1
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Zhang BS, Homölle SL, Bauch T, Oliveira JCA, Warratz S, Yuan B, Gou XY, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Skeletal Indole Editing via Nitrogen Atom Insertion by Sustainable Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202407384. [PMID: 38959168 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal molecular editing gained considerable recent momentum and emerged as a uniquely powerful tool for late-stage diversifications. Thus far, superstoichiometric amounts of costly hypervalent iodine(III) reagents were largely required for skeletal indole editing. In contrast, we herein show that electricity enables sustainable nitrogen atom insertion reactions to give bio-relevant quinazoline scaffolds without stoichiometric chemical redox-waste product. The transition metal-free electro-editing was enabled by the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and proved robust on scale, while tolerating a variety of valuable functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Sheng Zhang
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Simon L Homölle
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tristan Bauch
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - João C A Oliveira
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Svenja Warratz
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Binbin Yuan
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xue-Ya Gou
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Bieniek JC, Mashtakov B, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Dehydrogenative Electrochemical Synthesis of N-Aryl-3,4-Dihydroquinolin-2-ones by Iodine(III)-Mediated Coupling Reaction. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303388. [PMID: 38018461 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemically generated hypervalent iodine(III) species are powerful reagents for oxidative C-N coupling reactions, providing access to valuable N-heterocycles. A new electrocatalytic hypervalent iodine(III)-mediated in-cell synthesis of 1H-N-aryl-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2-ones by dehydrogenative C-N bond formation is presented. Catalytic amounts of the redox mediator, a low supporting electrolyte concentration and recycling of the solvent used make this method a sustainable alternative to electrochemical ex-cell or conventional approaches. Furthermore, inexpensive, readily available electrode materials and a simple galvanostatic set-up are applied. The broad functional group tolerance could be demonstrated by synthesizing 23 examples in yields up to 96 %, with one reaction being performed on a 10-fold higher scale. Based on the obtained results a sound reaction mechanism could be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Bieniek
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Boris Mashtakov
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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3
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Wang Y, Dana S, Long H, Xu Y, Li Y, Kaplaneris N, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Late-Stage Functionalization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11269-11335. [PMID: 37751573 PMCID: PMC10571048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) constitutes a powerful strategy for the assembly or diversification of novel molecular entities with improved physicochemical or biological activities. LSF can thus greatly accelerate the development of medicinally relevant compounds, crop protecting agents, and functional materials. Electrochemical molecular synthesis has emerged as an environmentally friendly platform for the transformation of organic compounds. Over the past decade, electrochemical late-stage functionalization (eLSF) has gained major momentum, which is summarized herein up to February 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang Xu
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Yanjun Li
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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4
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Pollok D, Großmann LM, Behrendt T, Opatz T, Waldvogel SR. A General Electro‐Synthesis Approach to Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201523. [PMID: 35662286 PMCID: PMC9543536 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amaryllidaceae alkaloids appeal to organic chemists with their attractive structures and their impressive antitumor and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties. We demonstrate a highly versatile access to this family of natural products. A general protocol with high yields in a sustainable electro‐organic key transformation on a metal‐free anode to spirodienones facilitates functionalization to the alkaloids. The biomimetic syntheses start with the readily available, inexpensive biogenic starting materials methyl gallate, O‐methyl tyramine, and vanillin derivatives. Through known dynamic resolutions, this technology provides access to both enantiomeric series of (epi‐)martidine, (epi‐)crinine, siculine, and galantamine, clinically prescribed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Pollok
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Luca M. Großmann
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Torsten Behrendt
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
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5
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Murray PD, Cox JH, Chiappini ND, Roos CB, McLoughlin EA, Hejna BG, Nguyen ST, Ripberger HH, Ganley JM, Tsui E, Shin NY, Koronkiewicz B, Qiu G, Knowles RR. Photochemical and Electrochemical Applications of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2017-2291. [PMID: 34813277 PMCID: PMC8796287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present here a review of the photochemical and electrochemical applications of multi-site proton-coupled electron transfer (MS-PCET) in organic synthesis. MS-PCETs are redox mechanisms in which both an electron and a proton are exchanged together, often in a concerted elementary step. As such, MS-PCET can function as a non-classical mechanism for homolytic bond activation, providing opportunities to generate synthetically useful free radical intermediates directly from a wide variety of common organic functional groups. We present an introduction to MS-PCET and a practitioner's guide to reaction design, with an emphasis on the unique energetic and selectivity features that are characteristic of this reaction class. We then present chapters on oxidative N-H, O-H, S-H, and C-H bond homolysis methods, for the generation of the corresponding neutral radical species. Then, chapters for reductive PCET activations involving carbonyl, imine, other X═Y π-systems, and heteroarenes, where neutral ketyl, α-amino, and heteroarene-derived radicals can be generated. Finally, we present chapters on the applications of MS-PCET in asymmetric catalysis and in materials and device applications. Within each chapter, we subdivide by the functional group undergoing homolysis, and thereafter by the type of transformation being promoted. Methods published prior to the end of December 2020 are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip
R. D. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James H. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Chiappini
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Casey B. Roos
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | | - Benjamin G. Hejna
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Suong T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Hunter H. Ripberger
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jacob M. Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Elaine Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nick Y. Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Brian Koronkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Guanqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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6
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NAKAMURA Y, SATO Y, SHIDA N, ATOBE M. Electrochemical Trimerization of Catechol to 2,3,6,7,10,11-Hexahydroxytriphenylene Using a Flow Microreactor. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.21-00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuto NAKAMURA
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University
| | | | - Naoki SHIDA
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University
| | - Mahito ATOBE
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University
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7
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Beil SB, Pollok D, Waldvogel SR. Reproducibility in Electroorganic Synthesis-Myths and Misunderstandings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14750-14759. [PMID: 33428811 PMCID: PMC8251947 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of electric current as a traceless activator and reagent is experiencing a renaissance. This sustainable synthetic method is evolving into a hot topic in contemporary organic chemistry. Since researchers with various scientific backgrounds are entering this interdisciplinary field, different parameters and methods are reported to describe the experiments. The variation in the reported parameters can lead to problems with the reproducibility of the reported electroorganic syntheses. As an example, parameters such as current density or electrode distance are in some cases more significant than often anticipated. This Minireview provides guidelines on reporting electrosynthetic data and dispels myths about this technique, thereby streamlining the experimental parameters to facilitate reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian B. Beil
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Dennis Pollok
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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8
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Gleede B, Selt M, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Developments in the Dehydrogenative Electrochemical Synthesis of 3,3',5,5'-Tetramethyl-2,2'-biphenol. Chemistry 2021; 27:8252-8263. [PMID: 33453091 PMCID: PMC8248109 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The symmetric biphenol 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethyl‐2,2′‐biphenol is a well‐known ligand building block and is used in transition‐metal catalysis. In the literature, there are several synthetic routes for the preparation of this exceptional molecule. Herein, the focus is on the sustainable electrochemical synthesis of 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethyl‐2,2′‐biphenol. A brief overview of the developmental history of this inconspicuous molecule, which is of great interest for technical applications, but has many challenges for its synthesis, is provided. The electro‐organic method is a powerful, sustainable, and efficient alternative to conventional synthesis to obtain this symmetric biphenol up to the kilogram scale. Another section of this article is devoted to different process management strategies in batch‐type and flow electrolysis and their respective advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gleede
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Selt
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Material Science IN MainZ (MAINZ), Graduate School of Excellence, Staudingerweg 9, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH, Paul-Baumann-Straße 1, 45772, Marl, Germany.,Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Material Science IN MainZ (MAINZ), Graduate School of Excellence, Staudingerweg 9, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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9
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Beil SB, Pollok D, Waldvogel SR. Reproduzierbarkeit in der elektroorganischen Synthese – Mythen und Missverständnisse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian B. Beil
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Dennis Pollok
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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10
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Seidler J, Strugatchi J, Gärtner T, Waldvogel SR. Does electrifying organic synthesis pay off? The energy efficiency of electro-organic conversions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1557/mre.2020.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Abstract
Abstract3,3′,5,5’-Tetramethyl-2,2′-biphenol is well known as an outstanding building block for ligands in transition-metal catalysis and is therefore of particular industrial interest. The electro-organic method is a powerful, sustainable, and efficient alternative to conventional synthetic approaches to obtain symmetric and non-symmetric biphenols. Here, we report the successive scale-up of the dehydrogenative anodic homocoupling of 2,4-dimethylphenol (4) from laboratory scale to the technically relevant scale in highly modular narrow gap flow electrolysis cells. The electrosynthesis was optimized in a manner that allows it to be easily adopted to different scales such as laboratory, semitechnical and technical scale. This includes not only the synthesis itself and its optimization but also a work-up strategy of the desired biphenols for larger scale. Furthermore, the challenges such as side reactions, heat development and gas evolution that arose during optimization are also discussed in detail. We have succeeded in obtaining yields of up to 62% of the desired biphenol.
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12
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Qin J, Luo M, An D, Li J. Electrochemical 1,2‐Diarylation of Alkenes Enabled by Direct Dual C–H Functionalizations of Electron‐Rich Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing‐Hao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
| | - Mu‐Jia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
| | - De‐Lie An
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
| | - Jin‐Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
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13
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Qin J, Luo M, An D, Li J. Electrochemical 1,2‐Diarylation of Alkenes Enabled by Direct Dual C–H Functionalizations of Electron‐Rich Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:1861-1868. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing‐Hao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
| | - Mu‐Jia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
| | - De‐Lie An
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
| | - Jin‐Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
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14
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Fangmeyer J, Behrens A, Gleede B, Waldvogel SR, Karst U. Mass-Spectrometric Imaging of Electrode Surfaces-a View on Electrochemical Side Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20428-20433. [PMID: 33448566 PMCID: PMC7693111 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical side reactions, often referred to as "electrode fouling", are known to be a major challenge in electro-organic synthesis and the functionality of modern batteries. Often, polymerization of one or more components is observed. When reaching their limit of solubility, those polymers tend to adsorb on the surface of the electrode, resulting in a passivation of the respective electrode area, which may impact electrochemical performance. Here, matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is presented as valuable imaging technique to visualize polymer deposition on electrode surfaces. Oligomer size distribution and its dependency on the contact time were imaged on a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode of an electrochemical flow-through cell. The approach allows to detect weak spots, where electrode fouling may take place and provides insight into the identity of side-product pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Fangmeyer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of MünsterCorrensstrasse 3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Arne Behrens
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of MünsterCorrensstrasse 3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Barbara Gleede
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of MünsterCorrensstrasse 3048149MünsterGermany
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15
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Fangmeyer J, Behrens A, Gleede B, Waldvogel SR, Karst U. Mass‐Spectrometric Imaging of Electrode Surfaces—a View on Electrochemical Side Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Fangmeyer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry University of Münster Corrensstrasse 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Arne Behrens
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry University of Münster Corrensstrasse 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Barbara Gleede
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry University of Münster Corrensstrasse 30 48149 Münster Germany
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16
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Zhang J, Zhou J, Bi F, Wang B. Energetic materials based on poly furazan and furoxan structures. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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Röckl JL, Dörr M, Waldvogel SR. Electrosynthesis 2.0 in 1,1,1,3,3,3‐Hexafluoroisopropanol/Amine Mixtures. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L. Röckl
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Maurice Dörr
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Germany
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18
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Selt M, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Supporting-Electrolyte-Free and Scalable Flow Process for the Electrochemical Synthesis of 3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethyl-2,2′-biphenol. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Selt
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH, Paul-Baumann-Straße 1, 45772 Marl, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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19
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Pollok D, Waldvogel SR. Electro-organic synthesis - a 21 st century technique. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12386-12400. [PMID: 34123227 PMCID: PMC8162804 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01848a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe limitations of fossil fuels and finite resources influence the scientific community to reconsider chemical synthesis and establish sustainable techniques. Several promising methods have emerged, and electro-organic conversion has attracted particular attention from international academia and industry as an environmentally benign and cost-effective technique. The easy application, precise control, and safe conversion of substrates with intermediates only accessible by this method reveal novel pathways in synthetic organic chemistry. The popularity of electricity as a reagent is accompanied by the feasible conversion of bio-based feedstocks to limit the carbon footprint. Several milestones have been achieved in electro-organic conversion at rapid frequency, which have opened up various perspectives for forthcoming processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Pollok
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany www.aksw.uni-mainz.de
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany www.aksw.uni-mainz.de
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20
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Röckl JL, Pollok D, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. A Decade of Electrochemical Dehydrogenative C,C-Coupling of Aryls. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:45-61. [PMID: 31850730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The importance of sustainable and green synthetic protocols for the synthesis of fine chemicals has rapidly increased during the last decades in an effort to reduce the use of fossil fuels and other finite resources. The replacement of common reagents by electricity provides a cost- and atom-efficient, environmentally friendly, and inherently safe access to novel synthetic routes. The selective formation of carbon-carbon bonds between two distinct substrates is a crucial tool in organic chemistry. This fundamental transformation enables access to a broad variety of complex molecular architectures. In particular, the aryl-aryl bond formation has high significance for the preparation of organic materials, drugs, and natural products. Besides well-known and well-established reductive- and oxidative-reagent-mediated or transition-metal-catalyzed coupling reactions, novel synthetic protocols have arisen, which require fewer steps than conventional synthetic approaches. Electroorganic conversions can be categorized according to the nature of the electron transfer processes occurring. Direct transformations at inert electrode materials are environmentally benign and cost-effective, whereas catalytic processes at active electrodes and mediated electrosynthesis using an additional soluble reagent can have beneficial properties in terms of selectivity and reactivity. In general, these conversions require challenging optimization of the reaction parameters and the appropriate cell design. Galvanostatic reactions enable fast conversions with a rather simple setup, whereas potentiostatic electrolysis may enhance selectivity. This Account discusses the development of seminal carbon-carbon bond formations over the past two decades, focusing on phenols leading to precursors for ligands in, e.g., hydroformylation reaction. A key element in the success of these electrochemical transformations is the application of electrochemically inert, non-nucleophilic, highly fluorinated alcohols such as 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP), which exhibit a large potential window for transformations and enable selective cross-coupling reactions. This selectivity is based on the capability of HFIP to stabilize organic radicals. Inert, carbon-based and metal-free electrode materials like graphite or boron-doped diamond (BDD) open up novel electroorganic pathways. Furthermore, novel active electrode materials have been developed to enable intra- and intermolecular dehydrogenative coupling reactions of electron-rich aryls. The application of 2,2'-biphenol derivatives as ligand components for catalysts requires reactions to be carried out on larger scale. In order to achieve this, continuous flow transformations have been established to overcome the drawbacks of heat transfer, overconversion, and conductivity. Modular cell designs enable the transfer of a broad variety of electroorganic conversions into continuous processes. Recent results demonstrate the application of organic electrochemistry to natural product synthesis of the pharmaceutically relevant opiate alkaloids (-)-thebaine or (-)-oxycodone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L. Röckl
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dennis Pollok
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH, Paul-Baumann-Str. 1, 45772 Marl, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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21
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Tanaka K, Gotoh H. Development of the radical C–O coupling reaction of phenols toward the synthesis of natural products comprising a diaryl ether skeleton. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Shatskiy A, Lundberg H, Kärkäs MD. Organic Electrosynthesis: Applications in Complex Molecule Synthesis. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Shatskiy
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Helena Lundberg
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Markus D. Kärkäs
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
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23
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Sha Q, Liu H, Li Y. Trifluoroacetic Acid Catalyzed Cascade Reactions of 2,3‐Diketoesters with Cyclohexane‐1,3‐diones: Strategy Towards 4‐Hydroxybenzofuran Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sha
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of SciencesNanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Haixuan Liu
- Sanhome R&D CentreNanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Nanjing 211135 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of SciencesNanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 People's Republic of China
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24
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25
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Wu J, Dou Y, Guillot R, Kouklovsky C, Vincent G. Electrochemical Dearomative 2,3-Difunctionalization of Indoles. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:2832-2837. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Wu
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay (ICMMO, UMR 8182), Equipe MSMT, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 15, rue Georges Clémenceau, 91405 Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Yingchao Dou
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay (ICMMO, UMR 8182), Equipe MSMT, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 15, rue Georges Clémenceau, 91405 Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Régis Guillot
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay (ICMMO, UMR 8182), Equipe MSMT, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 15, rue Georges Clémenceau, 91405 Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Cyrille Kouklovsky
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay (ICMMO, UMR 8182), Equipe MSMT, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 15, rue Georges Clémenceau, 91405 Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Vincent
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay (ICMMO, UMR 8182), Equipe MSMT, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 15, rue Georges Clémenceau, 91405 Orsay, Cedex, France
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26
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Lips S, Waldvogel SR. Use of Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes in Electro‐Organic Synthesis. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lips
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany) Homepage: http//www.chemie.uni-mainz.de/OC/AK-Waldvogel/
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany) Homepage: http//www.chemie.uni-mainz.de/OC/AK-Waldvogel/
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27
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Kärkäs MD. Electrochemical strategies for C-H functionalization and C-N bond formation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5786-5865. [PMID: 29911724 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for carrying out carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation are typically conducted at elevated temperatures, and rely on expensive catalysts as well as the use of stoichiometric, and perhaps toxic, oxidants. In this regard, electrochemical synthesis has recently been recognized as a sustainable and scalable strategy for the construction of challenging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Here, electrosynthesis has proven to be an environmentally benign, highly effective and versatile platform for achieving a wide range of nonclassical bond disconnections via generation of radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. This review provides an overview on the use of anodic electrochemical methods for expediting the development of carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation strategies. Emphasis is placed on methodology development and mechanistic insight and aims to provide inspiration for future synthetic applications in the field of electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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28
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Abstract
Arylated products are found in various fields of chemistry and represent essential entities for many applications. Therefore, the formation of this structural feature represents a central issue of contemporary organic synthesis. By the action of electricity the necessity of leaving groups, metal catalysts, stoichiometric oxidizers, or reducing agents can be omitted in part or even completely. The replacement of conventional reagents by sustainable electricity not only will be environmentally benign but also allows significant short cuts in electrochemical synthesis. In addition, this methodology can be considered as inherently safe. The current survey is organized in cathodic and anodic conversions as well as by the number of leaving groups being involved. In some electroconversions the reagents used are regenerated at the electrode, whereas in other electrotransformations free radical sequences are exploited to afford a highly sustainable process. The electrochemical formation of the aryl-substrate bond is discussed for aromatic substrates, heterocycles, other multiple bond systems, and even at saturated carbon substrates. This survey covers most of the seminal work and the advances of the past two decades in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz , Staudingerweg 9 , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Max Planck Graduate Center with Johannes Gutenberg University , Forum universitatis 2 , 55122 Mainz , Germany
| | - Sebastian Lips
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Maximilian Selt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz , Staudingerweg 9 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Barbara Riehl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Christopher J Kampf
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Max Planck Graduate Center with Johannes Gutenberg University , Forum universitatis 2 , 55122 Mainz , Germany
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29
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Bering L, Vogt M, Paulussen FM, Antonchick AP. Selective, Catalytic, and Metal-Free Coupling of Electron-Rich Phenols and Anilides Using Molecular Oxygen as Terminal Oxidant. Org Lett 2018; 20:4077-4080. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Bering
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Melina Vogt
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Felix M. Paulussen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrey P. Antonchick
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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30
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Lips S, Frontana-Uribe BA, Dörr M, Schollmeyer D, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Metal- and Reagent-Free Anodic C-C Cross-Coupling of Phenols with Benzofurans leading to a Furan Metathesis. Chemistry 2018; 24:6057-6061. [PMID: 29493824 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Heterobiaryls consisting of a phenol and a benzofuran motif are of significant importance for pharmaceutical applications. An attractive sustainable, metal- and reagent-free, electrosynthetic, and highly efficient method, that allows access to (2-hydroxyphenyl)benzofurans is presented. Upon the electrochemical dehydrogenative C-C cross-coupling reaction, a metathesis of the benzo moiety at the benzofuran occurs. This gives rise to a substitution pattern at the hydroxyphenyl moiety which would not be compatible by a direct coupling process. The single-step protocol is easy to conduct in an undivided electrolysis cell, therefore scalable, and inherently safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lips
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernardo Antonio Frontana-Uribe
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, C.P, 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Maurice Dörr
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH, Paul-Baumann-Straße 1, 45772, Marl, Germany.,Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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31
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Dahms B, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Metal- and Reagent-Free Anodic Dehydrogenative Cross-Coupling of Naphthylamines with Phenols. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Dahms
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH; Paul-Baumann-Straße 1 45772 Marl Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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32
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Moore AF, Newman DJ, Ranganathan S, Liu F. Imaginative Order from Reasonable Chaos: Conformation-Driven Activity and Reactivity in Exploring Protein–Ligand Interactions. Aust J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/ch18416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sir Derek Barton’s seminal work on steroid conformational analysis opened up a new era of enquiry into how the preferred conformation of any molecule could have profound effects on its physical–chemical properties and activities. Conformation-based effects on molecular activity and reactivity continue to manifest, with one key area of investigation currently focussed on conformational entropy in driving protein–ligand interactions. Carrying on from Barton’s initial insight on natural product conformational properties, new questions now address how conformational flexibility within a bioactive natural product structural framework (reasonable chaos), can be directed to confer dynamically new protein–ligand interactions beyond the basic lock–key model (imaginative order). Here we summarise our work on exploring conformational diversity from fluorinated natural product fragments, and how this approach of conformation-coupled diversity-oriented synthesis can be used to iteratively derive ligands with enhanced specificity against highly homologous protein domains. Our results demonstrate that the conformation entropic states of highly conserved protein domains differ significantly, and this conformational diversity, beyond primary sequence analysis, can be duly captured and exploited by natural-product derived ligands with complementary conformational dynamics for enhancing recognition specificity in drug lead discovery.
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33
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Electrochemical Oxidative Cross-coupling with Hydrogen Evolution: A Green and Sustainable Way for Bond Formation. Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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34
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Yan M, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Synthetic Organic Electrochemical Methods Since 2000: On the Verge of a Renaissance. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13230-13319. [PMID: 28991454 PMCID: PMC5786875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1892] [Impact Index Per Article: 270.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry represents one of the most intimate ways of interacting with molecules. This review discusses advances in synthetic organic electrochemistry since 2000. Enabling methods and synthetic applications are analyzed alongside innate advantages as well as future challenges of electroorganic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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35
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Wiebe A, Lips S, Schollmeyer D, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Einfache und doppelte metall- und reagensfreie anodische C-C-Kreuzkupplung von Phenolen mit Thiophenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Wiebe
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Max Planck Graduate Center; Mainz Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Lips
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH; Marl Deutschland
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Max Planck Graduate Center; Mainz Deutschland
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36
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Wiebe A, Lips S, Schollmeyer D, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Single and Twofold Metal- and Reagent-Free Anodic C−C Cross-Coupling of Phenols with Thiophenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14727-14731. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Wiebe
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Max Planck Graduate Center; Mainz Germany
| | - Sebastian Lips
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH; Marl Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Max Planck Graduate Center; Mainz Germany
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangye Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, Henan 473061, China
| | - Chengchu Zeng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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38
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Abstract
The preparation and transformation of heterocyclic structures have always been of great interest in organic chemistry. Electrochemical technique provides a versatile and powerful approach to the assembly of various heterocyclic structures. In this review, we examine the advance in relation to the electrochemical construction of heterocyclic compounds published since 2000 via intra- and intermolecular cyclization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangye Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science & Bioengineering , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124 , China
| | - Kun Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science & Bioengineering , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124 , China.,College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanyang Normal University , Nanyang , Henan 473061 , China
| | - Chengchu Zeng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science & Bioengineering , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124 , China
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39
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40
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Quell T, Hecken N, Dyballa KM, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Scalable and Selective Preparation of 3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethyl-2,2′-biphenol. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Quell
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Hecken
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Industries
AG, Paul-Baumann-Straße 1, D-45772 Marl, Germany
- Lehrstuhl
für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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41
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Quell T, Beiser N, Dyballa KM, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Facile and Selective Cross-Coupling of Phenols Using Selenium Dioxide. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Quell
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Nicole Beiser
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Katrin M. Dyballa
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH; Paul-Baumann-Straße 1 45772 Marl Germany
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH; Paul-Baumann-Straße 1 45772 Marl Germany
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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42
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Lips S, Wiebe A, Elsler B, Schollmeyer D, Dyballa KM, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Synthesis of meta-Terphenyl-2,2''-diols by Anodic C-C Cross-Coupling Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:10872-6. [PMID: 27490451 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The anodic C-C cross-coupling reaction is a versatile synthetic approach to symmetric and non-symmetric biphenols and arylated phenols. We herein present a metal-free electrosynthetic method that provides access to symmetric and non-symmetric meta-terphenyl-2,2''-diols in good yields and high selectivity. Symmetric derivatives can be obtained by direct electrolysis in an undivided cell. The synthesis of non-symmetric meta-terphenyl-2,2''-diols required two electrochemical steps. The reactions are easy to conduct and scalable. The method also features a broad substrate scope, and a large variety of functional groups are tolerated. The target molecules may serve as [OCO](3-) pincer ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lips
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anton Wiebe
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Max Planck Graduate Center, Staudinger-Weg 9, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernd Elsler
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katrin M Dyballa
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH, Paul-Baumann-Strasse 1, 45772, Marl, Germany
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH, Paul-Baumann-Strasse 1, 45772, Marl, Germany.,Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany. .,Max Planck Graduate Center, Staudinger-Weg 9, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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Lips S, Wiebe A, Elsler B, Schollmeyer D, Dyballa KM, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Synthese vonmeta-Terphenyl-2,2′′-diolen durch anodische C-C-Kreuzkupplungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lips
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Anton Wiebe
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Max Planck Graduate Center; Staudinger-Weg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Bernd Elsler
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Katrin M. Dyballa
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH; Paul-Baumann-Straße 1 45772 Marl Deutschland
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH; Paul-Baumann-Straße 1 45772 Marl Deutschland
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Max Planck Graduate Center; Staudinger-Weg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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Wiebe A, Schollmeyer D, Dyballa KM, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Selektive Synthese teilgeschützter unsymmetrischer Biphenole durch reagens- und metallfreie anodische Kreuzkupplung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Wiebe
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | | | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH; Marl Deutschland
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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Wiebe A, Schollmeyer D, Dyballa KM, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Selective Synthesis of Partially Protected Nonsymmetric Biphenols by Reagent- and Metal-Free Anodic Cross-Coupling Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11801-5. [PMID: 27401116 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative cross-coupling of aromatic substrates without the necessity of leaving groups or catalysts is described. The selective formation of partially protected nonsymmetric 2,2'-biphenols via electroorganic synthesis was accomplished with a high yield of isolated product. Since electric current is employed as the terminal oxidant, the reaction is reagent-free; no reagent waste is generated as only electrons are involved. The reaction is conducted in an undivided cell, and is suitable for scale-up and inherently safe. The implementation of O-silyl-protected phenols in this transformation results in both significantly enhanced yields and higher selectivity for the desired nonsymmetric 2,2'-biphenols. The use of a bulky silyl group to block one hydroxyl moiety makes the final product less prone to oxidation. Furthermore, the partially silyl-protected 2,2'-biphenols are versatile building blocks that usually require tedious or low-yielding synthetic pathways. Additionally, this strategy facilitates a large variety of new substrate combinations for oxidative cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Wiebe
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH, Marl, Germany.,Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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46
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Quell T, Mirion M, Schollmeyer D, Dyballa KM, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Solvent-Dependent Facile Synthesis of Diaryl Selenides and Biphenols Employing Selenium Dioxide. ChemistryOpen 2016; 5:115-9. [PMID: 27308222 PMCID: PMC4906476 DOI: 10.1002/open.201500206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biphenols are important structure motifs for ligand systems in organic catalysis and are therefore included in the category of so‐called “privileged ligands”. We have developed a new synthetic pathway to construct these structures by the use of selenium dioxide, a stable, powerful, and commercially available oxidizer. Our new, and easy to perform protocol gives rise to biphenols and diaryl selenides depending on the solvent employed. Oxidative treatment of phenols in acetic acid yields the corresponding biphenols, whereas conversion in pyridine results in the preferred formation of diaryl selenides. As a consequence, we were able to isolate a broad scope of novel diaryl selenides, which could act as pincer‐like ligands with further applications in organic synthesis or as ligands in transition metal catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Quell
- Department of Organic Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Michael Mirion
- Department of Organic Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Organic Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Katrin M Dyballa
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH Paul-Baumann-Straße 1 45772 Marl Germany
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH Paul-Baumann-Straße 145772 Marl Germany; Department of Theoretical Chemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Organic Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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Garcia-Castro M, Zimmermann S, Sankar MG, Kumar K. Gerüstdiversitätsbasierte Synthese und ihre Anwendung bei der Sonden- und Wirkstoffsuche. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Garcia-Castro
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie; Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie; Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie; Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie; Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Muthukumar G. Sankar
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie; Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie; Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie; Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie; Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
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Garcia-Castro M, Zimmermann S, Sankar MG, Kumar K. Scaffold Diversity Synthesis and Its Application in Probe and Drug Discovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7586-605. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Garcia-Castro
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Muthukumar G. Sankar
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
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49
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Herold S, Möhle S, Zirbes M, Richter F, Nefzger H, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Amination of Less-Activated Alkylated Arenes Using Boron-Doped Diamond Anodes. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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50
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Mirion M, Andernach L, Stobe C, Barjau J, Schollmeyer D, Opatz T, Lützen A, Waldvogel SR. Synthesis and Isolation of Enantiomerically Enriched Cyclopenta[b]benzofurans Based on Products from Anodic Oxidation of 2,4-Dimethylphenol. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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