1
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Groves JT, Feng L, Austin RN. Structure and Function of Alkane Monooxygenase (AlkB). Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3665-3675. [PMID: 38032826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Every year, perhaps as much as 800 million tons of hydrocarbons enters the environment; alkanes make up a large percentage of it. Most are transformed by organisms that utilize these molecules as sources of energy and carbon. Both aerobic and anaerobic alkane transformation chemistries exist, capitalizing on the presence of alkanes in both oxic and anoxic environments. Over the past 40 years, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the structure and mechanism of enzymes that catalyze the transformation of methane. By contrast, progress involving enzymes that transform liquid alkanes has been slower with the first structures of AlkB, the predominant aerobic alkane hydroxylase in the environment, appearing in 2023. Because of the fundamental importance of C-H bond activation chemistries, interest in understanding how biology activates and transforms alkanes is high.In this Account, we focus on steps we have taken to understand the mechanism and structure of alkane monooxygenase (AlkB), the metalloenzyme that dominates the transformation of liquid alkanes in the environment (not to be confused with another AlkB that is an α-ketogluturate-dependent enzyme involved in DNA repair). First, we briefly describe what is known about the prevalence of AlkB in the environment and its role in the carbon cycle. Then we review the key findings from our recent high-resolution cryoEM structure of AlkB and highlight important similarities and differences in the structures of members of class III diiron enzymes. Functional studies, which we summarize, from a number of single residue variants enable us to say a great deal about how the structure of AlkB facilitates its function. Next, we overview work from our laboratories using mechanistically diagnostic radical clock substrates to characterize the mechanism of AlkB and contextualize the results we have obtained on AlkB with results we have obtained on other alkane-oxidizing enzymes and explain these results in light of the enzyme's structure. Finally, we integrate recent work in our laboratories with information from prior studies of AlkB, and relevant model systems, to create a holistic picture of the enzyme. We end by pointing to critical questions that still need to be answered, questions about the electronic structure of the active site of the enzyme throughout the reaction cycle and about whether and to what extent the enzyme plays functional roles in biology beyond simply initiating the degradation of alkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Groves
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Liang Feng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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2
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Guo X, Zhang J, Han L, Lee J, Williams SC, Forsberg A, Xu Y, Austin RN, Feng L. Structure and mechanism of the alkane-oxidizing enzyme AlkB. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2180. [PMID: 37069165 PMCID: PMC10110569 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37869-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkanes are the most energy-rich form of carbon and are widely dispersed in the environment. Their transformation by microbes represents a key step in the global carbon cycle. Alkane monooxygenase (AlkB), a membrane-spanning metalloenzyme, converts straight chain alkanes to alcohols in the first step of the microbially-mediated degradation of alkanes, thereby playing a critical role in the global cycling of carbon and the bioremediation of oil. AlkB biodiversity is attributed to its ability to oxidize alkanes of various chain lengths, while individual AlkBs target a relatively narrow range. Mechanisms of substrate selectivity and catalytic activity remain elusive. Here we report the cryo-EM structure of AlkB, which provides a distinct architecture for membrane enzymes. Our structure and functional studies reveal an unexpected diiron center configuration and identify molecular determinants for substrate selectivity. These findings provide insight into the catalytic mechanism of AlkB and shed light on its function in alkane-degrading microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Guo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jianxiu Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Juliet Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Shoshana C Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Allison Forsberg
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Liang Feng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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3
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Williams SC, Austin RN. An Overview of the Electron-Transfer Proteins That Activate Alkane Monooxygenase (AlkB). Front Microbiol 2022; 13:845551. [PMID: 35295299 PMCID: PMC8918992 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.845551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkane-oxidizing enzymes play an important role in the global carbon cycle. Alkane monooxygenase (AlkB) oxidizes most of the medium-chain length alkanes in the environment. The first AlkB identified was from P. putida GPo1 (initially known as P. oleovorans) in the early 1970s, and it continues to be the family member about which the most is known. This AlkB is found as part of the OCT operon, in which all of the key proteins required for growth on alkanes are present. The AlkB catalytic cycle requires that the diiron active site be reduced. In P. putida GPo1, electrons originate from NADH and arrive at AlkB via the intermediacy of a flavin reductase and an iron–sulfur protein (a rubredoxin). In this Mini Review, we will review what is known about the canonical arrangement of electron-transfer proteins that activate AlkB and, more importantly, point to several other arrangements that are possible. These other arrangements include the presence of a simpler rubredoxin than what is found in the canonical arrangement, as well as two other classes of AlkBs with fused electron-transfer partners. In one class, a rubredoxin is fused to the hydroxylase and in another less well-explored class, a ferredoxin reductase and a ferredoxin are fused to the hydroxylase. We review what is known about the biochemistry of these electron-transfer proteins, speculate on the biological significance of this diversity, and point to key questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Narehood Austin
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Rachel Narehood Austin,
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4
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Liu N, Chen X, Jin L, Yang YF, She YB. A mechanistic study of the manganese porphyrin-catalyzed C–H isocyanation reaction. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01442g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The favourable radical rebound pathway is NCO-rebound from the Mn(TMP)(NCO)2 complex due to the stronger trans effect of the axial ligand NCO and the electron-donating aryl substituents on the porphyrin ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Xiahe Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Liyuan Jin
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Yun-Fang Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Yuan-Bin She
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- China
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5
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Nachtschatt M, Okada S, Speight R. Integral Membrane Fatty Acid Desaturases: A Review of Biochemical, Structural, and Biotechnological Advances. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Nachtschatt
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Clunies Ross St. Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
- Queensland University of Technology 2 George St. Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Shoko Okada
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Clunies Ross St. Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Robert Speight
- Queensland University of Technology 2 George St. Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
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6
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Sarkar MR, Houston SD, Savage GP, Williams CM, Krenske EH, Bell SG, De Voss JJ. Rearrangement-Free Hydroxylation of Methylcubanes by a Cytochrome P450: The Case for Dynamical Coupling of C–H Abstraction and Rebound. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:19688-19699. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Raihan Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Sevan D. Houston
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - G. Paul Savage
- Ian Wark Laboratory, CSIRO Manufacturing, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Craig M. Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth H. Krenske
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Stephen G. Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - James J. De Voss
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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7
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Milan M, Bietti M, Costas M. Enantioselective aliphatic C-H bond oxidation catalyzed by bioinspired complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9559-9570. [PMID: 30039814 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03165g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselective aliphatic C-H bond oxidation simultaneously installs functionality and chirality into hydrocarbon units, converting in a single step readily available, inexpensive and typically inert hydrocarbons into precious building blocks for organic synthesis. The reaction remains however an open problem eager for catalyst development and improvement. Metal complexes reproducing structural and reactivity aspects of oxygenases are emerging as promising homogeneous catalysts for this class of reactions. The present work reviews the current status of field, analyzing the difficulties of the reaction, discussing principles of catalyst design, and critically highlighting the limitations of the current state-of-the-art methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Milan
- QBIS Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain.
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8
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Huang X, Groves JT. Oxygen Activation and Radical Transformations in Heme Proteins and Metalloporphyrins. Chem Rev 2018; 118:2491-2553. [PMID: 29286645 PMCID: PMC5855008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As a result of the adaptation of life to an aerobic environment, nature has evolved a panoply of metalloproteins for oxidative metabolism and protection against reactive oxygen species. Despite the diverse structures and functions of these proteins, they share common mechanistic grounds. An open-shell transition metal like iron or copper is employed to interact with O2 and its derived intermediates such as hydrogen peroxide to afford a variety of metal-oxygen intermediates. These reactive intermediates, including metal-superoxo, -(hydro)peroxo, and high-valent metal-oxo species, are the basis for the various biological functions of O2-utilizing metalloproteins. Collectively, these processes are called oxygen activation. Much of our understanding of the reactivity of these reactive intermediates has come from the study of heme-containing proteins and related metalloporphyrin compounds. These studies not only have deepened our understanding of various functions of heme proteins, such as O2 storage and transport, degradation of reactive oxygen species, redox signaling, and biological oxygenation, etc., but also have driven the development of bioinorganic chemistry and biomimetic catalysis. In this review, we survey the range of O2 activation processes mediated by heme proteins and model compounds with a focus on recent progress in the characterization and reactivity of important iron-oxygen intermediates. Representative reactions initiated by these reactive intermediates as well as some context from prior decades will also be presented. We will discuss the fundamental mechanistic features of these transformations and delineate the underlying structural and electronic factors that contribute to the spectrum of reactivities that has been observed in nature as well as those that have been invented using these paradigms. Given the recent developments in biocatalysis for non-natural chemistries and the renaissance of radical chemistry in organic synthesis, we envision that new enzymatic and synthetic transformations will emerge based on the radical processes mediated by metalloproteins and their synthetic analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongyi Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - John T. Groves
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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9
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Tsai YF, Luo WI, Chang JL, Chang CW, Chuang HC, Ramu R, Wei GT, Zen JM, Yu SSF. Electrochemical Hydroxylation of C 3-C 12 n-Alkanes by Recombinant Alkane Hydroxylase (AlkB) and Rubredoxin-2 (AlkG) from Pseudomonas putida GPo1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8369. [PMID: 28827709 PMCID: PMC5566439 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08610-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An unprecedented method for the efficient conversion of C3–C12 linear alkanes to their corresponding primary alcohols mediated by the membrane-bound alkane hydroxylase (AlkB) from Pseudomonas putida GPo1 is demonstrated. The X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) studies support that electrons can be transferred from the reduced AlkG (rubredoxin-2, the redox partner of AlkB) to AlkB in a two-phase manner. Based on this observation, an approach for the electrocatalytic conversion from alkanes to alcohols mediated by AlkB using an AlkG immobilized screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) is developed. The framework distortion of AlkB–AlkG adduct on SPCE surface might create promiscuity toward gaseous substrates. Hence, small alkanes including propane and n-butane can be accommodated in the hydrophobic pocket of AlkB for C–H bond activation. The proof of concept herein advances the development of artificial C–H bond activation catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fang Tsai
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Wen-I Luo
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Lin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | | | - Ravirala Ramu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Guor-Tzo Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-yi, 621, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Myng Zen
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
| | - Steve S-F Yu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
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10
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Hsieh CH, Huang X, Amaya JA, Rutland CD, Keys CL, Groves JT, Austin RN, Makris TM. The Enigmatic P450 Decarboxylase OleT Is Capable of, but Evolved To Frustrate, Oxygen Rebound Chemistry. Biochemistry 2017; 56:3347-3357. [PMID: 28603981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OleT is a cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the removal of carbon dioxide from variable chain length fatty acids to form 1-alkenes. In this work, we examine the binding and metabolic profile of OleT with shorter chain length (n ≤ 12) fatty acids that can form liquid transportation fuels. Transient kinetics and product analyses confirm that OleT capably activates hydrogen peroxide with shorter substrates to form the high-valent intermediate Compound I and largely performs C-C bond scission. However, the enzyme also produces fatty alcohol side products using the high-valent iron oxo chemistry commonly associated with insertion of oxygen into hydrocarbons. When presented with a short chain fatty acid that can initiate the formation of Compound I, OleT oxidizes the diagnostic probe molecules norcarane and methylcyclopropane in a manner that is reminiscent of reactions of many CYP hydroxylases with radical clock substrates. These data are consistent with a decarboxylation mechanism in which Compound I abstracts a substrate hydrogen atom in the initial step. Positioning of the incipient substrate radical is a crucial element in controlling the efficiency of activated OH rebound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun H Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Xiongyi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - José A Amaya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Cooper D Rutland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Carson L Keys
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - John T Groves
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Rachel N Austin
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Thomas M Makris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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11
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Yang CL, Lin CH, Luo WI, Lee TL, Ramu R, Ng KY, Tsai YF, Wei GT, Yu SSF. Mechanistic Study of the Stereoselective Hydroxylation of [2-2
H1
,3-2
H1
]Butanes Catalyzed by Cytochrome P450 BM3 Variants. Chemistry 2016; 23:2571-2582. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ling Yang
- Institute of Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei 115 Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology; National (Taiwan) University of Science and Technology; Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hung Lin
- Institute of Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei 115 Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; National Chung Cheng University; Chiayi 621 Taiwan
| | - Wen-I Luo
- Institute of Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Lin Lee
- Institute of Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei 115 Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology; National (Taiwan) University of Science and Technology; Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Ravirala Ramu
- Institute of Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Kok Yaoh Ng
- Institute of Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Tsai
- Institute of Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Guor-Tzo Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; National Chung Cheng University; Chiayi 621 Taiwan
| | - Steve S.-F. Yu
- Institute of Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei 115 Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology; National (Taiwan) University of Science and Technology; Taipei 106 Taiwan
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12
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Huang X, Groves JT. Beyond ferryl-mediated hydroxylation: 40 years of the rebound mechanism and C-H activation. J Biol Inorg Chem 2016; 22:185-207. [PMID: 27909920 PMCID: PMC5350257 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-016-1414-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Since our initial report in 1976, the oxygen rebound mechanism has become the consensus mechanistic feature for an expanding variety of enzymatic C-H functionalization reactions and small molecule biomimetic catalysts. For both the biotransformations and models, an initial hydrogen atom abstraction from the substrate (R-H) by high-valent iron-oxo species (Fen=O) generates a substrate radical and a reduced iron hydroxide, [Fen-1-OH ·R]. This caged radical pair then evolves on a complicated energy landscape through a number of reaction pathways, such as oxygen rebound to form R-OH, rebound to a non-oxygen atom affording R-X, electron transfer of the incipient radical to yield a carbocation, R+, desaturation to form olefins, and radical cage escape. These various flavors of the rebound process, often in competition with each other, give rise to the wide range of C-H functionalization reactions performed by iron-containing oxygenases. In this review, we first recount the history of radical rebound mechanisms, their general features, and key intermediates involved. We will discuss in detail the factors that affect the behavior of the initial caged radical pair and the lifetimes of the incipient substrate radicals. Several representative examples of enzymatic C-H transformations are selected to illustrate how the behaviors of the radical pair [Fen-1-OH ·R] determine the eventual reaction outcome. Finally, we discuss the powerful potential of "radical rebound" processes as a general paradigm for developing novel C-H functionalization reactions with synthetic, biomimetic catalysts. We envision that new chemistry will continue to arise by bridging enzymatic "radical rebound" with synthetic organic chemistry.
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13
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Bagchi V, Paraskevopoulou P, Das P, Chi L, Wang Q, Choudhury A, Mathieson JS, Cronin L, Pardue DB, Cundari TR, Mitrikas G, Sanakis Y, Stavropoulos P. A Versatile Tripodal Cu(I) Reagent for C–N Bond Construction via Nitrene-Transfer Chemistry: Catalytic Perspectives and Mechanistic Insights on C–H Aminations/Amidinations and Olefin Aziridinations. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11362-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ja503869j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Bagchi
- Department
of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Patrina Paraskevopoulou
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Purak Das
- Department
of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Lingyu Chi
- Department
of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Qiuwen Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Amitava Choudhury
- Department
of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Mathieson
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Leroy Cronin
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Daniel B. Pardue
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM), Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Thomas R. Cundari
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM), Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - George Mitrikas
- Institute
of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Processes, Nanotechnology and
Microsystems, NCSR “Demokritos”, Ag. Paraskevi 15310, Athens, Greece
| | - Yiannis Sanakis
- Institute
of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Processes, Nanotechnology and
Microsystems, NCSR “Demokritos”, Ag. Paraskevi 15310, Athens, Greece
| | - Pericles Stavropoulos
- Department
of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
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14
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Controlled oxidation of aliphatic CH bonds in metallo-monooxygenases: Mechanistic insights derived from studies on deuterated and fluorinated hydrocarbons. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 134:118-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Bertrand EM, Keddis R, Groves JT, Vetriani C, Austin RN. Identity and mechanisms of alkane-oxidizing metalloenzymes from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:109. [PMID: 23825470 PMCID: PMC3695450 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Six aerobic alkanotrophs (organism that can metabolize alkanes as their sole carbon source) isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vents were characterized using the radical clock substrate norcarane to determine the metalloenzyme and reaction mechanism used to oxidize alkanes. The organisms studied were Alcanivorax sp. strains EPR7 and MAR14, Marinobacter sp. strain EPR21, Nocardioides sp. strains EPR26w, EPR28w, and Parvibaculum hydrocarbonoclasticum strain EPR92. Each organism was able to grow on n-alkanes as the sole carbon source and therefore must express genes encoding an alkane-oxidizing enzyme. Results from the oxidation of the radical-clock diagnostic substrate norcarane demonstrated that five of the six organisms (EPR7, MAR14, EPR21, EPR26w, and EPR28w) used an alkane hydroxylase functionally similar to AlkB to catalyze the oxidation of medium-chain alkanes, while the sixth organism (EPR92) used an alkane-oxidizing cytochrome P450 (CYP)-like protein to catalyze the oxidation. DNA sequencing indicated that EPR7 and EPR21 possess genes encoding AlkB proteins, while sequencing results from EPR92 confirmed the presence of a gene encoding CYP-like alkane hydroxylase, consistent with the results from the norcarane experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Bertrand
- Department of Chemistry, Bates College Lewiston, ME, USA ; Microbial and Environmental Genomics, J. Craig Venter Institute San Diego, CA, USA
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16
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Naing SH, Parvez S, Pender-Cudlip M, Groves JT, Austin RN. Substrate specificity and reaction mechanism of purified alkane hydroxylase from the hydrocarbonoclastic bacterium Alcanivorax borkumensis (AbAlkB). J Inorg Biochem 2013; 121:46-52. [PMID: 23337786 PMCID: PMC3595352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An alkane hydroxylase from the marine organism Alcanivorax borkumensis (AbAlkB) was purified. The purified protein retained high activity in an assay with purified rubredoxin (AlkG), purified maize ferredoxin reductase, NADPH, and selected substrates. The reaction mechanism of the purified protein was probed using the radical clock substrates bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane (norcarane), bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane (bicyclohexane), methylphenylcyclopropane and deuterated and non-deuterated cyclohexane. The distribution of products from the radical clock substrates supports the hypothesis that purified AbAlkB hydroxylates substrates by forming a substrate radical. Experiments with deuterated cyclohexane indicate that the rate-determining step has a significant CH bond breaking character. The products formed from a number of differently shaped and sized substrates were characterized to determine the active site constraints of this AlkB. AbAlkB can catalyze the hydroxylation of a large number of aromatic compounds and linear and cyclic alkanes. It does not catalyze the hydroxylation of alkanes with a chain length longer than 15 carbons, nor does it hydroxylate sterically hindered C-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swe-Htet Naing
- Department of Chemistry, Bates College, 5 Andrews Rd. Lewiston ME 04240, 207-786-6295, fax: 207-786-8336
| | - Saba Parvez
- Department of Chemistry, Bates College, 5 Andrews Rd. Lewiston ME 04240, 207-786-6295, fax: 207-786-8336
| | - Marilla Pender-Cudlip
- Department of Chemistry, Bates College, 5 Andrews Rd. Lewiston ME 04240, 207-786-6295, fax: 207-786-8336
| | - John T. Groves
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544
| | - Rachel N. Austin
- Department of Chemistry, Bates College, 5 Andrews Rd. Lewiston ME 04240, 207-786-6295, fax: 207-786-8336
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Prat I, Company A, Postils V, Ribas X, Que L, Luis JM, Costas M. The mechanism of stereospecific C-H oxidation by Fe(Pytacn) complexes: bioinspired non-heme iron catalysts containing cis-labile exchangeable sites. Chemistry 2013; 19:6724-38. [PMID: 23536410 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A detailed mechanistic study of the hydroxylation of alkane C-H bonds using H2O2 by a family of mononuclear non heme iron catalysts with the formula [Fe(II)(CF3SO3)2(L)] is described, in which L is a tetradentate ligand containing a triazacyclononane tripod and a pyridine ring bearing different substituents at the α and γ positions, which tune the electronic or steric properties of the corresponding iron complexes. Two inequivalent cis-labile exchangeable sites, occupied by triflate ions, complete the octahedral iron coordination sphere. The C-H hydroxylation mediated by this family of complexes takes place with retention of configuration. Oxygen atoms from water are incorporated into hydroxylated products and the extent of this incorporation depends in a systematic manner on the nature of the catalyst, and the substrate. Mechanistic probes and isotopic analyses, in combination with detailed density functional theory (DFT) calculations, provide strong evidence that C-H hydroxylation is performed by highly electrophilic [Fe(V)(O)(OH)L] species through a concerted asynchronous mechanism, involving homolytic breakage of the C-H bond, followed by rebound of the hydroxyl ligand. The [Fe(V)(O)(OH)L] species can exist in two tautomeric forms, differing in the position of oxo and hydroxide ligands. Isotopic-labeling analysis shows that the relative reactivities of the two tautomeric forms are sensitively affected by the α substituent of the pyridine, and this reactivity behavior is rationalized by computational methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Prat
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
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Cooper HLR, Mishra G, Huang X, Pender-Cudlip M, Austin RN, Shanklin J, Groves JT. Parallel and competitive pathways for substrate desaturation, hydroxylation, and radical rearrangement by the non-heme diiron hydroxylase AlkB. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:20365-75. [PMID: 23157204 PMCID: PMC3531984 DOI: 10.1021/ja3059149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A purified and highly active form of the non-heme diiron hydroxylase AlkB was investigated using the diagnostic probe substrate norcarane. The reaction afforded C2 (26%) and C3 (43%) hydroxylation and desaturation products (31%). Initial C-H cleavage at C2 led to 7% C2 hydroxylation and 19% 3-hydroxymethylcyclohexene, a rearrangement product characteristic of a radical rearrangement pathway. A deuterated substrate analogue, 3,3,4,4-norcarane-d(4), afforded drastically reduced amounts of C3 alcohol (8%) and desaturation products (5%), while the radical rearranged alcohol was now the major product (65%). This change in product ratios indicates a large kinetic hydrogen isotope effect of ∼20 for both the C-H hydroxylation at C3 and the desaturation pathway, with all of the desaturation originating via hydrogen abstraction at C3 and not C2. The data indicate that AlkB reacts with norcarane via initial C-H hydrogen abstraction from C2 or C3 and that the three pathways, C3 hydroxylation, C3 desaturation, and C2 hydroxylation/radical rearrangement, are parallel and competitive. Thus, the incipient radical at C3 either reacts with the iron-oxo center to form an alcohol or proceeds along the desaturation pathway via a second H-abstraction to afford both 2-norcarene and 3-norcarene. Subsequent reactions of these norcarenes lead to detectable amounts of hydroxylation products and toluene. By contrast, the 2-norcaranyl radical intermediate leads to C2 hydroxylation and the diagnostic radical rearrangement, but this radical apparently does not afford desaturation products. The results indicate that C-H hydroxylation and desaturation follow analogous stepwise reaction channels via carbon radicals that diverge at the product-forming step.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Girish Mishra
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 50 Bell Avenue, Upton, NY 11973
| | - Xiongyi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544
| | | | | | - John Shanklin
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 50 Bell Avenue, Upton, NY 11973
| | - John T. Groves
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544
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19
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New Members of the National Academy of Sciences / Chevreul Medal: U. T. Bornscheuer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Neue Mitglieder der National Academy of Sciences / Chevreul-Medaille: U. T. Bornscheuer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Rabe V, Frey W, Baro A, Laschat S. Trinuclear Non-Heme Iron Complexes Based on 4-Substituted 2,6-Diacylpyridine Ligands as Catalysts in Aerobic Allylic Oxidations. Helv Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Peter S, Kinne M, Wang X, Ullrich R, Kayser G, Groves JT, Hofrichter M. Selective hydroxylation of alkanes by an extracellular fungal peroxygenase. FEBS J 2011; 278:3667-75. [PMID: 21812933 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fungal peroxygenases are novel extracellular heme-thiolate biocatalysts that are capable of catalyzing the selective monooxygenation of diverse organic compounds, using only H(2)O(2) as a cosubstrate. Little is known about the physiological role or the catalytic mechanism of these enzymes. We have found that the peroxygenase secreted by Agrocybe aegerita catalyzes the H(2)O(2)-dependent hydroxylation of linear alkanes at the 2-position and 3-position with high efficiency, as well as the regioselective monooxygenation of branched and cyclic alkanes. Experiments with n-heptane and n-octane showed that the hydroxylation proceeded with complete stereoselectivity for the (R)-enantiomer of the corresponding 3-alcohol. Investigations with a number of model substrates provided information about the route of alkane hydroxylation: (a) the hydroxylation of cyclohexane mediated by H(2)(18)(2) resulted in complete incorporation of (18)O into the hydroxyl group of the product cyclohexanol; (b) the hydroxylation of n-hexane-1,1,1,2,2,3,3-D(7) showed a large intramolecular deuterium isotope effect [(k(H)/k(D))(obs)] of 16.0 ± 1.0 for 2-hexanol and 8.9 ± 0.9 for 3-hexanol; and (c) the hydroxylation of the radical clock norcarane led to an estimated radical lifetime of 9.4 ps and an oxygen rebound rate of 1.06 × 10(11) s(-1). These results point to a hydrogen abstraction and oxygen rebound mechanism for alkane hydroxylation. The peroxygenase appeared to lack activity on long-chain alkanes (> C(16)) and highly branched alkanes (e.g. tetramethylpentane), but otherwise exhibited a broad substrate range. It may accordingly have a role in the bioconversion of natural and anthropogenic alkane-containing structures (including alkyl chains of complex biomaterials) in soils, plant litter, and wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Peter
- Department of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, International Graduate School of Zittau, Zittau, Germany
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Ramu R, Chang CW, Chou HH, Wu LL, Chiang CH, Yu SSF. Regio-selective hydroxylation of gem-difluorinated octanes by alkane hydroxylase (AlkB). Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.03.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cooper HLR, Groves JT. Molecular probes of the mechanism of cytochrome P450. Oxygen traps a substrate radical intermediate. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 507:111-8. [PMID: 21075070 PMCID: PMC3041850 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The diagnostic substrate tetramethylcyclopropane (TMCP) has been reexamined as a substrate with three drug- and xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes, human CYP2E1, CYP3A4 and rat CYP2B1. The major hydroxylation product in all cases was the unrearranged primary alcohol along with smaller amounts of a rearranged tertiary alcohol. Significantly, another ring-opened product, diacetone alcohol, was also observed. With CYP2E1 this product accounted for 20% of the total turnover. Diacetone alcohol also was detected as a product from TMCP with a biomimetic model catalyst, FeTMPyP, but not with a ruthenium porphyrin catalyst. Lifetimes of the intermediate radicals were determined from the ratios of rearranged and unrearranged products to be 120, 13 and 1ps for CYP2E1, CYP3A4 and CYP2B1, respectively, corresponding to rebound rates of 0.9×10(10)s(-1), 7.2×10(10)s(-1) and 1.0×10(12)s(-1). For the model iron porphyrin, FeTMPyP, a radical lifetime of 81ps and a rebound rate of 1.2×10(10)s(-1) were determined. These apparent radical lifetimes are consistent with earlier reports with a variety of CYP enzymes and radical clock substrates, however, the large amounts of diacetone alcohol with CYP2E1 and the iron porphyrin suggest that for these systems a considerable amount of the intermediate carbon radical is trapped by molecular oxygen. These results add to the view that cage escape of the intermediate carbon radical in [Fe(IV)-OH ()R] can compete with cage collapse to form a C-O bond. The results could be significant with regard to our understanding of iron-catalyzed C-H hydroxylation, the observation of P450-dependent peroxidation and the development of oxidative stress, especially for CYP2E1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John T. Groves
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544 USA
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Abstract
Oxygenated heme proteins are known to react rapidly with nitric oxide (NO) to produce peroxynitrite (PN) at the heme site. This process could lead either to attenuation of the effects of NO or to nitrosative protein damage. PN is a powerful nitrating and oxidizing agent that has been implicated in a variety of cell injuries. Accordingly, it is important to delineate the nature and variety of reaction mechanisms of PN interactions with heme proteins. In this Forum, we survey the range of reactions of PN with heme proteins, with particular attention to myoglobin and cytochrome c. While these two proteins are textbook paradigms for oxygen binding and electron transfer, respectively, both have recently been shown to have other important functions that involve NO and PN. We have recently described direct evidence that ferrylmyolgobin (ferrylMb) and nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) are both produced during the reaction of PN and metmyolgobin (metMb) (Su, J.; Groves, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 12979-12988). Kinetic evidence indicates that these products evolve from the initial formation of a caged radical intermediate [Fe(IV) horizontal lineO.NO(2)]. This caged pair reacts mainly via internal return with a rate constant k(r) to form metMb and nitrate in an oxygen-rebound scenario. Detectable amounts of ferrylMb are observed by stopped-flow spectrophotometry, appearing at a rate consistent with the rate, k(obs), of heme-mediated PN decomposition. Freely diffusing NO(2), which is liberated concomitantly from the radical pair (k(e)), preferentially nitrates myoglobin Tyr103 and added fluorescein. For cytochrome c, Raman spectroscopy has revealed that a substantial fraction of cytochrome c converts to a beta-sheet structure, at the expense of turns and helices at low pH (Balakrishnan, G.; Hu, Y.; Oyerinde, O. F.; Su, J.; Groves, J. T.; Spiro, T. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129, 504-505). It is proposed that a short beta-sheet segment, comprising residues 37-39 and 58-61, extends itself into the large 37-61 loop when the latter is destabilized by protonation of H26, which forms an anchoring hydrogen bond to loop residue P44. This conformation change ruptures the Met80-Fe bond, as revealed by changes in ligation-sensitive Raman bands. It also induces peroxidase activity with the same temperature profile. This process is suggested to model the apoptotic peroxidation of cardiolipin by cytochrome c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Su
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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Abstract
Whole-cell biocatalysis utilizes native or recombinant enzymes produced by cellular metabolism to perform synthetically interesting reactions. Besides hydrolases, oxidoreductases represent the most applied enzyme class in industry. Oxidoreductases are attributed a high future potential, especially for applications in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, as they enable highly interesting chemistry (e.g., the selective oxyfunctionalization of unactivated C-H bonds). Redox reactions are characterized by electron transfer steps that often depend on redox cofactors as additional substrates. Their regeneration typically is accomplished via the metabolism of whole-cell catalysts. Traditionally, studies towards productive redox biocatalysis focused on the biocatalytic enzyme, its activity, selectivity, and specificity, and several successful examples of such processes are running commercially. However, redox cofactor regeneration by host metabolism was hardly considered for the optimization of biocatalytic rate, yield, and/or titer. This article reviews molecular mechanisms of oxidoreductases with synthetic potential and the host redox metabolism that fuels biocatalytic reactions with redox equivalents. The tools discussed in this review for investigating redox metabolism provide the basis for studies aiming at a deeper understanding of the interplay between synthetically active enzymes and metabolic networks. The ultimate goal of rational whole-cell biocatalyst engineering and use for fine chemical production is discussed.
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Su J, Groves JT. Direct detection of the oxygen rebound intermediates, ferryl Mb and NO2, in the reaction of metmyoglobin with peroxynitrite. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:12979-88. [PMID: 19705829 DOI: 10.1021/ja902473r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxygenated hemoproteins are known to react rapidly with nitric oxide (NO) to produce peroxynitrite (PN) at the heme site. This process could lead either to attenuation of the effects of NO or to nitrosative protein damage. Peroxynitrite is a powerful nitrating and oxidizing agent that has been implicated in a variety of cell injuries. Accordingly, it is important to delineate the nature and variety of reaction mechanisms of PN reactions with heme proteins. Here, we present direct evidence that ferrylMb and NO(2) are both produced during the reaction of PN and metmyoglobin (metMb). Kinetic evidence indicates that these products evolve from initial formation of a caged radical intermediate [Fe(IV)=O *NO(2)]. This caged pair reacts mainly via internal return with a rate constant k(r) to form metMb and nitrate in an oxygen rebound scenario. Detectable amounts of ferrylMb are observed by stopped-flow spectrophotometry, appearing at a rate consistent with the rate, k(obs), of heme-mediated PN decomposition. Freely diffusing NO(2), which is liberated concomitantly from the radical pair (k(e)), preferentially nitrates Tyr103 in horse heart myoglobin. The ratio of the rates of in-cage rebound and cage escape, k(r)/k(e), was found to be approximately 10 by examining the nitration yields of fluorescein, an external NO(2) trap. This rebound/escape model for the metMb/PN interaction is analogous to the behavior of alkyl hyponitrites and the well-studied geminate recombination processes of deoxymyoglobin with O(2), CO, and NO. The scenario is also similar to the stepwise events of substrate hydroxylation by cytochrome P450 and other oxygenases. It is likely, therefore, that the reaction of metMb with ONOO(-) and that of oxyMb with NO proceed through the same [Fe(IV)=O *NO(2)] caged radical intermediate and lead to similar outcomes. The results indicate that while oxyMb may reduce the concentration of intracellular NO, it would not eliminate the formation of NO(2) as a decomposition product of peroxynitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Su
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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Rabe V, Frey W, Baro A, Laschat S, Bauer M, Bertagnolli H, Rajagopalan S, Asthalter T, Roduner E, Dilger H, Glaser T, Schnieders D. Syntheses, Crystal Structures, Spectroscopic Properties, and Catalytic Aerobic Oxidations of Novel Trinuclear Non-Heme Iron Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200900516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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