1
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Mando M, Grellepois F, Blanc A, Hénon E, Riguet E. Toward Efficient and Stereoselective Aromatic and Dearomative Cope Rearrangements: Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of α-Allyl-α'-Aromatic γ-Lactone Derivatives. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304138. [PMID: 38284279 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The aromatic Cope rearrangement is an elusive transformation that has been the subject of a limited number of investigations compared to those seemingly close analogues, namely the Cope and aromatic Claisen rearrangement. Herein we report our investigations inspired by moderate success observed in the course of pioneering works. By careful experimental and theoretical investigations, we demonstrate that key substitutions on 1,5-hexadiene scaffold allow fruitful transformations. Especially, efficient functionalisation of the heteroaromatic rings results from the aromatic Cope rearrangement, while highly stereoselective interrupted aromatic Cope rearrangements highlight the formation of chiral compounds through a dearomative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Mando
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 7312, 51097, Reims, France
| | - Fabienne Grellepois
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 7312, 51097, Reims, France
| | - Aurélien Blanc
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS90032, 67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Hénon
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 7312, 51097, Reims, France
| | - Emmanuel Riguet
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 7312, 51097, Reims, France
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2
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Wei Y, Wang G, Zhang Z, Li M, Ma N, Wu H, Zhang G. Cope Rearrangement of 1-Acyl-2-vinylcyclopropanes to Cyclohept-4-Enones. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38166204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Cycloheptenones are widespread in natural products and bioactive molecules. An efficient and convenient NaH-mediated Cope Rearrangement of doubly activated vinylcyclopropanes is reported for the synthesis of cyclohepten-4-ones. These flexible intramolecular reactions were applicable to a wide range of substrates and could be performed on gram scale. The derivatization of the product leads to short and highly efficient synthesis of some useful functional molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhe Wei
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Mengjuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Nana Ma
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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3
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Soualmia F, Guillot A, Sabat N, Brewee C, Kubiak X, Haumann M, Guinchard X, Benjdia A, Berteau O. Exploring the Biosynthetic Potential of TsrM, a B 12 -dependent Radical SAM Methyltransferase Catalyzing Non-radical Reactions. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200627. [PMID: 35253932 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
B12 -dependent radical SAM enzymes are an emerging enzyme family with approximately 200,000 proteins. These enzymes have been shown to catalyze chemically challenging reactions such as methyl transfer to sp2- and sp3-hybridized carbon atoms. However, to date we have little information regarding their complex mechanisms and their biosynthetic potential. Here we show, using X-ray absorption spectroscopy, mutagenesis and synthetic probes that the vitamin B12 -dependent radical SAM enzyme TsrM catalyzes not only C- but also N-methyl transfer reactions further expanding its synthetic versatility. We also demonstrate that TsrM has the unique ability to directly transfer a methyl group to the benzyl core of tryptophan, including the least reactive position C4. Collectively, our study supports that TsrM catalyzes non-radical reactions and establishes the usefulness of radical SAM enzymes for novel biosynthetic schemes including serial alkylation reactions at particularly inert C-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feryel Soualmia
- Micalis Institute, ChemSyBio, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Alain Guillot
- Micalis Institute, ChemSyBio, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nazarii Sabat
- UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Clémence Brewee
- Micalis Institute, ChemSyBio, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Xavier Kubiak
- Micalis Institute, ChemSyBio, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Michael Haumann
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xavier Guinchard
- UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alhosna Benjdia
- Micalis Institute, ChemSyBio, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Olivier Berteau
- Micalis Institute, ChemSyBio, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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4
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De S, Tomiczek BM, Yang Y, Ko K, Ghiviriga I, Roitberg A, Grenning AJ. Diastereoselective Indole-Dearomative Cope Rearrangements by Compounding Minor Driving Forces. Org Lett 2022; 24:3726-3730. [PMID: 35576941 PMCID: PMC10112279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reported herein is the discovery of a diastereoselective indole-dearomative Cope rearrangement. A suite of minor driving forces promote dearomatization: (i) steric congestion in the starting material, (ii) alkylidene malononitrile and stilbene conjugation events in the product, and (iii) an unexpected intramolecular π-π* stack on the product side of the equilibrium. The key substrates are rapidly assembled from simple starting materials, resulting in many successful examples. The products are structurally complex and bear vicinal stereocenters generated by the dearomative Cope rearrangement. They also contain a variety of functional groups for interconversion to complex architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip De
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
| | - Breanna M Tomiczek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
| | - Yinuo Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
| | - Kenneth Ko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
| | - Adrian Roitberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
| | - Alexander J Grenning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
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5
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Hu F, Li X, Ding Z, Wang L, Ge C, Xu L, Li SS. Divergent Synthesis of [3,4]-Fused 3-Alkenyl-Oxindoles via Propargyl Alcohol-Triggered C(sp3)–H Functionalization. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhi Hu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xinyao Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Zhanshuai Ding
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Liang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chunyan Ge
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Lubin Xu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Shuai-Shuai Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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7
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Abstract
Reviewed herein is the aromatic Cope rearrangement, a Cope rearrangement where one (or both) of the alkenes of the 1,5-diene are part of a greater aromatic system. While the Cope rearrangement of 1,5-dienes has seen wide utility, variation, and application in chemical synthesis, the aromatic Cope rearrangement, comparatively, has not. This review summarizes the ∼40 papers dating back to 1956 on this topic and is divided into the following sections: (1) introduction, including kinetic and thermodynamic challenges of the aromatic Cope rearrangement, and (2) key substrate features, of which there are four general types: (i) α-allyl-α-aryl malonates (and related substrates), (ii) 1-aryl-2-vinylcyclopropanes, and (iii) anion-accelerated aromatic oxy-Cope substrates, and (iv) the concept of synchronized aromaticity. Ultimately, we hope this review will draw attention to a potentially valuable transformation for arene functionalization that warrants further studies and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna M Tomiczek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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8
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Li X, Kutta RJ, Jandl C, Bauer A, Nuernberger P, Bach T. Photochemically Induced Ring Opening of Spirocyclopropyl Oxindoles: Evidence for a Triplet 1,3‐Diradical Intermediate and Deracemization by a Chiral Sensitizer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Li
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Roger J. Kutta
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Christian Jandl
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Patrick Nuernberger
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
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9
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Li X, Kutta RJ, Jandl C, Bauer A, Nuernberger P, Bach T. Photochemically Induced Ring Opening of Spirocyclopropyl Oxindoles: Evidence for a Triplet 1,3-Diradical Intermediate and Deracemization by a Chiral Sensitizer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21640-21647. [PMID: 32757341 PMCID: PMC7756555 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The photochemical deracemization of spiro[cyclopropane‐1,3′‐indolin]‐2′‐ones (spirocyclopropyl oxindoles) was studied. The corresponding 2,2‐dichloro compound is configurationally labile upon direct irradiation at λ=350 nm and upon irradiation at λ=405 nm in the presence of achiral thioxanthen‐9‐one as the sensitizer. The triplet 1,3‐diradical intermediate generated in the latter reaction was detected by transient absorption spectroscopy and its lifetime determined (τ=22 μs). Using a chiral thioxanthone or xanthone, with a lactam hydrogen bonding site as a photosensitizer, allowed the deracemization of differently substituted chiral spirocyclopropyl oxindoles with yields of 65–98 % and in 50–85 % ee (17 examples). Three mechanistic contributions were identified to co‐act favorably for high enantioselectivity: the difference in binding constants to the chiral thioxanthone, the smaller molecular distance in the complex of the minor enantiomer, and the lifetime of the intermediate 1,3‐diradical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Li
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Roger J Kutta
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Jandl
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Patrick Nuernberger
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
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10
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Xiong C, Cheng K, Wang J, Yang F, Lu J, Zhou Q. Iodine-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Spirovinylcyclopropyl Oxindoles to Form Spiro-1,2-dioxolanes Diastereoselectively. J Org Chem 2020; 85:9386-9395. [PMID: 32527084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel method of iodine-catalyzed aerobic oxidation with spirovinylcyclopropyl oxindoles under mild conditions has been described. A series of spiro-1,2-dioxolanes were prepared in good to excellent yields and considerable diastereoselectivities. The new approach is operationally simple, scalable, and tolerant of various functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Organic Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Kunpeng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Organic Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jiahua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Organic Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Fulai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Organic Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jinrong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Organic Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Qingfa Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Organic Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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12
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Li SS, Zhu S, Chen C, Duan K, Liu Q, Xiao J. Hydride Transfer Involved Redox-Neutral Cascade Cyclizations for Construction of Spirocyclic Bisoxindoles Featuring a [3,4]-Fused Oxindole Moiety. Org Lett 2019; 21:1058-1062. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b04100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Shuai Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Shuai Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chunqi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Kang Duan
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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13
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Kalepu J, Gandeepan P, Ackermann L, Pilarski LT. C4-H indole functionalisation: precedent and prospects. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4203-4216. [PMID: 29780550 PMCID: PMC5944383 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc05336c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
C4-decorated indoles feature in a plethora of bioactive and functional compounds of importance to natural product synthesis, material sciences, as well as crop protection and pharmaceutical industries. Traditionally, their syntheses largely involved harsh stoichiometric metalations and radical reactions. However, transition metal catalysed C-H activation has recently evolved into a powerful strategy for the late-stage diversification of indoles at the C4-H position. Modern photoredox, enzymatic and precious transition metal catalysis represent the key stimuli for developing challenging C-C and C-Het bond forming transformations under mild reaction conditions. Herein, we discuss the evolution and application of these methods for the step-economical transformations of otherwise inert C4-H bonds up to December 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Kalepu
- Department of Chemistry - BMC , Uppsala University , Box 576 , 75-123 Uppsala , Sweden . ; https://www.pilarskigroup.org/
| | - Parthasarathy Gandeepan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 2 , 37077 Goettingen , Germany .
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 2 , 37077 Goettingen , Germany .
| | - Lukasz T Pilarski
- Department of Chemistry - BMC , Uppsala University , Box 576 , 75-123 Uppsala , Sweden . ; https://www.pilarskigroup.org/
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14
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Cruz FA, Zhu Y, Tercenio QD, Shen Z, Dong VM. Alkyne Hydroheteroarylation: Enantioselective Coupling of Indoles and Alkynes via Rh-Hydride Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:10641-10644. [PMID: 28742333 PMCID: PMC6824589 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report an enantioselective coupling between alkynes and indoles. A Rh-hydride catalyst isomerizes alkynes to generate a metal-allyl species that can be trapped with both aromatic and heteroaromatic nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faben A. Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Yamin Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | | | - Zengming Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Vy M. Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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15
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Lv J, Wang B, Yuan K, Wang Y, Jia Y. Regioselective Direct C-4 Functionalization of Indole: Total Syntheses of (-)-Agroclavine and (-)-Elymoclavine. Org Lett 2017. [PMID: 28641012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An efficient rhodium-catalyzed method for direct C-H functionalization at the C4 position of unprotected indoles has been developed. The utility of this method is demonstrated by the concise total syntheses of agroclavine and elymoclavine in a divergent manner. These syntheses feature a Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation reaction to assemble the triyclic indole moiety, and a ring-closing metathesis reaction to form the D ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kuo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanxing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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16
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Rodriguez KX, Kaltwasser N, Toni TA, Ashfeld BL. Rearrangement of an Intermediate Cyclopropyl Ketene in a Rh II-Catalyzed Formal [4 + 1]-Cycloaddition Employing Vinyl Ketenes as 1,4-Dipoles and Donor-Acceptor Metallocarbenes. Org Lett 2017; 19:2482-2485. [PMID: 28453284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A RhII-catalyzed formal [4 + 1]-cycloaddition approach toward spirooxindole cyclopentenones is described. The diastereoselective cyclopropanation of vinyl ketenes with diazooxindoles as C1 synthons initiated a relatively mild formal [1,3]-migration of an intermediate cyclopropyl ketene to provide spirooxindoles in good to excellent yields (36-99%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin X Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Nicolai Kaltwasser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Tiffany A Toni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Brandon L Ashfeld
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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17
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Murphy KE, Bocanegra JL, Liu X, Chau HYK, Lee PC, Li J, Schneebeli ST. Precise through-space control of an abiotic electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14840. [PMID: 28378788 PMCID: PMC5382318 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature has evolved selective enzymes for the efficient biosynthesis of complex products. This exceptional ability stems from adapted enzymatic pockets, which geometrically constrain reactants and stabilize specific reactive intermediates by placing electron-donating/accepting residues nearby. Here we perform an abiotic electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, which is directed precisely through space. Ester arms-positioned above the planes of aromatic rings-enable it to distinguish between nearly identical, neighbouring reactive positions. Quantum mechanical calculations show that, in two competing reaction pathways, both [C-H···O]-hydrogen bonding and electrophile preorganization by coordination to a carbonyl group likely play a role in controlling the reaction. These through-space-directed mechanisms are inspired by dimethylallyl tryptophan synthases, which direct biological electrophilic aromatic substitutions by preorganizing dimethylallyl cations and by stabilizing reactive intermediates with [C-H···N]-hydrogen bonding. Our results demonstrate how the third dimension above and underneath aromatic rings can be exploited to precisely control electrophilic aromatic substitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle E Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - Jessica L Bocanegra
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - H-Y Katharine Chau
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - Patrick C Lee
- Department of Materials Science, The University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.,Department of Materials Science, The University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - Severin T Schneebeli
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.,Department of Materials Science, The University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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18
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Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Huang G, Zhang G. Organoiodine reagent-promoted intermolecular oxidative amination: synthesis of cyclopropyl spirooxindoles. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00156h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An organoiodine-promoted intramolecular direct oxidative C(sp2)–N cross-coupling reaction was developed for the preparation of cyclopropyl spirooxindoles from readily available secondary cyclopropyl carboxamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Normal University
| | - Yongchao Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Normal University
| | - Guoqing Huang
- Handan Purification Equipment Research Institute
- Handan
- P. R. China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Normal University
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19
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Qi WJ, Han Y, Yan CG. Diastereoselective synthesis of functionalized spiro[cyclopropane-1,3′-indolines] and spiro[indoline-3,1′-cyclopropane-2′,3″-indolines]. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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20
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Müller JM, Stark CBW. Diastereodivergent Reverse Prenylation of Indole and Tryptophan Derivatives: Total Synthesis of Amauromine, Novoamauromine, and epi-Amauromine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4798-802. [PMID: 26969898 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A regio- and stereoselective reverse prenylation of indole and tryptophan derivatives is presented. All four possible stereoisomers are accessible through this iridium-catalyzed reaction. The stereoselectivity is controlled by a chiral phosphoramidite ligand in combination with an achiral borane additive and can be switched by changing the nature of the borane. One enantiomer of the ligand is thus sufficient to prepare all possible isomers. The synthetic potential of this method was demonstrated by a short total synthesis of amauromine and its two natural diastereomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas M Müller
- Fachbereich Chemie, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian B W Stark
- Fachbereich Chemie, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
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21
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Müller JM, Stark CBW. Diastereodivergente inverse Prenylierung von Indol‐ und Tryptophan‐Derivaten: Totalsynthese von Amauromin, Novoamauromin und
epi
‐Amauromin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas M. Müller
- Fachbereich Chemie Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Hamburg Martin-Luther-King Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Deutschland
| | - Christian B. W. Stark
- Fachbereich Chemie Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Hamburg Martin-Luther-King Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Deutschland
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22
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Chi Y, Qiu L, Xu X. Highly enantioselective synthesis of spirocyclopropyloxindoles via a Rh(ii)-catalyzed asymmetric cyclopropanation reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:10357-10361. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02160c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An asymmetric cyclopropanation reaction of N-Boc diazooxindoles is described with good to excellent enantioselectivities, especially with alkyl alkenes (>90% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Chi
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province; College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- P. R. China
| | - Lihua Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province; College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- P. R. China
| | - Xinfang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province; College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- P. R. China
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23
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Fan A, Winkelblech J, Li SM. Impacts and perspectives of prenyltransferases of the DMATS superfamily for use in biotechnology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7399-415. [PMID: 26227408 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6813-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prenylated compounds are ubiquitously found in nature and demonstrate interesting biological and pharmacological activities. Prenyltransferases catalyze the attachment of prenyl moieties from different prenyl donors to various acceptors and contribute significantly to the structural and biological diversity of natural products. In the last decade, significant progress has been achieved for the prenyltransferases of the dimethylallyltryptophan synthase (DMATS) superfamily. More than 40 members of these soluble enzymes are identified in microorganisms and characterized biochemically. These enzymes were also successfully used for production of a large number of prenylated derivatives. N1-, C4-, C5-, C6-, and C7-prenylated tryptophan and N1-, C2-, C3-, C4-, and C7-prenylated tryptophan-containing peptides were obtained by using DMATS enzymes as biocatalysts. Tyrosine and xanthone prenyltransferases were used for production of prenylated derivatives of their analogs. More interestingly, the members of the DMATS superfamily demonstrated intriguing substrate and catalytic promiscuity and also used structurally quite different compounds as prenyl acceptors. Prenylated hydroxynaphthalenes, flavonoids, indolocarbazoles, and acylphloroglucinols, which are typical bacterial or plant metabolites, were produced by using several fungal DMATS enzymes. Furthermore, the potential usage of these enzymes was further expanded by using natural or unnatural DMAPP analogs as well as by coexpression with other genes like NRPS and by development of whole cell biocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Fan
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstrasse 17A, D-35037, Marburg, Germany
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24
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Abstract
Covering: up to 2014. Prenylated indole alkaloids comprise a large and structurally diverse family of natural products that often display potent biological activities. In recent years a large family of prenyltransferases that install prenyl groups onto the indole core have been discovered. While the vast majority of these enzymes are evolutionarily related and share a common protein fold, they are remarkably versatile in their ability to catalyze reverse and normal prenylations at all positions on the indole ring. This highlight article will focus on recent studies of the mechanisms utilized by indole prenyltransferases. While all of the prenylation reactions may follow a direct electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism, studies of structure and reactivity suggest that in some cases prenylation may first occur at the nucleophilic C-3 position, and subsequent rearrangements then generate the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin E Tanner
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z1, British Columbia, Canada.
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25
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Chen X, Xie Y, Xiao X, Li G, Deng Y, Jiang H, Zeng W. Rh(iii)-catalyzed chelation-assisted intermolecular carbenoid functionalization of α-imino Csp3–H bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:15328-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06428g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A Rh(iii)-catalyzed cross-coupling/cyclization cascade of α-imino Csp3–H bonds with donor/acceptor α-acyl diazocarbonyl compounds has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Ying Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Xinsheng Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Analysis and Testing Center
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Yuanfu Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Wei Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
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26
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Cao B, Mei LY, Li XG, Shi M. Palladium-catalyzed asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition to construct 1,3-indandione and oxindole-fused spiropyrazolidine scaffolds. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19838k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile and versatile Pd/L8-catalyzed asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition of 3-diazooxindoles with a new vinylcyclopropane to construct spiropyrazolidine derivatives has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Liang-Yong Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Xiao-Ge Li
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Min Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
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27
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Bunescu A, Piou T, Wang Q, Zhu J. Pd-Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Aryl–Aryl Bond Formation via Double C(sp2)–H Bond Activation: Efficient Synthesis of [3,4]-Fused Oxindoles. Org Lett 2014; 17:334-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol503442n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ala Bunescu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and
Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH
5304, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tiffany Piou
- Laboratory of Synthesis and
Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH
5304, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and
Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH
5304, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and
Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH
5304, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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28
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Thandavamurthy K, Sharma D, Porwal SK, Ray D, Viswanathan R. Regioselective Cope Rearrangement and Prenyl Transfers on Indole Scaffold Mimicking Fungal and Bacterial Dimethylallyltryptophan Synthases. J Org Chem 2014; 79:10049-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501651z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Thandavamurthy
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Millis Science Center Room 214, 2074 Adelbert Road, Cleveland Ohio 44106-7078, United States
| | - Deepti Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Millis Science Center Room 214, 2074 Adelbert Road, Cleveland Ohio 44106-7078, United States
| | - Suheel K. Porwal
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Millis Science Center Room 214, 2074 Adelbert Road, Cleveland Ohio 44106-7078, United States
| | - Dale Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Millis Science Center Room 214, 2074 Adelbert Road, Cleveland Ohio 44106-7078, United States
| | - Rajesh Viswanathan
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Millis Science Center Room 214, 2074 Adelbert Road, Cleveland Ohio 44106-7078, United States
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29
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Mei LY, Tang XY, Shi M. One-Pot Tandem Diastereoselective and Enantioselective Synthesis of Functionalized Oxindole-Fused Spiropyrazolidine Frameworks. Chemistry 2014; 20:13136-42. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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30
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Bartoccini F, Casoli M, Mari M, Piersanti G. Synthesis of (±)-cis-Clavicipitic Acid by a Rh(I)-Catalyzed Intramolecular Imine Reaction. J Org Chem 2014; 79:3255-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500245s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bartoccini
- Department of Biomolecular
Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del
Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Mariangela Casoli
- Department of Biomolecular
Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del
Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Michele Mari
- Department of Biomolecular
Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del
Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Giovanni Piersanti
- Department of Biomolecular
Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del
Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
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31
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Krüger S, Gaich T. Recent applications of the divinylcyclopropane-cycloheptadiene rearrangement in organic synthesis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:163-93. [PMID: 24605138 PMCID: PMC3943923 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the application of the divinylcyclopropane–cycloheptadiene rearrangement in synthetic organic chemistry. A brief overview of the new mechanistic insights concerning the title reaction is provided as well as a condensed account on the biological relevance of the topic. Heteroatom variants of this rearrangement are covered briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Krüger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tanja Gaich
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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32
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Gritsch PJ, Stempel E, Gaich T. Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclohepta[b]indoles: Gram-Scale Synthesis of (S)-SIRT1-Inhibitor IV. Org Lett 2013; 15:5472-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol4026217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp J. Gritsch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Erik Stempel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tanja Gaich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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33
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Abstract
The indole prenyltransferases are a family of metal-independent enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a prenyl group from dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) onto the indole ring of a tryptophan residue. These enzymes are remarkable in their ability to direct the prenyl group in either a “normal” or “reverse” fashion to positions with markedly different nucleophilicity. The enzyme 4-dimethylallyltryptophan synthase (4-DMATS) prenylates the non-nucleophilic C-4 position of the indole ring in free tryptophan. Evidence is presented in support of a mechanism that involves initial ion pair formation followed by a reverse prenylation at the nucleophilic C-3 position. A Cope rearrangement then generates the C-4 normal prenylated intermediate and deprotonation rearomatizes the indole ring. The enzyme tryprostatin B synthase (FtmPT1) catalyzes the normal C-2 prenylation of the indole ring in brevianamide F (cyclo-L-Trp-L-Pro). It shares high structural homology with 4-DMATS, and evidence is presented in favor of an initial C-3 prenylation (either normal or reverse) followed by carbocation rearrangements to give product. The concept of a common intermediate that partitions to different products via rearrangements can help to explain how these evolutionarily related enzymes can prenylate different positions on the indole ring.
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34
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Piou T, Bunescu A, Wang Q, Neuville L, Zhu J. Palladium-Catalyzed Through-Space C(sp3)H and C(sp2)H Bond Activation by 1,4-Palladium Migration: Efficient Synthesis of [3,4]-Fused Oxindoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Piou T, Bunescu A, Wang Q, Neuville L, Zhu J. Palladium-catalyzed through-space C(sp(3))-H and C(sp(2))-H bond activation by 1,4-palladium migration: efficient synthesis of [3,4]-fused oxindoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12385-9. [PMID: 24105995 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Palladium two step: Linear anilides were converted into the title compounds in good to excellent yields through a palladium-catalyzed domino carbopalladation/1,4-palladium shift sequence. The C(sp(3) )-H activation involves a seven-membered palladacycle, and is chemoselective in the presence of competitive C(sp(2) )H bonds. DMA=N,N-dimethylacetamide, OPiv=pivalate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Piou
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304, 1015 Lausanne (Switzerland) http://lspn.epfl.ch
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36
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Mahmoodi N, Tanner ME. Potential rearrangements in the reaction catalyzed by the indole prenyltransferase FtmPT1. Chembiochem 2013; 14:2029-37. [PMID: 24014462 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The indole prenyltransferase FtmPT1 catalyzes the C-2 normal prenylation of brevianamide F (cyclo-L-Trp-L-Pro) to give tryprostatin B. A previous structural analysis and studies with alternate substrates suggest that the reaction might not proceed through a direct C-2 attack, but could involve a C-3 prenylation followed by a rearrangement. In this work we investigated the reactivity of FtmPT1 with tryptophan, 5-hydroxybrevianamide, and 2-methylbrevianamide, and isolated products that had been reverse prenylated at C-3 and normal prenylated at N-1, C-3, or C-4. The formation of these products can be rationalized through mechanisms involving either an initial C-3 normal or C-3 reverse prenylation. In addition, we demonstrate that a C-3 reverse prenylated indole can undergo a nonenzymatic aza-Cope rearrangement at 37 °C to give an N-1 normal prenylated product. Together, these studies broaden the known product scope of this interesting catalyst and suggest that alternative mechanisms might be operating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niusha Mahmoodi
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1 (Canada)
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37
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Liu Q, Li Q, Ma Y, Jia Y. Direct Olefination at the C-4 Position of Tryptophan via C–H Activation: Application to Biomimetic Synthesis of Clavicipitic Acid. Org Lett 2013; 15:4528-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ol4020877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China, and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qingjiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China, and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongfan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China, and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanxing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China, and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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38
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Rudolf JD, Wang H, Poulter CD. Multisite prenylation of 4-substituted tryptophans by dimethylallyltryptophan synthase. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:1895-902. [PMID: 23301871 PMCID: PMC3593668 DOI: 10.1021/ja310734n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aromatic prenyltransferase dimethylallyltryptophan synthase in Claviceps purpurea catalyzes the normal prenylation of tryptophan at C4 of the indole nucleus in the first committed step of ergot alkaloid biosynthesis. 4-Methyltryptophan is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme that has been used in kinetic studies. Upon investigation of background activity during incubations of 4-methyltryptophan with dimethylallyl diphosphate, we found that the analogue was an alternate substrate, which gave four products. The structures of three of these compounds were established by (1)H NMR and 2D NMR studies and revealed that dimethylallyltryptophan synthase catalyzed both normal and reverse prenylation at C3 of the indole ring and normal prenylation of N1. Similarly, 4-methoxytryptophan was an alternate substrate, giving normal prenylation at C5 as the major product. 4-Aminotryptophan, another alternate substrate, gave normal prenylation at C5 and C7. The ability of dimethylallyltryptophan synthase to prenylate at five different sites on the indole nucleus, with normal and reverse prenylation at one of the sites, is consistent with a dissociative electrophilic alkylation of the indole ring, where orientation of the substrates within the active site and substituent electronic effects determine the position and type of prenylation. These results suggest a common mechanism for prenylation of tryptophan by all of the members of the structurally related dimethylallyltryptophan synthase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | | | - C. Dale Poulter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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39
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Zhao PJ, Yang YL, Du L, Liu JK, Zeng Y. Elucidating the Biosynthetic Pathway for Vibralactone: A Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitor with a Fused Bicyclic β-Lactone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Zhao PJ, Yang YL, Du L, Liu JK, Zeng Y. Elucidating the Biosynthetic Pathway for Vibralactone: A Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitor with a Fused Bicyclic β-Lactone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:2298-302. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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