1
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Watanabe K, Pati NN, Inokuma Y. Contracted porphyrins and calixpyrroles: synthetic challenges and ring-contraction effects. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6994-7009. [PMID: 38756809 PMCID: PMC11095365 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02028f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Ring-contracted porphyrin analogues, such as subporphyrins and calix[3]pyrroles, have recently attracted considerable attention not only as challenging synthetic targets but also as functional macrocyclic compounds. Although canonical porphyrins and calix[4]pyrrole are selectively generated via acid-catalyzed condensation reactions of pyrrole monomers, their tripyrrolic analogues are always missing under similar conditions. Recent progress in synthesis has shown that strain-controlled approaches using boron(iii)-templating, core-modification, or ring tightening provide access to various contracted porphyrins. The tripyrrolic macrocycles are a new class of functional macrocycles exhibiting unique ring-contraction effects, including strong boron chelation and strain-induced ring expansion. This Perspective reviews recent advances in synthetic strategies and the novel ring-contraction effects of subporphyrins, triphyrins(2.1.1), calix[3]pyrroles, and their analogous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Watanabe
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Kita 13, Nishi 8 Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Narendra Nath Pati
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0021 Japan
| | - Yasuhide Inokuma
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Kita 13, Nishi 8 Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0021 Japan
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2
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Lv X, Morimoto H, Liu N, Kuzuhara D, Aratani N, Yamada H, Qiu F, Xue S. Bent Dithienoporphyrin(2.1.2.1): Synthesis, Structure, Optical and Electronic Properties, and Metal Complexation. J Org Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hirofumi Morimoto
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ningchao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Daiki Kuzuhara
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka 020-8551, Japan
| | - Naoki Aratani
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Fengxian Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Songlin Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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3
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Gu X, Helili S, Kerim A. A Study on the Aromaticity and Main Conjugation Pathways of Triphyrin(2.1.1) and its Heteroanalogues. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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Kaur G, Ravikanth M. Synthesis of the β-dipyrrinyl triphyrin(2.1.1) ligand and its coordination complexes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:6399-6409. [PMID: 35388850 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00563h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized β-formylphenyl triphyrin(2.1.1) was prepared by coupling β-bromo triphyrin(2.1.1) with 4-formylphenyl boronic acid under Pd(0) coupling conditions. β-Formylphenyl triphyrin(2.1.1) was treated with excess pyrrole under acid catalyzed conditions in CH2Cl2 to obtain dipyrramethanyl triphyrin(2.1.1), which was subjected to oxidation by treating it with DDQ to obtain the desired ligand, β-dipyrrinyl triphyrin(2.1.1). The dipyrrinyl unit of triphyrin(2.1.1) can act as a bidentate ligand to form interesting coordination complexes. Thus, the dipyrrinyl triphyrin(2.1.1) ligand was treated with BF3·(OEt)2 as well as metal salts such as [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2, Pd(acac)2 and Zn(CH3COO)2 to obtain BODIPY-triphyrin(2.1.1), Pd(II)dipyrrin-triphyrin(2.1.1), Ru(II)-dipyrrin-triphyrin(2.1.1) and bis(Zn dipyrrin)-triphyrin(2.1.1) conjugates in good yields. The ligand and all four conjugates were freely soluble in common organic solvents and thoroughly characterized and studied by HR-MS, 1D & 2D NMR spectroscopy, absorption, cyclic voltammetry and DFT/TD-DFT studies. The optimized structures indicated that the triphyrin(2.1.1) and BODIPY/metal dipyrrin units in the conjugates were oriented w.r.t each other with an angle in the range of 25.18°-77.55°. The spectral studies indicated that the two moieties in the conjugates interact weakly and retain their individual characteristics, whereas electrochemical studies revealed their electron deficient nature. The TD-DFT studies were in agreement with the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Mangalampalli Ravikanth
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
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5
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Lavarda G, Labella J, Martínez-Díaz MV, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Osuka A, Torres T. Recent advances in subphthalocyanines and related subporphyrinoids. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9482-9619. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Subporphyrinoids constitute a class of extremely versatile and attractive compounds. Herein, a comprehensive review of the most recent advances in the fundamentals and applications of these cone-shaped aromatic macrocycles is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lavarda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Labella
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Victoria Martínez-Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Salomé Rodríguez-Morgade
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Sinha A, Kumar A, Ravikanth M. Synthesis, Structure, Spectral, and Anion Sensing Studies of an Aromatic meso-Fused Boron(III) Benzitriphyrin(2.1.1) Complex. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:18094-18102. [PMID: 34752072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An aromatic tricoordinated organo B(III) complex of benzitriphyrin(2.1.1) was synthesized by treating the nonaromatic phlorin analogue of meso-fused benzitriphyrin(2.1.1) with BCl3 in triethylamine/toluene and refluxing for 2 h. The X-ray structure revealed that B(III) was in a trigonal-planar geometry and was coordinated to two nitrogen atoms and one carbon. Insertion of the small B(III) ion into the meso-fused phlorin analogue resulted in transforming the nonaromatic phlorin analogue to an aromatic B(III) benzitriphyrin(2.1.1) complex. Spectral and electrochemical studies supported the aromatic nature of the B(III) complex of benzitriphyrin(2.1.1). Theoretical studies supported the major contribution of the 18π delocalization pathway toward the aromatic nature of the B(III) meso-fused benzitriphyrin(2.1.1) in comparison to the 22π delocalization pathway. The B(III) benzitriphyrin(2.1.1) complex acts as a specific colorimetric and fluorogenic F-/CN- ion sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avisikta Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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7
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Das M, Singh D, Chitranshi S, Murugavel M, Srinivasan A. N‐Confused Pyritriphyrin: A New Class of Triphyrin and Its Calixphyrin Analogue. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Das
- School of chemical sciences National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI Bhubaneswar 752050 Odisha India
| | - Deepak Singh
- School of chemical sciences National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI Bhubaneswar 752050 Odisha India
| | - Sangya Chitranshi
- School of chemical sciences National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI Bhubaneswar 752050 Odisha India
| | - M. Murugavel
- School of chemical sciences National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI Bhubaneswar 752050 Odisha India
| | - A. Srinivasan
- School of chemical sciences National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI Bhubaneswar 752050 Odisha India
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8
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Chong SG, Yoneda T, Ide Y, Neya S. Reversible Redox System of 2-Oxypyritriphyrin(1.2.1) Accompanying Interconversion between 3-Pyridone and 3-Hydroxypyridine Units. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:1077-1080. [PMID: 33713547 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To develop a system in which a π-conjugation circuit switched by a redox reaction between 3-pyridone and 3-hydroxypyridine, a ring-contracted analog of oxypyriporphyrin, 2-oxypyritriphyrin(1.2.1) was synthesized for the first time. 2-Oxypyritriphyrin(1.2.1) contains a 14π aromatic conjugation circuit with the keto-form of the 3-oxypyridine ring. When 2-oxypyritriphyrin was treated with NaBH4 , not only the 3-oxypyridine group, but also the meso-carbons were also reduced to give a colorless porphyrinogen analog. The reduced compound could be oxidized again to provide 2-oxypyritripyhrin in a reversible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Gi Chong
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoneda
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yuki Ide
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Saburo Neya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
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9
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Bartkowski K, Pawlicki M. (Aza)Acenes Share the C2 Bridge with (Anti)Aromatic Macrocycles: Local vs. Global Delocalization Paths. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Bartkowski
- Department of Chemistry University of Wrocław F. Joliot-Curie 14 50383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Department of Chemistry University of Wrocław F. Joliot-Curie 14 50383 Wrocław Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry Jagiellonian University Gronostajowa 2 30387 Kraków Poland
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10
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Bartkowski K, Pawlicki M. (Aza)Acenes Share the C2 Bridge with (Anti)Aromatic Macrocycles: Local vs. Global Delocalization Paths. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9063-9070. [PMID: 33406296 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A strong conjugation present in fused systems plays a crucial role in tuning of the properties that would be showing a dependence on the efficiency of π-electrons coupling. The π-cloud available in the final structure can be drastically influenced by a side- or a linear fusion of unsaturated and conjugated hydrocarbons. The linear welding of naphthalene/anthracene or quinoxaline/benzo[g]quinoxaline with triphyrin(2.1.1) gives structures where the competition between local and global delocalization is distinguished. The aromatic character observed in skeletons strongly depends on the oxidation state of the macrocyclic flanking and is either extended over the whole system or kept as a composition of local currents (diatropic and paratropic) of incorporated units. The hybrid systems show the properties derived from the π-conjugations that interlace one another but also show a significant independence of (aza)acene subunits reflected in the observed spectroscopic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Bartkowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383, Wrocław, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30387, Kraków, Poland
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11
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Urbańska K, Farinone M, Pawlicki M. Changes in porphyrin’s conjugation based on synthetic and post-synthetic modifications. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Porphyrins or more broadly defined porphyrinoids are the structures where the extended π-cloud can be significantly modified by several factors. The broad range of introduced structural motifs has shown a possibility of modification of conjugation by a controlled synthetic approach, leading to expected optical or magnetic behaviour, and also by post-synthetic modifications (i.e. redox or protonation/deprotonation), Both approaches lead to noticeab changes in observed properties but also open a potential for further utilization. Thus, this already constituted big family of macrocyclic structures with specific highly extended π-delocalization shows a significant contribution in several fields from fundamental studies, leading to understanding behaviour of skeletons like that with a substantial influence on biological studies and material science. The presented material focuses on the most significant examples of modifications of porphyrinoids skeleton leading to drastic changes in optical response and magnetic properties. Through the presentation, the focus will be placed on the changes leading to the most red-shifted transition as the parameter indicating extending the π-delocalization. Significantly different magnetic character will be also discussed based on the switching between aromatic/antiaromatic character assigned to macrocyclic structures that will be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Urbańska
- Wydział Chemii , Uniwersytet Wrocławski , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Marco Farinone
- Wydział Chemii , Uniwersytet Wrocławski , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Wydział Chemii , Uniwersytet Wrocławski , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
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12
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Abstract
AbstractPorphyrinoids containing vinylene bridges, such as triphyrin(2.1.1), porphycene, porphyrin(2.1.2.1), and hexaphyrin(2.1.2.1.2.1), are a relatively new family of porphyrinoids. Vinylene bridges give porphyrinoids a lower symmetry and a flexibility of the framework and they permit cis/trans-isomerization reactions; these factors confer unique properties to these substances, such as coordination to metal ions and aromaticity switching. In this account, the synthesis, crystal structures, and properties of new porphyrinoids containing vinylene bridges are summarized.1 Introduction2 Triphyrin(2.1.1)3 Porphycene4 Porphyrin(2.1.2.1)5 Hexaphyrin(2.1.2.1.2.1)6 Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST)
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14
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Bartkowski K, Dimitrova M, Chmielewski PJ, Sundholm D, Pawlicki M. Aromatic and Antiaromatic Pathways in Triphyrin(2.1.1) Annelated with Benzo[b]heterocycles. Chemistry 2019; 25:15477-15482. [PMID: 31535404 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of the aromatic properties and magnetically induced current densities of highly conjugated chromophores is important when designing molecules with strongly delocalized electronic structure. Linear extension of the triphyrin(2.1.1) skeleton with an annelated benzo[b]heterocycle fragment modifies the aromatic character by extending the electron delocalization pathway. Two-electron reduction leads to an antiaromatic triphyrin(2.1.1) ring and an aromatic benzo[b]heterocycle subunit. Current-density calculations provide detailed information about the observed pathways and their strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Bartkowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maria Dimitrova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Piotr J Chmielewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383, Wrocław, Poland
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Stawski W, Kijewska M, Pawlicki M. Multi‐Cation Coordination in Porphyrinoids. Chem Asian J 2019; 15:8-20. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Stawski
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wrocław F. Joliot-Curie 14 50383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Monika Kijewska
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wrocław F. Joliot-Curie 14 50383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wrocław F. Joliot-Curie 14 50383 Wrocław Poland
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Lash TD, Stateman LM, AbuSalim DI. Synthesis of Azulitriphyrins(1.2.1) and Related Benzocarbatriphyrins. J Org Chem 2019; 84:14733-14744. [PMID: 31608646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bis(pyrrolylmethyl)azulene dialdehydes underwent intramolecular McMurry coupling, and following oxidation with DDQ and addition of trifluoroacetic acid, gave aromatic azulitriphyrin cations. The proton NMR spectra for these contracted carbaporphyrinoids showed the internal CH upfield at ca. 2 ppm, while the bridging methine units appeared downfield between 8 and 10 ppm, demonstrating that the macrocycles possess significant 14π electron diamagnetic ring currents. Although protonated azulitriphyrins(1.2.1) proved to be very stable, the free base forms were unstable and could not be isolated. Treatment of an azulitriphyrin with KOt-Bu-t-BuOOH gave rise to oxidative ring contractions that afforded the first examples of benzocarbatriphyrins. These contracted porphyrinoids also exhibit aromatic ring currents, and the internal CH resonances shifted upfield to 0.5-0.7 ppm. Protonation afforded cations with slightly enhanced diatropic properties. Nucleus independent chemical shift and anisotropy of induced current density calculations confirmed that benzocarbatriphyrins are 14π electron delocalized aromatic systems that bypass the fused arene units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Lash
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois 61790-4160 , United States
| | - Leah M Stateman
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois 61790-4160 , United States
| | - Deyaa I AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois 61790-4160 , United States
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17
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Kumar A, Thorat KG, Sinha A, Butcher RJ, Ravikanth M. Meso-Fused Carbatriphyrins(2.1.1) and Its Organo Phosphorus(V) Complex. J Org Chem 2019; 84:9067-9074. [PMID: 31264867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first examples of phlorin analogues of meso-fused carbatriphyrins(2.1.1) and organo P(V) complex of one of the meso-fused carbatriphyrins were obtained by adopting a premodification strategy starting with fluorene as a fused polyaromatic precursor over a sequence of steps. The meso-fused carbatriphyrins(2.1.1) were obtained as their nonaromatic phlorin analogues owing to the unstable nature of the fully conjugated meso-fused carbatriphyrins(2.1.1). The organo P(V) complex of one of the meso-fused carbatriphyrins was prepared by treating the phlorin analogue of carbatriphyrin(2.1.1) with PCl3 in toluene/triethylamine at reflux for 1 h. The P(V) complex of the meso-fused carbatriphyrin(2.1.1) was found to be moderately aromatic and the resulting global conjugation pathways in the P(V) complex significantly alters the aromaticity of the fluorene unit. The nonaromatic nature of the phlorin analogues of the meso-fused carbatriphyrin(2.1.1) and the moderately aromatic nature of its P(V) complex were supported by X-ray crystallography, absorption spectroscopy, NMR studies together with nucleus-independent chemical shifts, anisotropy-induced current density, and harmonic oscillation stabilization energy calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Kishor G Thorat
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Avisikta Sinha
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Ray J Butcher
- Department of Chemistry , Howard University , 525 College Street NW , Washington, D.C. 20059 , United States
| | - Mangalampalli Ravikanth
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
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18
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Klajn J, Stawski W, Chmielewski PJ, Cybińska J, Pawlicki M. A route to a cyclobutane-linked double-looped system via a helical macrocycle. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:4558-4561. [PMID: 30931464 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01201j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The macrocyclic confinements prefers a solid-state prearrangement of two CC linkers that after photocyclisation quantitatively form a cyclobutane linked double-looped structure with perpendicular orientation of macrocyclic arms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Klajn
- Wydział Chemii
- Uniwersytet Wrocławski
- 50-383 Wrocław
- Poland
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Ostapko J, Kelm A, Kijak M, Leśniewska B, Waluk J. Two Macrocycles in One Shot: Synthesis, Spectroscopy, Photophysics, and Tautomerism of 23-Oxahemiporphycene and 21-Oxacorrole-5-carbaldehyde. Chemistry 2018; 24:9884-9891. [PMID: 29672962 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 23-oxahemiporphycene, the first monooxa analogue of hemiporphycene, a structural isomer of porphyrin, is reported. Its generation under McMurry reaction conditions is surprisingly accompanied by the appearance of a formyl derivative of oxacorrole, 21-oxacorrole-5-carbaldehyde. A mechanism for the formation of the latter is proposed, relying on pinacol rearrangement of titanium pinacolate. The structures of the most stable tautomeric forms are established for both compounds based on IR and NMR spectra combined with DFT calculations. Spectral and photophysical characteristics are compared with those of structurally similar macrocycles. Replacement of one nitrogen by oxygen in hemiporphycene has only a minor impact. In contrast, for corrole it leads to the enhancement of stability and to strongly reduced rates of nonradiative deactivation of the lowest excited singlet state. This is explained by the planarity of oxacorroles, achieved by removing one of the inner hydrogen atoms from the inner cavity. Unusual crystal packing is observed for the protonated form of 23-oxahemiporphycene, which exhibits a π-π stacked columnar alignment of positively charged macrocycle units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Ostapko
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kelm
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Kijak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Leśniewska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Waluk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815, Warsaw, Poland
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Kuzuhara D, Kawatsu S, Furukawa W, Hayashi H, Aratani N, Yamada H. Synthesis of [14]Oxatriphyrins(2.1.1) and Their Transformation into Ethane-Bridged Oxatripyrrins by Boron Complexation. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Kuzuhara
- Graduate School of Materials Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST); 8916-5 Takayama-cho 630-0192 Ikoma Nara Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kawatsu
- Graduate School of Materials Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST); 8916-5 Takayama-cho 630-0192 Ikoma Nara Japan
| | - Wataru Furukawa
- Graduate School of Materials Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST); 8916-5 Takayama-cho 630-0192 Ikoma Nara Japan
| | - Hironobu Hayashi
- Graduate School of Materials Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST); 8916-5 Takayama-cho 630-0192 Ikoma Nara Japan
| | - Naoki Aratani
- Graduate School of Materials Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST); 8916-5 Takayama-cho 630-0192 Ikoma Nara Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Graduate School of Materials Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST); 8916-5 Takayama-cho 630-0192 Ikoma Nara Japan
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21
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Adinarayana B, Thomas AP, Yadav P, Mukundam V, Srinivasan A. Carbatriphyrin(3.1.1)-A Distinct Coordination Approach of BIII
to Generate Organoborane and Weak C−H⋅⋅⋅B Interactions. Chemistry 2017; 23:2993-2997. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Adinarayana
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar; 752050 Odisha India
| | - Ajesh P. Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar; 752050 Odisha India
| | - Prerna Yadav
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar; 752050 Odisha India
| | - Vanga Mukundam
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar; 752050 Odisha India
| | - A. Srinivasan
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar; 752050 Odisha India
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22
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Shimizu S. Recent Advances in Subporphyrins and Triphyrin Analogues: Contracted Porphyrins Comprising Three Pyrrole Rings. Chem Rev 2016; 117:2730-2784. [PMID: 27779851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Subporphyrinato boron (subporphyrin) was elusive until the syntheses of tribenzosubporphine in 2006 and meso-aryl-substituted subporphyrin in 2007. These novel contracted analogues possess a 14π-electron conjugated system embedded in a bowl-shaped structure. They exhibit absorption and fluorescence in the UV/vis region and nonlinear optical properties due to their octupolar structures. The unique coordination geometry around the central boron atom in the structure of subporphyrin enabled investigation of rare boron species, such as borenium cations, boron hydrides, and boron peroxides. Along with the burgeoning development of the chemistry of subporphyrins, analogous triphyrin systems have also emerged. Their rich coordination chemistry as a result of their free-base structures, which are different from the boron-coordinating structure of subporphyrins, has been intensively investigated. On the basis of the unique structures and reactivities of subporphyrins and their related triphyrin analogues, supramolecular architectures and covalently linked multicomponent systems have also been actively pursued. This Review provides an overview of the development of subporphyrin and triphyrin chemistry in the past decade and future prospects in this field, which may inspire molecular design toward applications based on their unique properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soji Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University , Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University , Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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23
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Xue S, Kuzuhara D, Aratani N, Yamada H. Synthesis and Characterization of an Iridium Triphyrin Complex. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:10106-10109. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Xue
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Daiki Kuzuhara
- Department
of Physical Science and Materials Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5
Ueda, Morioka 020-8551, Japan
| | - Naoki Aratani
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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Xue Z, Wang Y, Mack J, Mkhize S, Nyokong T, Fang Y, Ou Z, Kadish KM. Synthesis, characterization and electrochemistry of rhodium(iii) complexes of meso-substituted [14]tribenzotriphyrin(2.1.1). RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03028a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A thermal reaction using a series of [14]tribenzotriphyrins(2.1.1) (TriPs,1a–d) with Rh2(C8H12)Cl2provides RhIII–TriP complexes (2a–d) in 40−52% yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoli Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- China
| | - Yemei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- China
| | - John Mack
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Grahamstown 6140
- South Africa
| | - Scebi Mkhize
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Grahamstown 6140
- South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Grahamstown 6140
- South Africa
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- China
| | - Zhongping Ou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- China
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25
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Xue Z, Wang Y, Mack J, Fang Y, Ou Z, Zhu W, Kadish KM. Synthesis and Characterization of Palladium(II) Complexes of meso-Substituted [14]Tribenzotriphyrin(2.1.1). Inorg Chem 2015; 54:11852-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoli Xue
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yemei Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - John Mack
- Department
of Chemistry, Rhodes University Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Zhongping Ou
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Karl M. Kadish
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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Remiro-Buenamañana S, Díaz-Moscoso A, Hughes DL, Bochmann M, Tizzard GJ, Coles SJ, Cammidge AN. Synthesis of Meso-Substituted Subphthalocyanine-Subporphyrin Hybrids: Boron Subtribenzodiazaporphyrins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Remiro-Buenamañana S, Díaz-Moscoso A, Hughes DL, Bochmann M, Tizzard GJ, Coles SJ, Cammidge AN. Synthesis of meso-substituted subphthalocyanine-subporphyrin hybrids: boron subtribenzodiazaporphyrins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7510-4. [PMID: 25981391 PMCID: PMC4643193 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The first syntheses of hybrid structures that lie between subphthalocyanines and subporphyrins are reported. The versatile single-step synthetic method uses a preformed aminoisoindolene to provide the bridging methine unit and its substituent while trialkoxyborates simultaneously act as Lewis acid, template, and provider of the apical substituent. The selection of each component therefore allows for the controlled formation of diverse, differentially functionalized systems. The new hybrids are isolated as robust, pure materials that display intense absorption and emission in the mid-visible region. The new compounds are further characterized in solution and solid state by variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro Díaz-Moscoso
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ (UK)
| | - David L Hughes
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ (UK)
| | - Manfred Bochmann
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ (UK)
| | - Graham J Tizzard
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Andrew N Cammidge
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ (UK).
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Pawlicki M, Latos-Grażyński L. Aromaticity Switching in Porphyrinoids. Chem Asian J 2015; 10:1438-51. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miłosz Pawlicki
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; F. Joliot-Curie 14 50383 Wrocław
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Pawlicki M, Garbicz M, Szterenberg L, Latos-Grażyński L. Oxatriphyrins(2.1.1) incorporating an ortho-phenylene motif. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1906-9. [PMID: 25529929 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of fundamental aspects of archetypal organic structural motifs remains a key issue faced by the experimental and theoretical chemists. Two possible bonding modes for a disubstituted benzene ring, that is a meta and para, determines the π delocalization for oligomeric structures. When the less abundant ortho-substituted variant is introduced into a triphyrin(2.1.1) skeleton an aromatic molecule is obtained and the carbocyclic ring participates in the conjugation of the macrocycle. The two-electron reduction and introduction of boron(III) changes the aromatic character and results in an anti-aromatic structure which has been confirmed by single-crystal analysis and supported by theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miłosz Pawlicki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383 Wrocław (Poland) http://llg.chem.uni.wroc.pl/.
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Pawlicki M, Garbicz M, Szterenberg L, Latos-Grażyński L. Oxatriphyrins(2.1.1) Incorporating anortho-Phenylene Motif. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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31
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Xue Z, Wang Y, Mack J, Zhu W, Ou Z. Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemistry of the Manganese(I) Complexes ofmeso-Substituted [14]Tribenzotriphyrins(2.1.1). Chemistry 2014; 21:2045-51. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Pawlicki M, Hurej K, Szterenberg L, Latos-Grażyński L. Synthesis and Switching the Aromatic Character of Oxatriphyrins(2.1.1). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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33
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Pawlicki M, Hurej K, Szterenberg L, Latos-Grażyński L. Synthesis and Switching the Aromatic Character of Oxatriphyrins(2.1.1). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:2992-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Hong T, Song H, Li X, Zhang W, Xie Y. Syntheses of mono- and diacylated bipyrroles with rich substitution modes and development of a prodigiosin derivative as a fluorescent Zn(ii) probe. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47277a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Claessens CG, González-Rodríguez D, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Medina A, Torres T. Subphthalocyanines, subporphyrazines, and subporphyrins: singular nonplanar aromatic systems. Chem Rev 2013; 114:2192-277. [PMID: 24568182 DOI: 10.1021/cr400088w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Claessens
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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Gopee H, Kong X, He Z, Chambrier I, Hughes DL, Tizzard GJ, Coles SJ, Cammidge AN. Expanded Porphyrin-like Structures Based on Twinned Triphenylenes. J Org Chem 2013; 78:9505-11. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401551c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Gopee
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Xiangfei Kong
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Key
Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education,
Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqun He
- Key
Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education,
Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P. R. China
| | | | - David L. Hughes
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Graham J. Tizzard
- UK National
Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Simon J. Coles
- UK National
Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
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