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Taher M, Dubey KD, Mazumdar S. Computationally guided bioengineering of the active site, substrate access pathway, and water channels of thermostable cytochrome P450, CYP175A1, for catalyzing the alkane hydroxylation reaction. Chem Sci 2023; 14:14316-14326. [PMID: 38098704 PMCID: PMC10718072 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02857g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding structure-function relationships in proteins is pivotal in their development as industrial biocatalysts. In this regard, rational engineering of protein active site access pathways and various tunnels and channels plays a central role in designing competent enzymes with high stability and enhanced efficiency. Here, we report the rational evolution of a thermostable cytochrome P450, CYP175A1, to catalyze the C-H activation reaction of longer-chain alkanes. A strategy combining computational tools with experiments has shown that the substrate scope and enzymatic activity can be enhanced by rational engineering of certain important channels such as the substrate entry and water channels along with the active site of the enzyme. The evolved enzymes showed an improved catalytic rate for hexadecane hydroxylation with high regioselectivity. The Q67L/Y68F mutation showed binding of the substrate in the active site, water channel mutation L80F/V220T showed improved catalytic activity through the peroxide shunt pathway and substrate entry channel mutation W269F/I270A showed better substrate accessibility to the active pocket. All-atom MD simulations provided the rationale for the inactivity of the wild-type CYP175A1 for hexadecane hydroxylation and predicted the above hot-spot residues to enhance the activity. The reaction mechanism was studied by QM/MM calculations for enzyme-substrate complexes and reaction intermediates. Detailed thermal and thermodynamic stability of all the mutants were analyzed and the results showed that the evolved enzymes were thermally stable. The present strategy showed promising results, and insights gained from this work can be applied to the general enzymatic system to expand substrate scope and improve catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Taher
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba Mumbai 400005 India
| | - Kshatresh Dutta Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Delhi-NCR NH91, Tehsil Dadri Greater Noida Uttar Pradesh 201314 India
| | - Shyamalava Mazumdar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba Mumbai 400005 India
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Wang L, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Wang R, Wang J, Yang S, Su J, Li Y. Recent insights into function, structure and modification of cytochrome P450 153 a family. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:6955-6961. [PMID: 37355495 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 153 A (CYP153A) is a versatile enzyme that can catalyze a wide range of oxidation reactions on various substrates. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge on CYP153A, including its classification, structure, function, and potential applications in biotechnology and pharmaceuticals. The CYP153A family encompasses many enzymes with different functions on a variety of substrates. We also discuss the structural features that are responsible for the different substrate specificities. Additionally, the enzyme has been engineered to increase its catalytic activity and modifications have been made to enhance its properties further. Despite its potential, challenges and limitations associated with studying and exploiting CYP153A remain, such as low expression levels and substrate inhibition. Nonetheless, ongoing research is exploring new ways to harness the enzyme's capabilities, particularly in synthetic biology, biocatalysis, and drug discovery, making it an exciting target for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Ziqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Yisang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Junqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Suzhen Yang
- Shandong Freda Biotech Co., Ltd, Jinan, 250101, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Shandong Freda Biotech Co., Ltd, Jinan, 250101, Shandong, China.
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3
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Recent Advances in Catalytic Synthesis of Benzosultams. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194367. [PMID: 32977516 PMCID: PMC7582503 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzosultams represent one category of multi-heteroatom heterocyclic scaffolds, which have been frequently found in pharmaceuticals, agricultural agents, and chiral catalysts. Given the diversely significant functions of these compounds in organic and medicinal chemistry, great efforts have been made to develop novel catalytic systems for the efficient construction of benzosultam motifs over the past decades. Herein, in this review, we mainly summarize the recent advances in the field of catalytic synthesis of benzosultams from 2017 to August of 2020, with an emphasis on the scopes and mechanisms of representative reactions.
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Yuan M, Abdellaoui S, Chen H, Kummer MJ, Malapit CA, You C, Minteer SD. Selective Electroenzymatic Oxyfunctionalization by Alkane Monooxygenase in a Biofuel Cell. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8969-8973. [PMID: 32198829 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Aliphatic synthetic intermediates with high added value are generally produced from alkane sources (e.g., petroleum) by inert carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bond activation using classical chemical methods (i.e. high temperature, rare metals). As an alternative approach for these reactions, alkane monooxygenase from Pseudomonas putida (alkB) is able to catalyze the difficult terminal oxyfunctionalization of alkanes selectively and under mild conditions. Herein, we report an electrosynthetic system using an alkB biocathode which produces alcohols, epoxides, and sulfoxides through bioelectrochemical hydroxylation, epoxidation, sulfoxidation, and demethylation. The capacity of the alkB binding pocket to protect internal functional groups is also demonstrated. By coupling our alkB biocathode with a hydrogenase bioanode and using H2 as a clean fuel source, we have developed and characterized a series of enzymatic fuel cells capable of oxyfunctionalization while simultaneously producing electricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Sofiene Abdellaoui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Current address: Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INRAE, FARE Laboratory, 51100, Reims, France
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Matthew J Kummer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Christian A Malapit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Chun You
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Shelley D Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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Yuan M, Abdellaoui S, Chen H, Kummer MJ, Malapit CA, You C, Minteer SD. Selective Electroenzymatic Oxyfunctionalization by Alkane Monooxygenase in a Biofuel Cell. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Yuan
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 S 1400 E Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Sofiene Abdellaoui
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 S 1400 E Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
- Current address: Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne INRAE, FARE Laboratory 51100 Reims France
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 S 1400 E Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Matthew J. Kummer
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 S 1400 E Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Christian A. Malapit
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 S 1400 E Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Chun You
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area Tianjin 300308 China
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 S 1400 E Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
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Schäfer L, Karande R, Bühler B. Maximizing Biocatalytic Cyclohexane Hydroxylation by Modulating Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase Expression in P. taiwanensis VLB120. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:140. [PMID: 32175317 PMCID: PMC7056670 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (Cyps) effectively catalyze the regiospecific oxyfunctionalization of inert C-H bonds under mild conditions. Due to their cofactor dependency and instability in isolated form, oxygenases are preferably applied in living microbial cells with Pseudomonas strains constituting potent host organisms for Cyps. This study presents a holistic genetic engineering approach, considering gene dosage, transcriptional, and translational levels, to engineer an effective Cyp-based whole-cell biocatalyst, building on recombinant Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120 for cyclohexane hydroxylation. A lac-based regulation system turned out to be favorable in terms of orthogonality to the host regulatory network and enabled a remarkable specific whole-cell activity of 34 U gCDW -1. The evaluation of different ribosomal binding sites (RBSs) revealed that a moderate translation rate was favorable in terms of the specific activity. An increase in gene dosage did only slightly elevate the hydroxylation activity, but severely impaired growth and resulted in a large fraction of inactive Cyp. Finally, the introduction of a terminator reduced leakiness. The optimized strain P. taiwanensis VLB120 pSEVA_Cyp allowed for a hydroxylation activity of 55 U gCDW -1. Applying 5 mM cyclohexane, molar conversion and biomass-specific yields of 82.5% and 2.46 mmolcyclohexanol gbiomass -1 were achieved, respectively. The strain now serves as a platform to design in vivo cascades and bioprocesses for the production of polymer building blocks such as ε-caprolactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schäfer
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rohan Karande
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
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Janssen M, De Vos DE. Regioselective C–H hydroxylation of n-alkanes using Shilov-type Pt catalysis in perfluorinated micro-emulsions. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy02320h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the potential of combining Shilov-type PtII and micellar catalysis to realize the challenging terminal C–H hydroxylation of saturated n-alkanes using water as the reaction medium is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Janssen
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Dirk E. De Vos
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
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8
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Enzymatic Synthesis of ω-Hydroxydodecanoic Acid By Employing a Cytochrome P450 from Limnobacter sp. 105 MED. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ω-Hydroxylated fatty acids are valuable and versatile building blocks for the production of various adhesives, lubricants, cosmetic intermediates, etc. The biosynthesis of ω-hydroxydodecanoic acid from vegetable oils is one of the important green pathways for their chemical-based synthesis. In the present study, the novel monooxygenase CYP153AL.m from Limnobacter sp. 105 MED was used for the whole-cell biotransformations. We constructed three-component system that was comprised of CYP153AL.m, putidaredoxin and putidaredoxin reductase from Pseudomonas putida. This in vivo study demonstrated that CYP153AL.m is a powerful catalyst for the biosynthesis of ω-hydroxydodecanoic acid. Under optimized conditions, the application of a solid-state powdered substrate rather than a substrate dissolved in DMSO significantly enhanced the overall reaction titer of the process. By employing this efficient system, 2 g/L of 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid (12-OHDDA) was produced from 4 g/L of its corresponding fatty acid, which was namely dodecanoic acid. Furthermore, the system was extended to produce 3.28 g/L of 12-OHDDA using 4 g/L of substrate by introducing native redox partners. These results demonstrate the utility of CYP153AL.m-catalyzed biotransformations in the industrial production of 12-OHDDA and other valuable building blocks.
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9
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Janssen M, Van Emelen L, Marquez C, De Baerdemaeker T, De Vos DE. Evidence for regioselective Pt(II)-mediated hydroxylation of long linear alkanes in acetic acid. J Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Xu LH, Du YL. Rational and semi-rational engineering of cytochrome P450s for biotechnological applications. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2018; 3:283-290. [PMID: 30533540 PMCID: PMC6263019 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 enzymes are ubiquitous heme-thiolate proteins performing regioselective and stereoselective oxygenation reactions in cellular metabolism. Due to their broad substrate scope and catalytic versatility, P450 enzymes are also attractive candidates for many industrial and biopharmaceutical applications. For particular uses, enzyme properties of P450s can be further optimized through directed evolution, rational, and semi-rational engineering approaches, all of which introduce mutations within the P450 structures. In this review, we describe the recent applications of these P450 engineering approaches and highlight the key regions and residues that have been identified using such approaches. These “hotspots” lie within critical functional areas of the P450 structure, including the active site, the substrate access channel, and the redox partner interaction interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Hua Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Yi-Ling Du
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Corresponding author.
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11
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Kadisch M, Willrodt C, Hillen M, Bühler B, Schmid A. Maximizing the stability of metabolic engineering-derived whole-cell biocatalysts. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Kadisch
- Department Solar Materials; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
| | - Christian Willrodt
- Department Solar Materials; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
| | - Michael Hillen
- Department Solar Materials; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Department Solar Materials; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department Solar Materials; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
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12
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Notonier S, Gricman Ł, Pleiss J, Hauer B. Semirational Protein Engineering of CYP153AM.aq. -CPRBM3 for Efficient Terminal Hydroxylation of Short- to Long-Chain Fatty Acids. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1550-7. [PMID: 27251775 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The regioselective terminal hydroxylation of alkanes and fatty acids is of great interest in a variety of industrial applications, such as in cosmetics, in fine chemicals, and in the fragrance industry. The chemically challenging activation and oxidation of non-activated C-H bonds can be achieved with cytochrome P450 enzymes. CYP153AM.aq. -CPRBM3 is an artificial fusion construct consisting of the heme domain from Marinobacter aquaeolei and the reductase domain of CYP102A1 from Bacillus megaterium. It has the ability to hydroxylate medium- and long-chain fatty acids selectively at their terminal positions. However, the activity of this interesting P450 construct needs to be improved for applications in industrial processes. For this purpose, the design of mutant libraries including two consecutive steps of mutagenesis is demonstrated. Targeted positions and residues chosen for substitution were based on semi-rational protein design after creation of a homology model of the heme domain of CYP153AM.aq. , sequence alignments, and docking studies. Site-directed mutagenesis was the preferred method employed to address positions within the binding pocket, whereas diversity was created with the aid of a degenerate codon for amino acids located at the substrate entrance channel. Combining the successful variants led to the identification of a double variant-G307A/S233G-that showed alterations of one position within the binding pocket and one position located in the substrate access channel. This double variant showed twofold increased activity relative to the wild type for the terminal hydroxylation of medium-chain-length fatty acids. This variant furthermore showed improved activity towards short- and long-chain fatty acids and enhanced stability in the presence of higher concentrations of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Notonier
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Łukasz Gricman
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen Pleiss
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hauer
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Soussan L, Pen N, Belleville MP, Marcano JS, Paolucci-Jeanjean D. Alkane biohydroxylation: Interests, constraints and future developments. J Biotechnol 2016; 222:117-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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14
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Ni Y, Fernández-Fueyo E, Baraibar AG, Ullrich R, Hofrichter M, Yanase H, Alcalde M, van Berkel WJH, Hollmann F. Peroxygenase-katalysierte Oxyfunktionalisierung angetrieben durch Methanoloxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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15
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Ni Y, Fernández-Fueyo E, Baraibar AG, Ullrich R, Hofrichter M, Yanase H, Alcalde M, van Berkel WJH, Hollmann F. Peroxygenase-Catalyzed Oxyfunctionalization Reactions Promoted by the Complete Oxidation of Methanol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:798-801. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Karande R, Debor L, Salamanca D, Bogdahn F, Engesser KH, Buehler K, Schmid A. Continuous cyclohexane oxidation to cyclohexanol using a novel cytochrome P450 monooxygenase from Acidovorax sp. CHX100 in recombinant P. taiwanensis VLB120 biofilms. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:52-61. [PMID: 26153144 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The applications of biocatalysts in chemical industries are characterized by activity, selectivity, and stability. One key strategy to achieve high biocatalytic activity is the identification of novel enzymes with kinetics optimized for organic synthesis by Nature. The isolation of novel cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes from Acidovorax sp. CHX100 and their functional expression in recombinant Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120 enabled efficient oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanol. Although initial resting cell activities of 20 U gCDW (-1) were achieved, the rapid decrease in catalytic activity due to the toxicity of cyclohexane prevented synthetic applications. Cyclohexane toxicity was reduced and cellular activities stabilized over the reaction time by delivering the toxic substrate through the vapor phase and by balancing the aqueous phase mass transfer with the cellular conversion rate. The potential of this novel CYP enzyme was exploited by transferring the shake flask reaction to an aqueous-air segmented flow biofilm membrane reactor for maximizing productivity. Cyclohexane was continuously delivered via the silicone membrane. This ensured lower reactant toxicity and continuous product formation at an average volumetric productivity of 0.4 g L tube (-1) h(-1) for several days. This highlights the potential of combining a powerful catalyst with a beneficial reactor design to overcome critical issues of cyclohexane oxidation to cyclohexanol. It opens new opportunities for biocatalytic transformations of compounds which are toxic, volatile, and have low solubility in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Karande
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Linde Debor
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Diego Salamanca
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Fabian Bogdahn
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinrich Engesser
- Department of Biological Waste Air Purification, Institute of Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katja Buehler
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany. .,Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
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17
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A P450 fusion library of heme domains from Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 and its evaluation for the biotransformation of drug molecules. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5603-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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18
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Production of 13S-hydroxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid from linoleic acid by whole recombinant cells expressing linoleate 13-hydratase from Lactobacillus acidophilus. J Biotechnol 2015; 208:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Hlavica P. Mechanistic basis of electron transfer to cytochromes p450 by natural redox partners and artificial donor constructs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 851:247-97. [PMID: 26002739 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16009-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (P450s) are hemoproteins catalyzing oxidative biotransformation of a vast array of natural and xenobiotic compounds. Reducing equivalents required for dioxygen cleavage and substrate hydroxylation originate from different redox partners including diflavin reductases, flavodoxins, ferredoxins and phthalate dioxygenase reductase (PDR)-type proteins. Accordingly, circumstantial analysis of structural and physicochemical features governing donor-acceptor recognition and electron transfer poses an intriguing challenge. Thus, conformational flexibility reflected by togging between closed and open states of solvent exposed patches on the redox components was shown to be instrumental to steered electron transmission. Here, the membrane-interactive tails of the P450 enzymes and donor proteins were recognized to be crucial to proper orientation toward each other of surface sites on the redox modules steering functional coupling. Also, mobile electron shuttling may come into play. While charge-pairing mechanisms are of primary importance in attraction and complexation of the redox partners, hydrophobic and van der Waals cohesion forces play a minor role in docking events. Due to catalytic plasticity of P450 enzymes, there is considerable promise in biotechnological applications. Here, deeper insight into the mechanistic basis of the redox machinery will permit optimization of redox processes via directed evolution and DNA shuffling. Thus, creation of hybrid systems by fusion of the modified heme domain of P450s with proteinaceous electron carriers helps obviate the tedious reconstitution procedure and induces novel activities. Also, P450-based amperometric biosensors may open new vistas in pharmaceutical and clinical implementation and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hlavica
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der LMU, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, München, Germany,
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20
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Roiban GD, Reetz MT. Expanding the toolbox of organic chemists: directed evolution of P450 monooxygenases as catalysts in regio- and stereoselective oxidative hydroxylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:2208-24. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09218j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) have been used for more than six decades as catalysts for the CH-activating oxidative hydroxylation of organic compounds with formation of added-value products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manfred T. Reetz
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung
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21
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Controlled oxidation of aliphatic CH bonds in metallo-monooxygenases: Mechanistic insights derived from studies on deuterated and fluorinated hydrocarbons. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 134:118-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Kolev JN, Zaengle JM, Ravikumar R, Fasan R. Enhancing the efficiency and regioselectivity of P450 oxidation catalysts by unnatural amino acid mutagenesis. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1001-10. [PMID: 24692265 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201400060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The development of effective strategies for modulating the reactivity and selectivity of cytochrome P450 enzymes represents a key step toward expediting the use of these biocatalysts for synthetic applications. We have investigated the potential of unnatural amino acid mutagenesis to aid efforts in this direction. Four unnatural amino acids with diverse aromatic side chains were incorporated at 11 active-site positions of a substrate-promiscuous CYP102A1 variant. The resulting "uP450s" were then tested for their catalytic activity and regioselectivity in the oxidation of two representative substrates: a small-molecule drug and a natural product. Large shifts in regioselectivity resulted from these single mutations, and in particular, for para-acetyl-Phe substitutions at positions close to the heme cofactor. Screening this mini library of uP450s enabled us to identify P450 catalysts for the selective hydroxylation of four aliphatic positions in the target substrates, including a C(sp(3))-H site not oxidized by the parent enzyme. Furthermore, we discovered a general activity-enhancing effect of active-site substitutions involving the unnatural amino acid para-amino-Phe, which resulted in P450 catalysts capable of supporting the highest total turnover number reported to date on a complex molecule (34,650). The functional changes induced by the unnatural amino acids could not be reproduced by any of the 20 natural amino acids. This study thus demonstrates that unnatural amino acid mutagenesis constitutes a promising new strategy for improving the catalytic activity and regioselectivity of P450 oxidation catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N Kolev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Hutchison Hall, Rochester, NY 14620 (USA)
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23
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High-cell-density cultivation of recombinant Escherichia coli, purification and characterization of a self-sufficient biosynthetic octane ω-hydroxylase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6275-83. [PMID: 24687750 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5671-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have recently described the biocatalytic characterization of a self-sufficent biosynthetic alkane hydroxylase based on CYP153A13a from Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2 (thereafter A13-Red). Despite remarkable regio- and chemo-selectivity, A13-Red suffers of a difficult-to-reproduce expression and moderate operational stability. In this study, we focused our efforts on the production of A13-Red using high-cell-density cultivation (HCDC) of recombinant Escherichia coli. We achieved 455 mg (5,000 nmol) of functional enzyme per liter of culture. Tight control of cultivation parameters rendered the whole process highly reproducible compared with flask cultivations. We optimized the purification of the biocatalyst that can be performed in either two or three steps depending on the application needed to afford A13-Red up to 95 % homogeneous. We investigated different reaction conditions and found that the total turnover numbers of A13-Red during the in vitro hydroxylation of n-octane could reach up to 3,250 to produce 1-octanol (1.6 mM) over a period of 78 h.
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24
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Kolev JN, O’Dwyer KM, Jordan CT, Fasan R. Discovery of potent parthenolide-based antileukemic agents enabled by late-stage P450-mediated C-H functionalization. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:164-73. [PMID: 24206617 PMCID: PMC3904131 DOI: 10.1021/cb400626w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide has recently attracted considerable attention owing to its promising antitumor properties, in particular in the context of stem-cell cancers including leukemia. Yet, the lack of viable synthetic routes for re-elaborating this complex natural product has represented a fundamental obstacle toward further optimization of its pharmacological properties. Here, we demonstrate how this challenge could be addressed via selective, late-stage sp(3) C-H bond functionalization mediated by P450 catalysts with tailored site-selectivity. Taking advantage of our recently introduced tools for high-throughput P450 fingerprinting and fingerprint-driven P450 reactivity prediction, we evolved P450 variants useful for carrying out the highly regioselective hydroxylation of two aliphatic sites (C9 and C14) in parthenolide carbocyclic backbone. By chemoenzymatic synthesis, a panel of novel C9- and C14-modified parthenolide analogs were generated in order to gain initial structure-activity insights on these previously inaccessible sites of the molecule. Notably, some of these compounds were found to possess significantly improved antileukemic potency against primary acute myeloid leukemia cells, while exhibiting low toxicity against normal mature and progenitor hematopoietic cells. By identifying two 'hot spots' for improving the anticancer properties of parthenolide, this study highlights the potential of P450-mediated C-H functionalization as an enabling, new strategy for the late-stage manipulation of bioactive natural product scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N. Kolev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New
York 14627, USA
| | - Kristen M. O’Dwyer
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine and Dentistry,
University of, Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Craig T. Jordan
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine and Dentistry,
University of, Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Current address: Division of Hematology, University of Colorado,
Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New
York 14627, USA
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25
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Singh R, Bordeaux M, Fasan R. P450-catalyzed intramolecular sp3 C-H amination with arylsulfonyl azide substrates. ACS Catal 2014; 4:546-552. [PMID: 24634794 PMCID: PMC3949735 DOI: 10.1021/cs400893n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
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The direct amination of aliphatic
C–H bonds represents a
most valuable transformation in organic chemistry. While a number
of transition-metal-based catalysts have been developed and investigated
for this purpose, the possibility to execute this transformation with
biological catalysts has remained largely unexplored. Here, we report
that cytochrome P450 enzymes can serve as efficient catalysts for
mediating intramolecular benzylic C–H amination reactions in
a variety of arylsulfonyl azide compouds. Under optimized conditions,
the P450 catalysts were found to support up to 390 total turnovers
leading to the formation of the desired sultam products with excellent
regioselectivity. In addition, the chiral environment provided by
the enzyme active site allowed for the reaction to proceed in a stereo-
and enantioselective manner. The C–H amination activity, substrate
profile, and enantio/stereoselectivity of these catalysts could be
modulated by utilizing enzyme variants with engineered active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627
| | - Melanie Bordeaux
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627
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26
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Scheps D, Honda Malca S, Richter SM, Marisch K, Nestl BM, Hauer B. Synthesis of ω-hydroxy dodecanoic acid based on an engineered CYP153A fusion construct. Microb Biotechnol 2013; 6:694-707. [PMID: 23941649 PMCID: PMC3815936 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A bacterial P450 monooxygenase-based whole cell biocatalyst using Escherichia coli has been applied in the production of ω-hydroxy dodecanoic acid from dodecanoic acid (C12-FA) or the corresponding methyl ester. We have constructed and purified a chimeric protein where the fusion of the monooxygenase CYP153A from Marinobacter aquaeloei to the reductase domain of P450 BM3 from Bacillus megaterium ensures optimal protein expression and efficient electron coupling. The chimera was demonstrated to be functional and three times more efficient than other sets of redox components evaluated. The established fusion protein (CYP153AM. aq.-CPR) was used for the hydroxylation of C12-FA in in vivo studies. These experiments yielded 1.2 g l–1 ω-hydroxy dodecanoic from 10 g l–1 C12-FA with high regioselectivity (> 95%) for the terminal position. As a second strategy, we utilized C12-FA methyl ester as substrate in a two-phase system (5:1 aqueous/organic phase) configuration to overcome low substrate solubility and product toxicity by continuous extraction. The biocatalytic system was further improved with the coexpression of an additional outer membrane transport system (AlkL) to increase the substrate transfer into the cell, resulting in the production of 4 g l–1 ω-hydroxy dodecanoic acid. We further summarized the most important aspects of the whole-cell process and thereupon discuss the limits of the applied oxygenation reactions referring to hydrogen peroxide, acetate and P450 concentrations that impact the efficiency of the production host negatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Scheps
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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27
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Olaofe OA, Fenner CJ, Gudiminchi RK, Smit MS, Harrison STL. The influence of microbial physiology on biocatalyst activity and efficiency in the terminal hydroxylation of n-octane using Escherichia coli expressing the alkane hydroxylase, CYP153A6. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:8. [PMID: 23351575 PMCID: PMC3598389 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biocatalyst improvement through molecular and recombinant means should be complemented with efficient process design to facilitate process feasibility and improve process economics. This study focused on understanding the bioprocess limitations to identify factors that impact the expression of the terminal hydroxylase CYP153A6 and also influence the biocatalytic transformation of n-octane to 1-octanol using resting whole cells of recombinant E. coli expressing the CYP153A6 operon which includes the ferredoxin (Fdx) and the ferredoxin reductase (FdR). RESULTS Specific hydroxylation activity decreased with increasing protein expression showing that the concentration of active biocatalyst is not the sole determinant of optimum process efficiency. Process physiological conditions including the medium composition, temperature, glucose metabolism and product toxicity were investigated. A fed-batch system with intermittent glucose feeding was necessary to ease overflow metabolism and improve process efficiency while the introduction of a product sink (BEHP) was required to alleviate octanol toxicity. Resting cells cultivated on complex LB and glucose-based defined medium with similar CYP level (0.20 μmol gDCW-1) showed different biocatalyst activity and efficiency in the hydroxylation of octane over a period of 120 h. This was influenced by differing glucose uptake rate which is directly coupled to cofactor regeneration and cell energy in whole cell biocatalysis. The maximum activity and biocatalyst efficiency achieved presents a significant improvement in the use of CYP153A6 for alkane activation. This biocatalyst system shows potential to improve productivity if substrate transfer limitation across the cell membrane and enzyme stability can be addressed especially at higher temperature. CONCLUSION This study emphasises that the overall process efficiency is primarily dependent on the interaction between the whole cell biocatalyst and bioprocess conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwafemi A Olaofe
- Centre for Bioprocess Engineering Research (CeBER), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
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28
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Staudt S, Burda E, Giese C, Müller CA, Marienhagen J, Schwaneberg U, Hummel W, Drauz K, Gröger H. Direktoxidation von Cycloalkanen zu Cycloalkanonen mit Sauerstoff in Wasser. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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29
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Staudt S, Burda E, Giese C, Müller CA, Marienhagen J, Schwaneberg U, Hummel W, Drauz K, Gröger H. Direct Oxidation of Cycloalkanes to Cycloalkanones with Oxygen in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:2359-63. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Zhang K, Shafer BM, Demars MD, Stern HA, Fasan R. Controlled oxidation of remote sp3 C-H bonds in artemisinin via P450 catalysts with fine-tuned regio- and stereoselectivity. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:18695-704. [PMID: 23121379 PMCID: PMC3498520 DOI: 10.1021/ja3073462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The selective oxyfunctionalization of isolated sp(3) C-H bonds in complex molecules represents a formidable challenge in organic chemistry. Here, we describe a rational, systematic strategy to expedite the development of P450 oxidation catalysts with refined regio- and stereoselectivity for the hydroxylation of remote, unactivated C-H sites in a complex scaffold. Using artemisinin as model substrate, we demonstrate how a three-tier strategy involving first-sphere active site mutagenesis, high-throughput P450 fingerprinting, and fingerprint-driven P450 reactivity predictions enabled the rapid evolution of three efficient biocatalysts for the selective hydroxylation of a primary and a secondary C-H site (with both S and R stereoselectivity) in a relevant yet previously inaccessible region of this complex natural product. The evolved P450 variants could be applied to provide direct access to the desired hydroxylated derivatives at preparative scales (0.4 g) and in high isolated yields (>90%), thereby enabling further elaboration of this molecule. As an example, enantiopure C7-fluorinated derivatives of the clinical antimalarial drugs artesunate and artemether, in which a major metabolically sensitive site is protected by means of a C-H to C-F substitution, were afforded via P450-mediated chemoenzymatic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry,
University of Rochester, Rochester,
New York 14627, United States
| | - Brian M. Shafer
- Department of Chemistry,
University of Rochester, Rochester,
New York 14627, United States
| | - Matthew D. Demars
- Department of Chemistry,
University of Rochester, Rochester,
New York 14627, United States
| | - Harry A. Stern
- Department of Chemistry,
University of Rochester, Rochester,
New York 14627, United States
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry,
University of Rochester, Rochester,
New York 14627, United States
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31
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Lee SH, Kwon YC, Kim DM, Park CB. Cytochrome P450-catalyzed O-dealkylation coupled with photochemical NADPH regeneration. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 110:383-90. [PMID: 23007262 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are multifunctional enzymes with potential applications in chemoenzymatic synthesis of complex chemicals as well as in studies of metabolism and xenobiotics. Widespread application of cytochrome P450s, however, is encumbered by the critical need for redox equivalents in their catalytic function. To overcome this limitation, we studied visible light-driven regeneration of NADPH for P450-catalyzed O-dealkylation reaction; we used eosin Y as a photosensitizing dye, triethanolamine as an electron donor, and [Cp*Rh(bpy)H₂O] as an electron mediator. We analyzed catalytic activity of cell-free synthesized P450 BM3 monooxygenase variant (Y51F/F87A, BM3m2) in the presence of key components for NADPH photoregeneration. The P450-catalyzed O-dealkylation reaction sustainably maintained its turnover with the continuous supply of photoregenerated NADPH. Visible light-driven, non-enzymatic NADPH regeneration provides a new route for efficient, sustainable utilization of P450 monooxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahng Ha Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology-KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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32
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Bordeaux M, Galarneau A, Drone J. Catalytic, Mild, and Selective Oxyfunctionalization of Linear Alkanes: Current Challenges. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10712-23. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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33
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Bordeaux M, Galarneau A, Drone J. Katalytische, milde und selektive Oxyfunktionalisierung von linearen Alkanen: aktuelle Herausforderungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry,
Hutchison Hall, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627,
United States
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35
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Honda Malca S, Scheps D, Kühnel L, Venegas-Venegas E, Seifert A, Nestl BM, Hauer B. Bacterial CYP153A monooxygenases for the synthesis of omega-hydroxylated fatty acids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:5115-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc18103g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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36
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37
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Churakova E, Kluge M, Ullrich R, Arends I, Hofrichter M, Hollmann F. Specific Photobiocatalytic Oxyfunctionalization Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201105308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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38
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Churakova E, Kluge M, Ullrich R, Arends I, Hofrichter M, Hollmann F. Specific Photobiocatalytic Oxyfunctionalization Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:10716-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201105308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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39
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Kille S, Zilly FE, Acevedo JP, Reetz MT. Regio- and stereoselectivity of P450-catalysed hydroxylation of steroids controlled by laboratory evolution. Nat Chem 2011; 3:738-43. [PMID: 21860465 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A current challenge in synthetic organic chemistry is the development of methods that allow the regio- and stereoselective oxidative C-H activation of natural or synthetic compounds with formation of the corresponding alcohols. Cytochrome P450 enzymes enable C-H activation at non-activated positions, but the simultaneous control of both regio- and stereoselectivity is problematic. Here, we demonstrate that directed evolution using iterative saturation mutagenesis provides a means to solve synthetic problems of this kind. Using P450 BM3(F87A) as the starting enzyme and testosterone as the substrate, which results in a 1:1 mixture of the 2β- and 15β-alcohols, mutants were obtained that are 96-97% selective for either of the two regioisomers, each with complete diastereoselectivity. The mutants can be used for selective oxidative hydroxylation of other steroids without performing additional mutagenesis experiments. Molecular dynamics simulations and docking experiments shed light on the origin of regio- and stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Kille
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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40
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Lyaskovskyy V, Suarez AIO, Lu H, Jiang H, Zhang XP, de Bruin B. Mechanism of Cobalt(II) Porphyrin-Catalyzed C–H Amination with Organic Azides: Radical Nature and H-Atom Abstraction Ability of the Key Cobalt(III)–Nitrene Intermediates. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:12264-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ja204800a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Lyaskovskyy
- Van ′t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alma I. Olivos Suarez
- Van ′t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hongjian Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250, United States
| | - Huiling Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250, United States
| | - X. Peter Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250, United States
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van ′t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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41
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Scheps D, Honda Malca S, Hoffmann H, Nestl BM, Hauer B. Regioselective ω-hydroxylation of medium-chain n-alkanes and primary alcohols by CYP153 enzymes from Mycobacterium marinum and Polaromonas sp. strain JS666. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:6727-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05565h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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