiment, these methods suffer from a low data throughput. Here, we report a novel method for targeted, nonrandom immobilization of DNA-tethered magnetic beads in regular arrays through microcontact printing of DNA end-binding labels. We show that the increase in density due to the arrangement of DNA-bead tethers in regular arrays can give rise to a one-order-of-magnitude improvement in data-throughput in magnetic tweezers experiments. We demonstrate the applicability of this technique in tweezers experiments where up to 450 beads are simultaneously tracked in parallel, yielding statistical data on the mechanics of DNA for 357 molecules from a single experimental run. Our technique paves the way for kilo-molecule force spectroscopy experiments, enabling the study of rare events in DNA-protein interactions and the acquisition of large statistical data sets from individual experimental runs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwijn De Vlaminck
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, The Netherlands
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40
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Noh H, Hung AM, Cha JN. Surface-driven DNA assembly of binary cubic 3D nanocrystal superlattices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:3021-3025. [PMID: 21901831 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201101212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Noh
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, USA
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41
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Kingshott P, Andersson G, McArthur SL, Griesser HJ. Surface modification and chemical surface analysis of biomaterials. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2011; 15:667-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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42
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Gervais L, de Rooij N, Delamarche E. Microfluidic chips for point-of-care immunodiagnostics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:H151-76. [PMID: 21567479 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201100464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We might be at the turning point where research in microfluidics undertaken in academia and industrial research laboratories, and substantially sponsored by public grants, may provide a range of portable and networked diagnostic devices. In this Progress Report, an overview on microfluidic devices that may become the next generation of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics is provided. First, we describe gaps and opportunities in medical diagnostics and how microfluidics can address these gaps using the example of immunodiagnostics. Next, we conceptualize how different technologies are converging into working microfluidic POC diagnostics devices. Technologies are explained from the perspective of sample interaction with components of a device. Specifically, we detail materials, surface treatment, sample processing, microfluidic elements (such as valves, pumps, and mixers), receptors, and analytes in the light of various biosensing concepts. Finally, we discuss the integration of components into accurate and reliable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Gervais
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, CH-8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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43
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Desai RA, Khan MK, Gopal SB, Chen CS. Subcellular spatial segregation of integrin subtypes by patterned multicomponent surfaces. Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 3:560-7. [PMID: 21298148 PMCID: PMC3586560 DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00129e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
While it is well known that individual integrins are critical mediators of cell behavior, recent work has shown that when multiple types of integrins simultaneously engage the ECM, cell functions are enhanced. However, it is not known how integrins spatially coordinate to regulate cell adhesion because no reliable method exists to segregate integrins on the cell membrane. Here, we use a microcontact printing-based strategy to pattern multiple ECMs that bind distinct integrins in order to study how integrins might interact. In our technique, proteins are first adsorbed uniformly to a poly(dimethyl siloxane) stamp, and then selectively "de-inked." Our strategy overcomes several inherent limitations of conventional microcontact printing, including stamp collapse and limited functionality of the surface patterns. We show that integrins spatially segregate on surfaces patterned with multiple ECMs, as expected. Interestingly, despite spatial segregation of distinct integrins, cells could form adhesions and migrate across multicomponent surfaces as well as they do on single component surfaces. Together, our data indicate that although cells can segregate individual integrins on the cell surface to mediate ECM-specific binding, integrins function cooperatively to guide cell adhesion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi A. Desai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Mohammed K. Khan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Smitha B. Gopal
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Christopher S. Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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44
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Ogaki R, Cole MA, Sutherland DS, Kingshott P. Microcup arrays featuring multiple chemical regions patterned with nanoscale precision. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:1876-1881. [PMID: 21404334 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Ogaki
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Faculty of Science, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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45
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Coyer SR, Delamarche E, García AJ. Protein tethering into multiscale geometries by covalent subtractive printing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:1550-3. [PMID: 21449060 PMCID: PMC3131134 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201003744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean R. Coyer
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363, USA
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46
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Shekaran A, Garcia AJ. Nanoscale engineering of extracellular matrix-mimetic bioadhesive surfaces and implants for tissue engineering. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2011; 1810:350-60. [PMID: 20435097 PMCID: PMC2924948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of tissue engineering is to restore tissue function using biomimetic scaffolds which direct desired cell fates such as attachment, proliferation and differentiation. Cell behavior in vivo is determined by a complex interaction of cells with extracellular biosignals, many of which exist on a nanoscale. Therefore, recent efforts in tissue engineering biomaterial development have focused on incorporating extracellular matrix- (ECM) derived peptides or proteins into biomaterials in order to mimic natural ECM. Concurrent advances in nanotechnology have also made it possible to manipulate protein and peptide presentation on surfaces on a nanoscale level. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review discusses protein and peptide nanopatterning techniques and examples of how nanoscale engineering of bioadhesive materials may enhance outcomes for regenerative medicine. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Synergy between ECM-mimetic tissue engineering and nanotechnology fields can be found in three major strategies: (1) Mimicking nanoscale orientation of ECM peptide domains to maintain native bioactivity, (2) Presenting adhesive peptides at unnaturally high densities, and (3) Engineering multivalent ECM-derived peptide constructs. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Combining bioadhesion and nanopatterning technologies to allow nanoscale control of adhesive motifs on the cell-material interface may result in exciting advances in tissue engineering. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Nanotechnologies - Emerging Applications in Biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Shekaran
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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47
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Lin Y, Su Z, Xiao G, Balizan E, Kaur G, Niu Z, Wang Q. Self-assembly of virus particles on flat surfaces via controlled evaporation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:1398-1402. [PMID: 21090822 DOI: 10.1021/la103917x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic self-assembly of nonvolatile solutes via controlled solvent evaporation has been exploited as a simple route to create a variety of hierarchically assembled structures. In this work, two glass slides were used to form a confined space in which a solution of a rodlike nanoparticle, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), was evaporated to create large-scale stripe patterns. The height and width of the stripes are dependent on the TMV concentration. The large-scale-patterned surfaces can be applied to control surface hydrophobicity and direct the growth of bone marrow stromal cells. We systematically studied the effects of stripe width and height on surface hydrophobicity using optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and contact angle measurements. This technique offers a facile approach to form 2D patterns on a large surface from a wide range of proteins as well as other biomacromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, PR China
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48
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Castronovo M, Scaini D. The atomic force microscopy as a lithographic tool: nanografting of DNA nanostructures for biosensing applications. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 749:209-221. [PMID: 21674375 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-142-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Current in vitro techniques cannot accurately identify small differences in concentration in samples containing few molecules in single or few cells. Nanotechnology overcomes these limitations with the possibility of measuring protein amounts down to a hundred molecules and subnanomolar concentrations and in nanoliter to picoliter volumes. The nanoscale approach, therefore, permits measurements in samples consisting of single or few cells. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanografting can be utilized to prepare DNA nanopatches of different sizes (from few hundreds of nanometers to few microns in size) onto which DNA-antibody conjugates can be anchored through DNA-directed immobilization. AFM height measurements are used to assess the binding of the proteins as well as their subsequent interaction with other components, such as specific proteins from the serum. Recent results have contributed to demonstrate that nanografted patch arrays are well suited for application in biosensing and could enable the fabrication of multifeature protein nanoarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Castronovo
- Department of Biology, MONALISA Laboratory, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Martínez-Otero A, González-Monje P, Maspoch D, Hernando J, Ruiz-Molina D. Multiplexed arrays of chemosensors by parallel dip-pen nanolithography. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:6864-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03838e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hung AM, Noh H, Cha JN. Recent advances in DNA-based directed assembly on surfaces. NANOSCALE 2010; 2:2530-2537. [PMID: 20835482 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00430h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, "small" and "integrated" have been keywords in the field of device fabrication as the desire to exploit nanoscale phenomena and make electronic, photonic and magnetic arrays has grown. In an effort to improve resolution and control costs, much work has been dedicated to developing alternatives to conventional microfabrication technology. For this purpose, biomolecular assembly and DNA nanotechnology in particular are appealing owing to their inherent size and capacity for molecular recognition. Herein, we review recent achievements in DNA-based directed assembly on substrates. These include novel methods for patterning and depositing nanomaterials on DNA-modified surfaces as well as using synthetic DNA nanostructures such as DNA tiles and origami as templates to direct the assembly of nanoscale components. Particular attention is paid to integrating self-assembly with top-down lithography, and some possible directions for future work are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert M Hung
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of CA, San Diego, CA, USA
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