1
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Mandlik DS, Mandlik SK, S A. Therapeutic implications of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in Alzheimer's disease: a novel therapeutic target. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:603-619. [PMID: 36178363 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2130297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an extremely popular neurodegenerative condition associated with dementia, responsible for around 70% of the cases. There are presently 50 million people living with dementia in the world, but this number is anticipated to increase to 152 million by 2050, posing a substantial socioeconomic encumbrance. Despite extensive research, the precise mechanisms that cause AD remain unidentified, and currently, no therapy is available. Numerous signalling paths related to AD neuropathology, including glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (GSK-3β), have been investigated as potential targets for the treatment of AD in current years.GSK-3β is a proline-directed serine/threonine kinase that is linked to a variety of biological activities, comprising glycogen metabolism to gene transcription. GSK-3β is also involved in the pathophysiology of sporadic as well as familial types of AD, which has led to the development of the GSK3 theory of AD. GSK-3β is a critical performer in the pathology of AD because dysregulation of this kinase affects all the main symbols of the disease such as amyloid formation, tau phosphorylation, neurogenesis and synaptic and memory function. The current review highlights present-day knowledge of GSK-3β-related neurobiology, focusing on its role in AD pathogenesis signalling pathways. It also explores the possibility of targeting GSK-3β for the management of AD and offers an overview of the present research work in preclinical and clinical studies to produce GSK-3β inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa S Mandlik
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Erandawane, Pune, India
| | - Satish K Mandlik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Erandawane, Pune, India
| | - Arulmozhi S
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Erandawane, Pune, India
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2
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Huang Q, Jiang C, Xia X, Wang Y, Yan C, Wang X, Lei T, Yang X, Yang W, Cheng G, Gao H. Pathological BBB Crossing Melanin-Like Nanoparticles as Metal-Ion Chelators and Neuroinflammation Regulators against Alzheimer's Disease. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0180. [PMID: 37363131 PMCID: PMC10289297 DOI: 10.34133/research.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses, manifested in excessive oxidative stress and microglia overactivation, together with metal ion-triggered amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition, are critical hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The intricate pathogenesis causes severe impairment of neurons, which, in turn, exacerbates Aβ aggregation and facilitates AD progression. Herein, multifunctional melanin-like metal ion chelators and neuroinflammation regulators (named PDA@K) were constructed for targeted treatment of AD. In this platform, intrinsically bioactive material polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA) with potent metal ion chelating and ROS scavenging effects were decorated with the KLVFF peptide, endowing the system with the capacity of enhanced pathological blood-brain barrier (BBB) crossing and lesion site accumulation via Aβ hitchhiking. In vitro and in vivo experiment revealed that PDA@K had high affinity toward Aβ and were able to hitch a ride on Aβ to achieve increased pathological BBB crossing. The engineered PDA@K effectively mitigated Aβ aggregate and alleviated neuroinflammation. The modulated inflammatory microenvironment by PDA@K promoted microglial polarization toward the M2-like phenotype, which restored their critical functions for neuron care and plaque removal. After 3-week treatment of PDA@K, spatial learning and memory deficit as well as neurologic changes of FAD4T transgenic mice were largely rescued. Transcriptomics analysis further revealed the therapeutic mechanism of PDA@K. Our study provided an appealing paradigm for directly utilizing intrinsic properties of nanomaterials as therapeutics for AD instead of just using them as nanocarriers, which largely widen the application of nanomaterials in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Chaoqing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xue Xia
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yufan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Chenxing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaotong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Wenqin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Guo Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
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3
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Abelein A, Ciofi-Baffoni S, Mörman C, Kumar R, Giachetti A, Piccioli M, Biverstål H. Molecular Structure of Cu(II)-Bound Amyloid-β Monomer Implicated in Inhibition of Peptide Self-Assembly in Alzheimer's Disease. JACS AU 2022; 2:2571-2584. [PMID: 36465548 PMCID: PMC9709942 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Metal ions, such as copper and zinc ions, have been shown to strongly modulate the self-assembly of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide into insoluble fibrils, and elevated concentrations of metal ions have been found in amyloid plaques of Alzheimer's patients. Among the physiological transition metal ions, Cu(II) ions play an outstanding role since they can trigger production of neurotoxic reactive oxygen species. In contrast, structural insights into Cu(II) coordination of Aβ have been challenging due to the paramagnetic nature of Cu(II). Here, we employed specifically tailored paramagnetic NMR experiments to determine NMR structures of Cu(II) bound to monomeric Aβ. We found that monomeric Aβ binds Cu(II) in the N-terminus and combined with molecular dynamics simulations, we could identify two prevalent coordination modes of Cu(II). For these, we report here the NMR structures of the Cu(II)-bound Aβ complex, exhibiting heavy backbone RMSD values of 1.9 and 2.1 Å, respectively. Further, applying aggregation kinetics assays, we identified the specific effect of Cu(II) binding on the Aβ nucleation process. Our results show that Cu(II) efficiently retards Aβ fibrillization by predominately reducing the rate of fibril-end elongation at substoichiometric ratios. A detailed kinetic analysis suggests that this specific effect results in enhanced Aβ oligomer generation promoted by Cu(II). These results can quantitatively be understood by Cu(II) interaction with the Aβ monomer, forming an aggregation inert complex. In fact, this mechanism is strikingly similar to other transition metal ions, suggesting a common mechanism of action of retarding Aβ self-assembly, where the metal ion binding to monomeric Aβ is a key determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Abelein
- Department
of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska
Institutet, Huddinge141 83, Sweden
| | - Simone Ciofi-Baffoni
- Magnetic
Resonance Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019 , Florence, Italy
| | - Cecilia Mörman
- Department
of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska
Institutet, Huddinge141 83, Sweden
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, Stockholm106 91, Sweden
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department
of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska
Institutet, Huddinge141 83, Sweden
| | - Andrea Giachetti
- Magnetic
Resonance Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019 , Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Piccioli
- Magnetic
Resonance Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019 , Florence, Italy
| | - Henrik Biverstål
- Department
of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska
Institutet, Huddinge141 83, Sweden
- Department
of Physical Organic Chemistry, Latvian Institute
of Organic Synthesis, RigaLV-1006, Latvia
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4
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Spiegel M, Marino T, Prejanò M, Russo N. Antioxidant and copper-chelating power of new molecules suggested as multiple target agents against Alzheimer's disease. A theoretical comparative study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:16353-16359. [PMID: 35762619 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01918c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the scavenging activity against OOH radicals and the copper-chelating ability of two new synthesized molecules (named L1 and L2) that can act as multiple target agents against Alzheimer's disease have been investigated at the density functional theory level. The pKa and molar fractions at physiological pH have been predicted. The main antioxidant reaction mechanisms in lipid-like and water environments have been considered and the relative rate constants determined. The copper-chelating ability of the two compounds has also been explored at different coordination sites and computing the complexation kinetic constants. Results show the L1 compound is a more effective radical scavenging and copper-chelating agent than L2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Spiegel
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87136 Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Marino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87136 Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Mario Prejanò
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87136 Rende, CS, Italy.
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5
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Singh SK, Balendra V, Obaid AA, Esposto J, Tikhonova MA, Gautam NK, Poeggeler B. Copper-Mediated β-Amyloid Toxicity and its Chelation Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease. Metallomics 2022; 14:6554256. [PMID: 35333348 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The link between bio-metals, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and its associated protein, amyloid-β (Aβ) is very complex and one of the most studied aspects currently. Alzheimer's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease, is proposed to occurs due to the misfolding and aggregation of Aβ. Dyshomeostasis of metal ions and their interaction with Aβ has largely been implicated in AD. Copper plays a crucial role in amyloid-β toxicity and AD development potentially occurs through direct interaction with the copper-binding motif of APP and different amino acid residues of Aβ. Previous reports suggest that high levels of copper accumulation in the AD brain result in modulation of toxic Aβ peptide levels, implicating the role of copper in the pathophysiology of AD. In this review, we explore the possible mode of copper ion interaction with Aβ which accelerates the kinetics of fibril formation and promote amyloid-β mediated cell toxicity in Alzheimer's disease and the potential use of various copper chelators in the prevention of copper-mediated Aβ toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Indian Scientific Education and Technology Foundation, Lucknow-226002, India
| | - Vyshnavy Balendra
- Saint James School of Medicine, Park Ridge, Illinois, United States of America 60068
| | - Ahmad A Obaid
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Josephine Esposto
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, CanadaK9L 0G2
| | - Maria A Tikhonova
- Laboratory of the Experimental Models of Neurodegenerative Processes, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine; Timakov st., 4, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia
| | - Naveen Kumar Gautam
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Burkhard Poeggeler
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute for Zoology & Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Am Türmchen 3,33332 Gütersloh, Germany
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6
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La Penna G, Morante S. Aggregates Sealed by Ions. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2340:309-341. [PMID: 35167080 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1546-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The chapter draws a line connecting some recent results where the role of ions is found essential in sealing more or less pre-organized assemblies of macromolecules. We draw some dots along the line that starts from the effect of the ionic atmosphere and ends with the chemical bonds formed by multivalent ions acting as bridges between macromolecules. Many of these dots involve structurally disordered peptides and disordered regions of proteins. A broad perspective of the role of multivalent ions in assisting the assembly process, shifting population in polymorphic states, and sealing protein aggregates, is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni La Penna
- Institute for Chemistry of Organo-Metallic Compounds, National Research Council of Italy, Florence, Italy.
| | - Silvia Morante
- Department of Physics, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
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7
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Pal A, Rani I, Pawar A, Picozza M, Rongioletti M, Squitti R. Microglia and Astrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease in the Context of the Aberrant Copper Homeostasis Hypothesis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111598. [PMID: 34827595 PMCID: PMC8615684 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of copper’s (Cu) involvement in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is available, but information on Cu involvement in microglia and astrocytes during the course of AD has yet to be structurally discussed. This review deals with this matter in an attempt to provide an updated discussion on the role of reactive glia challenged by excess labile Cu in a wide picture that embraces all the major processes identified as playing a role in toxicity induced by an imbalance of Cu in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Pal
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, Kalyani 741245, West Bengal, India
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Isha Rani
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (MMIMSR), Maharishi Markandeshwar University (MMU), Mullana, Ambala 133207, Haryana, India;
| | - Anil Pawar
- Department of Zoology, DAV University, Jalandhar 144012, Punjab, India;
| | - Mario Picozza
- Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mauro Rongioletti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research and Development Division, San Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, 00186 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rosanna Squitti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (R.S.)
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8
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Teng X, Sheveleva A, Tuna F, Willison KR, Ying L. Acetylation Rather than H50Q Mutation Impacts the Kinetics of Cu(II) Binding to α-Synuclein. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2413-2419. [PMID: 34617653 PMCID: PMC9293329 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between α‐synuclein (αSyn) and Cu2+ has been suggested to be closely linked to brain copper homeostasis. Disruption of copper levels could induce misfolding and aggregation of αSyn, and thus contribute to the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Understanding the molecular mechanism of αSyn‐Cu2+ interaction is important and controversies in Cu2+ coordination geometry with αSyn still exists. Herein, we find that the pathological H50Q mutation has no impact on the kinetics of Cu2+ binding to the high‐affinity site of wild type αSyn (WT‐αSyn), indicating the non‐involvement of His50 in high‐affinity Cu2+ binding to WT‐αSyn. In contrast, the physiological N‐terminally acetylated αSyn (NAc‐αSyn) displays several orders of magnitude weaker Cu2+ binding affinity than WT‐αSyn. Cu2+ coordination mode to NAc‐αSyn has also been proposed based on EPR spectrum. In addition, we find that Cu2+ coordinated WT‐αSyn is reduction‐active in the presence of GSH, but essentially inactive towards ascorbate. Our work provides new insights into αSyn‐Cu2+ interaction, which may help understand the multifaceted normal functions of αSyn as well as pathological consequences of αSyn aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Teng
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Alena Sheveleva
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Floriana Tuna
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Keith R Willison
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Liming Ying
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
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9
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Newcombe EA, Fernandes CB, Lundsgaard JE, Brakti I, Lindorff-Larsen K, Langkilde AE, Skriver K, Kragelund BB. Insight into Calcium-Binding Motifs of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1173. [PMID: 34439840 PMCID: PMC8391695 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Motifs within proteins help us categorize their functions. Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are rich in short linear motifs, conferring them many different roles. IDPs are also frequently highly charged and, therefore, likely to interact with ions. Canonical calcium-binding motifs, such as the EF-hand, often rely on the formation of stabilizing flanking helices, which are a key characteristic of folded proteins, but are absent in IDPs. In this study, we probe the existence of a calcium-binding motif relevant to IDPs. Upon screening several carefully selected IDPs using NMR spectroscopy supplemented with affinity quantification by colorimetric assays, we found calcium-binding motifs in IDPs which could be categorized into at least two groups-an Excalibur-like motif, sequentially similar to the EF-hand loop, and a condensed-charge motif carrying repetitive negative charges. The motifs show an affinity for calcium typically in the ~100 μM range relevant to regulatory functions and, while calcium binding to the condensed-charge motif had little effect on the overall compaction of the IDP chain, calcium binding to Excalibur-like motifs resulted in changes in compaction. Thus, calcium binding to IDPs may serve various structural and functional roles that have previously been underreported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estella A. Newcombe
- Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.A.N.); (C.B.F.); (J.E.L.); (I.B.); (K.L.-L.); (K.S.)
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Catarina B. Fernandes
- Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.A.N.); (C.B.F.); (J.E.L.); (I.B.); (K.L.-L.); (K.S.)
- REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeppe E. Lundsgaard
- Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.A.N.); (C.B.F.); (J.E.L.); (I.B.); (K.L.-L.); (K.S.)
- REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inna Brakti
- Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.A.N.); (C.B.F.); (J.E.L.); (I.B.); (K.L.-L.); (K.S.)
- REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kresten Lindorff-Larsen
- Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.A.N.); (C.B.F.); (J.E.L.); (I.B.); (K.L.-L.); (K.S.)
| | - Annette E. Langkilde
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Karen Skriver
- Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.A.N.); (C.B.F.); (J.E.L.); (I.B.); (K.L.-L.); (K.S.)
- REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birthe B. Kragelund
- Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.A.N.); (C.B.F.); (J.E.L.); (I.B.); (K.L.-L.); (K.S.)
- REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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On the specificity of protein-protein interactions in the context of disorder. Biochem J 2021; 478:2035-2050. [PMID: 34101805 PMCID: PMC8203207 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the increased focus on intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and their large interactomes, the question about their specificity — or more so on their multispecificity — arise. Here we recapitulate how specificity and multispecificity are quantified and address through examples if IDPs in this respect differ from globular proteins. The conclusion is that quantitatively, globular proteins and IDPs are similar when it comes to specificity. However, compared with globular proteins, IDPs have larger interactome sizes, a phenomenon that is further enabled by their flexibility, repetitive binding motifs and propensity to adapt to different binding partners. For IDPs, this adaptability, interactome size and a higher degree of multivalency opens for new interaction mechanisms such as facilitated exchange through trimer formation and ultra-sensitivity via threshold effects and ensemble redistribution. IDPs and their interactions, thus, do not compromise the definition of specificity. Instead, it is the sheer size of their interactomes that complicates its calculation. More importantly, it is this size that challenges how we conceptually envision, interpret and speak about their specificity.
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11
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Beuning CN, Zocchi LJ, Malikidogo KP, Esmieu C, Dorlet P, Crans DC, Hureau C. Measurement of Interpeptidic Cu II Exchange Rate Constants of Cu II-Amyloid-β Complexes to Small Peptide Motifs by Tryptophan Fluorescence Quenching. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:7650-7659. [PMID: 33983723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The interpeptidic CuII exchange rate constants were measured for two Cu amyloid-β complexes, Cu(Aβ1-16) and Cu(Aβ1-28), to fluorescent peptides GHW and DAHW using a quantitative tryptophan fluorescence quenching methodology. The second-order rate constants were determined at three pH values (6.8, 7.4, and 8.7) important to the two Cu(Aβ) coordination complexes, components Cu(Aβ)I and Cu(Aβ)II. The interpeptidic CuII exchange rate constant is approximately 104 M-1 s-1 but varies in magnitude depending on many variables. These include pH, length of the Aβ peptide, location of the anchoring histidine ligand in the fluorescent peptide, number of amide deprotonations required in the tryptophan peptide to coordinate CuII, and interconversion between Cu(Aβ)I and Cu(Aβ)II. We also present EPR data probing the CuII exchange between peptides and the formation of ternary species between Cu(Aβ) and GHW. As the nonfluorescent GHK and DAHK peptides are important motifs found in the blood and serum, their ability to sequester CuII ions from Cu(Aβ) complexes may be relevant for the metal homeostasis and its implication in Alzheimer's disease. Thus, their kinetic CuII interpeptidic exchange rate constants are important chemical rate constants that can help elucidate the complex CuII trafficking puzzle in the synaptic cleft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryle N Beuning
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Luca J Zocchi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | | | | | - Pierre Dorlet
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, IMM, 13400 Marseille, France
| | - Debbie C Crans
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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12
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The Aggregation Pattern of Aβ
1–40
is Altered by the Presence of
N
‐Truncated Aβ
4–40
and/or Cu
II
in a Similar Way through Ionic Interactions. Chemistry 2021; 27:2798-2809. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Herzberg M, Szunyogh D, Thulstrup PW, Hassenkam T, Hemmingsen L. Probing the Secondary Structure of Individual Aβ 40 Amorphous Aggregates and Fibrils by AFM-IR Spectroscopy. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3521-3524. [PMID: 33027846 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Structural characterization of aggregates and fibrils of the Aβ protein is pivotal to the molecular-level elucidation of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AFM-IR spectroscopy provides nanoscale resolution, and thus allows the interrogation of individual aggregates and fibrils. During aggregation of Aβ, we observed mainly disordered Aβ at t=15 min, but substantial structural diversity including the co-existence of parallel and antiparallel β-sheets within a large amorphous aggregate at t=2 hours, while fibrils exhibited the expected signature of parallel β-sheets at t=1 week. The resonance observed for parallel β-sheets at t=2 hours coincides with that observed for fibrils (at 1634 cm-1 ), thus indicating that fibril-like species exist within the large aggregates. Therefore, nucleation might occur within such species, in analogy to current theories of protein crystallization in which nucleation occurs within large protein clusters. Cu2+ perturbs Aβ aggregation, catalysing rapid formation of amorphous aggregates with diverse secondary structure, but inhibiting fibril growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Herzberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Szunyogh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter W Thulstrup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tue Hassenkam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Hemmingsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Atrián-Blasco E, Cerrada E, Faller P, Laguna M, Hureau C. Role of PTA in the prevention of Cu(amyloid-β) induced ROS formation and amyloid-β oligomerisation in the presence of Zn. Metallomics 2020; 11:1154-1161. [PMID: 31098605 DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00011a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metal-targeting drugs are being widely explored as a possible treatment for Alzheimer's disease, but most of these ligands are developed to coordinate Cu(ii). In a previous communication (E. Atrián-Blasco, E. Cerrada, A. Conte-Daban, D. Testemale, P. Faller, M. Laguna and C. Hureau, Metallomics, 2015, 7, 1229-1232) we showed another strategy where Cu(i) was targeted with the PTA (1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) ligand that is able to target Cu(ii) as well, reduce it and keep it in a safe complexed species. Removal of Cu(ii) from the amyloid-β peptide prevents the stabilization of oligomers and protofibrils and the complexation of Cu(i) also stops the formation of reactive oxygen species. Besides, zinc, which is found in the synaptic cleft at a higher concentration than copper, can hamper the ability of metal-targeting drug candidates, an issue that is still poorly considered and studied. Here we show that PTA fully retains the above described properties even in the presence of zinc, thus fulfilling an additional pre-requisite for its use as a model of Cu(i)-targeting drug candidates in the Alzheimer's disease context.
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15
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Wallin C, Jarvet J, Biverstål H, Wärmländer S, Danielsson J, Gräslund A, Abelein A. Metal ion coordination delays amyloid-β peptide self-assembly by forming an aggregation-inert complex. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7224-7234. [PMID: 32241918 PMCID: PMC7247290 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the molecular pathways for amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide aggregation from monomers into amyloid fibrils, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, is crucial for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. We investigate the molecular details of peptide fibrillization in vitro by perturbing this process through addition of differently charged metal ions. Here, we used a monovalent probe, the silver ion, that, similarly to divalent metal ions, binds to monomeric Aβ peptide and efficiently modulates Aβ fibrillization. On the basis of our findings, combined with our previous results on divalent zinc ions, we propose a model that links the microscopic metal-ion binding to Aβ monomers to its macroscopic impact on the peptide self-assembly observed in bulk experiments. We found that substoichiometric concentrations of the investigated metal ions bind specifically to the N-terminal region of Aβ, forming a dynamic, partially compact complex. The metal-ion bound state appears to be incapable of aggregation, effectively reducing the available monomeric Aβ pool for incorporation into fibrils. This is especially reflected in a decreased fibril-end elongation rate. However, because the bound state is significantly less stable than the amyloid state, Aβ peptides are only transiently redirected from fibril formation, and eventually almost all Aβ monomers are integrated into fibrils. Taken together, these findings unravel the mechanistic consequences of delaying Aβ aggregation via weak metal-ion binding, quantitatively linking the contributions of specific interactions of metal ions with monomeric Aβ to their effects on bulk aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Wallin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jüri Jarvet
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Biverstål
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Physical Organic Chemistry, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Sebastian Wärmländer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Danielsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Astrid Gräslund
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Axel Abelein
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden.
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16
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Cho HJ, Sharma AK, Zhang Y, Gross ML, Mirica LM. A Multifunctional Chemical Agent as an Attenuator of Amyloid Burden and Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1471-1481. [PMID: 32310630 PMCID: PMC7732605 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, and its main hallmark is the deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides. However, several clinical trials focusing on Aβ-targeting agents have failed recently, and thus new therapeutic leads are focusing on alternate targets such as tau protein pathology, Aβ-metal induced oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. To address these different pathological aspects of AD, we have employed a multifunctional compound, L1 [4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-((4,7-dimethyl-1,4,7-triazonan-1-yl)methyl)-6-methoxyphenol], that integrates Aβ-interacting and metal-binding fragments in a single molecular framework, exhibits significant antioxidant activity and metal chelating ability, and also rescues neuroblastoma N2A cells from Cu2+-induced Aβ neurotoxicity. Along with demonstrating in vivo Aβ-binding and favorable brain uptake properties, L1 treatment of transgenic 5xFAD mice significantly reduces the amount of both amyloid plaques and associated phosphorylated tau (p-tau) aggregates in the brain by 40-50% versus the vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice. Moreover, L1 mitigates the neuroinflammatory response of the activated microglia during the Aβ-induced inflammation process. Overall, these multifunctional properties of L1 to attenuate the formation of amyloid plaques and associated p-tau aggregates while also reducing the microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory response are quite uncommon among the previously reported amyloid-targeting chemical agents, and thus L1 could be envisioned as a lead compound for the development of novel AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jun Cho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Anuj K Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Liviu M Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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17
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Alghamdi A, Wellbrock T, Birch DJS, Vyshemirsky V, Rolinski OJ. Cu 2+ Effects on Beta-Amyloid Oligomerisation Monitored by the Fluorescence of Intrinsic Tyrosine. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:3181-3185. [PMID: 31539190 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A non-invasive intrinsic fluorescence sensing of the early stages of Alzheimer's beta amyloid peptide aggregation in the presence of copper ions is reported. By using time-resolved fluorescence techniques the formation of beta amyloid-copper complexes and the accelerated peptide aggregation are demonstrated. The shifts in the emission spectral peaks indicate that the peptides exhibit different aggregation pathways than in the absence of copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Alghamdi
- Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - Thorben Wellbrock
- Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - David J S Birch
- Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | | | - Olaf J Rolinski
- Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
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18
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Effects of Cu(II) on the aggregation of amyloid-β. J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:1197-1215. [PMID: 31602542 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant aggregation of the Aβ protein is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but no complete characterization of the molecular level pathogenesis has been achieved. A promising hypothesis is that dysfunction of metal ion homeostasis, and consequently, the undesired interaction of metal ions with Aβ, may be central to the development of AD. Qualitatively, most data indicate that Cu(II) induces rapid self-assembly of both Aβ40 and Aβ42 during the initial phase of the aggregation, while at longer time scales fibrillation may occur, depending on the experimental conditions. For Aβ40 and Cu(II):Aβ ≤ 1, most data imply that low concentration of Aβ40 favors nucleation and rapid fibril elongation, while high concentration of Aβ40 favors formation of amorphous aggregates. However, there are conflicting reports on this issue. For Aβ42 and Cu(II):Aβ ≤ 1, there is consensus that the lag time is extended upon addition of Cu(II). For Cu(II):Aβ > 1, the lag time is increased upon interaction with Cu(II), and in most cases fibrillation is not observed, presumably because Cu(II) occupies a second more solvent-exposed binding site, which is more prone to form metal ion-bridged species and cause rapid formation of non-fibrillar aggregates. The interesting N-terminally truncated Aβ11-40 with high affinity for Cu(II), exhibits delay of fibrillation upon addition of 0.4 eq. Cu(II). In our view, there are still problems achieving reproducible results in this field, and we provide a shortlist of some of the pitfalls. Finally, we propose a consensus model for the effects of Cu(II) on the aggregation kinetics of Aβ.
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19
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Stefaniak E, Bal W. Cu II Binding Properties of N-Truncated Aβ Peptides: In Search of Biological Function. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:13561-13577. [PMID: 31304745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As life expectancy increases, the number of people affected by progressive and irreversible dementia, Alzheimer's Disease (AD), is predicted to grow. No drug designs seem to be working in humans, apparently because the origins of AD have not been identified. Invoking amyloid cascade, metal ions, and ROS production hypothesis of AD, herein we share our point of view on Cu(II) binding properties of Aβ4-x, the most prevalent N-truncated Aβ peptide, currently known as the main constituent of amyloid plaques. The capability of Aβ4-x to rapidly take over copper from previously tested Aβ1-x peptides and form highly stable complexes, redox unreactive and resistant to copper exchange reactions, prompted us to propose physiological roles for these peptides. We discuss the new findings on the reactivity of Cu(II)Aβ4-x with coexisting biomolecules in the context of synaptic cleft; we suggest that the role of Aβ4-x peptides is to quench Cu(II) toxicity in the brain and maintain neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Stefaniak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences , Pawińskiego 5a , 02-106 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Wojciech Bal
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences , Pawińskiego 5a , 02-106 Warsaw , Poland
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20
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His6, His13, and His14 residues in Aβ 1-40 peptide significantly and specifically affect oligomeric equilibria. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9449. [PMID: 31263161 PMCID: PMC6602940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45988-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligomers of Aβ peptide are implicated as the most probable causative agent in Alzheimer’s disease. However, their structural properties remain elusive due to the dynamic and heterogeneous character of oligomeric species coexisting in solution. Nevertheless, new approaches, mainly based on mass spectrometry, provide unique access to these different structural forms. Using these methods, we previously showed that the N-terminal, non-amyloidogenic region of Aβ is involved in the network of interactions specifically stabilizing oligomers. In the present study, we identified three histidine residues as active participants in this network. Detailed knowledge of the structural features that are potentially important for oligomer-mediated neurotoxicity is a prerequisite for the rational design of oligomerization modifiers.
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21
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Atrián-Blasco E, Gonzalez P, Santoro A, Alies B, Faller P, Hureau C. Cu and Zn coordination to amyloid peptides: From fascinating chemistry to debated pathological relevance. Coord Chem Rev 2018; 375:38-55. [PMID: 30262932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several diseases share misfolding of different peptides and proteins as a key feature for their development. This is the case of important neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and type II diabetes mellitus. Even more, metal ions such as copper and zinc might play an important role upon interaction with amyloidogenic peptides and proteins, which could impact their aggregation and toxicity abilities. In this review, the different coordination modes proposed for copper and zinc with amyloid-β, α-synuclein and IAPP will be reviewed as well as their impact on the aggregation, and ROS production in the case of copper. In addition, a special focus will be given to the mutations that affect metal binding and lead to familial cases of the diseases. Different modifications of the peptides that have been observed in vivo and could be relevant for the coordination of metal ions are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Atrián-Blasco
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- University of Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Paulina Gonzalez
- Biometals and Biology Chemistry, Institut de Chimie (CNRS UMR7177), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue B. Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Alice Santoro
- Biometals and Biology Chemistry, Institut de Chimie (CNRS UMR7177), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue B. Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Bruno Alies
- Université de Bordeaux, ChemBioPharm INSERM U1212 CNRS UMR 5320, Bordeaux, France
| | - Peter Faller
- Biometals and Biology Chemistry, Institut de Chimie (CNRS UMR7177), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue B. Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Christelle Hureau
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- University of Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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22
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Borghesani V, Alies B, Hureau C. Cu(II) binding to various forms of amyloid-β peptides. Are they friends or foes? Eur J Inorg Chem 2018; 2018:7-15. [PMID: 30186035 PMCID: PMC6120674 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In the present micro-review, we describe the Cu(II) binding to several forms of amyloid-β peptides, the peptides involved in Alzheimer's disease. It has indeed been shown that in addition to the "full-length" peptide originating from the precursor protein after cleavage at position 1, several other shorter peptides do exist in large proportion and may be involved in the disease as well. Cu(II) binding to amyloid-β peptides is one of the key interactions that impact both the aggregating properties of the amyloid peptides and the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production, two events linked to the etiology of the disease. Binding sites and affinity are described in correlation with Cu(II) induced ROS formation and Cu(II) altered aggregation, for amyloid peptides starting at position 1, 3, 4, 11 and for the corresponding pyroglutamate forms when they could be obtained (i.e. for peptides cleaved at positions 3 and 11). It appears that the current paradigm which points out a toxic role of the Cu(II) - amyloid-β interaction might well be shifted towards a possible protective role when the peptides considered are the N-terminally truncated ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Borghesani
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- University of Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | | | - Christelle Hureau
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- University of Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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23
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24
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Atrián-Blasco E, Conte-Daban A, Hureau C. Mutual interference of Cu and Zn ions in Alzheimer's disease: perspectives at the molecular level. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:12750-12759. [PMID: 28937157 PMCID: PMC5656098 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01344b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
While metal ions such as copper and zinc are essential in biology, they are also linked to several amyloid-related diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Zinc and copper can indeed modify the aggregation pathways of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, the key component encountered in AD. In addition, the redox active copper ions do produce Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) when bound to the Aβ peptide. While Cu(i) or Cu(ii) or Zn(ii) coordination to the Aβ has been extensively studied in the last ten years, characterization of hetero-bimetallic Aβ complexes is still scarce. This is also true for the metal induced Aβ aggregation and ROS production, for which studies on the mutual influence of the copper and zinc ions are currently appearing. Last but not least, zinc can strongly interfere in therapeutic approaches relying on copper detoxification. This will be exemplified with a biological lead, namely metallothioneins, and with synthetic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Atrián-Blasco
- CNRS , LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) , 205 route de Narbonne , BP 44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 , France .
- University of Toulouse , UPS , INPT , 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 , France
| | - Amandine Conte-Daban
- CNRS , LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) , 205 route de Narbonne , BP 44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 , France .
- University of Toulouse , UPS , INPT , 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 , France
| | - Christelle Hureau
- CNRS , LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) , 205 route de Narbonne , BP 44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 , France .
- University of Toulouse , UPS , INPT , 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 , France
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25
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Branch T, Barahona M, Dodson CA, Ying L. Kinetic Analysis Reveals the Identity of Aβ-Metal Complex Responsible for the Initial Aggregation of Aβ in the Synapse. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28621929 PMCID: PMC5609119 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
The
mechanism of Aβ aggregation in the absence of metal ions
is well established, yet the role that Zn2+ and Cu2+, the two most studied metal ions, released during neurotransmission,
paly in promoting Aβ aggregation in the vicinity of neuronal
synapses remains elusive. Here we report the kinetics of Zn2+ binding to Aβ and Zn2+/Cu2+ binding
to Aβ-Cu to form ternary complexes under near physiological
conditions (nM Aβ, μM metal ions). We find that these
reactions are several orders of magnitude slower than Cu2+ binding to Aβ. Coupled reaction-diffusion simulations of the
interactions of synaptically released metal ions with Aβ show
that up to a third of Aβ is Cu2+-bound under repetitive
metal ion release, while any other Aβ-metal complexes (including
Aβ-Zn) are insignificant. We therefore conclude that Zn2+ is unlikely to play an important role in the very early
stages (i.e., dimer formation) of Aβ aggregation, contrary to
a widely held view in the subject. We propose that targeting the specific
interactions between Cu2+ and Aβ may be a viable
option in drug development efforts for early stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Branch
- Institute of Chemical Biology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Mathematics, and ∥National Heart
and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mauricio Barahona
- Institute of Chemical Biology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Mathematics, and ∥National Heart
and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte A. Dodson
- Institute of Chemical Biology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Mathematics, and ∥National Heart
and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Liming Ying
- Institute of Chemical Biology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Mathematics, and ∥National Heart
and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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26
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Somavarapu AK, Shen F, Teilum K, Zhang J, Mossin S, Thulstrup PW, Bjerrum MJ, Tiwari MK, Szunyogh D, Søtofte PM, Kepp KP, Hemmingsen L. The Pathogenic A2V Mutant Exhibits Distinct Aggregation Kinetics, Metal Site Structure, and Metal Exchange of the Cu 2+ -Aβ Complex. Chemistry 2017; 23:13591-13595. [PMID: 28815875 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A prominent current hypothesis is that impaired metal ion homeostasis may contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD). We elucidate the interaction of Cu2+ with wild-type (WT) Aβ1-40 and the genetic variants A2T and A2V which display increasing pathogenicity as A2T<WT<A2V. Cu2+ significantly extends the lag phase in aggregation kinetics, in particular for the pathogenic A2V variant. Additionally, a rapid, initial, low intensity ThT response is observed, possibly reflecting formation of Cu2+ induced amorphous aggregates, as supported by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, again most notably for the A2V variant. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy gives pKa values for transition between two Cu2+ coordination geometries (component I and II) of 7.4 (A2T), 7.9 (WT), and 8.4 (A2V), that is, component I is stabilized at physiological pH in the order A2T<WT<A2V. 1 H NMR relaxation exhibits the same trend for the non-coordinating aromatic residues (A2T<WT<A2V), and implies markedly faster inter-peptide Cu2+ exchange for the A2V variant than for WT and A2T. We therefore hypothesize that component I of the Cu-Aβ complex is related to pathogenicity, accounting for both the pathogenic nature of the A2V variant and the protective nature of the A2T variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Somavarapu
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fei Shen
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kaare Teilum
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory and the Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Susanne Mossin
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter W Thulstrup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten J Bjerrum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manish K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Szunyogh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter M Søtofte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper P Kepp
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars Hemmingsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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27
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Feng L, Wang J, Li H, Luo X, Li J. A novel absolute quantitative imaging strategy of iron, copper and zinc in brain tissues by Isotope Dilution Laser Ablation ICP-MS. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 984:66-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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28
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Goch W, Bal W. Numerical Simulations Reveal Randomness of Cu(II) Induced Aβ Peptide Dimerization under Conditions Present in Glutamatergic Synapses. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170749. [PMID: 28125716 PMCID: PMC5268396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between the Aβ1-40 molecules species and the copper ions (Cu(II)) were intensively investigated due to their potential role in the development of the Alzheimer Disease (AD). The rate and the mechanism of the Cu(II)-Aβ complexes formation determines the aggregation pathway of the Aβ species, starting from smaller but more cytotoxic oligomers and ending up in large Aβ plaques, being the main hallmark of the AD. In our study we exploit the existing knowledge on the Cu(II)-Aβ interactions and create the theoretical model of the initial phase of the copper- driven Aβ aggregation mechanism. The model is based on the direct solution of the Chemical Master Equations, which capture the inherent stochastics of the considered system. In our work we argue that due to a strong Cu(II) affinity to Aβ and temporal accessibility of the Cu(II) ions during normal synaptic activity the aggregation driven by Cu(II) dominates the pure Aβ aggregation. We also demonstrate the dependence of the formation of different Cu(II)-Aβ complexes on the concentrations of reagents and the synaptic activity. Our findings correspond to recent experimental results and give a sound hypothesis on the AD development mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Goch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Bal
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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29
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Girvan P, Miyake T, Teng X, Branch T, Ying L. Kinetics of the Interactions between Copper and Amyloid-β with FAD Mutations and Phosphorylation at the N terminus. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1732-7. [PMID: 27356100 PMCID: PMC5096041 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mutations and post‐translational modifications of amyloid‐β (Aβ) peptide in its N terminus have been shown to increase fibril formation, yet the molecular mechanism is not clear. Here we investigated the kinetics of the interactions of copper with two Aβ peptides containing Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) mutations (English (H6R) and Tottori (D7N)), as well as with Aβ peptide phosphorylated at serine 8 (pS8). All three peptides bind to copper with a similar rate as the wild‐type (wt). The dissociation rates follow the order pS8>H6R>wt>D7N; the interconversion between the two coordinating species occurs 50 % faster for H6R and pS8, whereas D7N had only a negligible effect. Interestingly, the rate of ternary complex (copper‐bridged heterodimer) formation for the modified peptides was significantly faster than that for wt, thus leading us to propose that FAD and sporadic AD might share a kinetic origin for the enhanced oligomerisation of Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Girvan
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Toru Miyake
- Molecular Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0034, Japan
| | - Xiangyu Teng
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Thomas Branch
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Liming Ying
- Molecular Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. .,Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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30
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Jones MR, Dyrager C, Hoarau M, Korshavn KJ, Lim MH, Ramamoorthy A, Storr T. Multifunctional quinoline-triazole derivatives as potential modulators of amyloid-β peptide aggregation. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 158:131-138. [PMID: 27133802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, V5A-1S6 Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Christine Dyrager
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, V5A-1S6 Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Marie Hoarau
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, V5A-1S6 Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Kyle J Korshavn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA; Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Tim Storr
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, V5A-1S6 Burnaby, BC, Canada.
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31
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Muthuraj B, Layek S, Balaji SN, Trivedi V, Iyer PK. Multiple function fluorescein probe performs metal chelation, disaggregation, and modulation of aggregated Aβ and Aβ-Cu complex. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1880-91. [PMID: 26332658 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An exceptional probe comprising indole-3-carboxaldehyde fluorescein hydrazone (FI) performs multiple tasks, namely, disaggregating amyloid β (Aβ) aggregates in different biomarker environments such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), Aβ1-40 fibrils, β-amyloid lysozyme aggregates (LA), and U87 MG human astrocyte cells. Additionally, the probe FI binds with Cu(2+) ions selectively, disrupts the Aβ aggregates that vary from few nanometers to micrometers, and prevents their reaggregation, thereby performing disaggregation and modulation of amyloid-β in the presence as well as absence of Cu(2+) ion. The excellent selectivity of probe FI for Cu(2+) was effectively utilized to modulate the assembly of metal-induced Aβ aggregates by metal chelation with the "turn-on" fluorescence via spirolactam ring opening of FI as well as the metal-free Aβ fibrils by noncovalent interactions. These results confirm that FI has exceptional ability to perform multifaceted tasks such as metal chelation in intracellular conditions using Aβ lysozyme aggregates in cellular environments by the disruption of β-sheet rich Aβ fibrils into disaggregated forms. Subsequently, it was confirmed that FI had the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and it also modulated the metal induced Aβ fibrils in cellular environments by "turn-on" fluorescence, which are the most vital properties of a probe or a therapeutic agent. Furthermore, the morphology changes were examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM), polarizable optical microscopy (POM), fluorescence microscopy, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies. These results provide very valuable clues on the Aβ (CSF Aβ fibrils, Aβ1-40 fibrils, β-amyloid lysozyme aggregates) disaggregation behavior via in vitro studies, which constitute the first insights into intracellular disaggregation of Aβ by "turn-on" method thereby influencing amyloidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Muthuraj
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Biosciences
and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati-781039, Assam, India
| | - Sourav Layek
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Biosciences
and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati-781039, Assam, India
| | - S. N. Balaji
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Biosciences
and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati-781039, Assam, India
| | - Vishal Trivedi
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Biosciences
and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati-781039, Assam, India
| | - Parameswar Krishnan Iyer
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Biosciences
and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati-781039, Assam, India
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32
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Maqbool M, Mobashir M, Hoda N. Pivotal role of glycogen synthase kinase-3: A therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 107:63-81. [PMID: 26562543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are among the most challenging diseases with poorly known mechanism of cause and paucity of complete cure. Out of all the neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease is the most devastating and loosening of thinking and judging ability disease that occurs in the old age people. Many hypotheses came forth in order to explain its causes. In this review, we have enlightened Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 which has been considered as a concrete cause for Alzheimer's disease. Plaques and Tangles (abnormal structures) are the basic suspects in damaging and killing of nerve cells wherein Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 has a key role in the formation of these fatal accumulations. Various Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 inhibitors have been reported to reduce the amount of amyloid-beta as well as the tau hyperphosphorylation in both neuronal and nonneuronal cells. Additionally, Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 inhibitors have been reported to enhance the adult hippocampal neurogenesis in vivo as well as in vitro. Keeping the chemotype of the reported Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 inhibitors in consideration, they may be grouped into natural inhibitors, inorganic metal ions, organo-synthetic, and peptide like inhibitors. On the basis of their mode of binding to the constituent enzyme, they may also be grouped as ATP, nonATP, and allosteric binding sites competitive inhibitors. ATP competitive inhibitors were known earlier inhibitors but they lack efficient selectivity. This led to find the new ways for the enzyme inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudasir Maqbool
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Central University, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohammad Mobashir
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Central University, New Delhi 110025, India; SciLifeLab, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (MBB), Karolinska Institute, Box 1031, 17121 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Central University, New Delhi 110025, India.
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33
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Pedersen JT, Borg CB, Michaels TCT, Knowles TPJ, Faller P, Teilum K, Hemmingsen L. Aggregation-Prone Amyloid-β⋅CuIISpecies Formed on the Millisecond Timescale under Mildly Acidic Conditions. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1293-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Currin A, Swainston N, Day PJ, Kell DB. Synthetic biology for the directed evolution of protein biocatalysts: navigating sequence space intelligently. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:1172-239. [PMID: 25503938 PMCID: PMC4349129 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00351a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The amino acid sequence of a protein affects both its structure and its function. Thus, the ability to modify the sequence, and hence the structure and activity, of individual proteins in a systematic way, opens up many opportunities, both scientifically and (as we focus on here) for exploitation in biocatalysis. Modern methods of synthetic biology, whereby increasingly large sequences of DNA can be synthesised de novo, allow an unprecedented ability to engineer proteins with novel functions. However, the number of possible proteins is far too large to test individually, so we need means for navigating the 'search space' of possible protein sequences efficiently and reliably in order to find desirable activities and other properties. Enzymologists distinguish binding (Kd) and catalytic (kcat) steps. In a similar way, judicious strategies have blended design (for binding, specificity and active site modelling) with the more empirical methods of classical directed evolution (DE) for improving kcat (where natural evolution rarely seeks the highest values), especially with regard to residues distant from the active site and where the functional linkages underpinning enzyme dynamics are both unknown and hard to predict. Epistasis (where the 'best' amino acid at one site depends on that or those at others) is a notable feature of directed evolution. The aim of this review is to highlight some of the approaches that are being developed to allow us to use directed evolution to improve enzyme properties, often dramatically. We note that directed evolution differs in a number of ways from natural evolution, including in particular the available mechanisms and the likely selection pressures. Thus, we stress the opportunities afforded by techniques that enable one to map sequence to (structure and) activity in silico, as an effective means of modelling and exploring protein landscapes. Because known landscapes may be assessed and reasoned about as a whole, simultaneously, this offers opportunities for protein improvement not readily available to natural evolution on rapid timescales. Intelligent landscape navigation, informed by sequence-activity relationships and coupled to the emerging methods of synthetic biology, offers scope for the development of novel biocatalysts that are both highly active and robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Currin
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131, Princess St , Manchester M1 7DN , UK . ; http://dbkgroup.org/; @dbkell ; Tel: +44 (0)161 306 4492
- School of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , UK
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM) , The University of Manchester , 131, Princess St , Manchester M1 7DN , UK
| | - Neil Swainston
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131, Princess St , Manchester M1 7DN , UK . ; http://dbkgroup.org/; @dbkell ; Tel: +44 (0)161 306 4492
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM) , The University of Manchester , 131, Princess St , Manchester M1 7DN , UK
- School of Computer Science , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , UK
| | - Philip J. Day
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131, Princess St , Manchester M1 7DN , UK . ; http://dbkgroup.org/; @dbkell ; Tel: +44 (0)161 306 4492
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM) , The University of Manchester , 131, Princess St , Manchester M1 7DN , UK
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PT , UK
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131, Princess St , Manchester M1 7DN , UK . ; http://dbkgroup.org/; @dbkell ; Tel: +44 (0)161 306 4492
- School of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , UK
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM) , The University of Manchester , 131, Princess St , Manchester M1 7DN , UK
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35
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Wang C, Wang K, Wang Z. Development of gold nanoparticle based colorimetric method for quantitatively studying the inhibitors of Cu2+/Zn2+ induced β-amyloid peptide assembly. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 858:42-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Branch T, Girvan P, Barahona M, Ying L. Introduction of a Fluorescent Probe to Amyloid-β to Reveal Kinetic Insights into Its Interactions with Copper(II). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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37
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Branch T, Girvan P, Barahona M, Ying L. Introduction of a Fluorescent Probe to Amyloid-β to Reveal Kinetic Insights into Its Interactions with Copper(II). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1227-30. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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38
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Savelieff MG, DeToma AS, Derrick JS, Lim MH. The ongoing search for small molecules to study metal-associated amyloid-β species in Alzheimer's disease. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:2475-82. [PMID: 25080056 DOI: 10.1021/ar500152x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of a cure for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been impeded by an inability to pinpoint the root cause of this disorder. Although numerous potential pathological factors have been indicated, acting either individually or mutually, the molecular mechanisms leading to disease onset and progression have not been clear. Amyloid-β (Aβ), generated from proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), and its aggregated forms, particularly oligomers, are suggested as key pathological features in AD-affected brains. Historically, highly concentrated metals are found colocalized within Aβ plaques. Metal binding to Aβ (metal-Aβ) generates/stabilizes potentially toxic Aβ oligomers, and produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro (redox active metal ions; plausible contribution to oxidative stress). Consequently, clarification of the relationship between Aβ, metal ions, and toxicity, including oxidative stress via metal-Aβ, can lead to a deeper understanding of AD development. To probe the involvement of metal-Aβ in AD pathogenesis, rationally designed and naturally occurring molecules have been examined as chemical tools to target metal-Aβ species, modulate the interaction between the metal and Aβ, and subsequently redirect their aggregation into nontoxic, off-pathway unstructured aggregates. These ligands are also capable of attenuating the generation of redox active metal-Aβ-induced ROS to mitigate oxidative stress. One rational design concept, the incorporation approach, installs a metal binding site into a framework known to interact with Aβ. This approach affords compounds with the simultaneous ability to chelate metal ions and interact with Aβ. Natural products capable of Aβ interaction have been investigated for their influence on metal-induced Aβ aggregation and have inspired the construction of synthetic analogues. Systematic studies of these synthetic or natural molecules could uncover relationships between chemical structures, metal/Aβ/metal-Aβ interactions, and inhibition of Aβ/metal-Aβ reactivity (i.e., aggregation modes of Aβ/metal-Aβ; associated ROS production), suggesting mechanisms to refine the design strategy. Interdisciplinary investigations have demonstrated that the designed molecules and natural products control the aggregation pathways of metal-Aβ species transforming their size/conformation distribution. The aptitude of these molecules to impact metal-Aβ aggregation pathways, either via inhibition of Aβ aggregate formation, most importantly of oligomers, or disaggregation of preformed fibrils, could originate from their formation of complexes with metal-Aβ. Potentially, these molecules could direct metal-Aβ size/conformational states into alternative nontoxic unstructured oligomers, and control the geometry at the Aβ-ligated metal center for limited ROS formation to lessen the overall toxicity induced by metal-Aβ. Complexation between small molecules and Aβ/metal-Aβ has been observed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) pointing to molecular level interactions, validating the design strategy. In addition, these molecules exhibit other attractive properties, such as antioxidant capacity, prevention of ROS production, potential blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and reduction of Aβ-/metal-Aβ-induced cytotoxicity, making them desirable tools for unraveling AD complexity. In this Account, we summarize the recent development of small molecules, via both rational design and the selection and modification of natural products, as tools for investigating metal-Aβ complexes, to advance our understanding of their relation to AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department
of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
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39
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Faller P, Hureau C, La Penna G. Metal ions and intrinsically disordered proteins and peptides: from Cu/Zn amyloid-β to general principles. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:2252-9. [PMID: 24871565 DOI: 10.1021/ar400293h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of d-block metal ions (Cu, Zn, Fe, etc.) with intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) has gained interest, partly due to their proposed roles in several diseases, mainly neurodegenerative. A prominent member of IDPs is the peptide amyloid-β (Aβ) that aggregates into metal-enriched amyloid plaques, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, in which Cu and Zn are bound to Aβ. IDPs are a class of proteins and peptides that lack a unique 3D structure when the protein is isolated. This disordered structure impacts their interaction with metal ions compared with structured metalloproteins. Metalloproteins either have a preorganized metal binding site or fold upon metal binding, resulting in defined 3D structure with a well-defined metal site. In contrast, for Aβ and likely most of the other IDPs, the affinity for Cu(I/II) and Zn(II) is weaker and the interaction is flexible with different coordination sites present. Coordination of Cu(I/II) with Aβ is very dynamic including fast Cu-exchange reactions (milliseconds or less) that are intrapeptidic between different sites as well as interpeptidic. This highly dynamic metal-IDP interaction has a strong impact on reactivity and potential biological role: (i) Due to the low affinity compared with classical metalloproteins, IDPs likely bind metals only at special places or under special conditions. For Aβ, this is likely in the neurons that expel Zn or Cu into the synapse and upon metal dysregulation occurring in Alzheimer's disease. (ii) Amino acid substitutions (mutations) on noncoordinating residues can change drastically the coordination sphere. (iii) Considering the Cu/Zn-Aβ aberrant interaction, therapeutic strategies can be based on removal of Cu/Zn or precluding their binding to the peptide. The latter is very difficult due to the multitude of metal-binding sites, but the fast koff facilitates removal. (iv) The high flexibility of the Cu-Aβ complex results in different conformations with different redox activity. Only some conformations are able to produce reactive oxygen species. (v) Other, more specific catalysis (like enzymes) is very unlikely for Cu/Zn-Aβ. (vi) The Cu/Zn exchange reactions with Aβ are faster than the aggregation process and can hence have a strong impact on this process. In conclusion, the coordination chemistry is fundamentally different for most of IDPs compared with the classical, structured metalloproteins or with (bio)-inorganic complexes. The dynamics is a key parameter to understand this interaction and its potential biological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Faller
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, Toulouse F-31077 Cedex 4, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, Toulouse F-31077 Cedex 4, France
| | - Christelle Hureau
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, Toulouse F-31077 Cedex 4, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, Toulouse F-31077 Cedex 4, France
| | - Giovanni La Penna
- CNR - National Research Council of Italy, ICCOM
- Institute for chemistry of organo-metallic compounds, via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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40
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Sitkiewicz E, Kłoniecki M, Poznański J, Bal W, Dadlez M. Factors Influencing Compact–Extended Structure Equilibrium in Oligomers of Aβ1–40 Peptide—An Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Study. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:2871-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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41
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Characterization of the polymorphic states of copper(II)-bound Aβ(1-16) peptides by computational simulations. J Comput Chem 2013; 34:2524-36. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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42
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Wärmländer S, Tiiman A, Abelein A, Luo J, Jarvet J, Söderberg KL, Danielsson J, Gräslund A. Biophysical studies of the amyloid β-peptide: interactions with metal ions and small molecules. Chembiochem 2013; 14:1692-704. [PMID: 23983094 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common of the protein misfolding ("amyloid") diseases. The deposits in the brains of afflicted patients contain as a major fraction an aggregated insoluble form of the so-called amyloid β-peptides (Aβ peptides): fragments of the amyloid precursor protein of 39-43 residues in length. This review focuses on biophysical studies of the Aβ peptides: that is, of the aggregation pathways and intermediates observed during aggregation, of the molecular structures observed along these pathways, and of the interactions of Aβ with Cu and Zn ions and with small molecules that modify the aggregation pathways. Particular emphasis is placed on studies based on high-resolution and solid-state NMR methods. Theoretical studies relating to the interactions are also included. An emerging picture is that of Aβ peptides in aqueous solution undergoing hydrophobic collapse together with identical partners. There then follows a relatively slow process leading to more ordered secondary and tertiary (quaternary) structures in the growing aggregates. These aggregates eventually assemble into elongated fibrils visible by electron microscopy. Small molecules or metal ions that interfere with the aggregation processes give rise to a variety of aggregation products that may be studied in vitro and considered in relation to observations in cell cultures or in vivo. Although the heterogeneous nature of the processes makes detailed structural studies difficult, knowledge and understanding of the underlying physical chemistry might provide a basis for future therapeutic strategies against the disease. A final part of the review deals with the interactions that may occur between the Aβ peptides and the prion protein, where the latter is involved in other protein misfolding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wärmländer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm (Sweden)
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43
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Faller P, Hureau C, Berthoumieu O. Role of metal ions in the self-assembly of the Alzheimer's amyloid-β peptide. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:12193-206. [PMID: 23607830 DOI: 10.1021/ic4003059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) by self-assembly into oligomers or amyloids is a central event in Alzheimer's disease. Coordination of transition-metal ions, mainly copper and zinc, to Aβ occurs in vivo and modulates the aggregation process. A survey of the impact of Cu(II) and Zn(II) on the aggregation of Aβ reveals some general trends: (i) Zn(II) and Cu(II) at high micromolar concentrations and/or in a large superstoichiometric ratio compared to Aβ have a tendency to promote amorphous aggregations (precipitation) over the ordered formation of fibrillar amyloids by self-assembly; (ii) metal ions affect the kinetics of Aβ aggregations, with the most significant impact on the nucleation phase; (iii) the impact is metal-specific; (iv) Cu(II) and Zn(II) affect the concentrations and/or the types of aggregation intermediates formed; (v) the binding of metal ions changes both the structure and the charge of Aβ. The decrease in the overall charge at physiological pH increases the overall driving force for aggregation but may favor more precipitation over fibrillation, whereas the induced structural changes seem more relevant for the amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Faller
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) , 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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44
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Pedersen JT, Heegaard NHH. Analysis of Protein Aggregation in Neurodegenerative Disease. Anal Chem 2013; 85:4215-27. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400023c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe T. Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen
Ø, Denmark
| | - Niels H. H. Heegaard
- Analytical Protein Chemistry, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology & Genetics, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
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Jiang D, Zhang L, Grant GPG, Dudzik CG, Chen S, Patel S, Hao Y, Millhauser GL, Zhou F. The elevated copper binding strength of amyloid-β aggregates allows the sequestration of copper from albumin: a pathway to accumulation of copper in senile plaques. Biochemistry 2013; 52:547-56. [PMID: 23237523 DOI: 10.1021/bi301053h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Copper coexists with amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides at a high concentration in the senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and has been linked to oxidative damage associated with AD pathology. However, the origin of copper and the driving force behind its accumulation are unknown. We designed a sensitive fluorescent probe, Aβ(1-16)(Y10W), by substituting the tyrosine residue at position 10 in the hydrophilic domain of Aβ(1-42) with tryptophan. Upon mixing Cu(II), Aβ(1-16)(Y10W), and aliquots of Aβ(1-42) taken from samples incubated for different lengths of time, we found that the Cu(II) binding strength of aggregated Aβ(1-42) has been elevated by more than 2 orders of magnitude with respect to that of monomeric Aβ(1-42). Electron paramagnetic spectroscopic measurements revealed that the Aβ(1-42) aggregates, unlike their monomeric form, can seize copper from human serum albumin, an abundant copper-containing protein in brain and cerebrospinal fluid. The significantly elevated binding strength of the Aβ(1-42) aggregates can be rationalized by a Cu(II) coordination sphere constituted by three histidines from two adjacent Aβ(1-42) molecules. Our work demonstrates that the copper binding affinity of Aβ(1-42) is dependent on its aggregation state and provides new insight into how and why senile plaques accumulate copper in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianlu Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
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Alies B, Renaglia E, Rózga M, Bal W, Faller P, Hureau C. Cu(II) Affinity for the Alzheimer’s Peptide: Tyrosine Fluorescence Studies Revisited. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1501-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302629u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Alies
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination),
205 Route de Narbonne,
BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LCC, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Emelyne Renaglia
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination),
205 Route de Narbonne,
BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LCC, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Malgorzata Rózga
- Institute of Biochemistry and
Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Bal
- Institute of Biochemistry and
Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter Faller
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination),
205 Route de Narbonne,
BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LCC, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Christelle Hureau
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination),
205 Route de Narbonne,
BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LCC, F-31077 Toulouse, France
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Alies B, Bijani C, Sayen S, Guillon E, Faller P, Hureau C. Copper coordination to native N-terminally modified versus full-length amyloid-β: second-sphere effects determine the species present at physiological pH. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:12988-3000. [PMID: 23150940 DOI: 10.1021/ic302097d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by senile plaques in which metallic ions (copper, zinc, and iron) are colocalized with amyloid-β peptides of different sequences in aggregated forms. In addition to the full-length peptides (Aβ1-40/42), N-terminally truncated Aβ3-40/42 forms and their pyroglutamate counterparts, Aβp3-40/42, have been proposed to play key features in the aggregation process, leading to the senile plaques. Furthermore, they have been shown to be more toxic than the full-length Aβ, which made them central targets for therapeutic approaches. In order to better disentangle the possible role of metallic ions in the aggregation process, copper(II) coordination to the full-length amyloid peptides has been extensively studied in the last years. However, regarding the N-terminally modified forms at position 3, very little is known. Therefore, copper(I) and copper(II) coordination to those peptides have been investigated in the present report using a variety of complementary techniques and as a function of pH. Copper(I) coordination is not affected by the N-terminal modifications. In contrast, copper(II) coordination is different from that previously reported for the full-length peptide. In the case of the pyroglutamate form, this is due to preclusion of N-terminal amine binding. In the case of the N-terminally truncated form, alteration in copper(II) coordination is caused by second-sphere effects that impact the first binding shell and the pH-dependent repartition of the various [Cu(peptide)] complexes. Such second-sphere effects are anticipated to apply to a variety of metal ions and peptides, and their importance on changing the first binding shell has not been fully recognized yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Alies
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
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Zawisza I, Rózga M, Bal W. Affinity of copper and zinc ions to proteins and peptides related to neurodegenerative conditions (Aβ, APP, α-synuclein, PrP). Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Miller Y, Ma B, Nussinov R. Metal binding sites in amyloid oligomers: Complexes and mechanisms. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Wang H, Wang M, Wang B, Li M, Chen H, Yu X, Yang K, Chai Z, Zhao Y, Feng W. Immunogold labeling and X-ray fluorescence microscopy reveal enrichment ratios of Cu and Zn, metabolism of APP and amyloid-β plaque formation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Metallomics 2012; 4:1113-8. [PMID: 22992540 DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20056b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism that triggers amyloid-β (Aβ) fibrillation and aggregation is still elusive. Evidence suggests that the extensional interactions of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Aβ with transition biometals, copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), may be key occurrences in the processes of Aβ aggregation and toxicity. By using an immunogold labeling technique combined with synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence microprobe (SR-μXRF) scanning analysis, the profiles of APP, Aβ42 and Cu, Zn in the brain of APP transgenic mouse with the development of the disease were characterized. This investigation provides visual, kinetic and spatial evidence of the correlation of APP and Aβ-metals in AD brain sections. The visual evidence demonstrates the association of metals Cu and Zn with Aβ42 during plaque formation, which helps implicate the role of metal ion homeostasis in human AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajian Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
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