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Lehtonen A. Metal Complexes of Redox Non-Innocent Ligand N, N'-Bis(3,5-di- tertbutyl-2-hydroxy-phenyl)-1,2-phenylenediamine. Molecules 2024; 29:1088. [PMID: 38474599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Redox non-innocent ligands react with metal precursors to form complexes where the oxidation states of the ligand and thus the metal atom cannot be easily defined. A well-known example of such ligands is bis(o-aminophenol) N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tertbutyl-2-hydroxy-phenyl)-1,2-phenylenediamine, previously developed by the Wieghardt group, which has a potentially tetradentate coordination mode and four distinct protonation states, whereas its electrochemical behavior allows for five distinct oxidation states. This rich redox chemistry, as well as the ability to coordinate to various transition metals, has been utilized in the syntheses of metal complexes with M2L, ML and ML2 stoichiometries, sometimes supported with other ligands. Different oxidation states of the ligand can adopt different coordination modes. For example, in the fully oxidized form, two N donors are sp2-hybridized, which makes the ligand planar, whereas in the fully reduced form, the sp3-hybridized N donors allow the formation of more flexible chelate structures. In general, the metal can be reduced during complexation, but redox processes of the isolated complexes typically occur on the ligand. Combination of this non-innocent ligand with redox-active transition metals may lead to complexes with interesting magnetic, electrochemical, photonic and catalytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Lehtonen
- Intelligent Materials Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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2
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Landaeta VR, Horsley Downie TM, Wolf R. Low-Valent Transition Metalate Anions in Synthesis, Small Molecule Activation, and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1323-1463. [PMID: 38354371 PMCID: PMC10906008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
This review surveys the synthesis and reactivity of low-oxidation state metalate anions of the d-block elements, with an emphasis on contributions reported between 2006 and 2022. Although the field has a long and rich history, the chemistry of transition metalate anions has been greatly enhanced in the last 15 years by the application of advanced concepts in complex synthesis and ligand design. In recent years, the potential of highly reactive metalate complexes in the fields of small molecule activation and homogeneous catalysis has become increasingly evident. Consequently, exciting applications in small molecule activation have been developed, including in catalytic transformations. This article intends to guide the reader through the fascinating world of low-valent transition metalates. The first part of the review describes the synthesis and reactivity of d-block metalates stabilized by an assortment of ligand frameworks, including carbonyls, isocyanides, alkenes and polyarenes, phosphines and phosphorus heterocycles, amides, and redox-active nitrogen-based ligands. Thereby, the reader will be familiarized with the impact of different ligand types on the physical and chemical properties of metalates. In addition, ion-pairing interactions and metal-metal bonding may have a dramatic influence on metalate structures and reactivities. The complex ramifications of these effects are examined in a separate section. The second part of the review is devoted to the reactivity of the metalates toward small inorganic molecules such as H2, N2, CO, CO2, P4 and related species. It is shown that the use of highly electron-rich and reactive metalates in small molecule activation translates into impressive catalytic properties in the hydrogenation of organic molecules and the reduction of N2, CO, and CO2. The results discussed in this review illustrate that the potential of transition metalate anions is increasingly being tapped for challenging catalytic processes with relevance to organic synthesis and energy conversion. Therefore, it is hoped that this review will serve as a useful resource to inspire further developments in this dynamic research field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Wolf
- University of Regensburg, Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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Han J, Grofe A, Gao J. Variational Energy Decomposition Analysis of Charge-Transfer Interactions between Metals and Ligands in Carbonyl Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:14060-14071. [PMID: 34460236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Variational energy decomposition analyses have been presented to quantify the σ-dative, ligand-to-metal forward charge transfer (CT) and the π-conjugative, metal-to-ligand backward charge delocalization on a series of isolelectronic transition-metal carbonyl complexes M(CO)6, including M = Ti2-, V-, Cr, Mn+, and Fe2+. Although the qualitative features of these energy terms are understood, well-defined quantitative studies have been scarce. Consistent with early findings, electrostatic and Pauli exchange effects play a key role in σ-donation, resulting in blue shifts in ligand vibrational frequency in the complex geometries. Excluding chemical bonding interactions between the CO ligand and the metal fragments in the energy decomposition analysis, we found that loosely bound electrostatic complexes can be formed at a longer metal-to-ligand distance due to the exponential decay of Pauli exchange. In all complexes, the overall binding stabilization can be attributed to CT effects, with opposing trends between σ-donation and π-back bonding that follows an order of Ti2- (4.4) > V1- (2.6) > Cr (1.5) > Mn1+ (1.1) > Fe2+ (0.5) in π-to-σ CT ratio. These electronic and energetic features are mirrored in the vibrational frequency shifts induced by different factors. The present investigation may help stimulate the use of energy decomposition techniques to understand the structure and activity of metallocatalysts using density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Han
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130023, China
| | - Adam Grofe
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130023, China.,Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiali Gao
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Beijing University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Jach F, Wagner FR, Amber ZH, Rüsing M, Hunger J, Prots Y, Kaiser M, Bobnar M, Jesche A, Eng LM, Ruck M, Höhn P. Tricyanidoferrate(−IV) und ‐ruthenate(−IV) mit redox‐aktiven Cyanido‐Liganden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Jach
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe Nöthnitzer Straße 40 01187 Dresden Deutschland
- Fakultät für Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie Technische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Frank R. Wagner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe Nöthnitzer Straße 40 01187 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Zeeshan H. Amber
- Institut für Angewandte Physik Technische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Michael Rüsing
- Institut für Angewandte Physik Technische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Jens Hunger
- Fakultät für Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie Technische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Yurii Prots
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe Nöthnitzer Straße 40 01187 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Martin Kaiser
- Fakultät für Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie Technische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Matej Bobnar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe Nöthnitzer Straße 40 01187 Dresden Deutschland
- J. Stefan Institut Jamova 39 1000 Ljubljana Slowenien
| | - Anton Jesche
- Institut für Physik Universität Augsburg Universitätsstraße 1 86159 Augsburg Deutschland
| | - Lukas M. Eng
- Institut für Angewandte Physik Technische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Deutschland
- Würzburg-Dresden Exzellenzcluster ct.qmat Technische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Michael Ruck
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe Nöthnitzer Straße 40 01187 Dresden Deutschland
- Fakultät für Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie Technische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Deutschland
- Würzburg-Dresden Exzellenzcluster ct.qmat Technische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Peter Höhn
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe Nöthnitzer Straße 40 01187 Dresden Deutschland
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Jach F, Wagner FR, Amber ZH, Rüsing M, Hunger J, Prots Y, Kaiser M, Bobnar M, Jesche A, Eng LM, Ruck M, Höhn P. Tricyanidoferrates(-IV) and Ruthenates(-IV) with Non-Innocent Cyanido Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15879-15885. [PMID: 33938602 PMCID: PMC8362014 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Exceptionally electron‐rich, nearly trigonal‐planar tricyanidometalate anions [Fe(CN)3]7− and [Ru(CN)3]7− were stabilized in LiSr3[Fe(CN)3] and AE3.5[M(CN)3] (AE=Sr, Ba; M=Fe, Ru). They are the first examples of group 8 elements with the oxidation state of −IV. Microcrystalline powders were obtained by a solid‐state route, single crystals from alkali metal flux. While LiSr3[Fe(CN)3] crystallizes in P63/m, the polar space group P63 with three‐fold cell volume for AE3.5[M(CN)3] is confirmed by second harmonic generation. X‐ray diffraction, IR and Raman spectroscopy reveal longer C−N distances (124–128 pm) and much lower stretching frequencies (1484–1634 cm−1) than in classical cyanidometalates. Weak C−N bonds in combination with strong M−C π‐bonding is a scheme also known for carbonylmetalates. Instead of the formal notation [Fe−IV(CN−)3]7−, quantum chemical calculations reveal non‐innocent intermediate‐valent CN1.67− ligands and a closed‐shell d10 configuration for Fe, that is, Fe2−.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Jach
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Strasse 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank R Wagner
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Strasse 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Zeeshan H Amber
- Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Rüsing
- Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Hunger
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yurii Prots
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Strasse 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Kaiser
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matej Bobnar
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Strasse 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany.,current address: J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anton Jesche
- Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstrasse 1, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Lukas M Eng
- Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.,Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Ruck
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Strasse 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.,Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Höhn
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Strasse 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kaim
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70550 Stuttgart Germany
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Kaim W, Das A, Fiedler J, Záliš S, Sarkar B. NO and NO2 as non-innocent ligands: A comparison. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Valdez-Moreira JA, Thorarinsdottir AE, DeGayner JA, Lutz SA, Chen CH, Losovyj Y, Pink M, Harris TD, Smith JM. Strong π-Backbonding Enables Record Magnetic Exchange Coupling Through Cyanide. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17092-17097. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Valdez-Moreira
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | | | - Jordan A. DeGayner
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sean A. Lutz
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Chun-Hsing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Yaroslav Losovyj
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Maren Pink
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - T. David Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jeremy M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Abstract
Redox-active unsaturated chelate ligands can be realised with different ring sizes of the resulting metallacycles. An overview is presented, starting from an exposition of non-innocent behaviour and chelate effects. A systematic approach is used to describe the most familiar situation, the metal complexes of 1,4-hetero-1,3-dienes in established forms (e.g. o-quinone, α-dithiolene, and α-diimine ligands) and with less common combinations of O, S, and N heteroatoms. The different steric and electronic conditions in six-membered chelate ring systems derived from the β-diketonate structure will be discussed with examples of substituted and π extended ligands, including 9-oxidophenalenyl, formazanate, and anions derived from indigo or 9,10-anthraquinone. Four-membered chelate rings existing in at least two ligand-based oxidation states are available through steric and electronic stabilisation in amidinate or triazenide complexes. Three-membered and seven-membered chelate ring situations are discussed briefly as further alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kaim
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Kaim W. Electron Transfer Reactivity of Organometallic Compounds Involving Radical-Forming Noninnocent Ligands. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INDIA SECTION A-PHYSICAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40010-016-0304-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Kaim W. Complete and Partial Electron Transfer Involving Coordinated NOx. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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A review of complexes of ambivalent and ambiphilic Lewis acid/bases with symmetry signatures and an alternative notation for these non-innocent ligands. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Bonhomme C, Gervais C, Laurencin D. Recent NMR developments applied to organic-inorganic materials. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 77:1-48. [PMID: 24411829 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, the latest developments in solid state NMR are presented in the field of organic-inorganic (O/I) materials (or hybrid materials). Such materials involve mineral and organic (including polymeric and biological) components, and can exhibit complex O/I interfaces. Hybrids are currently a major topic of research in nanoscience, and solid state NMR is obviously a pertinent spectroscopic tool of investigation. Its versatility allows the detailed description of the structure and texture of such complex materials. The article is divided in two main parts: in the first one, recent NMR methodological/instrumental developments are presented in connection with hybrid materials. In the second part, an exhaustive overview of the major classes of O/I materials and their NMR characterization is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bonhomme
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, UMR CNRS 7574, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Christel Gervais
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, UMR CNRS 7574, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Danielle Laurencin
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier, UMR5253, CNRS UM2 UM1 ENSCM, CC1701, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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Grupp A, Bubrin M, Ehret F, Kvapilová H, Záliš S, Kaim W. Oxidation and reduction response of α-diimine complexes with tricarbonylrhenium halides and pseudohalides. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Mingos DMP. Ambivalent Lewis Acid/Bases with Symmetry Signatures and Isolobal Analogies. NITROSYL COMPLEXES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, BIOCHEMISTRY AND MEDICINE II 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2013_120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Historical Introduction to Nitrosyl Complexes. NITROSYL COMPLEXES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, BIOCHEMISTRY AND MEDICINE I 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2013_116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Twists and turns: Studies of the complexes and properties of bimetallic complexes featuring phenylene ethynylene and related bridging ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Agarwala H, Scherer TM, Maji S, Mondal TK, Mobin SM, Fiedler J, Urbanos FA, Jiménez-Aparicio R, Kaim W, Lahiri GK. Correspondence of RuIIIRuII and RuIVRuIII Mixed Valent States in a Small Dinuclear Complex. Chemistry 2012; 18:5667-75. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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