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George MAR, Dopfer O. Microhydration of the adamantane cation: intracluster proton transfer to solvent in [Ad(H 2O) n=1-5] + for n ≥ 3. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:13593-13610. [PMID: 37144298 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01514a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Radical cations of diamondoids are important intermediates in their functionalization reactions in polar solvents. To explore the role of the solvent at the molecular level, we characterize herein microhydrated radical cation clusters of the parent molecule of the diamondoid family, adamantane (C10H16, Ad), by infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy of mass-selected [Ad(H2O)n=1-5]+ clusters. IRPD spectra of the cation ground electronic state recorded in the CH/OH stretch and fingerprint ranges reveal the first steps of this fundamental H-substitution reaction at the molecular level. Analysis of size-dependent frequency shifts with dispersion-corrected density functional theory calculations (B3LYP-D3/cc-pVTZ) provides detailed information about the acidity of the proton of Ad+ as a function of the degree of hydration, the structure of the hydration shell, and the strengths of the CH⋯O and OH⋯O hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) of the hydration network. For n = 1, H2O strongly activates the acidic C-H bond of Ad+ by acting as a proton acceptor in a strong CH⋯O ionic H-bond with cation-dipole configuration. For n = 2, the proton is almost equally shared between the adamantyl radical (C10H15, Ady) and the (H2O)2 dimer in a strong C⋯H⋯O ionic H-bond. For n ≥ 3, the proton is completely transferred to the H-bonded hydration network. The threshold for this size-dependent intracluster proton transfer to solvent is consistent with the proton affinities of Ady and (H2O)n and confirmed by collision-induced dissociation experiments. Comparison with other related microhydrated cations reveals that the acidity of the CH proton of Ad+ is in the range of strongly acidic phenol+ but lower than for cationic linear alkanes such as pentane+. Significantly, the presented IRPD spectra of microhydrated Ad+ provide the first spectroscopic molecular-level insight of the chemical reactivity and reaction mechanism of the important class of transient diamondoid radical cations in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Otto Dopfer
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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George MAR, Dopfer O. Microhydrated clusters of a pharmaceutical drug: infrared spectra and structures of amantadineH +(H 2O) n. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:5529-5549. [PMID: 36723361 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04556g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Solvation of pharmaceutical drugs has an important effect on their structure and function. Analysis of infrared photodissociation spectra of amantadineH+(H2O)n=1-4 clusters in the sensitive OH, NH, and CH stretch range by quantum chemical calculations (B3LYP-D3/cc-pVTZ) provides a first impression of the interaction of this pharmaceutically active cation with water at the molecular level. The size-dependent frequency shifts reveal detailed information about the acidity of the protons of the NH3+ group of N-protonated amantadineH+ (AmaH+) and the strength of the NH⋯O and OH⋯O hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) of the hydration network. The preferred cluster growth begins with sequential hydration of the NH3+ group by NH⋯O ionic H-bonds (n = 1-3), followed by the extension of the solvent network through OH⋯O H-bonds. However, smaller populations of cluster isomers with an H-bonded solvent network and free N-H bonds are already observed for n ≥ 2, indicating the subtle competition between noncooperative ion hydration and cooperative H-bonding. Interestingly, cyclic water ring structures are identified for n ≥ 3, each with two NH⋯O and two OH⋯O H-bonds. Despite the increasing destabilization of the N-H proton donor bonds upon gradual hydration, no proton transfer to the (H2O)n solvent cluster is observed up to n = 4. In addition to ammonium cluster ions, a small population of microhydrated iminium isomers is also detected, which is substantially lower for the hydrophilic H2O than for the hydrophobic Ar environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Otto Dopfer
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Nanodiamonds as Possible Tools for Improved Management of Bladder Cancer and Bacterial Cystitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158183. [PMID: 35897760 PMCID: PMC9329713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanodiamonds (NDs) are a class of carbon nanomaterials with sizes ranging from a few nm to micrometres. Due to their excellent physical, chemical and optical properties, they have recently attracted much attention in biomedicine. In addition, their exceptional biocompatibility and the possibility of precise surface functionalisation offer promising opportunities for biological applications such as cell labelling and imaging, as well as targeted drug delivery. However, using NDs for selective targeting of desired biomolecules within a complex biological system remains challenging. Urinary bladder cancer and bacterial cystitis are major diseases of the bladder with high incidence and poor treatment options. In this review, we present: (i) the synthesis, properties and functionalisation of NDs; (ii) recent advances in the study of various NDs used for better treatment of bladder cancer and (iii) bacterial cystitis; and (iv) the use of NDs in theranostics of these diseases.
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George MAR, Dopfer O. Infrared spectra and structures of protonated amantadine isomers: detection of ammonium and open-cage iminium ions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:16101-16111. [PMID: 35748364 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01947g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The protonated form of amantadine (1-C10H15NH2, Ama), the amino derivative of adamantane (C10H16, Ada), is a wide-spread antiviral and anti-Parkinsonian drug and plays a key role in many pharmaceutical processes. Recent studies reveal that the adamantyl cage (C10H15) of Ama can open upon ionization leading to distonic bicyclic iminium isomers, in addition to the canonical nascent Ama+ isomer. Herein, we study protonation of Ama using infrared photodissociation spectroscopy (IRPD) of Ar-tagged ions and density functional theory calculations to characterize cage and open-cage isomers of AmaH+ and the influence of the electron-donating NH2 group on the cage-opening reaction potential. In addition to the canonical ammonium isomer (AmaH+(I)) with an intact adamantyl cage, we identify at least one slightly less stable protonated bicyclic iminium ion (AmaH+(II)). While the ammonium ion is generated by protonation of the basic NH2 group, AmaH+(II) is formally formed by H addition to a distonic bicyclic iminium ion produced upon ionization of Ama and subsequent cage opening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Otto Dopfer
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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5
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George MAR, Dopfer O. Opening of the Diamondoid Cage upon Ionization Probed by Infrared Spectra of the Amantadine Cation Solvated by Ar, N 2 , and H 2 O. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200577. [PMID: 35611807 PMCID: PMC9400954 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Radical cations of diamondoids, a fundamental class of very stable cyclic hydrocarbon molecules, play an important role in their functionalization reactions and the chemistry of the interstellar medium. Herein, we characterize the structure, energy, and intermolecular interaction of clusters of the amantadine radical cation (Ama+, 1‐aminoadamantane) with solvent molecules of different interaction strength by infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy of mass‐selected Ama+Ln clusters, with L=Ar (n≤3) and L=N2 and H2O (n=1), and dispersion‐corrected density functional theory calculations (B3LYP−D3/cc‐pVTZ). Three isomers of Ama+ generated by electron ionization are identified by the vibrational properties of their rather different NH2 groups. The ligands bind preferentially to the acidic NH2 protons, and the strength of the NH…L ionic H‐bonds are probed by the solvation‐induced red‐shifts in the NH stretch modes. The three Ama+ isomers include the most abundant canonical cage isomer (I) produced by vertical ionization, which is separated by appreciable barriers from two bicyclic distonic iminium ions obtained from cage‐opening (primary radical II) and subsequent 1,2 H‐shift (tertiary radical III), the latter of which is the global minimum on the Ama+ potential energy surface. The effect of solvation on the energetics of the potential energy profile revealed by the calculations is consistent with the observed relative abundance of the three isomers. Comparison to the adamantane cation indicates that substitution of H by the electron‐donating NH2 group substantially lowers the barriers for the isomerization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Otto Dopfer
- Institut für Optik und Atomare PhysikTechnische Universität BerlinHardenbergstr. 3610623BerlinGermany
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Mears KL, Stennett CR, Fettinger JC, Vasko P, Power PP. Inhibition of Alkali Metal Reduction of 1-Adamantanol by London Dispersion Effects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201318. [PMID: 35255185 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of alkali metal 1-adamantoxide (OAd1 ) complexes of formula [M(OAd1 )(HOAd1 )2 ], where M=Li, Na or K, were synthesised by reduction of 1-adamantanol with excess of the alkali metal. The syntheses indicated that only one out of every three HOAd1 molecules was reduced. An X-ray diffraction study of the sodium derivative shows that the complex features two unreduced HOAd1 donors as well as the reduced alkoxide (OAd1 ), with the Ad1 fragments clustered together on the same side of the NaO3 plane, contrary to steric considerations. This is the first example of an alkali metal reduction of an alcohol that is inhibited from completion due to the formation of the [M(OAd1 )(HOAd1 )2 ] complexes, stabilized by London dispersion effects. NMR spectroscopic studies revealed similar structures for the lithium and potassium derivatives. Computational analyses indicate that decisive London dispersion effects in the molecular structure are a consequence of the many C-H⋅⋅⋅H-C interactions between the OAd1 groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian L Mears
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Cary R Stennett
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - James C Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Petra Vasko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A. I. Virtasen aukio 1), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Philip P Power
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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7
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Mears KL, Stennett CR, Fettinger JC, Vasko P, Power PP. Inhibition of Alkali Metal Reduction of 1‐Adamantanol by London Dispersion Effects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian L. Mears
- Department of Chemistry University of California One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Cary R. Stennett
- Department of Chemistry University of California One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - James C. Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry University of California One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Petra Vasko
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki P.O. Box 55 (A. I. Virtasen aukio 1) 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Philip P. Power
- Department of Chemistry University of California One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
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8
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Robert George MA, Dopfer O. Infrared Spectrum of the Amantadine Cation: Opening of the Diamondoid Cage upon Ionization. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:449-454. [PMID: 34990124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Radical cations of diamondoids, a fundamental class of highly stable cycloalkanes, are intermediates in functionalization reactions and possibly present in the interstellar medium. Herein, we characterize the structure of the radical cation of 1-amantadine (1-C10H15NH2+, Ama+), the amino derivative of the parent adamantane (C10H16+, Ada+), by infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The structural isomers of Ama+ produced by electron ionization are probed by infrared photodissociation of cold Ar-tagged ions. In addition to the canonical nascent Ama+ isomer with an intact C10H15 cage, we identify two distonic bicyclic iminium isomers in which the adamantyl cage opens upon ionization, one of which is lower in energy than the cage isomer. The reaction profile with barriers and intermediates for this cage-opening reaction are determined. Comparison with Ada+ suggests that this type of ionization-induced cage-opening may be a common feature for diamondoids and important for their reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Andreas Robert George
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrsase 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Otto Dopfer
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrsase 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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Diamondoids and thiadiamondoids generated from hydrothermal pyrolysis of crude oil and TSR experiments. Sci Rep 2022; 12:196. [PMID: 34997136 PMCID: PMC8742100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04270-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamondoid compounds are widely used to reflect thermal maturation of high mature source rocks or oils and oil cracking extents. However, diamondoids and thiadiamondoids were demonstrated to have newly been generated and decomposed in our hydrothermal pyrolysis of crude oil and TSR experiments. Our results show that adamantanes and diamantanes are generated primarily within the maturity range 0.48–2.1% and 1.2–3.0% EasyRo, respectively. Their formation is enhanced and the decomposition of diamantanes obviously lags at elevated temperatures compared with anhydrous experiments. MDI, EAI, DMAI-1, DMDI-2 may serve as reliable maturity proxies at > ca.1.0% EasyRo, and other isomerization indices (TMAI-1, TMAI-2 and DMAI-2) are effective for the highly mature organic matter at EasyRo > 2.0%. The extent of oil cracking (EOC) calculated from the broadly used (3- + 4-) MD method (Dahl et al. in Nature 399:54–56, 1999) is proven to overestimate, especially for highly cracked samples due to the new generation of (3- + 4-) MD. Still, it can be corrected using a new formula at < 3.0% EasyRo. Other diamondoid-related indices (e.g., EAI, DMDI-2, As/Ds, MAs/MDs, DMAs/DMDs, and DMAs/MDs) can also be used to estimate EOC. However, these indices cannot be applied to TSR-altered petroleum. TSR is experimentally confirmed to generate diamantanes and thiaadmantanes at 1.81% EasyRo likely via direct reactions of reduced S species with hydrocarbons and accelerate the decomposition of diamantanes at > 2.62% EasyRo compared with thermal chemical alteration (TCA). More studies are needed to assess specific mechanisms for the formation of thiadiamondoids under natural conditions.
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Weigel WK, Dang HT, Feceu A, Martin DBC. Direct radical functionalization methods to access substituted adamantanes and diamondoids. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 20:10-36. [PMID: 34651636 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01916c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adamantane derivatives have diverse applications in the fields of medicinal chemistry, catalyst development and nanomaterials, owing to their unique structural, biological and stimulus-responsive properties, among others. The synthesis of substituted adamantanes and substituted higher diamondoids is frequently achieved via carbocation or radical intermediates that have unique stability and reactivity when compared to simple hydrocarbon derivatives. In this review, we discuss the wide range of radical-based functionalization reactions that directly convert diamondoid C-H bonds to C-C bonds, providing a variety of products incorporating diverse functional groups (alkenes, alkynes, arenes, carbonyl groups, etc.). Recent advances in the area of selective C-H functionalization are highlighted with an emphasis on the H-atom abstracting species and their ability to activate the particularly strong C-H bonds that are characteristic of these caged hydrocarbons, providing insights that can be applied to the C-H functionalization of other substrate classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K Weigel
- Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iow City, Iowa, USA.,University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA.
| | - Hoang T Dang
- Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iow City, Iowa, USA
| | - Abigail Feceu
- University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA.
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11
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Nizovtsev AP, Pushkarchuk AL, Kilin SY, Kargin NI, Gusev AS, Smirnova MO, Jelezko F. Hyperfine Interactions in the NV- 13C Quantum Registers in Diamond Grown from the Azaadamantane Seed. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1303. [PMID: 34069205 PMCID: PMC8156205 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanostructured diamonds hosting optically active paramagnetic color centers (NV, SiV, GeV, etc.) and hyperfine-coupled with them quantum memory 13C nuclear spins situated in diamond lattice are currently of great interest to implement emerging quantum technologies (quantum information processing, quantum sensing and metrology). Current methods of creation such as electronic-nuclear spin systems are inherently probabilistic with respect to mutual location of color center electronic spin and 13C nuclear spins. A new bottom-up approach to fabricate such systems is to synthesize first chemically appropriate diamond-like organic molecules containing desired isotopic constituents in definite positions and then use them as a seed for diamond growth to produce macroscopic diamonds, subsequently creating vacancy-related color centers in them. In particular, diamonds incorporating coupled NV-13C spin systems (quantum registers) with specific mutual arrangements of NV and 13C can be obtained from anisotopic azaadamantane molecule. Here we predict the characteristics of hyperfine interactions (hfi) for the NV-13C systems in diamonds grown from various isotopically substituted azaadamantane molecules differing in 13C position in the seed, as well as the orientation of the NV center in the post-obtained diamond. We used the spatial and hfi data simulated earlier for the H-terminated cluster C510[NV]-H252. The data obtained can be used to identify (and correlate with the seed used) the specific NV-13C spin system by measuring, e.g., the hfi-induced splitting of the mS = ±1 sublevels of the NV center in optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectra being characteristic for various NV-13C systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P. Nizovtsev
- National Research Nuclear University “MEPhI”, 115409 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.P.); (N.I.K.); (A.S.G.); (M.O.S.)
| | - Aliaksandr L. Pushkarchuk
- National Research Nuclear University “MEPhI”, 115409 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.P.); (N.I.K.); (A.S.G.); (M.O.S.)
| | - Sergei Ya. Kilin
- Institute of Physics, Nat. Acad. Sci. of Belarus, 220072 Minsk, Belarus;
| | - Nikolai I. Kargin
- National Research Nuclear University “MEPhI”, 115409 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.P.); (N.I.K.); (A.S.G.); (M.O.S.)
| | - Alexander S. Gusev
- National Research Nuclear University “MEPhI”, 115409 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.P.); (N.I.K.); (A.S.G.); (M.O.S.)
| | - Marina O. Smirnova
- National Research Nuclear University “MEPhI”, 115409 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.P.); (N.I.K.); (A.S.G.); (M.O.S.)
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany;
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Mandal S. Nucleation of diamond films on heterogeneous substrates: a review. RSC Adv 2021; 11:10159-10182. [PMID: 35423515 PMCID: PMC8695650 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00397f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamond thin films are known to have properties similar to bulk diamond and have applications in both industry and fundamental studies in academia. The high surface energy of diamond makes it extremely difficult to grow diamond films on foreign substrates. Hence, to grow diamond films on non-diamond substrates, a nucleation step is needed. In this review various techniques used for diamond nucleation/seeding will be discussed. At present electrostatic seeding by diamond nanoparticles is the most commonly used seeding technique for nanocrystalline growth. In this technique the substrate is dipped in a nanodiamond solution to form a mono layer of diamond seeds. These seeds when exposed to appropriate conditions grow to form diamond layers. This technique is suitable for most substrates. For heteroepitaxial growth, bias enhanced nucleation is the primary technique. In this technique the substrate is biased to form diamond nuclei in the initial stages of growth. This technique can be used for any conducting flat surface. For growth on ceramics, polishing by diamond grit or electrostatic seeding can be used. Polishing the ceramics with diamond powder leaves small diamond particles embedded in the substrate. These small particles then act as seeds for subsequent diamond growth. Apart from these techniques, chemical nucleation, interlayer driven nucleation and mixed techniques have been discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of individual techniques have also been discussed. Growth of diamond film on heterogeneous substrates assisted by nucleation/seeding.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Mandal
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University Cardiff UK
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13
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George MAR, Buttenberg F, Förstel M, Dopfer O. Microhydration of substituted diamondoid radical cations of biological relevance: infrared spectra of amantadine +-(H 2O) n = 1-3 clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:28123-28139. [PMID: 33290468 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05299j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydration of biomolecules and pharmaceutical compounds has a strong impact on their structure, reactivity, and function. Herein, we explore the microhydration structure around the radical cation of the widespread pharmaceutical drug amantadine (C16H15NH2, Ama) by infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy of mass-selected Ama+Wn = 1-3 clusters (W = H2O) recorded in the NH, CH, and OH stretch range of the cation ground electronic state. Analysis of the size-dependent frequency shifts by dispersion-corrected density functional theory calculations (B3LYP-D3/cc-pVTZ) provides detailed information about the acidity of the protons of the NH2 group of Ama+ and the structure and strength of the NHO and OHO hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) of the hydration network. The preferred sequential cluster growth begins with hydration of the two acidic NH protons of the NH2 group (n = 1-2) and continues with an extension of the H-bonded hydration network by forming an OHO H-bond of the third W to one ligand in the first hydration subshell (n = 3), like in the W2 dimer. For n = 2, a minor population corresponds to Ama+W2 structures with a W2 unit attached to Ama+via a NHW2 H-bond. Although the N-H proton donor bonds are progressively destabilized by gradual microhydration, no proton transfer to the Wn solvent cluster is observed in the investigated size range (n ≤ 3). Besides the microhydration structure, we also obtain a first impression of the structure and IR spectrum of bare Ama+, as well as the effects of both ionization and hydration on the structure of the adamantyl cage. Comparison of Ama+ with aliphatic and aromatic primary amine radical cations reveals differences in the acidity of the NH2 group and the resulting interaction with W caused by substitution of the cycloalkyl cage.
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14
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Vinit. Density functional studies of hydrogen passivated nanoclusters of carbon, silicon, germanium and their respective ionic analogues. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Park S, Abate II, Liu J, Wang C, Dahl JEP, Carlson RMK, Yang L, Prakapenka VB, Greenberg E, Devereaux TP, Jia C, Ewing RC, Mao WL, Lin Y. Facile diamond synthesis from lower diamondoids. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay9405. [PMID: 32128417 PMCID: PMC7034983 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay9405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials have exceptional properties that make them attractive for a variety of technological applications. Here, we report on the use of diamondoids (diamond-like, saturated hydrocarbons) as promising precursors for laser-induced high-pressure, high-temperature diamond synthesis. The lowest pressure and temperature (P-T) conditions that yielded diamond were 12 GPa (at ~2000 K) and 900 K (at ~20 GPa), respectively. This represents a substantially reduced transformation barrier compared with diamond synthesis from conventional (hydro)carbon allotropes, owing to the similarities in the structure and full sp3 hybridization of diamondoids and bulk diamond. At 20 GPa, diamondoid-to-diamond conversion occurs rapidly within <19 μs. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that once dehydrogenated, the remaining diamondoid carbon cages reconstruct themselves into diamond-like structures at high P-T. This study is the first successful mapping of the P-T conditions and onset timing of the diamondoid-to-diamond conversion and elucidates the physical and chemical factors that facilitate diamond synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulgiye Park
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Iwnetim I. Abate
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeremy E. P. Dahl
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Robert M. K. Carlson
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Liuxiang Yang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Vitali B. Prakapenka
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Eran Greenberg
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Thomas P. Devereaux
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chunjing Jia
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Rodney C. Ewing
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wendy L. Mao
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Yu Lin
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Xiong T, Saalfrank P. Vibrationally Broadened Optical Spectra of Selected Radicals and Cations Derived from Adamantane: A Time-Dependent Correlation Function Approach. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8871-8880. [PMID: 31536349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b03305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diamondoids are hydrogen-saturated molecular motifs cut out of diamond, forming a class of materials with tunable optoelectronic properties. In this work, we extend previous work on neutral, closed-shell diamondoids by computing with hybrid density functional theory and time-dependent correlation functions vibrationally broadened absorption spectra of cations and radicals derived from the simplest diamondoid, adamantane, namely, the neutral 1- and 2-adamantyl radicals (C10H15), the 1- and 2-adamantyl cations (C10H15+), and the adamantane radical cation (C10H16+). For selected cases, we also report vibrationally broadened emission, photoelectron, and resonance Raman spectra. Furthermore, the effect of the damping factor on the vibrational fine-structure is studied. The following trends are found: (1) Low-energy absorptions of the adamantyl radicals and cations, and of the adamantane cation, are all strongly red-shifted with respect to adamantane; (2) also, emission spectra are strongly red-shifted, whereas photoelectron spectra are less affected for the cases studied; (3) vibrational fine-structures are reduced compared to those of adamantane; (4) the spectroscopic signals of 1- and 2-adamantyl species are significantly different from each other; and (5) reducing the damping factor has only a limited effect on the vibrational fine-structure in most cases. This suggests that removing hydrogen atoms and/or electrons from adamantane leads to new optoelectronic properties, which should be detectable by vibronic spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xiong
- Institut für Chemie , Universität Potsdam , Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25 , D-14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Peter Saalfrank
- Institut für Chemie , Universität Potsdam , Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25 , D-14476 Potsdam , Germany
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17
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Hernández-Rojas J, Calvo F. The Structure of Adamantane Clusters: Atomistic vs. Coarse-Grained Predictions From Global Optimization. Front Chem 2019; 7:573. [PMID: 31475136 PMCID: PMC6707085 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidate structures for the global minima of adamantane clusters, (C10H16)N, are presented. Based on a rigid model for individual molecules with atom-atom pairwise interactions that include Lennard-Jones and Coulomb contributions, low-energy structures were obtained up to N = 42 using the basin-hopping method. The results indicate that adamantane clusters initially grow accordingly with an icosahedral packing scheme, followed above N = 14 by a structural transition toward face-centered cubic structures. The special stabilities obtained at N = 13, 19, and 38 are consistent with these two structural families, and agree with recent mass spectrometry measurements on cationic adamantane clusters. Coarse-graining the intermolecular potential by averaging over all possible orientations only partially confirm the all-atom results, the magic numbers at 13 and 38 being preserved. However, the details near the structural transition are not captured well, because despite their high symmetry the adamantane molecules are still rather anisotropic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Hernández-Rojas
- Departamento de Física e IUdEA, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
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18
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Chipaux M, van der Laan KJ, Hemelaar SR, Hasani M, Zheng T, Schirhagl R. Nanodiamonds and Their Applications in Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1704263. [PMID: 29573338 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201704263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Diamonds owe their fame to a unique set of outstanding properties. They combine a high refractive index, hardness, great stability and inertness, and low electrical but high thermal conductivity. Diamond defects have recently attracted a lot of attention. Given this unique list of properties, it is not surprising that diamond nanoparticles are utilized for numerous applications. Due to their hardness, they are routinely used as abrasives. Their small and uniform size qualifies them as attractive carriers for drug delivery. The stable fluorescence of diamond defects allows their use as stable single photon sources or biolabels. The magnetic properties of the defects make them stable spin qubits in quantum information. This property also allows their use as a sensor for temperature, magnetic fields, electric fields, or strain. This Review focuses on applications in cells. Different diamond materials and the special requirements for the respective applications are discussed. Methods to chemically modify the surface of diamonds and the different hurdles one has to overcome when working with cells, such as entering the cells and biocompatibility, are described. Finally, the recent developments and applications in labeling, sensing, drug delivery, theranostics, antibiotics, and tissue engineering are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayeul Chipaux
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AW, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kiran J van der Laan
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AW, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon R Hemelaar
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AW, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Masoumeh Hasani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517838683, Iran
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital & Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen-PKU-HKUST Medical Center, 518036, Shenzhen, China
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AW, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Xiong T, Włodarczyk R, Gallandi L, Körzdörfer T, Saalfrank P. Vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectra of lower diamondoids: A time-dependent approach. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:044310. [PMID: 29390801 DOI: 10.1063/1.5012131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xiong
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | - Radosław Włodarczyk
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | - Lukas Gallandi
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | - Thomas Körzdörfer
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | - Peter Saalfrank
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Golm, Germany
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20
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Rander T, Bischoff T, Knecht A, Wolter D, Richter R, Merli A, Möller T. Electronic and Optical Properties of Methylated Adamantanes. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11132-11137. [PMID: 28737388 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent theoretical work has identified functionalized diamondoids as promising candidates for the tailoring of fluorescent nanomaterials. However, experiments confirming that optical gap tuning can be achieved through functionalization have, up until now, found only systems where fluorescence is quenched. We address this shortcoming by investigating a series of methylated adamantanes. For the first time, a class of functionalized diamondoids is shown to fluoresce in the gas phase. In order to understand the evolution of the optical and electronic structure properties with degree of functionalization, photoelectron spectroscopy was used to map the occupied valence electronic structure, while absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies yielded information about the unoccupied electronic structure and postexcitation relaxation behavior. The resulting spectra were modeled by (time-dependent) density functional theory. These results show that it is possible to overcome fluorescence quenching when functionalizing diamondoids and represent a significant step toward tailoring the electronic structure of these and other semiconductor particles in a manner suitable to applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torbjörn Rander
- Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Bischoff
- Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andre Knecht
- Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Wolter
- Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Richter
- Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Merli
- Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Möller
- Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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21
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Yang F, Lin Y, Baldini M, Dahl JEP, Carlson RMK, Mao WL. Effects of Molecular Geometry on the Properties of Compressed Diamondoid Crystals. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4641-4647. [PMID: 27801594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Diamondoids are an intriguing group of carbon-based nanomaterials, which combine desired properties of inorganic nanomaterials and small hydrocarbon molecules with atomic-level uniformity. In this Letter, we report the first comparative study on the effect of pressure on a series of diamondoid crystals with systematically varying molecular geometries and shapes, including zero-dimensional (0D) adamantane; one-dimensional (1D) diamantane, [121]tetramantane, [123]tetramantane, and [1212]pentamantane; two-dimensional (2D) [12312]hexamantane; and three-dimensional (3D) triamantane and [1(2,3)4]pentamantane. We find the bulk moduli of these diamondoid crystals are strongly dependent on the diamondoids' molecular geometry with 3D [1(2,3)4]pentamantane being the least compressible and 0D adamantane being the most compressible. These diamondoid crystals possess excellent structural rigidity and are able to sustain large volume deformation without structural failure even after repetitive pressure loading cycles. These properties are desirable for constructing cushioning devices. We also demonstrate that lower diamondoids outperform the conventional cushioning materials in both the working pressure range and energy absorption density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yu Lin
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Maria Baldini
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jeremy E P Dahl
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Robert M K Carlson
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Wendy L Mao
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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22
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Electron-vibration coupling induced renormalization in the photoemission spectrum of diamondoids. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11327. [PMID: 27103340 PMCID: PMC4844694 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of theories and methods devoted to the accurate calculation of the electronic quasi-particle states and levels of molecules, clusters and solids is of prime importance to interpret the experimental data. These quantum systems are often modelled by using the Born–Oppenheimer approximation where the coupling between the electrons and vibrational modes is not fully taken into account, and the electrons are treated as pure quasi-particles. Here, we show that in small diamond cages, called diamondoids, the electron–vibration coupling leads to the breakdown of the electron quasi-particle picture. More importantly, we demonstrate that the strong electron–vibration coupling is essential to properly describe the overall lineshape of the experimental photoemission spectrum. This cannot be obtained by methods within Born–Oppenheimer approximation. Moreover, we deduce a link between the vibronic states found by our many-body perturbation theory approach and the well-known Jahn–Teller effect. The electron–vibration coupling is essential to describe the photoelectron properties of molecules. Here, the authors show theoretically and experimentally that the electron–vibration coupling is very large in diamonoids, and link the deduced vibronic states to the well-known Jahn–Teller effect.
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23
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Zhang JL, Ishiwata H, Babinec TM, Radulaski M, Müller K, Lagoudakis KG, Dory C, Dahl J, Edgington R, Soulière V, Ferro G, Fokin AA, Schreiner PR, Shen ZX, Melosh NA, Vučković J. Hybrid Group IV Nanophotonic Structures Incorporating Diamond Silicon-Vacancy Color Centers. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:212-217. [PMID: 26695059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a new approach for engineering group IV semiconductor-based quantum photonic structures containing negatively charged silicon-vacancy (SiV(-)) color centers in diamond as quantum emitters. Hybrid diamond-SiC structures are realized by combining the growth of nano- and microdiamonds on silicon carbide (3C or 4H polytype) substrates, with the subsequent use of these diamond crystals as a hard mask for pattern transfer. SiV(-) color centers are incorporated in diamond during its synthesis from molecular diamond seeds (diamondoids), with no need for ion-implantation or annealing. We show that the same growth technique can be used to grow a diamond layer controllably doped with SiV(-) on top of a high purity bulk diamond, in which we subsequently fabricate nanopillar arrays containing high quality SiV(-) centers. Scanning confocal photoluminescence measurements reveal optically active SiV(-) lines both at room temperature and low temperature (5 K) from all fabricated structures, and, in particular, very narrow line widths and small inhomogeneous broadening of SiV(-) lines from all-diamond nanopillar arrays, which is a critical requirement for quantum computation. At low temperatures (5 K) we observe in these structures the signature typical of SiV(-) centers in bulk diamond, consistent with a double lambda. These results indicate that high quality color centers can be incorporated into nanophotonic structures synthetically with properties equivalent to those in bulk diamond, thereby opening opportunities for applications in classical and quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Linda Zhang
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hitoshi Ishiwata
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Thomas M Babinec
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Marina Radulaski
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kai Müller
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Constantin Dory
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jeremy Dahl
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert Edgington
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Veronique Soulière
- Laboratoire des Multimateriaux et Interfaces, Université de Lyon , 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Gabriel Ferro
- Laboratoire des Multimateriaux et Interfaces, Université de Lyon , 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Andrey A Fokin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Zhi-Xun Shen
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Nicholas A Melosh
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jelena Vučković
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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24
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Nagl A, Hemelaar SR, Schirhagl R. Improving surface and defect center chemistry of fluorescent nanodiamonds for imaging purposes--a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7521-36. [PMID: 26220715 PMCID: PMC4575388 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8849-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Diamonds are widely used for jewelry owing to their superior optical properties accounting for their fascinating beauty. Beyond the sparkle, diamond is highly investigated in materials science for its remarkable properties. Recently, fluorescent defects in diamond, particularly the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV(-)) center, have gained much attention: The NV(-) center emits stable, nonbleaching fluorescence, and thus could be utilized in biolabeling, as a light source, or as a Förster resonance energy transfer donor. Even more remarkable are its spin properties: with the fluorescence intensity of the NV(-) center reacting to the presence of small magnetic fields, it can be utilized as a sensor for magnetic fields as small as the field of a single electron spin. However, a reproducible defect and surface and defect chemistry are crucial to all applications. In this article we review methods for using nanodiamonds for different imaging purposes. The article covers (1) dispersion of particles, (2) surface cleaning, (3) particle size selection and reduction, (4) defect properties, and (5) functionalization and attachment to nanostructures, e.g., scanning probe microscopy tips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nagl
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Robert Hemelaar
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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25
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Gunawan MA, Poinsot D, Domenichini B, Dirand C, Chevalier S, Fokin AA, Schreiner PR, Hierso JC. The functionalization of nanodiamonds (diamondoids) as a key parameter of their easily controlled self-assembly in micro- and nanocrystals from the vapor phase. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:1956-1962. [PMID: 25535933 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr04442h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We detail herein readily accessible processes to control previously unobserved robust self-assemblies of nanodiamonds (diamondoids) in micro- and nanocrystals from their mild vapor deposition. The chemical functionalization of uniform and discernible nanodiamonds was found to be a key parameter, and depending on the type of functional group (hydroxy, fluorine, etc.) and its position on the diamondoid, the structure of the discrete deposits can vary dramatically. Thus, well-defined anisotropic structures such as rod, needle, triangle or truncated octahedron shapes can be obtained, and self-assembled edifices of sizes ranging from 20 nm to several hundred micrometers formed with conservation of a similar structure for a given diamondoid. Key thermodynamic data including sublimation enthalpy of diamondoid derivatives are reported, and the SEM of the self-assemblies coupled with EDX analyses and XRD attest the nature and purity of nanodiamond crystal deposits. This attractive method is simple and outperforms in terms of deposit quality dip-coating methods we used. This vapor phase deposition approach is expected to allow for an easy formation of diamondoid nanoobjects on different types of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Gunawan
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), UMR-CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France.
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26
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Yang F, Lin Y, Dahl JEP, Carlson RMK, Mao WL. Deviatoric stress-induced phase transitions in diamantane. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:154305. [PMID: 25338894 DOI: 10.1063/1.4897252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-pressure behavior of diamantane was investigated using angle-dispersive synchrotron x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy in diamond anvil cells. Our experiments revealed that the structural transitions in diamantane were extremely sensitive to deviatoric stress. Under non-hydrostatic conditions, diamantane underwent a cubic (space group Pa3) to a monoclinic phase transition at below 0.15 GPa, the lowest pressure we were able to measure. Upon further compression to 3.5 GPa, this monoclinic phase transformed into another high-pressure monoclinic phase which persisted to 32 GPa, the highest pressure studied in our experiments. However, under more hydrostatic conditions using silicone oil as a pressure medium, the transition pressure to the first high-pressure monoclinic phase was elevated to 7-10 GPa, which coincided with the hydrostatic limit of silicone oil. In another experiment using helium as a pressure medium, no phase transitions were observed to the highest pressure we reached (13 GPa). In addition, large hysteresis and sluggish transition kinetics were observed upon decompression. Over the pressure range where phase transitions were confirmed by XRD, only continuous changes in the Raman spectra were observed. This suggests that these phase transitions are associated with unit cell distortions and modifications in molecular packing rather than the formation of new carbon-carbon bonds under pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Yu Lin
- Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jeremy E P Dahl
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Robert M K Carlson
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Wendy L Mao
- Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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27
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Demján T, Vörös M, Palummo M, Gali A. Electronic and optical properties of pure and modified diamondoids studied by many-body perturbation theory and time-dependent density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:064308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4891930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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28
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Sun Y, Kvashnin AG, Sorokin PB, Yakobson BI, Billups WE. Radiation-Induced Nucleation of Diamond from Amorphous Carbon: Effect of Hydrogen. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:1924-8. [PMID: 26273874 DOI: 10.1021/jz5007912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Electron irradiation of anthracite functionalized by dodecyl groups leads to recrystallization of the carbon network into diamonds. The diamonds range in size from ∼2 to ∼10 nm and exhibit {111} spacing of 2.1 Å. A bulk process consistent with bias-enhanced nucleation is proposed in which the dodecyl group provides hydrogen during electron irradiation. Recrystallization into diamond occurs in the hydrogenated graphitic subsurface layers. Unfunctionalized anthracite could not be converted into diamond during electron irradiation. The dependence of the phase transition pressure on cluster size was estimated, and it was found that diamond particles with a radius up to 20 nm could be formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Sun
- †Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- ‡The Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Alexander G Kvashnin
- †Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- §Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- ∥Technological Institute for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials, 7a Centralnaya Street, Troitsk, Moscow, Russia 142190
- ⊥Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 9 Institutsky Lane, Dolgoprudny, Russia 141700
| | - Pavel B Sorokin
- ∥Technological Institute for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials, 7a Centralnaya Street, Troitsk, Moscow, Russia 142190
- ⊥Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 9 Institutsky Lane, Dolgoprudny, Russia 141700
- #Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS, 4 Kosigin Street, Moscow, Russia 119334
| | - Boris I Yakobson
- †Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- §Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - W E Billups
- †Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- ‡The Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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29
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Barua SR, Quanz H, Olbrich M, Schreiner PR, Trauner D, Allen WD. Polytwistane. Chemistry 2014; 20:1638-45. [PMID: 24402729 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Twistane, C10H16, is a classic D2-symmetric chiral hydrocarbon that has been studied for decades due to its fascinating stereochemical and thermodynamic properties. Here we propose and analyze in detail the contiguous linear extension of twistane with ethano (ethane-1,2-diyl) bridges to create a new chiral, C2-symmetric hydrocarbon nanotube called polytwistane. Polytwistane, (CH)n, has the same molecular formula as polyacetylene but is composed purely of C(sp(3))-H units, all of which are chemically equivalent. The polytwistane nanotube has the smallest inner diameter (2.6 Å) of hydrocarbons considered to date. A rigorous topological analysis of idealized polytwistane and a C236H242 prototype optimized by B3LYP density functional theory reveals that the polymer has a nonrepeating, alternating σ-helix, with an irrational periodicity parameter and an instantaneous rise (or lead) angle near 15 °. A theoretical analysis utilizing homodesmotic equations and explicit computations as high as CCSD(T)/cc-pVQZ yields the enthalpies of formation Delta(f)H(0)°(twistane) = -1.7 kcal mol(-1) and Delta(f)H(0)°(polytwistane) = +1.28 kcal (mol CH)(-1), demonstrating that the hypothetical formation of polytwistane from acetylene is highly exothermic. Hence, polytwistane is synthetically viable both on thermodynamic grounds and also because no obvious pathways exist for its rearrangement to lower-lying isomers. The present analysis should facilitate the preparation and characterization of this new chiral hydrocarbon nanotube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiblee R Barua
- Center for Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
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Gunawan MA, Hierso JC, Poinsot D, Fokin AA, Fokina NA, Tkachenko BA, Schreiner PR. Diamondoids: functionalization and subsequent applications of perfectly defined molecular cage hydrocarbons. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj00535f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Li FH, Fabbri JD, Yurchenko RI, Mileshkin AN, Hohman JN, Yan H, Yuan H, Tran IC, Willey TM, Bagge-Hansen M, Dahl JEP, Carlson RMK, Fokin AA, Schreiner PR, Shen ZX, Melosh NA. Covalent attachment of diamondoid phosphonic acid dichlorides to tungsten oxide surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:9790-9797. [PMID: 23855923 DOI: 10.1021/la401781e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Diamondoids (nanometer-sized diamond-like hydrocarbons) are a novel class of carbon nanomaterials that exhibit negative electron affinity (NEA) and strong electron-phonon scattering. Surface-bound diamondoid monolayers exhibit monochromatic photoemission, a unique property that makes them ideal electron sources for electron-beam lithography and high-resolution electron microscopy. However, these applications are limited by the stability of the chemical bonding of diamondoids on surfaces. Here we demonstrate the stable covalent attachment of diamantane phosphonic dichloride on tungsten/tungsten oxide surfaces. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed that diamondoid-functionalized tungsten oxide films were stable up to 300-350 °C, a substantial improvement over conventional diamondoid thiolate monolayers on gold, which dissociate at 100-200 °C. Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light stimulated photoemission from these diamondoid phosphonate monolayers exhibited a characteristic monochromatic NEA peak with 0.2 eV full width at half-maximum (fwhm) at room temperature, showing that the unique monochromatization property of diamondoids remained intact after attachment. Our results demonstrate that phosphonic dichloride functionality is a promising approach for forming stable diamondoid monolayers for elevated temperature and high-current applications such as electron emission and coatings in micro/nano electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Hua Li
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Zhang J, Zhu Z, Feng Y, Ishiwata H, Miyata Y, Kitaura R, Dahl JEP, Carlson RMK, Fokina NA, Schreiner PR, Tománek D, Shinohara H. Evidence of Diamond Nanowires Formed inside Carbon Nanotubes from Diamantane Dicarboxylic Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zhang J, Zhu Z, Feng Y, Ishiwata H, Miyata Y, Kitaura R, Dahl JEP, Carlson RMK, Fokina NA, Schreiner PR, Tománek D, Shinohara H. Evidence of Diamond Nanowires Formed inside Carbon Nanotubes from Diamantane Dicarboxylic Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:3717-21. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201209192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Rander T, Staiger M, Richter R, Zimmermann T, Landt L, Wolter D, Dahl JE, Carlson RMK, Tkachenko BA, Fokina NA, Schreiner PR, Möller T, Bostedt C. Electronic structure tuning of diamondoids through functionalization. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:024310. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4774268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Stauss S, Shizuno T, Miyazoe H, Kiyooka E, Terashima K. Reaction yields of diamondoid synthesis by plasmas generated in supercritical xenon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.14723/tmrsj.38.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Stauss
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Tomoki Shizuno
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hiroyuki Miyazoe
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
- Current address: IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center
| | - Eiichiro Kiyooka
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Kazuo Terashima
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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Balaban AT. Partitioned-formula periodic tables for diamond hydrocarbons (diamondoids). J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:2856-63. [PMID: 23046064 DOI: 10.1021/ci300406b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Isomeric diamond hydrocarbons (diamondoids or polymantanes) with the same number n of adamantane units share the same molecular formula C(Q)(CH)(T)(CH(2))(S) and can be divided into valence isomers (denoted as Q-T-S) by partitioning the number C = Q + T + S of their carbon atoms according to whether they are quaternary, tertiary, or secondary. Vertices of dualists are the centers of adamantane units, and dualist edges connect vertices of adjacent adamantane units (sharing a chair-shaped hexagon). Dualists of diamondoids are hydrogen-depleted skeletons of staggered alkane or cycloalkane rotamers. Diamondoids with acyclic dualists can be classified as catamantanes, those having dualists with chair-shaped six-membered rings as perimantanes, and those having dualists with higher-membered rings that are not perimeters of hexagon-aggregates as coronamantanes. Diamondoids with n adamantane units may be classified into regular catamantanes when the molecular formula is C(4n+6)H(4n+12), and irregular polymantanes (catamantanes or perimantanes) when the number of carbon atoms is lower than 4n + 6. The derivation is presented of formula-periodic tables of regular and irregular diamondoids that allow a better understanding of the shapes and properties of these hydrocarbons for which many applications are predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru T Balaban
- Department of Marine Sciences, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, Texas 77553, USA.
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Zhang J, Feng Y, Ishiwata H, Miyata Y, Kitaura R, Dahl JEP, Carlson RMK, Shinohara H, Tománek D. Synthesis and transformation of linear adamantane assemblies inside carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2012; 6:8674-8683. [PMID: 22920674 DOI: 10.1021/nn303461q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the assembly and thermal transformation of linear diamondoid assemblies inside carbon nanotubes. Our calculations and observations indicate that these molecules undergo selective reactions within the narrow confining space of a carbon nanotube. Upon vacuum annealing of adamantane molecules encapsulated in a carbon nanotube, we observe a sharp Raman feature at 1857 cm(-1), which we interpret as a stretching mode of carbon chains formed by thermal conversion of adamantane inside a carbon nanotube. Introduction of pure hydrogen during thermal annealing, however, suppresses the formation of carbon chains and seems to keep adamantane intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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Fokin AA, Chernish LV, Gunchenko PA, Tikhonchuk EY, Hausmann H, Serafin M, Dahl JEP, Carlson RMK, Schreiner PR. Stable alkanes containing very long carbon-carbon bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:13641-50. [PMID: 22835264 DOI: 10.1021/ja302258q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The metal-induced coupling of tertiary diamondoid bromides gave highly sterically congested hydrocarbon (hetero)dimers with exceptionally long central C-C bonds of up to 1.71 Å in 2-(1-diamantyl)[121]tetramantane. Yet, these dimers are thermally very stable even at temperatures above 200 °C, which is not in line with common C-C bond length versus bond strengths correlations. We suggest that the extraordinary stabilization arises from numerous intramolecular van der Waals attractions between the neighboring H-terminated diamond-like surfaces. The C-C bond rotational dynamics of 1-(1-adamantyl)diamantane, 1-(1-diamantyl)diamantane, 2-(1-adamantyl)triamantane, 2-(1-diamantyl)triamantane, and 2-(1-diamantyl)[121]tetramantane were studied through variable-temperature (1)H- and (13)C NMR spectroscopies. The shapes of the inward (endo) CH surfaces determine the dynamic behavior, changing the central C-C bond rotation barriers from 7 to 33 kcal mol(-1). We probe the ability of popular density functional theory (DFT) approaches (including BLYP, B3LYP, B98, B3LYP-Dn, B97D, B3PW91, BHandHLYP, B3P86, PBE1PBE, wB97XD, and M06-2X) with 6-31G(d,p) and cc-pVDZ basis sets to describe such an unusual bonding situation. Only functionals accounting for dispersion are able to reproduce the experimental geometries, while most DFT functionals are able to reproduce the experimental rotational barriers due to error cancellations. Computations on larger diamondoids reveal that the interplay between the shapes and the sizes of the CH surfaces may even allow the preparation of open-shell alkyl radical dimers (and possibly polymers) that are strongly held together exclusively by dispersion forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Fokin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kiev Polytechnic Institute, pr. Pobedy 37, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine.
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Byers PM, Alabugin IV. Polyaromatic Ribbons from Oligo-Alkynes via Selective Radical Cascade: Stitching Aromatic Rings with Polyacetylene Bridges. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9609-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3023626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Byers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390,
United States
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390,
United States
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Patzer A, Schütz M, Möller T, Dopfer O. Infrared Spectrum and Structure of the Adamantane Cation: Direct Evidence for Jahn-Teller Distortion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201108937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Patzer A, Schütz M, Möller T, Dopfer O. Infrared Spectrum and Structure of the Adamantane Cation: Direct Evidence for Jahn-Teller Distortion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:4925-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201108937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Fokin AA, Gerbig D, Schreiner PR. σ/σ- and π/π-Interactions Are Equally Important: Multilayered Graphanes. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:20036-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja206992j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Fokin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kiev Polytechnic Institute, 37 Pobeda Avenue, Kiev 03056, Ukraine
| | - Dennis Gerbig
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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