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Mei L, Xia X, Sun R, Pan Y, Min J, Lu X, Jen AKY, Chen XK. Molecular-Level Insight into Impact of Additives on Film Formation and Molecular Packing in Y6-based Organic Solar Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305977. [PMID: 37919095 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Additive engineering is widely utilized to optimize film morphology in active layers of organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the role of additive in film formation and adjustment of film morphology remains unclear at the molecular level. Here, taking high-efficiency Y6-based OSC films as an example, this work thus employs all-atom molecular-dynamics simulations to investigate how introduction of additives with different π-conjugation degree thermodynamically and dynamically impacts nanoscale molecular packings. These results demonstrate that the van der Waals (vdW) interactions of the Y6 end groups with the studied additives are strongest. The larger the π-conjugation degree of the additive molecules, the stronger the vdW interactions between additive and Y6 molecules. Due to such vdW interactions, the π-conjugated additive molecules insert into the neighboring Y6 molecules, thus opening more space for relaxation of Y6 molecules to trigger more ordered packing. Increasing the interactions between the Y6 end groups and the additive molecules not only accelerates formation of the Y6 ordered packing, but also induces shorter Y6-intermolecular distances. This work reveals the fundamental molecular-level mechanism behind film formation and adjustment of film morphology via additive engineering, providing an insight into molecular design of additives toward optimizing morphologies of organic semiconductor films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xinxin Xia
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Rui Sun
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yuyu Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, 30 Guanghua Street, Liaoyang, 111003, P. R. China
| | - Jie Min
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xinhui Lu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Alex K-Y Jen
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xian-Kai Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
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Lin D, Liu J, Zhang H, Qian Y, Yang H, Liu L, Ren A, Zhao Y, Yu X, Wei Y, Hu S, Li L, Li S, Sheng C, Zhang W, Chen S, Shen J, Liu H, Feng Q, Wang S, Xie L, Huang W. Gridization-Driven Mesoscale Self-Assembly of Conjugated Nanopolymers into Luminescence-Anisotropic Photonic Crystals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109399. [PMID: 35023217 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconducting emitters integrated with butterfly-mimetic photonic crystals (PhCs) are fascinating for dramatic advantages over light outcoupling efficiency and multifunctional strain sensors, as well as the key step toward electrically pumped lasers. Herein, an unprecedentedly direct mesoscale self-assembly into 1D PhCs is reported through a covalently gridization-driven approach of wide-bandgap conjugated polymers. A simple solvent-casting procedure allows for in situ self-assembly of the state-of-the-art conjugated nanopolymer, poly{[4-(octyloxy)-9,9-diphenylfluoren-2,7-diyl]grid}-co-{[5-(octyloxy)-9,9-diphenylfluoren-2,7-diyl]grid} (PODPFG), into well-defined multilayer architectures with an excellent toughness (30-40 J m-3 ). This ordered meso-architecture shows a typical Bragg-Snell diffraction behavior to testify the PhC nature, along with a high effective refractive index (1.80-1.88) and optical transmittance (85-87%). The PhC films also exhibit an angle-dependent blue/green photoluminescence switching, an electroluminescence efficiency enhancement by 150-250%, and an amplified spontaneous emission enhancement with ultralow waveguide loss coefficient (2.60 cm-1 ). Gridization of organic semiconductors offers promising opportunities for cross-scale morphology-directed molecular design in multifunctional organic mechatronics and intelligences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Lin
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jin'an Liu
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - He Zhang
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yue Qian
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shu Hu
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Lianjie Li
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shifeng Li
- College of Engineering and Applied Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chuanxiang Sheng
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shufen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jianping Shen
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Post and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huifang Liu
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Quanyou Feng
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Linghai Xie
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
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Abstract
Solution–processed organic solar cells (OSC) have been explored widely due to their low cost and convenience, and impressive power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) which have surpassed 18%. In particular, the optimization of film morphology, including the phase separation structure and crystallinity degree of donor and acceptor domains, is crucially important to the improvement in PCE. Considering that the film morphology optimization of many blends can be achieved by regulating the film–forming process, it is necessary to take note of the employment of solvents and additives used during film processing, as well as the film–forming conditions. Herein, we summarize the recent investigations about thin films and expect to give some guidance for its prospective progress. The different film morphologies are discussed in detail to reveal the relationship between the morphology and device performance. Then, the principle of morphology regulating is concluded with. Finally, a future controlling of the film morphology and development is briefly outlined, which may provide some guidance for further optimizing the device performance.
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Chou H, Hsu W, Yang Y, Schanze KS, Luo S, Chen C. Real‐Time Spectral Evolution of Interchain Coupling and Assembling during Solvent Vapor Annealing of Dispersed Conjugated Polymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- He‐Chun Chou
- Research Center for Applied Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Wei‐Chieh Hsu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Yajing Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Kirk S. Schanze
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Shyh‐Chyang Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Chi Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
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5
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Yeboah A, Sowah-Kuma D, Bu W, Paige MF. Single-Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Phase-Separated 10,12-Pentacosadynoic Acid Films. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:3953-3962. [PMID: 33826321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phase-separated monolayers of 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid and perfluorotetradecanoic acid can be photopolymerized to produce micrometer-sized, fluorescent polydiacetylene fibers at the air-solid interface. The photopolymer fibers were not uniformly fluorescent but rather showed a series of fluorescent spots along their lengths. The spots exhibited the classic properties of single-molecule fluorescence emission, including diffraction-limited size and fluorescence intermittency ("on-off blinking"). We have analyzed the fluorescence blinking dynamics of these spots using a variety of single-molecule analysis approaches, including fluorescence intensity histograms, autocorrelation analysis, as well as cross-correlation analysis as a function of distance between individual transition dipole moments, and propose a simple physical model for the fiber structure based on the observed blinking dynamics, in which the polymer fibers contain numerous structural defects. The model was supported by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction measurements of the mixed monolayer films at the air-water interface, in which it was observed that the presence of perfluorocarbon in the mixed monolayers significantly inhibited the ability of the 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid to polymerize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Yeboah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - David Sowah-Kuma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Wei Bu
- NSF's ChemMatCARS, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Matthew F Paige
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
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6
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Liu C, Hu W, Jiang H, Liu G, Han CC, Sirringhaus H, Boué F, Wang D. Chain Conformation and Aggregation Structure Formation of a High Charge Mobility DPP-Based Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymer. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenxian Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hanqiu Jiang
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Centre, Dongguan 523803, China
| | - Guoming Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Charles C. Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - François Boué
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, UMR 12 CEA-CNRS-UPSay,
CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Dujin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Chen PT, Yang YW, Reiter G, Yang ACM. Large quantum efficiency enhancements of pristine conjugated polymer MEH-PPV by interlayer polymer diffusion. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Hu S, Liao Y, Zhang Y, Yan X, Zhao Z, Chen W, Zhang X, Liu H, Li H, Li L, Sun M, Sheng C. Effect of Thermal Annealing on Conformation of MEH-PPV Chains in Polymer Matrix: Coexistence of H- and J-Aggregates. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12081771. [PMID: 32784767 PMCID: PMC7465953 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In diluted solid solution using poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or polystyrene (PS), both aggregated and extended conformations could be formed according to the weight ratio. Aggregated conformation in as-cast MEH-PPV/PMMA film presented a J-aggregate-like photoluminescence (PL) emission. After annealing at 160 °C, its PL showed characteristics of both J- and H-aggregates at the same time; however, extended conformation showed an oligomer-like emission, which was not sensitive to either measurement temperature or annealing temperature. Thus, the conformation transition between aggregated and extended is unlikely to happen in MEH-PPV/PMMA blends during thermal annealing. On the contrary, in MEH-PPV/PS blends, extended conformation dominated in as-cast film with oligomer-like emissions; after annealing at 160 °C, both J- and H- aggregate-like PL emissions were observed, indicating the conformation transitioned from extended to aggregated. Therefore, our work may suggest a new method to manipulate photophysical properties of conjugated polymers by combining appropriate host matrix and thermal annealing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Hu
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (S.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Yang Liao
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (S.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (S.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Xiaoliang Yan
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (S.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Zhenlu Zhao
- Beijing Spacecrafts, Beijing 100094, China; (Z.Z.); (W.C.); (X.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Beijing Spacecrafts, Beijing 100094, China; (Z.Z.); (W.C.); (X.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Xin Zhang
- Beijing Spacecrafts, Beijing 100094, China; (Z.Z.); (W.C.); (X.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Hongxing Liu
- Beijing Spacecrafts, Beijing 100094, China; (Z.Z.); (W.C.); (X.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Heng Li
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (S.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Li Li
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (S.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Ming Sun
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (S.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.L.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Chuanxiang Sheng
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (S.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.L.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (C.S.)
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Gurney RS, Lidzey DG, Wang T. A review of non-fullerene polymer solar cells: from device physics to morphology control. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 82:036601. [PMID: 30731432 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The rise in power conversion efficiency of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices over the last few years has been driven by the emergence of new organic semiconductors and the growing understanding of morphological control at both the molecular and aggregation scales. Non-fullerene OPVs adopting p-type conjugated polymers as the donor and n-type small molecules as the acceptor have exhibited steady progress, outperforming PCBM-based solar cells and reaching efficiencies of over 15% in 2019. This review starts with a refreshed discussion of charge separation, recombination, and V OC loss in non-fullerene OPVs, followed by a review of work undertaken to develop favorable molecular configurations required for high device performance. We summarize several key approaches that have been employed to tune the nanoscale morphology in non-fullerene photovoltaic blends, comparing them (where appropriate) to their PCBM-based counterparts. In particular, we discuss issues ranging from materials chemistry to solution processing and post-treatments, showing how this can lead to enhanced photovoltaic properties. Particular attention is given to the control of molecular configuration through solution processing, which can have a pronounced impact on the structure of the solid-state photoactive layer. Key challenges, including green solvent processing, stability and lifetime, burn-in, and thickness-dependence in non-fullerene OPVs are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Gurney
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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10
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Comparative solvent quality dependent crystallization in solvent vapor annealing of P3HT:PCBM thin films by in-situ GIWAXS. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Meng Y, Lou K, Qi R, Guo Z, Shin B, Liu G, Shan F. Nature-Inspired Capillary-Driven Welding Process for Boosting Metal-Oxide Nanofiber Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:20703-20711. [PMID: 29799183 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b05104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, semiconducting nanofiber networks (NFNs) have been considered as one of the most promising platforms for large-area and low-cost electronics applications. However, the high contact resistance among stacking nanofibers remained to be a major challenge, leading to poor device performance and parasitic energy consumption. In this report, a controllable welding technique for NFNs was successfully demonstrated via a bioinspired capillary-driven process. The interfiber connections were well-achieved via a cooperative concept, combining localized capillary condensation and curvature-induced surface diffusion. With the improvements of the interfiber connections, the welded NFNs exhibited enhanced mechanical property and high electrical performance. The field-effect transistors (FETs) based on the welded Hf-doped In2O3 (InHfO) NFNs were demonstrated for the first time. Meanwhile, the mechanisms involved in the grain-boundary modulation for polycrystalline metal-oxide nanofibers were discussed. When the high-k ZrO x dielectric thin films were integrated into the FETs, the field-effect mobility and operating voltage were further improved to be 25 cm2 V-1 s-1 and 3 V, respectively. This is one of the best device performances among the reported nanofibers-based FETs. These results demonstrated the potencies of the capillary-driven welding process and grain-boundary modulation mechanism for metal-oxide NFNs, which could be applicable for high-performance, large-scale, and low-power functional electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Byoungchul Shin
- Electronic Ceramics Center , DongEui University , Busan 614714 , Korea
| | - Guoxia Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province , Qingdao 266071 , China
| | - Fukai Shan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province , Qingdao 266071 , China
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12
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Lee SH, Ham S, Nam S, Aratani N, Osuka A, Sim E, Kim D. Investigation and Control of Single Molecular Structures of Meso- Meso Linked Long Porphyrin Arrays. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:5121-5125. [PMID: 29697978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated conformational structures of meso- meso linked porphyrin arrays (Z n) by single molecule fluorescence spectroscopy. Modulation depths ( M values) were measured by excitation polarization fluorescence spectroscopy. The M value decreases from 0.85 to 0.46 as the number of porphyrin units increases from 3 to 128, indicating that longer arrays exhibit coiled structures. Such conformational changes depending on the length have been confirmed by coarse-grained simulation. The histograms of M values and traces of centroid position of emitting sites by localization microscopy showed that the structures of longer arrays changed to more stretched after solvent vapor annealing with tetrahydrofuran.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Naoki Aratani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan
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13
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Abstract
The breaking of molecular symmetry through photoexcitation is a ubiquitous but rather elusive process, which, for example, controls the microscopic efficiency of light harvesting in molecular aggregates. A molecular excitation within a π-conjugated segment will self-localize due to strong coupling to molecular vibrations, locally changing bond alternation in a process which is fundamentally nondeterministic. Probing such symmetry breaking usually relies on polarization-resolved fluorescence, which is most powerful on the level of single molecules. Here, we explore symmetry breaking by designing a large, asymmetric acceptor-donor-acceptor (A1-D-A2) complex 10 nm in length, where excitation energy can flow from the donor, a π-conjugated oligomer, to either one of the two boron-dipyrromethene (bodipy) dye acceptors of different color. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) reveals a nondeterministic switching between the energy-transfer pathways from the oligomer to the two acceptor groups on the submillisecond timescale. We conclude that excitation energy transfer, and light harvesting in general, are fundamentally nondeterministic processes, which can be strongly perturbed by external stimuli. A simple demonstration of the relation between exciton localization within the extended π-system and energy transfer to the endcap is given by considering the selectivity of endcap emission through the polarization of the excitation light in triads with bent oligomer backbones. Bending leads to increased localization so that the molecule acquires bichromophoric characteristics in terms of its fluorescence photon statistics.
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14
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Yang J, Park H, Kaufman LJ. In Situ Optical Imaging of the Growth of Conjugated Polymer Aggregates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaesung Yang
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Heungman Park
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy Texas A&M University—Commerce Commerce TX 75429 USA
| | - Laura J. Kaufman
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
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15
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Tenopala-Carmona F, Fronk S, Bazan GC, Samuel IDW, Penedo JC. Real-time observation of conformational switching in single conjugated polymer chains. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaao5786. [PMID: 29487904 PMCID: PMC5817931 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao5786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) are an important class of organic semiconductors that combine novel optoelectronic properties with simple processing from organic solvents. It is important to study CP conformation in solution to understand the physics of these materials and because it affects the properties of solution-processed films. Single-molecule techniques are unique in their ability to extract information on a chain-to-chain basis; however, in the context of CPs, technical challenges have limited their general application to host matrices or semiliquid environments that constrain the conformational dynamics of the polymer. We introduce a conceptually different methodology that enables measurements in organic solvents using the single-end anchoring of polymer chains to avoid diffusion while preserving polymer flexibility. We explore the effect of organic solvents and show that, in addition to chain-to-chain conformational heterogeneity, collapsed and extended polymer segments can coexist within the same chain. The technique enables real-time solvent-exchange measurements, which show that anchored CP chains respond to sudden changes in solvent conditions on a subsecond time scale. Our results give an unprecedented glimpse into the mechanism of solvent-induced reorganization of CPs and can be expected to lead to a new range of techniques to investigate and conformationally manipulate CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Tenopala-Carmona
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Stephanie Fronk
- Department of Materials and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Department of Materials and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Ifor D. W. Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
| | - J. Carlos Penedo
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
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16
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Yang J, Park H, Kaufman LJ. In Situ Optical Imaging of the Growth of Conjugated Polymer Aggregates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1826-1830. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaesung Yang
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Heungman Park
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy Texas A&M University—Commerce Commerce TX 75429 USA
| | - Laura J. Kaufman
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
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17
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Eder T, Stangl T, Gmelch M, Remmerssen K, Laux D, Höger S, Lupton JM, Vogelsang J. Switching between H- and J-type electronic coupling in single conjugated polymer aggregates. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1641. [PMID: 29158508 PMCID: PMC5696370 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of conjugated polymers and electronic coupling of chromophores play a central role in the fundamental understanding of light and charge generation processes. Here we report that the predominant coupling in isolated aggregates of conjugated polymers can be switched reversibly between H-type and J-type coupling by partially swelling and drying the aggregates. Aggregation is identified by shifts in photoluminescence energy, changes in vibronic peak ratio, and photoluminescence lifetime. This experiment unravels the internal electronic structure of the aggregate and highlights the importance of the drying process in the final spectroscopic properties. The electronic coupling after drying is tuned between H-type and J-type by changing the side chains of the conjugated polymer, but can also be entirely suppressed. The types of electronic coupling correlate with chain morphology, which is quantified by excitation polarization spectroscopy and the efficiency of interchromophoric energy transfer that is revealed by the degree of single-photon emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Eder
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Stangl
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Max Gmelch
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klaas Remmerssen
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Laux
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sigurd Höger
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - John M Lupton
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jan Vogelsang
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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18
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Wu B, Zhang C, Fan H, Wang H, Jiang J, Wang L, Xu Q, Lu J. The Effect of Annealing Temperature on the Maintenance of the Intermediate Electrical Conductivity State of a Ternary-Polyamide-Based Memory Device. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Huiru Fan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Jun Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Lihua Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Qingfeng Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Jianmei Lu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
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19
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Wilhelm P, Vogelsang J, Poluektov G, Schönfelder N, Keller TJ, Jester S, Höger S, Lupton JM. Molecular Polygons Probe the Role of Intramolecular Strain in the Photophysics of π‐Conjugated Chromophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201610723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wilhelm
- Institut für Angewandte und Experimentelle Physik Universität Regensburg Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Jan Vogelsang
- Institut für Angewandte und Experimentelle Physik Universität Regensburg Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Georgiy Poluektov
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Nina Schönfelder
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Tristan J. Keller
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Stefan‐Sven Jester
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Sigurd Höger
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - John M. Lupton
- Institut für Angewandte und Experimentelle Physik Universität Regensburg Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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20
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Wilhelm P, Vogelsang J, Poluektov G, Schönfelder N, Keller TJ, Jester S, Höger S, Lupton JM. Molecular Polygons Probe the Role of Intramolecular Strain in the Photophysics of π‐Conjugated Chromophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1234-1238. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wilhelm
- Institut für Angewandte und Experimentelle Physik Universität Regensburg Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Jan Vogelsang
- Institut für Angewandte und Experimentelle Physik Universität Regensburg Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Georgiy Poluektov
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Nina Schönfelder
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Tristan J. Keller
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Stefan‐Sven Jester
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Sigurd Höger
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - John M. Lupton
- Institut für Angewandte und Experimentelle Physik Universität Regensburg Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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21
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Calver CF, Lago BA, Schanze KS, Cosa G. Enhancing the photostability of poly(phenylene ethynylene) for single particle studies. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:1821-1831. [DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00276a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced photostability of conjugated polyelectrolytes achieved by using anti-fading agents opens the way for advanced single molecule fluorescence imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. F. Calver
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS/CRMAA)
- McGill University
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - B. A. Lago
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS/CRMAA)
- McGill University
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - K. S. Schanze
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Texas at San Antonio
- San Antonio
- USA
| | - G. Cosa
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS/CRMAA)
- McGill University
- Montreal
- Canada
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22
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Würsch D, Hofmann FJ, Eder T, Aggarwal AV, Idelson A, Höger S, Lupton JM, Vogelsang J. Molecular Water Lilies: Orienting Single Molecules in a Polymer Film by Solvent Vapor Annealing. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4451-4457. [PMID: 27786495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The microscopic orientation and position of photoactive molecules is crucial to the operation of optoelectronic devices such as OLEDs and solar cells. Here, we introduce a shape-persistent macrocyclic molecule as an excellent fluorescent probe to simply measure (i) its orientation by rotating the excitation polarization and recording the strength of modulation in photoluminescence (PL) and (ii) its position in a film by analyzing the overall PL brightness at the molecular level. The unique shape, the absorption and the fluorescence properties of this probe yield information on molecular orientation and position. We control orientation and positioning of the probe in a polymer film by solvent vapor annealing (SVA). During the SVA process the molecules accumulate at the polymer/air interface, where they adopt a flat orientation, much like water lilies on the surface of a pond. The results are potentially significant for OLED fabrication and single-molecule spectroscopy (SMS) in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Würsch
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg , 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Felix J Hofmann
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg , 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Eder
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg , 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - A Vikas Aggarwal
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn , 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alissa Idelson
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn , 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sigurd Höger
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn , 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - John M Lupton
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg , 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jan Vogelsang
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg , 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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23
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Wise AJ, Grey JK. Understanding the Structural Evolution of Single Conjugated Polymer Chain Conformers. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8110388. [PMID: 30974664 PMCID: PMC6432208 DOI: 10.3390/polym8110388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Single molecule photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy of conjugated polymers has shed new light on the complex structure–function relationships of these materials. Although extensive work has been carried out using polarization and excitation intensity modulated experiments to elucidate conformation-dependent photophysics, surprisingly little attention has been given to information contained in the PL spectral line shapes. We investigate single molecule PL spectra of the prototypical conjugated polymer poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV) which exists in at least two emissive conformers and can only be observed at dilute levels. Using a model based on the well-known “Missing Mode Effect” (MIME), we show that vibronic progression intervals for MEH-PPV conformers can be explained by relative contributions from particular skeletal vibrational modes. Here, observed progression intervals do not match any ground state Raman active vibrational frequency and instead represent a coalescence of multiple modes in the frequency domain. For example, the higher energy emitting “blue” MEH-PPV form exhibits PL maxima at ~18,200 cm−1 with characteristic MIME progression intervals of ~1200–1350 cm−1, whereas the lower energy emitting “red” form peaks at ~17,100 cm−1 with intervals in the range of ~1350–1450 cm−1. The main differences in blue and red MEH-PPV chromophores lie in the intra-chain order, or, planarity of monomers within a chromophore segment. We demonstrate that the Raman-active out-of-plane C–H wag of the MEH-PPV vinylene group (~966 cm−1) has the greatest influence in determining the observed vibronic progression MIME interval. Namely, larger displacements (intensities)—indicating lower intra-chain order—lower the effective MIME interval. This simple model provides useful insights into the conformational characteristics of the heterogeneous chromophore landscape without requiring costly and time-consuming low temperature or single molecule Raman capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Wise
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - John K Grey
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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24
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Chen Y, Zhan C, Yao J. Understanding Solvent Manipulation of Morphology in Bulk-Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:2620-2632. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science; CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry; Institution of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Chuanlang Zhan
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science; CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry; Institution of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science; CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry; Institution of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
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25
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Jeon I, Delacou C, Nakagawa T, Matsuo Y. Enhancement of Open-Circuit Voltage by Using the 58-π Silylmethyl Fullerenes in Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:1268-72. [PMID: 26840629 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201501400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The application of 58-π-1,4-bis(silylmethyl)[60]fullerenes, C60 (CH2 SiMe2 Ph)(CH2 SiMe2 Ar) (Ar=Ph and 2-methoxylphenyl for SIMEF-1 and SIMEF-2, respectively), in small-molecule organic solar cells with a diketopyrrolopyrrole donor (3,6-bis[5-(benzofuran-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl]-2,5-bis(2-ethylhexyl)pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione (DPP(TBFu)2 )) is demonstrated. With the 58-π-silylmethyl fullerene acceptor, SIMEF-1, the devices showed the highest efficiency of 4.57 % with an average of 4.10 %. They manifested an improved open-circuit voltage (1.03 V) owing to the high-lying LUMO level of SIMEF-1, while maintaining a high short-circuit density (9.91 mA cm(-2) ) through controlling the crystallinity of DPP by thermal treatment. On the other hand, despite even higher open-circuit voltage (1.05 V), SIMEF-2-based devices showed lower performances of 3.53 %, owing to a low short-circuit current density (8.33 mA cm(-2) ) and fill factor (0.40) arising from the asymmetric structure, which results in a lower mobility and immiscibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Clément Delacou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takafumi Nakagawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yutaka Matsuo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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26
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Patil Y, Misra R, Sharma A, Sharma GD. D–A–D–π–D–A–D type diketopyrrolopyrrole based small molecule electron donors for bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:16950-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02700h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two organic small molecules based on diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) units having a D–A–D–π–D–A–D structure denoted as DPP-DPP and DPPTDPP were synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuvraj Patil
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Indore (MP) 452020
- India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Indore (MP) 452020
- India
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
- The LNM Institute of Information Technology (Deemed University)
- Jaipur (Raj.)
- India
| | - Ganesh D. Sharma
- Department of Physics
- The LNM Institute of Information Technology (Deemed University)
- Jaipur (Raj.)
- India
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27
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Park H, Hoang DT, Paeng K, Yang J, Kaufman LJ. Conformation-Dependent Photostability among and within Single Conjugated Polymers. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:7604-7609. [PMID: 26438977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between photostability and conformation of 2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene (MEH-PPV) conjugated polymers was studied via excitation polarization modulation depth (M) measurements. Upon partial photobleaching, M distributions of collapsed, highly ordered MEH-PPV molecules shifted toward lower values. Conversely, M distributions of MEH-PPV molecules with random coil conformations moved toward higher values after partial photobleaching. Monte Carlo simulations of randomly distributed dipole moments along polymer chains subjected to partial photobleaching revealed that a statistical effect leads to an increase in peak M value. Decreases in M values seen experimentally in the population of MEH-PPV molecules with high M values, however, are due to conformation-dependent photostability within single MEH-PPV polymers. We show that, while folded MEH-PPV molecules are relatively more photostable than extended MEH-PPV molecules in an ensemble, extended portions of particular molecules are more photostable than folded domains within single MEH-PPV molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heungman Park
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dat Tien Hoang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Keewook Paeng
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Laura J Kaufman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
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28
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Hannon AF, Bai W, Alexander-Katz A, Ross CA. Simulation methods for solvent vapor annealing of block copolymer thin films. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:3794-3805. [PMID: 25850069 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00324e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in modelling the solvent vapor annealing of thin film block copolymers is examined in the context of a self-consistent field theory framework. Key control variables in determining the final microdomain morphologies include swelling ratio or swollen film solvent volume fraction, swollen film thickness, substrate and vapor atmosphere surface energies, effective volume fraction, and effective Flory-Huggins interaction parameter. The regime of solvent vapor annealing studied is where the block copolymer has a high enough Flory-Huggins parameter that ordered structures form during swelling and are then trapped in the system through quenching. Both implicit and explicit consideration of the solvent vapor is considered to distinguish the cases in which solvent vapor leads to a non-bulk morphology. Block-selective solvents are considered based on the experimental systems of polystyrene-b-polydimethylsiloxane annealed with toluene and heptane. The results of these simulations are compared with these experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Hannon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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29
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Jadhav T, Misra R, Biswas S, Sharma GD. Bulk heterojunction organic solar cells based on carbazole–BODIPY conjugate small molecules as donors with high open circuit voltage. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:26580-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04807a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The power conversion efficiency of an optimized3a:PC71BM active layer based device is 5.05%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaksen Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore
- India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore
- India
| | - S. Biswas
- Department of Physics
- LNMIIT
- Jaipur
- India
| | - Ganesh D. Sharma
- R and D Center for Science and Engineering
- JEC Group of Colleges
- Jaipur
- India
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30
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Karam P, Hariri AA, Calver CF, Zhao X, Schanze KS, Cosa G. Interaction of anionic phenylene ethynylene polymers with lipids: from membrane embedding to liposome fusion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:10704-10711. [PMID: 25115171 DOI: 10.1021/la502572u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Here we report spectroscopic studies on the interaction of negatively charged, amphiphilic polyphenylene ethynylene (PPE) polymers with liposomes prepared either from negative, positive or zwitterionic lipids. Emission spectra of PPEs of 7 and 49 average repeat units bearing carboxylate terminated side chains showed that the polymer embeds within positively charged lipids where it exists as free chains. No interaction was observed between PPEs and negatively charged lipids. Here the polymer remained aggregated giving rise to broad emission spectra characteristic of the aggregate species. In zwitterionic lipids, we observed that the majority of the polymer remained aggregated yet a small fraction readily embedded within the membrane. Titration experiments revealed that saturation of zwitterionic lipids with polymer typically occurred at a polymer repeat unit to lipid mole ratio close to 0.05. No further membrane embedding was observed above that point. For liposomes prepared from positively charged lipids, saturation was observed at a PPE repeat unit to lipid mole ratio of ∼0.1 and liposome precipitation was observed above this point. FRET studies showed that precipitation was preceded by lipid mixing and liposome fusion induced by the PPEs. This behavior was prominent for the longer polymer and negligible for the shorter polymer at a repeat unit to lipid mole ratio of 0.05. We postulate that fusion is the consequence of membrane destabilization whereby the longer polymer gives rise to more extensive membrane deformation than the shorter polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Karam
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS/CRMAA), McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
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31
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Choi B, Song S, Jeong SM, Chung SH, Glushchenko A. Electrically tunable birefringence of a polymer composite with long-range orientational ordering of liquid crystals. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:18027-18035. [PMID: 25089422 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.018027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report an optical film with electrically tunable birefringence in which the liquid crystals (LCs), mixed with the host polymer, form long-range ordering. The film was prepared through polymerization without phase separation between the LCs and polymers. Driving voltage below 30 V for full switching of birefringence is achieved in a 6 μm-thick film. Electro-optical investigations for the film suggest that the long-range ordering of the LCs mixed in the film caused by polymerization lead to rotations of the LCs as well as optical anisotropy in the film. These films with electrically tunable birefringence could have applications as flexible light modulators and phase retardation films for 2D-3D image switching.
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32
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Zhu X, Plunkett KN. Controlled Regioregularity in Oligo(2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylenes. J Org Chem 2014; 79:7093-102. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501266g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinju Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Kyle N. Plunkett
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
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33
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Fernández D, Viterisi A, Ryan JW, Gispert-Guirado F, Vidal S, Filippone S, Martín N, Palomares E. Small molecule BHJ solar cells based on DPP(TBFu)2 and diphenylmethanofullerenes (DPM): linking morphology, transport, recombination and crystallinity. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:5871-5878. [PMID: 24752496 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr06801c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of alkyl chains in substituted diphenylmethano[70]fullerenes (C70-DPM) on the device characteristics of DPP(TBFu)2 small molecule-based bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cell devices is investigated. By measuring charge carrier mobilities as well as the morphology and crystallinity of each device we have been able to understand and explain the differences found between solar cells made with the different C70-DPM fullerenes despite the general lack of simple relationships between the molecular structure, orbital level positioning and power conversion efficiency. Our study then concludes with some general rules for the future design of acceptors for DPP(TBFu)2 containing photoactive layers in the search for efficient organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fernández
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans, 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
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34
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Jackson NE, Heitzer HM, Savoie BM, Reuter MG, Marks TJ, Ratner MA. Emergent Properties in Locally Ordered Molecular Materials. Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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35
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Influence of Molecular Conformations and Microstructure on the Optoelectronic Properties of Conjugated Polymers. MATERIALS 2014; 7:2273-2300. [PMID: 28788568 PMCID: PMC5453253 DOI: 10.3390/ma7032273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly obvious that the molecular conformations and the long-range arrangement that conjugated polymers can adopt under various experimental conditions in bulk, solutions or thin films, significantly impact their resulting optoelectronic properties. As a consequence, the functionalities and efficiencies of resulting organic devices, such as field-effect transistors, light-emitting diodes, or photovoltaic cells, also dramatically change due to the close structure/property relationship. A range of structure/optoelectronic properties relationships have been investigated over the last few years using various experimental and theoretical methods, and, further, interesting correlations are continuously revealed by the scientific community. In this review, we discuss the latest findings related to the structure/optoelectronic properties interrelationships that exist in organic devices fabricated with conjugated polymers in terms of charge mobility, absorption, photoluminescence, as well as photovoltaic properties.
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36
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Qian Q, Wang J, Yan F, Wang Y. A Photo-annealing Approach for Building Functional Polymer Layers on Paper. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Qian Q, Wang J, Yan F, Wang Y. A Photo-annealing Approach for Building Functional Polymer Layers on Paper. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:4465-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Structure and Morphology Control in Thin Films of Conjugated Polymers for an Improved Charge Transport. Polymers (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/polym5041272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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39
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Hu Z, Adachi T, Lee YG, Haws RT, Hanson B, Ono RJ, Bielawski CW, Ganesan V, Rossky PJ, Vanden Bout DA. Effect of the side-chain-distribution density on the single-conjugated-polymer-chain conformation. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:4143-8. [PMID: 24243782 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The spatial arrangement of the side chains of conjugated polymer backbones has critical effects on the morphology and electronic and photophysical properties of the corresponding bulk films. The effect of the side-chain-distribution density on the conformation at the isolated single-polymer-chain level was investigated with regiorandom (rra-) poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and poly(3-hexyl-2,5-thienylene vinylene) (P3HTV). Although pure P3HTV films are known to have low fluorescence quantum efficiencies, we observed a considerable increase in fluorescence intensity by dispersing P3HTV in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), which enabled a single-molecule spectroscopy investigation. With single-molecule fluorescence excitation polarization spectroscopy, we found that rra-P3HTV single molecules form highly ordered conformations. In contrast, rra-P3HT single molecules, display a wide variety of different conformations from isotropic to highly ordered, were observed. The experimental results are supported by extensive molecular dynamics simulations, which reveal that the reduced side-chain-distribution density, that is, the spaced-out side-chain substitution pattern, in rra-P3HTV favors more ordered conformations compared to rra-P3HT. Our results demonstrate that the distribution of side chains strongly affects the polymer-chain conformation, even at the single-molecule level, an aspect that has important implications when interpreting the macroscopic interchain packing structure exhibited by bulk polymer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjian Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin TX, 78712 (USA)
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40
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Lee P, Li WC, Chen BJ, Yang CW, Chang CC, Botiz I, Reiter G, Lin TL, Tang J, Yang ACM. Massive enhancement of photoluminescence through nanofilm dewetting. ACS NANO 2013; 7:6658-6666. [PMID: 23888931 DOI: 10.1021/nn4009752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to the rather low efficiencies of conjugated polymers in solid films, their successful applications are scarce. However, recently several experiments indicated that a proper control of molecular conformations and stresses acting on the polymers may provide constructive ways to boost efficiency. Here, we report an amazingly large enhancement of photoluminescence as a consequence of strong shear forces acting on the polymer chains during nanofilm dewetting. Such sheared chains exhibited an emission probability many times higher than the nonsheared chains within a nondewetted film. This increase in emission probability was accompanied by the emergence of an additional blue-shifted emission peak, suggesting reductions in conjugation length induced by the dewetting-driven mass redistribution. Intriguingly, exciton quenching on narrow-band-gap substrates was also reduced, indicating suppression of vibronic interactions of excitons. Dewetting and related shearing processes resulting in enhanced photoluminescence efficiency are compatible with existing fabrication methods of polymer-based diodes and solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwei Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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41
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Thomsson D, Camacho R, Tian Y, Yadav D, Sforazzini G, Anderson HL, Scheblykin IG. Cyclodextrin insulation prevents static quenching of conjugated polymer fluorescence at the single molecule level. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:2619-2627. [PMID: 23463732 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201203272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) are promising materials for fluorescence imaging application. However, a significant problem in this field is the unexplained abnormally low fluorescence brightness (or number of fluorescence photons detected per one excitation photon) exhibited by most of CP single chains in solid polymer hosts. Here it is shown that this detrimental effect can be fully avoided for short chains of polyfluorene-bis-vinylphenylene (PFBV) embedded in a host polymer matrix of PMMA, if the conjugated backbone is insulated by cyclodextrin rings to form a polyrotaxane (PFBV-Rtx). Fluorescence kinetics and quantum yields are measured for the polymers in liquid solutions, pristine films, and solid PMMA blends. The fluorescence brightness of PFBV-Rtx single chains dispersed in a solid PMMA is very close to that expected for a chain with 100% fluorescence quantum yield, while the unprotected PFBV chains of the same length possess 4 times lower brightness. Despite this, the fluorescence decay kinetics are the same for both polymers, suggesting the presence of static or ultrafast fluorescence quenching in the unprotected polymer. About 80% of an unprotected PFBV chain is estimated to be completely quenched. The hypothesis is that the cyclodextrin rings prevent the quenching by working as 'bumpers' reducing the mechanical forces applied by the host polymer to the conjugated backbone and help retaining its conformational freedom. While providing a recipe for making CP fluorescence bright at the single-molecule level, these results identify a lack of fundamental understanding in the community of the influence of the environment on excited states in conjugated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Thomsson
- Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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42
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Wang D, Yuan Y, Mardiyati Y, Bubeck C, Koynov K. From Single Chains to Aggregates, How Conjugated Polymers Behave in Dilute Solutions. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4011523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Wang
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz,
Germany
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz,
Germany
| | - Yati Mardiyati
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz,
Germany
| | - Christoph Bubeck
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz,
Germany
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz,
Germany
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43
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Dalgarno PA, Traina CA, Penedo JC, Bazan GC, Samuel IDW. Solution-Based Single Molecule Imaging of Surface-Immobilized Conjugated Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:7187-93. [DOI: 10.1021/ja311874f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher A. Traina
- Department of Materials
and Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Centre for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California
93106, United States
| | | | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Department of Materials
and Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Centre for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California
93106, United States
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44
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Hao XT, Hirvonen LM, Smith TA. Nanomorphology of polythiophene–fullerene bulk-heterojunction films investigated by structured illumination optical imaging and time-resolved confocal microscopy. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2013; 1:015004. [DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/1/1/015004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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45
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Hu Z, Liu J, Simón-Bower L, Zhai L, Gesquiere AJ. Influence of Backbone Rigidness on Single Chain Conformation of Thiophene-Based Conjugated Polymers. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:4461-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp308497k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjian Hu
- NanoScience
Technology Center, Department
of Chemistry and CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics,
12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Jianhua Liu
- NanoScience
Technology Center, Department
of Chemistry and CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics,
12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Lauren Simón-Bower
- NanoScience
Technology Center, Department
of Chemistry and CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics,
12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Lei Zhai
- NanoScience
Technology Center, Department
of Chemistry and CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics,
12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Andre J. Gesquiere
- NanoScience
Technology Center, Department
of Chemistry and CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics,
12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
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46
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Bolinger JC, Traub MC, Brazard J, Adachi T, Barbara PF, Vanden Bout DA. Conformation and energy transfer in single conjugated polymers. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:1992-2001. [PMID: 22775295 DOI: 10.1021/ar300012k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the detailed understanding of inorganic materials, researchers lack a comprehensive view of how the properties of bulk organic materials arise from their individual components. For conjugated polymers to eventually serve as low cost semiconductor layers in electronic devices, researchers need to better understand their functionality. For organics, traditional materials science measurements tend to destroy the species of interest, especially at low concentrations. However, fluorescence continues to be a remarkably flexible, relatively noninvasive tool for probing the properties of individual molecules and allows researchers to carry out a broad range of experiments based on a relatively simple concept. In addition, the sensitivity of single-molecule spectroscopy allows researchers to see the properties of an individual component that would be masked in the bulk phase. In this Account, we examine several photophysical properties of different conjugated polymers using single-molecule spectroscopy. In these experiments, we probed the relationship between the conformation of single conjugated polymer chains and the distance scale and efficiency of energy transfer within the polymer. Recent studies used polarization anisotropy measurements on single polymer chains to study chain folding following spin-casting from solution. This Account summarizes the effects of monomer regioregularity and backbone rigidity, by comparing a regiorandom phenylene vinylene (MEH-PPV) with both a regiorandom and regioregular thiophene (P3HT). Synthesis of novel polymers allowed us to explore the role of different conformation-directing inclusions in a PPV backbone. We showed that these inclusions control the conformation of individual chains and that molecular dynamics can predict these structural effects. In situ solvent vapor annealing studies explored the dynamics of polymer chains as well as the effect of solvent evaporation on the structural equilibrium of the polymer. We observed that a slower rate of solvent evaporation results in a narrow population of highly ordered polymer chains. These highly ordered single chains serve as a model system to probe the effect of conformation on energy transfer following excitation in single MEH-PPV polymer chains in two distinct experiments. In the first, we correlated the anisotropy of the fluorescence emission of individual chains with the anisotropy of their fluorescence excitation. Using this data, we derived a model for energy transfer in a conjugated polymer, simulating chromophores along a chain, coupled via Förster energy transfer. In the second experiment, super-resolution measurements demonstrated the ability of single-molecule spectroscopy to directly visualize energy transfer along a polymer chain embedded in a model device environment. A capacitive device allowed for controlled localization of hole polarons onto the polymer chain. These positive charges subsequently quenched local excitations, providing insight into the range of energy transfer in these single polymer molecules. As researchers continue to characterize conjugated polymer films and develop methods for creating multichain systems, single-molecule techniques will provide a greater understanding of how polymer morphology influences interchain interactions and will lead to a richer description of the electronic properties of bulk conjugated polymer films.
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47
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Ogi S, Sugiyasu K, Takeuchi M. Synthesis and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Properties of an Alternating Donor-Acceptor Copolymer Featuring Orthogonally Arrayed Transition Dipoles along the Polymer Backbone. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:1199-1203. [PMID: 35607195 DOI: 10.1021/mz300363j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We have synthesized a new entity of polymer structures composed of π-conjugated molecules: alternating donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymers featuring orthogonally arrayed transition dipoles along the polymer backbone. Such a unique structure could lead to novel functional fluorescent materials; therefore, we examined fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) properties of the D-A copolymers using absorption, fluorescence, and fluorescence lifetime measurements based on the principle of FRET. The results suggested that the orthogonal and alternating D-A copolymer could potentially lead to a new FRET system in which the efficiency is sensitive to the polymer conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Ogi
- Organic Materials Group, Polymer Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sugiyasu
- Organic Materials Group, Polymer Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takeuchi
- Organic Materials Group, Polymer Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
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48
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Lampert ZE, Reynolds CL, Papanikolas JM, Aboelfotoh MO. Controlling Morphology and Chain Aggregation in Semiconducting Conjugated Polymers: The Role of Solvent on Optical Gain in MEH-PPV. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:12835-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jp304199u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zach E. Lampert
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7919,
United States
| | - C. Lewis Reynolds
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7919,
United States
| | - John M. Papanikolas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - M. Osama Aboelfotoh
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7919,
United States
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49
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Gotrik KW, Hannon AF, Son JG, Keller B, Alexander-Katz A, Ross CA. Morphology control in block copolymer films using mixed solvent vapors. ACS NANO 2012; 6:8052-9. [PMID: 22928726 DOI: 10.1021/nn302641z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Solvent vapor annealing of block copolymer thin films can produce a range of morphologies different from the equilibrium bulk morphology. By systematically varying the flow rate of two different solvent vapors (toluene and n-heptane) and an inert gas, phase maps showing the morphology versus vapor pressure of the solvents were constructed for 45 kg/mol polystyrene-block-polydimethylsiloxane diblock copolymer films of different thicknesses. The final morphology was correlated with the swelling of the block copolymer and homopolymer films and the solvent vapor annealing conditions. Self-consistent field theory is used to model the effects of solvent swelling. These results provide a framework for predicting the range of morphologies available under different solvent vapor conditions, which is important in lithographic applications where precise control of morphology and critical dimensions are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Gotrik
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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50
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Li Y, Liu J, Liu B, Tomczak N. Highly emissive PEG-encapsulated conjugated polymer nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:5694-5702. [PMID: 22878417 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr31267k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel bioimaging probe based on a conjugated polymer, poly(9,9-dihexylfluorene-alt-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole) (PFBD), is demonstrated. Transfer of the hydrophobic polymer into water using a short chain poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) resulted in conjugated polymer nanoparticles (PEG-PFBD) with a fluorescence quantum yield of 46%. The PEG-PFBD nanoparticles possessed several desirable structural and photophysical properties, such as colloidal stability in a broad range of pH values, sub-20 nm particle size, the presence of surface chemical functionality, as well as desirable excitation and emission spectra, for bioimaging applications. PEG-PFBD nanoparticles were conjugated with cyclic RGDfK targeting peptide for labeling of membrane α(V)β(3) integrin receptors on live HT-29 adenocarcinoma cells. Single nanoparticle microscopy revealed that the PEG-capped PFBD nanoparticles exhibit at least ten times higher emitted photon counts than single quantum dots (QD655) of comparable size. In addition, Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) of single PEG-PFBD nanoparticles revealed that the nanoparticles display a clearly resolvable single nanoparticle fluorescence lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiong Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602
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