1
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Kumar Thakur S, De S, Adhikari M, Manar KK, Koley D, Singh S. Synthesis of MeBICAAC Supported Si(III) Radicals and a Silylone via Reduction Route From MeBICAAC-Si(IV) Precursors. Chem Asian J 2024:e202400730. [PMID: 39132698 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Past one decade has witnessed a tremendous growth in the field of carbene stabilized low-valent silicon compounds unravelling very exciting properties of these molecules. Herein, we have employed a bicyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene, (MeBICAAC) to explore the low-valent chemistry of silicon. The reduction of bicyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene-SiCl4 complex, [(MeBICAAC)SiCl4] (1) with KC8 afforded low-valent Si complexes, including Si(III) radical [(MeBICAAC)SiCl3] (2) and a complex with silicon center in a formal zero-valent state, [(MeBICAAC)2Si] (3). Similarly, the reduction of in-situ generated MeBICAAC adduct of Me2SiCl2 with one equivalent of KC8 led to the formation of [(MeBICAAC)SiMe2Cl] (4) complex having an unpaired electron. These complexes have been characterized by IR, UV-Vis., NMR, HRMS, EPR and their solid-state structures were also elucidated by single crystal X-ray crystallography. Further, DFT calculations revealed the lower energy singlet state for complexes 1, 3 and doublet state for complexes 2, 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Thakur
- Department of Chemical Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Sriman De
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Manu Adhikari
- Department of Chemical Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Krishna K Manar
- Department of Chemical Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
- Present address, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj-, 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Debasis Koley
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Department of Chemical Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
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2
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Koike T, Sakurata N, Ishida S, Iwamoto T. Isolable Si=B Analogue of a Vinyl Halide: A Building Block for Facile Access toward Silicon-Boron Multiple Bonded Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202411283. [PMID: 39126248 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202411283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Compared to the outstanding development in the synthesis of Si-B single bonded species, borylsilanes and their application to organic synthesis, the chemistry of Si=B double bonded species, borasilenes and boratasilenes have only made little progress, first of all, due to the difficulties in accessing such double bonds. Herein we report the synthesis of the first Si=B analogue of a vinyl halide, a bromoboratasilene, via formal borylene insertion to the coordination sphere of a monoatomic Si(0) complex, using a dihaloborane as the borylene source. The treatment of bromoboratasilene toward neutral or anionic Lewis bases gives access to new boratasilenes, all of which were proved to possess significant Si=B double bond character by XRD analysis and DFT calculations. These results demonstrate exciting strategies to synthesize new types of Si=B double bonded species which should further progress the chemistry of boron, silicon-containing molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Koike
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Naoki Sakurata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shintaro Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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3
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Kumar S, Maurer LR, Schnakenburg G, Das U, Filippou AC. NHC-Supported 2-Sila and 2-Germavinylidenes: Synthesis, Dynamics, First Reactivity and Theoretical Studies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400227. [PMID: 38317632 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
2-tetrelavinylidenes (C=EH2; E=Si, Ge) are according to quantum chemical studies the least stable isomers on the [E,C,2H] potential energy hypersurface isomerizing easily via the trans-bent tetrelaacetylenes HE≡CH to the thermodynamically most stable 1-tetrelavinylidenes (E=CH2). Consequently, experimental studies on 2-tetrelavinylidenes (C=ER2) and their derivatives are lacking. Herein we report experimental and theoretical studies of the first N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) supported 2-silavinylidene (NHC)C=SiBr(Tbb) (1-Si: NHC=C[N(Dipp)CH]2, Dipp=2,6-diisopropylphenyl, Tbb=2,6-bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]-4-tert-butylphenyl) and the isovalent 2-germavinylidenes (NHC)C=GeBr(R) (1-Ge, 1-GeMind: R=Tbb, Mind (1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7-octamethyl-s-hydrindacene-4-yl)). The NHC-supported 2-tetrelavinylidenes were obtained selectively from the 1,2-dibromoditetrelenes (E)-(R)BrE=EBr(R) using the diazoolefin (NHC)CN2 as vinylidene transfer reagent. 1-E (E=Si, Ge) have a planar vinylidene core, a bent-dicoordinated vinylidene carbon atom (CVNL), a very short E=CVNL bond and an almost orthogonal orientation of the NHC five-membered ring to the vinylidene core. Quantum chemical analysis of the electronic structures of 1-E suggest a significantly bent 1-tetrelaallene and tetrelyne character. NMR studies shed light into the dynamics of 1-E involving NHC-rotation around the CVNL-CNHC bond with a low activation barrier. Furthermore, the synthetic potential of 1-E is demonstrated by the synthesis and full characterization of the unprecedented NHC-supported bromogermynes BrGe=C(EBr2Tbb)(NHC) (2-SiGe: E=Si; 2-GeGe: E=Ge).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Leonard R Maurer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ujjal Das
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander C Filippou
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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4
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Lei B, Cao F, Chen M, Wang X, Mo Z. Bisgermylene-Stabilized Stannylone: Catalytic Reduction of Nitrous Oxide and Nitro Compounds via Element-Ligand Cooperativity. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17817-17826. [PMID: 38780163 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This study describes the synthesis, structural characterization, and catalytic application of a bis(germylene)-stabilized stannylone (2). The reduction of digermylated stannylene (1) with 2.2 equiv of potassium graphite (KC8) leads to the formation of stannylone 2 as a green solid in 78% yield. Computational studies showed that stannylone 2 possesses a formal Sn(0) center and a delocalized 3-c-2-e π-bond in the Ge2Sn core, which arises from back-donation of the p-type lone pair electrons on the Sn atom to the vacant orbitals of the Ge atoms. Stannylone 2 can serve as an efficient precatalyst for the selective reduction of nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitroarenes (ArNO2) with the formation of dinitrogen (N2) and hydrazines (ArNH-NHAr), respectively. Exposure of 2 with N2O (1 atm) resulted in the insertion of two oxygen atoms into the Ge-Ge and Ge-Sn bonds, yielding the germyl(oxyl)stannylene (3). Moreover, the stoichiometric reaction of 2 with 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene afforded an amido(oxyl)stannylene (4) through the complete scission of the N-O bonds of the nitroarene. Stannylenes 3 and 4 serve as catalytically active species for the catalytic reduction of nitrous oxide and nitroarenes, respectively. Mechanistic studies reveal that the cooperation of the low-valent Ge and Sn centers allows for multiple electron transfers to cleave the N-O bonds of N2O and ArNO2. This approach presents a new strategy for catalyzing the deoxygenation of N2O and ArNO2 using a zerovalent tin compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglin Lei
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fanshu Cao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xuyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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5
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Takahashi S, Kazama Y, Nakata N, Baceiredo A, Hashizume D, Saffon-Merceron N, Branchadell V, Kato T. Silyliumylidene Ion Stabilized by Two σ-Donating Ni(0)- and Pd(0)-Fragments. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400054. [PMID: 38779843 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
A silyliumylidene ion 2 stabilized by two σ-donating Ni(0)- and Pd(0)-fragments was successfully synthesized. Due to the σ-donation of M→Si interactions, 2 presents a pyramidalized cationic silicon center with a localized lone pair. The additional coordination of basic Pd(0) fragment to the mono-Ni(0)-stabilized silyliumylidene 1 results in a higher HOMO level and an unchanged HOMO-LUMO gap and thus, 2 remains highly reactive. Interestingly, the coordination mode at the Si center is closely related to the nature of M-ligands. Indeed, the donor/donor-stabilized silyliumylidene ion 2 has been transformed into a donor/acceptor-stabilized ion 13, featuring a trigonal planar Si center with a vacant orbital, just via a ligand exchange reaction from PCy3/NHC toward PMe3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Takahashi
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (UMR 5069), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Yugo Kazama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Norio Nakata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Antoine Baceiredo
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (UMR 5069), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Nathalie Saffon-Merceron
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse, UAR 2599), UPS, CNRS, ICT UAR2599 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Vicenç Branchadell
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Tsuyoshi Kato
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (UMR 5069), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse, France
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6
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Wee MYS, Quek S, Wu CS, Su MD, So CW. Isolable Spirocyclic Silylone: π-Delocalized Spiro[3.3]heptasila-2,6-diylidone. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14410-14415. [PMID: 38754079 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Strained cyclic tetrylones are important synthons due to various synthetic applications. Connecting two cyclic tetrylone rings through a single shared quaternary group 14 element atom to form a spirocyclic molecule has been unexplored both theoretically and experimentally. The formation of a spirocyclic motif has been a synthetic challenge. In contrast, the reaction of amidinato disilicon(I) 1, (Me3P)2SiCl4, and KC8 afforded π-delocalized spiro[3.3]heptasila-2,6-diylidone2 and tetrasilacyclobutadiene byproducts 3 and 4. Compound 2 is the smallest spirocyclic tetrylone derivative, which is composed of a σ-type lone pair and delocalized π bond in each all-silicon spirocyclic ring. The electronic property is supported by its coordination with a W(CO)5 moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meldon Yi-Shuo Wee
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Shina Quek
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Chi-Shiun Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
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7
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Krischer F, Gessner VH. Ligand Exchange at Carbon: Synthetic Entry to Elusive Species and Versatile Reagents. JACS AU 2024; 4:1709-1722. [PMID: 38818072 PMCID: PMC11134600 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
How different is carbon compared to other elements in the periodic table? Can carbon compounds be regarded as coordination complexes with carbon as the central element undergoing a facile exchange of its ligands? Although carbon clearly plays a special role among the elements of the periodic table, recent studies have drawn parallels between the bonding situation and the reactivity of carbon compounds to transition metal complexes. This Perspective summarizes recent reports about ylidic and zwitterionic compounds that were shown to exhibit ambiguous bonding situations that can be interpreted as donor-acceptor interactions similar to the bond between a metal and a neutral ligand. Based on this conception, ligand exchange reactions prototypical of transition metal complexes were realized at carbon atoms, enabling new synthetic strategies for the synthesis of reactive species and building blocks. In particular, the exchange of N2, CO, and phosphine ligands led to the development of a mild method for accessing new compounds and reagents with unusual properties, such as vinylidene ketenes or stable ketenyl anions, that open up a diverse but still poorly explored follow-up chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Krischer
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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8
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Sugamata K, Asakawa T, Minoura M. A tin analogue of propadiene with cumulated C[double bond, length as m-dash]Sn double bonds. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7072-7078. [PMID: 38756791 PMCID: PMC11095364 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00093e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis, structure, and properties of a stable, linear 2-stannapropadiene are reported. The identical C[double bond, length as m-dash]Sn bonds in this 2-stannapropadiene are the shortest hitherto reported C-Sn bonds. This 2-stannapropadiene features a 119Sn NMR signal at 507 ppm for the central tin atom, indicative of an unsaturated Sn4+ oxidation state. Due to the inert-pair effect, the tin atom displays a pronounced preference for the +2 oxidation state over the +4 oxidation state. Nevertheless, by employing silyl substituents, it is possible to disrupt the inert-pair effect, leading to the formation of an isolable 2-stannapropadiene with a linear structure centered on a Sn4+ atom. Treatment of this 2-stannapropadiene with SnBr2·dioxane resulted in the formation of a novel four-membered cyclic 1,1-dibromo-1,3-distannetane, which was subsequently reduced to afford the corresponding stable four-membered cyclic bis(stannylene).
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Sugamata
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku Tokyo 171-8501 Japan
| | - Teppei Asakawa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku Tokyo 171-8501 Japan
| | - Mao Minoura
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku Tokyo 171-8501 Japan
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9
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Stigler S, Fujimori S, Kostenko A, Inoue S. Tetryliumylidene ions in synthesis and catalysis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4275-4291. [PMID: 38516066 PMCID: PMC10952068 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06452b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Tetryliumylidene ions ([R-E:]+), recognised for their intriguing electronic properties, have attracted considerable interest. These positively charged species, with two vacant p-orbitals and a lone pair at the E(ii) centre (E = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb), can be viewed as the combination of tetrylenes (R2E:) and tetrylium ions ([R3E]+), which makes them potent Lewis ambiphiles. Such electronic features highlight the potential of tetryliumylidenes for single-site small molecule activation and transition metal-free catalysis. The effective utilisation of the electrophilicity and nucleophilicity of tetryliumylidenes is expected to stem from appropriate ligand choice. For most of the isolated tetryliumylidenes, electron donor- and/or kinetic stabilisation is necessary. This minireview highlights the developments in tetryliumylidene syntheses and the progress of research towards their reactivity and applications in catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Stigler
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Shiori Fujimori
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
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10
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Kushvaha SK, Kallenbach P, Gorantla SMNVT, Herbst-Irmer R, Stalke D, Roesky HW. Preparation of a Compound with a Si II -Si IV -Si II Bonding Arrangement. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303113. [PMID: 37933699 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis of a rare bis-silylene, 1, in which two SiII atoms are bridged by a SiIV atom. Compound 1 contains an unusual SiII -SiIV -SiII bonding arrangement with SiII -SiIV bond distances of 2.4212(8) and 2.4157(7) Å. Treatment of 1 with Fe(CO)5 afforded a dinuclear Fe0 complex 2 with two unusually long Si-Si bonds (2.4515(8) and 2.4488(10) Å). We have also carried out a detailed computational study to understand the nature of the Si-Si bonds in these compounds. Natural bond orbital (NBO) and energy decomposition analysis-natural orbital for chemical valence (EDA-NOCV) analyses reveal that the Si-Si bonds in 1 and 2 are of an electron-sharing nature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Kallenbach
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sai Manoj N V T Gorantla
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Herbert W Roesky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen, Germany
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11
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Xu J, Pan S, Yao S, Lorent C, Teutloff C, Zhang Z, Fan J, Molino A, Krause KB, Schmidt J, Bittl R, Limberg C, Zhao L, Frenking G, Driess M. Stabilizing Monoatomic Two-Coordinate Bismuth(I) and Bismuth(II) Using a Redox Noninnocent Bis(germylene) Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6025-6036. [PMID: 38408197 PMCID: PMC10921399 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The formation of isolable monatomic BiI complexes and BiII radical species is challenging due to the pronounced reducing nature of metallic bismuth. Here, we report a convenient strategy to tame BiI and BiII atoms by taking advantage of the redox noninnocent character of a new chelating bis(germylene) ligand. The remarkably stable novel BiI cation complex 4, supported by the new bis(iminophosphonamido-germylene)xanthene ligand [(P)GeII(Xant)GeII(P)] 1, [(P)GeII(Xant)GeII(P) = Ph2P(NtBu)2GeII(Xant)GeII(NtBu)2PPh2, Xant = 9,9-dimethyl-xanthene-4,5-diyl], was synthesized by a two-electron reduction of the cationic BiIIII2 precursor complex 3 with cobaltocene (Cp2Co) in a molar ratio of 1:2. Notably, owing to the redox noninnocent character of the germylene moieties, the positive charge of BiI cation 4 migrates to one of the Ge atoms in the bis(germylene) ligand, giving rise to a germylium(germylene) BiI complex as suggested by DFT calculations and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Likewise, migration of the positive charge of the BiIIII2 cation of 3 results in a bis(germylium)BiIIII2 complex. The delocalization of the positive charge in the ligand engenders a much higher stability of the BiI cation 4 in comparison to an isoelectronic two-coordinate Pb0 analogue (plumbylone; decomposition below -30 °C). Interestingly, 4[BArF] undergoes a reversible single-electron transfer (SET) reaction (oxidation) to afford the isolable BiII radical complex 5 in 5[BArF]2. According to electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, the unpaired electron predominantly resides at the BiII atom. Extending the redox reactivity of 4[OTf] employing AgOTf and MeOTf affords BiIII(OTf)2 complex 7 and BiIIIMe complex 8, respectively, demonstrating the high nucleophilic character of BiI cation 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Metalorganic
and Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Shenglai Yao
- Metalorganic
and Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Lorent
- Physical
and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Zhaoyin Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Metalorganic
and Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew Molino
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086 Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Johannes Schmidt
- Functional
Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische
Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Bittl
- Fachbereich
Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Limberg
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lili Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Driess
- Metalorganic
and Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Suthar S, Mondal KC. Unveiling the Anomaly of Reduction of Carborane-bis-silylene-Stabilised Silylone/Germylone Leading to Unusual Oxidation of Si 0 /Ge 0 to Si I /Ge I with EDA-NOCV Analyses. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303355. [PMID: 38014513 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have successfully isolated Si0 /Ge0 species, termed silylone and germylone, with two lone pairs of electrons on them. These elusive compounds have been stabilised in singlet ground states by using different donor base ligands. Driess et al. in particular have made strides in this area, isolating carborane-bis-silylene-stabilised silylone/germylone and their N+ /Pb analogues. Carborane (C2 B10 H10 ) plays a pivotal role as a redox-active ligand, converting from closo-carborane to nido-carborane with the addition of two electrons. Notably, anomalous oxidation of Si0 /Ge0 centres in carborane-bis-silylene-stabilised species to SiI /GeI has been reported, resulting in the formation of dimeric SiI -SiI /GeI -GeI di-cationic units. The energy decomposition analysis coupled with natural orbital for chemical valence (EDA-NOCV) study focuses on the carborane-bis-silylene ligand in the free state, and its three other species, including silylone/germylone species. Interestingly, it reveals that the carborane unit in an anionic doublet state tends to form one electron-sharing bond and one dative bond with the counter fragment in its cationic doublet state. This helps us to rationalise why the carborane unit undergoes intramolecular electronic rearrangements leading to the formation of a di-anionic carborane unit with a significantly elongated C-C bond (2.38-2.68 Å) and undergoes unusual oxidation of Si0 /Ge0 to SiI /GeI .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Suthar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Kartik Chandra Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
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13
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Kumar S, Parameswaran P, Jana A, Jemmis ED. Lewis Acid Stabilized Diatomic Molecules of Group 14: A Computational Study on [(CO) 4Fe] 2E 2 (E = C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb). J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9442-9450. [PMID: 37931177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
A Lewis base and acid combination has been effectively employed to stabilize and isolate the low-valent group 14 compounds. We report DFT studies on stabilizing low-valent group 14 diatomics as adducts of Lewis acids employing transition metal carbonyl fragment iron tetracarbonyl [Fe(CO)4] as Lewis acid. Computational studies on [(CO)4Fe]2E2, E = C, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb, predict five plausible isomers on its potential energy surface: linear (E2_L), bent (E2_B), three-membered (E2_T), dibridged (E2_D), and four-membered (E2_F). For the carbon analogue, the lowest energy configuration is linear and has a typical cumulenic structure, while silicon and germanium analogues favor three-membered cyclic isomers. Four-membered cyclic isomers are the most stable for tin and lead analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Pattiyil Parameswaran
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, 673601, Kerala, India
| | - Anukul Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad, 500107, Telangana, India
| | - Eluvathingal D Jemmis
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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14
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Segizbayev M, Tho Nguyen M, Gusev DG, Dmitrienko A, Pilkington M, van der Est A, Nikonov GI. A Guanidine-Supported π-Complex of Germanium Amenable to Intramolecular C-C Cleavage in Arene and Ge Atom Transfer. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301981. [PMID: 37732936 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The germylone dimNHCGe (dimNHC=diimino N-heterocyclic carbene) reacts with azides N3 R (R=SiMe3 or p-tolyl) to furnish the first examples of germanium π-complexes, i. e. guanidine-ligated compounds (dimNHI-SiMe3 )Ge (NHI=N-heterocyclic imine, R=SiMe3 ) and (dimNHI-Tol)Ge (R=p-tolyl). DFT calculations suggest that these species are formed by a Staudinger type replacement of dinitrogen in the azide by a nucleophilic germylone, leading to a transient carbene adduct of iminogermylidene. Heating a solution of compound (dimNHI-SiMe3 )Ge to 70 °C results in extrusion of the iminogermylidene that further aggregates to produce the known [Me3 SiNGe]4 tetramer, whereas the imidazolylidene fragment transforms into an unusual heptatriene species that can be considered as a product of carbene insertion into the C-C bond of a pendant Ar substituent at the imidazolylidene nitrogen of the dimNHC. Reaction of (dimNHI-SiMe3 )Ge with tetrachloro-o-benzoquinone results in the net transfer of a germanium atom and formation of the free diimino-guanidine ligand. This ligand also forms when (dimNHI-SiMe3 )Ge is treated with azide N3 (p-Tol), with the germanium product being [(p-Tol)NGe]n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medet Segizbayev
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Minh Tho Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Dmitry G Gusev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2 L 3 C5, Canada
| | - Anton Dmitrienko
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Melanie Pilkington
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Art van der Est
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Georgii I Nikonov
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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15
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Ding C, Pan S, Yan GR, N V T Gorantla SM, Cui ZH, Frenking G. Stabilization of Cyclic C 4 by Four Donor Ligands: A Theoretical Study of (L) 4C 4 (L = Carbene). J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9196-9205. [PMID: 37883781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Quantum chemical studies using density functional theory were carried out for the (L)4C4 complexes with L = cAAC, DAC, NHC, SNHC, MIC1, and MIC2. The results show that the title complexes are highly stable with respect to dissociation, (L)4C4 → C4 + 4L. However, their stability with respect to (L)4C4 → 2(L)2C2 is crucial for the assessment of their experimental viability. The (L)4C4 complexes with L = cAAC and DAC dissociate exergonically at room temperature into two (L)2C2 units. In contrast, the other (L)4C4 complexes with L = NHC, SNHC, MIC1, and MIC2 are thermochemically stable with respect to dissociation, (L)4C4 → 2(L)2C2. The computed adiabatic ionization potentials of (L)4C4 complexes with L = NHC, MIC1, and MIC2 are lower than those for the cesium atom. Particularly, (MIC1)4C4 and (MIC2)4C4 will very easily lose electrons to form cationic complexes. The SNHC ligand is the best for the experimental realization of (L)4C4 complexes, followed by NHC. The bonding analysis using charge and energy decomposition methods suggests that the (L)3C4-CL bond can be best described as a typical electron-sharing double bond with a strong σ-bond and a weaker π-bond. Therefore, the core bonding pictures in the title complexes resemble a [4]radialene. Larger substituents at the carbene ligands enhance the stability of the complexes (L)4C4 against dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiang Ding
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Gai-Ru Yan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Sai Manoj N V T Gorantla
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø─The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø N-9037, Norway
| | - Zhong-Hua Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, Marburg 35032, Germany
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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16
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Teo YC, Loh D, Leong BX, Zhang ZF, Su MD, So CW. NHC-Silyliumylidene Cation-Catalyzed Hydroboration of Isocyanates with Pinacolborane. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16867-16873. [PMID: 37792481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
The low-oxidation-state silicon-catalyzed hydroboration of isocyanates with pinacolborane (HBpin) using the NHC-silyliumylidene cation catalyst [(IMe)2SiH]I (1, IMe = :C{N(Me)C(Me)}2) is described. In the catalysis, the Si lone pair electrons activate isocyanates, and the latter react with HBpin to form N-boryl formamides at room temperature. Catalyst 1 further activates N-boryl formamides at 70 °C, the intermediates of which react with HBpin to form N-boryl methylamines and (pinB)2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeow-Chuan Teo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Dexter Loh
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Bi-Xiang Leong
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
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17
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Wang Y, Robinson GH. Counterintuitive Chemistry: Carbene Stabilization of Zero-Oxidation State Main Group Species. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5592-5612. [PMID: 36876997 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbenes have evolved from transient laboratory curiosities to a robust, diverse, and surprisingly impactful ligand class. A variety of different carbenes have significantly contributed to the development of low-oxidation state main group chemistry. This Perspective focuses upon advances in the chemistry of carbene complexes containing main group element cores in the formal oxidation state of zero, including their diverse synthetic strategies, unusual bonding and structural motifs, and utility in transition metal coordination chemistry and activation of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Gregory H Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
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18
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Yao S, Saddington A, Xiong Y, Driess M. Chelating Bis-silylenes As Powerful Ligands To Enable Unusual Low-Valent Main-Group Element Functions. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:475-488. [PMID: 36720115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusSilylenes are divalent silicon species with an unoccupied 3p orbital and one lone pair of electrons at the SiII center. Owing to the excellent σ-donating ability of amidinato-based silylenes, which stems from the intramolecular imino-N donor interaction with the vacant 3p orbital of the silicon atom, N-heterocyclic amidinato bis(silylenes) [bis(NHSi)s] can serve as versatile strong donating ligands for cooperative stabilization of central atoms in unusually low oxidation states. Herein, we present our recent achievement on the application of bis(NHSi) ligands with electronically and spatially different spacers to main-group chemistry, which has allowed the isolation of a variety of low-valent compounds consisting of monatomic zero-valent group 14 E0 complexes (named "metallylones", E = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb); monovalent group 15 EI complexes (E = N, P, isoelectronic with metallylones); and diatomic low-valent E2 complexes (E = Si, Ge, P) with intriguing electronic structures and chemical reactivities.The role of the SiII···SiII distance was revealed to be crucial in this chemistry. Utilizing the pyridine-based bis(NHSi) (Si···Si distance: 7.8 Å) ligand, germanium(0) complexes with additional Fe(CO)4 protection at the Ge0 site have been isolated. Featuring a shorter Si···Si distance of 4.3 Å, the xanthene-based bis(NHSi) has allowed the realization of the full series of heavy zero-valent group 14 element E0 complexes (E = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb), while the o-carborane-based bis(NHSi) (Si···Si distance: 3.3 Å) has enabled the isolation of Si0 and Ge0 complexes. Remarkably, reduction of the o-carborane-based bis(NHSi)-supported Si0 and Ge0 complexes induces the movement of two electrons into the o-carborane core and provides access to SiI-SiI and GeI-GeI species as oxidation products. Additionally, the o-carborane-based bis(NHSi) reacts with adamantyl azide, leading to a series of nitrogen(I) complexes as isoelectronic species of a carbone (C0 complex). Moreover, cooperative activation of white phosphorus gives bis(NHSi)-supported phosphorus complexes with varying and unexpected electronic structures when employing the xanthene-, o-carborane-, and aniline-based bis(NHSi)s. With the better kinetic protection provided by the xanthene-based bis(NHSi), small-molecule activation and functionalization of the bis(NHSi)-supported central E or E2 atoms (E = Si, Ge, P) are possible and furnish several novel functionalized silicon, germanium, and phosphorus compounds.With knowledge of the ability of chelating bis(NHSi)s in coordinating and functionalizing low-valent group 14 and 15 elements, the application of these ligand systems to other main-group elements such as group 2 and 13 is quite promising. To fully understand the role of the NHSi in a bis(NHSi) ligand, introducing a mixed ligand, i.e., the combination of an NHSi with other functional groups, such as Lewis acidic borane or Lewis basic borylene, in one chelating ligand could lead to new types of low-valent main-group species. Furthermore, the development of a genuine acyclic silylene, without an imino-N interaction with the vacant 3p orbital at the silicon(II) atom, as part of a chelating bis(acyclic silylene) has the potential to form very electronically different main-group element complexes that could achieve even more challenging bond activations such as N2 or unactivated C-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglai Yao
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Sekr. C2, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Artemis Saddington
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Sekr. C2, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yun Xiong
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Sekr. C2, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Driess
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Sekr. C2, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Zhang Y, Wu L, Wang H. Application of N-heterocyclic silylenes in low-valent group 13, 14 and 15 chemistry. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Chen M, Zhang Z, Qiao Z, Zhao L, Mo Z. An Isolable Bis(Germylene)-Stabilized Plumbylone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215146. [PMID: 36421062 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the synthesis of a stable plumbylone (3) by reduction of a bromodigermylplumbylene (2) with 2.2 equiv of potassium graphite (KC8 ). The molecular structure of 3 was established by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study and features a two-coordinated Pb center with an acute Ge-Pb-Ge bond angle. Computational studies showed that this complex (3) possesses a singlet electronic ground state with a Pb0 center. Its high thermal stability can be most likely ascribed to the delocalization of π electrons over the Ge-Pb-Ge moiety. A preliminary reactivity study demonstrates that complex 3 can deliver Pb0 atoms to an organic azide producing a tetrameric imido complex [(PbNDipp)4 ] (Dipp=2,6-i Pr-C6 H3 , 4) and perform a metathesis reaction with GeCl2 ⋅dioxane to produce a bis(germylene)-stabilized germylone (5), highlighting the synthetic utility of 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhaoyin Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zihao Qiao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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21
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Nougué R, Takahashi S, Dajnak A, Maerten E, Baceiredo A, Saffon‐Merceron N, Branchadell V, Kato T. Labile Base-Stabilized Silyliumylidene Ions. Non-Metallic Species Capable of Activating Multiple Small Molecules. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202037. [PMID: 36074891 PMCID: PMC10092131 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Several base-stabilized silyliumylidene ions (2 and 3) with different ligands were synthesized. Their behaviour appeared strongly dependent on the nature of ligand. Indeed, in contrast to the poorly reactive silyliumylidene ions 3 c,d stabilized by strongly donating ligands (DMAP, NHC), the silylene- and sulfide-supported one (2-H and 3 a) exhibits higher reactivity toward various small molecules. Furthermore, their capability to successively activate multiple small molecules was clearly demonstrated by processes involving successive reactions with silane/formamide, CO2 and H2 . Moreover, HBPin adduct of 3 a (8-C) catalyzes the hydroboration of pyridine. Of particular interest, silylene-supported silyliumylidene complex 2-H is one of the rare species able to activate two H2 molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Nougué
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (UMR 5069)Université de Toulouse,CNRS118 route de NarbonneF-31062ToulouseFrance
| | - Shintaro Takahashi
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (UMR 5069)Université de Toulouse,CNRS118 route de NarbonneF-31062ToulouseFrance
| | - Aymeric Dajnak
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (UMR 5069)Université de Toulouse,CNRS118 route de NarbonneF-31062ToulouseFrance
| | - Eddy Maerten
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (UMR 5069)Université de Toulouse,CNRS118 route de NarbonneF-31062ToulouseFrance
| | - Antoine Baceiredo
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (UMR 5069)Université de Toulouse,CNRS118 route de NarbonneF-31062ToulouseFrance
| | - Nathalie Saffon‐Merceron
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (FR 2599) UPS, and CNRS, ICT UAR2599118 route de NarbonneF-31062ToulouseFrance
| | - Vicenç Branchadell
- Departament de QuímicaUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193BellaterraSpain
| | - Tsuyoshi Kato
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (UMR 5069)Université de Toulouse,CNRS118 route de NarbonneF-31062ToulouseFrance
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22
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Sugamata K, Asakawa T, Urao Y, Minoura M. Tellurium-Centered Bent Allenes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:17641-17645. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koh Sugamata
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Teppei Asakawa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Yukiko Urao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Mao Minoura
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
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23
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Nakaya K, Takahashi S, Ishii A, Nakata N. Iminophosphonamido-Supported Plumbylenes and Plumbyliumylidenes: Synthesis and Properties. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:15510-15519. [PMID: 36129289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of low-valent lead(II) species, i.e., plumbylenes and plumbyliumylidenes supported by an N,N'-di-tert-butyliminophosphonamide ligand, have been synthesized. Chloroplumbylene [Ph2P(NtBu)2PbCl] (1) was readily prepared by the reaction of the corresponding lithium iminophosphonamide and PbCl2 in THF. The substitution reaction of 1 with KN(SiMe3)2 in THF afforded the corresponding aminoplumbylene [Ph2P(NtBu)2PbN(SiMe3)2] (2) in the form of colorless crystals. The structures of these plumbylenes in the solid state and in solution were exhaustively characterized using multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. In the crystalline state, 1 adopts a nearly linear polymeric structure in the direction of the c axis via Pb-Cl bonds, with alternating four-membered PbN2P rings. The chloride-abstraction reaction of 1 using Na[B(C6F5)4] in fluorobenzene proceeded efficiently at ambient temperature to furnish plumbyliumylidene [Ph2P(NtBu)2Pb:]+ (3+), which was isolated as the air-sensitive yellow borate salt 3[B(C6F5)4]. Plumbyliumylidene 3[B(C6F5)4] acts as a Lewis acid catalyst for the hydroboration of benzophenone and benzaldehyde at catalyst loadings of as low as 0.1 mol % under ambient conditions. Furthermore, the details of the reaction mechanism are discussed on the basis of the results of DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Nakaya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shintaro Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ishii
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Norio Nakata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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24
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Xu J, Pan S, Yao S, Frenking G, Driess M. The Heaviest Bottleable Metallylone: Synthesis of a Monatomic, Zero-Valent Lead Complex ("Plumbylone"). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209442. [PMID: 35848899 PMCID: PMC9545849 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The elusive plumbylone {[SiII (Xant)SiII ]Pb0 } 3 stabilized by the bis(silylene)xanthene chelating ligand 1, [SiII (Xant)SiII =PhC(NtBu)2 Si(Xant)Si(NtBu)2 CPh], and its isolable carbonyl iron complex {[SiII (Xant)SiII ]Pb0 Fe(CO)4 } 4 are reported. The compounds 3 and 4 were obtained stepwise via reduction of the lead(II) dibromide complex {[SiII (Xant)SiII ]PbBr2 } 2, prepared from the bis(silylene)xanthene 1 and PbBr2 , employing potassium naphthalenide and K2 Fe(CO)4 , respectively. While the genuine plumbylone 3 is rather labile even at -60 °C, its Pb0 →Fe(CO)4 complex 4 turned out to be relatively stable and bottleable. However, solutions of 4 decompose readily to elemental Pb and {[SiII (Xant)SiII ]Fe(CO)3 } 5 at 80 °C. Reaction of 4 with [Rh(CO)2 Cl]2 leads to the formation of the unusual dimeric [(OC)2 RhPb(Cl)Fe(CO)4 ] complex 6 with trimetallic Rh-Pb-Fe bonds. The molecular and electronic structures of 3 and 4 were established by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 115, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
| | - Sudip Pan
- Philipps-Universität MarburgFachbereich Chemie35032MarburgGermany
| | - Shenglai Yao
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 115, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Philipps-Universität MarburgFachbereich Chemie35032MarburgGermany
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)20018San SebastianSpain
| | - Matthias Driess
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 115, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
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25
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Banerjee S, Vanka K. Computational insights into hydroboration with acyclic α-Borylamido-germylene and stannylene catalysts: Cooperative dual catalysis the key to system efficiency. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Wu M, He Y, Zhang L, Wei R, Wang D, Liu J, Liu LL, Tan G. An Acyclic Silylone Stabilized by Mesoionic Carbene. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuhao He
- Soochow University Chemistry CHINA
| | - Li Zhang
- Guangxi University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | - Rui Wei
- Southern University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | | | | | - Liu Leo Liu
- SUSTC: Southern University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | - Gengwen Tan
- Soochow University College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Ren'ai Road #199 215123 Suzhou CHINA
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27
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Xu J, Pan S, Yao S, Frenking G, Driess M. The Heaviest Bottleable Metallylone: Synthesis of a Monatomic, Zero‐Valent Lead Complex (‘Plumbylone’). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Technische Universität Berlin: Technische Universitat Berlin Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Sidup Pan
- Philipps-Universität Marburg: Philipps-Universitat Marburg Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Shenglai Yao
- Technische Universität Berlin: Technische Universitat Berlin Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Philipps-Universität Marburg: Philipps-Universitat Marburg Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Matthias Driess
- Technische Universität Berlin Chemie Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin GERMANY
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28
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Du S, Jia H, Rong H, Song H, Cui C, Mo Z. Synthesis and Reactivity of N-Heterocyclic Silylene Stabilized Disilicon(0) Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115570. [PMID: 35132739 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis and reactivity of disilicon(0) complexes are of fundamental and application importance. Herein, we report the development of an N-heterocyclic imino-substituted silylene (1), which has strong σ-donating ability and is significantly sterically hindered. The one-pot reaction of this silylene with [IPr→SiCl2 ] (IPr=1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-imidazol-2-ylidene) and KC8 (2 equiv) in THF at -30 °C leads to a silylene-ligated disilicon(0) complex (2), isolated as red crystals in 60 % yield. Characterization data and DFT calculations show that the trans-bent Si4 skeleton in 2 features a Si0 =Si0 double bond with significant π-π bonding and one lone pair of electrons on each of these two Si0 atoms. Complex 2 reacts readily with phenylacetylene, producing a structurally intriguing silatricyclic complex 6,8-diaza-1,2,5-trisilatricyclo-[3.2.1.02,7 ]-oct-3-ene (3), and revealing new aspects of low-valent silicon chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhi Du
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hongwei Jia
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hua Rong
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Haibin Song
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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29
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Gorantla SMNVT, Pan S, Chandra Mondal K, Frenking G. Bonding analysis of the C 2 precursor Me 3E–C 2–I(Ph)FBF 3 (E = C, Si, Ge). PURE APPL CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2021-1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A series of possible precursors for generating C2 with the general formula Me3E–C2–I(Ph)FBF3 [E = C (1), Si (2), and Ge (3)] has been theoretically investigated using quantum chemical calculations. The equilibrium geometries of all species show a linear E–C2–I+ backbone. The inspection of the electronic structure of the Me3E–C2 bond by energy decomposition analysis coupled with the natural orbital for chemical valence (EDA-NOCV) method suggests a combination of electron sharing C–C σ-bond and v weak π-dative bond between Me3C and C2 fragments in the doublet state for species 1 (E = C). For species 2 (Si) and 3 (Ge), the analysis reveals σ-dative Me3E–C2 bonds (E = Si, Ge; Me3E←C2) resulting from the interaction of singly charged (Me3E)+ and (C2–IPh(BF4))− fragments in their singlet states. The C2–I bond is diagnosed as an electron sharing σ-bond in all three species, 1, 2 and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Straße , 35032 Marburg , Germany
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Kartik Chandra Mondal
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600036 , India
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Straße , 35032 Marburg , Germany
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
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He Y, Dai C, Wang D, Zhu J, Tan G. Phosphine-Stabilized Germylidenylpnictinidenes as Synthetic Equivalents of Heavier Nitrile and Isocyanide in Cycloaddition Reactions with Alkynes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5126-5135. [PMID: 35263091 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of chlorogermylene MsFluindtBu-GeCl 1, supported by a sterically encumbered hydrindacene ligand MsFluindtBu, with NaPCO(dioxane)2.5 and NaAsCO(18-c-6) in the presence of trimethylphosphine afforded trimethylphosphine-stabilized germylidenyl-phosphinidene 2 and -arsinidene 3, respectively. Structural and computational investigations reveal that the Ge-E' bond (E' = P and As) features a multiple-bond character. 2 and 3 exhibit diverse reactivity toward trimethylsilylacetylene and 4-tetrabutylphenylacetylene. Specifically, 2 underwent cycloadditions with both alkynes affording the first six-membered aromatic phosphagermabenzen-1-ylidenes 4 and 5, respectively, through the heavier isocyanide intermediate MsFluindtBu-PGe. In contrast, 3 could serve as a synthetic equivalent of heavier isocyanides and nitriles when treated with trimethylsilylacetylene and 4-tetrabutylphenylacetylene yielding arsagermene 6 and arsolylgermylene 7, respectively. The reaction mechanisms for the cycloadditions were investigated through density functional theory calculations. The reactivity studies highlight the potential of 2 and 3 in accessing heavy main-group element-containing heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao He
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chenshu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Dongmin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Gengwen Tan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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31
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Francis M, Roy S. EDA-NOCV Analysis of Donor-Base-Stabilized Elusive Monomeric Aluminum Phosphides [(L)P-Al(L'); L, L' = cAAC Me, NHC Me, PMe 3]. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:5730-5738. [PMID: 35224333 PMCID: PMC8867586 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report on the stability and bonding analysis of donor-base-stabilized monomeric AlP species (1-6) of the general formula (L)P-Al(L'); [L = cAACMe, L' = cAACMe, NHCMe, PMe3, (N i Pr2)2 (1-4); L = L' = NHCMe, PMe3 (5 and 6); cAAC = cyclic alkyl(amino) carbene; NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene]. Energy decomposition analysis coupled with natural orbitals for chemical valence (EDA-NOCV) analysis indicates the synthetic viability of this class of species, stabilized in their singlet ground state, in the laboratory. The CL-P bond is found to be a partial double bond (WBI ∼ 1.45), while the CL/PL-Al bond is a single bond (WBI ∼ 0.42-0.69). These bonds are mostly covalent or dative σ/π bonds depending upon the ligands attached. The central P-Al bond is an electron-sharing covalent polar single bond (WBI ∼ 0.80; P-Al) for 1-4 and a dative σ bond for 5 and 6 (WBI ∼ 0.89-0.93; P-Al). The calculated intrinsic interaction energies of the central P-Al bonds are found to be in the range from -116 to -216 kcal/mol (1-3 and 5 and 6). This value is the highest for compound 3, possibly due to the push and pull effects from the ligands PMe3 and cAAC, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francis
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
(IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Sudipta Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
(IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
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32
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Du S, Jia H, Rong H, Song H, Cui C, Mo Z. Synthesis and Reactivity of N‐Heterocyclic Silylene Stabilized Disilicon(0) Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhi Du
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Hongwei Jia
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Hua Rong
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Haibin Song
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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33
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Kushvaha SK, Gorantla SMNVT, Mondal KC. Stabilization of Interstellar CSi 2 Species by Donor Base Ligands: L-CSi 2-L; L = cAAC Me, NHC Me, and PMe 3. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:845-858. [PMID: 35119854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c09746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The donor ligand bonded singlet (L)2Si2C containing a bent Si2C unit in the middle has been studied by theoretical quantum mechanical calculations (NBO, QTAIM, EDA-NOCV analyses) [L = cAAC, NHC, Me3P]. EDA-NOCV analysis suggests that this Si2C is possible to stabilize by a pair of donor base ligands. The bond dissociation energy of the Si2C fragment is endothermic (85-45 kcal/mol) with a sufficiently high intrinsic interaction energy (ΔEint = -89 to -48 kcal/mol). Fifty percent of the total stabilization energy arises from electrostatic interactions, and nearly 45% is contributed by covalent orbital interaction between Si2C and (L)2 fragments in their singlet states. 75-80% of the orbital interaction energy is contributed by two sets of σ-donation L → SiCSi ← L. The π-back-donation is only 15-10%. The dispersion energy is not negligible (3-5%). The interaction energy is highest for 1 (L = cAAC) among three compounds. Additionally, (cAAC)2Si2C-Ni(CO)3 (4) has been studied. The interaction energy between 1 and Ni(CO)3 is nearly 61 kcal/mol with the major contribution coming from donation of electron cloud from electron rich Si2C backbone to empty hybrid orbital of Ni(CO)3 fragment. A sufficiently strong π-back-donation from (OC)3Ni to Si2C has also been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumar Kushvaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | | | - Kartik Chandra Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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34
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Yadav R, Sinhababu S, Yadav R, Kundu S. Base-stabilized formally zero-valent mono and diatomic molecular main-group compounds. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:2170-2202. [PMID: 35040452 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03569j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Various compounds are known for transition metals in their formal zero-oxidation state, while similar compounds of main-group elements are recently realized and limited to only a few examples. Lewis-base-stabilized mono and diatomic molecular species (B2, C, C2, Si, Si2, Ge, Ge2, Sn, P2, As2, Sb2) represent groundbreaking examples of main-group compounds with formally zero-oxidation state. In recent years, the isolation of low-valent main-group compounds has attracted increasing attention of both experimental and theoretical chemists. This is not only due to their fascinating electronic structures and exceptional reactivities, but also their use as valuable precursors for the synthesis of exotic yet important chemical species. This has led to a better understanding of the intricate balance of the donor-acceptor properties of the ligand(s) used to stabilize elements in a formally zero-oxidation state. Owing to the unusual oxidation state of the central element, many compounds containing formally zero-valent elements can efficiently activate otherwise inert small molecules. This review describes the synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of reported mono and diatomic formal zero-oxidation state main-group compounds. This review also emphasizes the comparative description of systems where different ligands are used to stabilize an element in its formal zero-oxidation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016, India. .,Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Soumen Sinhababu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor St., Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA.
| | - Ritu Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016, India.
| | - Subrata Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016, India.
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35
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Xu J, Dai C, Yao S, Zhu J, Driess M. A Genuine Stannylone with a Monoatomic Two-Coordinate Tin(0) Atom Supported by a Bis(silylene) Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114073. [PMID: 34787947 PMCID: PMC9300062 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The monoatomic zero-valent tin complex (stannylone) {[SiII (Xant)SiII ]Sn0 } 5 stabilized by a bis(silylene)xanthene ligand, [SiII (Xant)SiII =PhC(NtBu)2 Si(Xant)Si(NtBu)2 CPh], and its bis-tetracarbonyliron complex {[SiII (Xant)SiII ]Sn0 [Fe(CO)4 ]2 } 4 are reported. The stannylone 5 bearing a two-coordinate zero-valent tin atom is synthesized by reduction of the precursor 4 with potassium graphite. Compound 4 results from the SnII halide precursor {[SiII (Xant)SiII ]SnII Cl}Cl 2 or {[SiII (Xant)SiII ]SnBr2 } 3 through reductive salt-metathesis reaction with K2 Fe(CO)4 . According to density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and HOMO-1 of 5 correspond to a π-type lone pair with delocalization into both adjacent vacant orbitals of the SiII atoms and a σ-type lone pair at the Sn0 center, respectively, indicating genuine stannylone character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 115, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
| | - Chenshu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)and College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University361005XiamenPeople's Republic of China
| | - Shenglai Yao
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 115, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)and College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University361005XiamenPeople's Republic of China
| | - Matthias Driess
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 115, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
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36
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Xu J, Dai C, Yao S, Zhu J, Driess M. A Genuine Stannylone with a Monoatomic Two‐Coordinate Tin(0) Atom Supported by a Bis(silylene) Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 115, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Chenshu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 361005 Xiamen People's Republic of China
| | - Shenglai Yao
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 115, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 361005 Xiamen People's Republic of China
| | - Matthias Driess
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 115, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
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37
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Kumar V, Gonnade RG, Yildiz CB, Majumdar M. Stabilization of the Elusive Antimony(I) Cation and Its Coordination Complexes with Transition Metals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
| | - Rajesh G. Gonnade
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
| | - Cem B. Yildiz
- Department of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Aksaray University 68100 Aksaray Turkey
| | - Moumita Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
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38
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Deb R, Balakrishna P, Majumdar M. Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Pn(I) (Pn=N, P, As, Sb, Bi) Cations. Chem Asian J 2021; 17:e202101133. [PMID: 34786856 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Group 15 Pn(I) cations (Pn=N, P, As, Sb and Bi), which are isoelectronic with the donor-stabilized carbones, have emerged recently. Despite the presence of two lone pair of electrons, the Pn(I) cations are weakly nucleophilic due to their inherent positive charge. Strongly electron-donating supporting ligands including zwitterionic forms have been used to enhance their Lewis basicity. Furthermore, the chelating effect of cyclic ligand systems proved effective in increasing their nucleophilicity. The strategies involved in successfully isolating the fleeting Sb(I) and Bi(I) cations as the recent most achievements in this field have been discussed. The syntheses, structure, bonding situations and reactivity of the Pn(I) cations are discussed. An outlook on the periodic trends and future applications of these electronically unique electron-rich cationic moieties have been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Deb
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - P Balakrishna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Moumita Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, Maharashtra, India
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39
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Baierl R, Kostenko A, Hanusch F, Inoue S. Application of ferrocene-bridged N-heterocyclic carbene stabilised bis-phosphinidenes in Sn(II) complexation. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14842-14848. [PMID: 34596644 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03016g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Two new bidentate ferrocene-bridged bis(N-heterocyclic carbene-phospinidenes) (bisNHCPs) were successfully isolated by treating 1,1'-bis-(dichlorophosphine)ferrocene with N-heterocyclic carbenes, followed by dechlorination using sodium naphthalenide. The bisNHCPs were used in complexation of various Sn(II) halides and Sn(II) bistriflate (SnX2 with X = Cl, Br, I, OTf). Transmetalation to a CuCl complex and Sn(II) transfer to a bisimine was performed to investigate the stannyliumylidenes' reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Baierl
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.
| | - Franziska Hanusch
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.
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40
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Gendy C, Mikko Rautiainen J, Mailman A, Tuononen HM. Low-Valent Germanylidene Anions: Efficient Single-Site Nucleophiles for Activation of Small Molecules. Chemistry 2021; 27:14405-14409. [PMID: 34403540 PMCID: PMC8596740 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rare mononuclear and helical chain low-valent germanylidene anions supported by cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene and hypermetallyl ligands were synthesised by stepwise reduction from corresponding germylene precursors via stable and isolable germanium radicals. The electronic structures of the anions can be described with ylidene and ylidone resonance forms with the Ge-C π-electrons capable of binding even weak electrophiles. The germanylidene anions reacted with CO2 to give μ-CO2 -κC:κO complexes, a rare coordination mode for low-valent germanium and inaccessible for the related neutral germylones. These results implicate low-valent germanylidene anions as efficient single-site nucleophiles for activation of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Gendy
- Department of ChemistryNanoScience CentreUniversity of JyväskyläP.O. Box. 3540014JyväskyläFinland
| | - J. Mikko Rautiainen
- Department of ChemistryNanoScience CentreUniversity of JyväskyläP.O. Box. 3540014JyväskyläFinland
| | - Aaron Mailman
- Department of ChemistryNanoScience CentreUniversity of JyväskyläP.O. Box. 3540014JyväskyläFinland
| | - Heikki M. Tuononen
- Department of ChemistryNanoScience CentreUniversity of JyväskyläP.O. Box. 3540014JyväskyläFinland
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41
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Hanusch F, Munz D, Sutter J, Meyer K, Inoue S. A Zwitterionic Heterobimetallic Gold-Iron Complex Supported by Bis(N-Heterocyclic Imine)Silyliumylidene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23274-23280. [PMID: 34411406 PMCID: PMC8596601 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The facile synthesis of the first bis-N-heterocyclic imine-stabilized chlorosilyliumylidene 1 is reported. Remarkably, consecutive reaction of 1 with PPh3 AuCl and K2 Fe(CO)4 gives rise to the unique heterobimetallic complex 1,2-(Mes NHI)2 -C2 H4 -ClSiAuFe(CO)4 (4). The overall neutral complex 4 bears an unusual linear Si-Au-Fe structure and a rare anagostic interaction between the d10 -configured gold atom and a CH bond of the mesityl ligand. According to the computational analysis and 57 Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, the formal Fe-oxidation state remains at -II. Thus, the electronic structure of 4 is best described as an overall neutral-yet zwitterionic-heterobimetallic "Si(II)+ -Au(I)+ -Fe(-II)2- "-silyliumylidene complex, derived from double anion exchange. The computational analysis indicates strong hyperconjugative back donation from the gold(I) atom to the silyliumylidene ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hanusch
- Department of ChemistryCatalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon ChemistryTechnische Universität München (TUM)Lichtenbergstrasse 485748Garching bei MünchenGermany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and TechnologyInorganic Chemistry: Coordination ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus C4 166123SaarbrückenGermany
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInorganic ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Egerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jörg Sutter
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInorganic ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Egerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInorganic ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Egerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of ChemistryCatalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon ChemistryTechnische Universität München (TUM)Lichtenbergstrasse 485748Garching bei MünchenGermany
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42
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Yao S, Xiong Y, Saddington A, Driess M. Entering new chemical space with isolable complexes of single, zero-valent silicon and germanium atoms. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10139-10153. [PMID: 34523649 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04100b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Monatomic zero-valent silicon and germanium complexes (silylones and germylones), stabilised by neutral donating ligands, emerged only recently as a new class of low-valent group 14 element compounds. Featuring four valence electrons in the form of two lone pairs at a single site, silylones and germylones represent a molecular resting state of single Si and Ge atoms, which are typically only observed at high temperature in the gas phase or in interstellar matter. These species are capable of transferring single Si and Ge atoms to unsaturated substrates and acting as building blocks for novel group 14 species. After introducing this type of compound and the examples known to date, this feature article highlights some chelating bis N-heterocyclic carbene (bis(NHC)) and bis N-heterocyclic silylene (bis(NHSi)) supported Si0 and Ge0 complexes, for which a range of unprecedented reactivity has been discovered. The characteristic behaviour of these silylones and germylones discussed here consists of (i) coordination to Lewis acids, (ii) oxidation with elemental chalcogens, (iii) bond activation of common organic substrates and inert small molecules; and (iv) homocoupling of the Si0 and Ge0 centres. This wealth of reactivity has opened the door to a series of Si and Ge compounds, which would be otherwise difficult to realise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglai Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yun Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Artemis Saddington
- Department of Chemistry, Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias Driess
- Department of Chemistry, Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
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43
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Hanusch F, Munz D, Sutter J, Meyer K, Inoue S. A Zwitterionic Heterobimetallic Gold–Iron Complex Supported by Bis(
N
‐Heterocyclic Imine)Silyliumylidene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hanusch
- Department of Chemistry Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry Technische Universität München (TUM) Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry Saarland University Campus C4 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Inorganic Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jörg Sutter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Inorganic Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Inorganic Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry Technische Universität München (TUM) Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
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44
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Karwasara S, Maurer LR, Peerless B, Schnakenburg G, Das U, Filippou AC. (NHC)Si═C═N-R: A Two-Coordinated Si 0-Isocyanide Compound as Si(NHC) Transfer Reagent. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14780-14794. [PMID: 34469138 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and theoretical studies are reported of the first two-coordinated Si0-isocyanide compound (SIDipp)Si═C═N-ArMes (1: SIDipp (NHC) = C[N(Dipp)CH2]2, ArMes = 2,6-dimesitylphenyl), supported by an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC). A Si atom economic two-step synthesis of 1 involves a 2e reduction of the isocyanide-stabilized silyliumylidene salt [SiBr(CNArMes)(SIDipp)][B(ArF)4] (2[B(ArF)4], ArF = B(C6H3-3,5-(CF3)2)4) with KC8. 2[B(ArF)4] was obtained from SiBr2(SIDipp) after bromide abstraction with an equimolar mixture of Na[B(ArF)4] and ArMesNC. Exact adherence to the stoichiometry is crucial in the latter reaction, since 2[B(ArF)4] reacts with SiBr2(SIDipp) via isocyanide exchange to afford the disilicon(II) salt [Si2Br3(SIDipp)2)][B(ArF)4] (3[B(ArF)4]), the reaction leading to an equilibrium that favors 3[B(ArF)4] (Keq(298 K) = 10.6, ΔH° = -10.6 kJ mol-1; ΔS° = -16.0 J mol-1 K-1). 3[B(ArF)4] was obtained selectively from the 2:1 reaction of SiBr2(SIDipp) with Na[B(ArF)4] and fully characterized. Detailed studies of 1 reveal an intriguing structure featuring a planar CNHC-Si-C-N skeleton with a V-shaped geometry at the dicoordinated Si0 center, a slightly bent Si═C═N core, a CNHC-Si-CCNR 3c-2e out of plane π-bond (HOMO), and an anticlinal conformation of the SIDipp and ArMes substituents leading to axial chirality and the presence of two enantiomers, (Ra)-1 and (Sa)-1. Compound 1 displays structural dynamics in solution, rapidly interconverting the enantiomers. The silacumulene 1 is a potent Si(SIDipp) transfer agent as demonstrated by the synthesis and full characterization of the NHC-supported germasilyne (Z)-(SIDipp)(Cl)Si═GeArMes (4) from 1 and Ge(ArMes)Cl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendar Karwasara
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Leonard R Maurer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Benjamin Peerless
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ujjal Das
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander C Filippou
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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45
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Kumar V, Gonnade RG, Yildiz CB, Majumdar M. Stabilization of the Elusive Antimony(I) Cation and Its Coordination Complexes with Transition Metals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25522-25529. [PMID: 34505340 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Upon stabilization by 5,6-bis(diisopropylphosphino)acenaphthene to form compound 1, the fugitive antimony (I) cation exhibited nucleophilic behavior towards coinage metals. Compound 1 was strategically synthesized at room temperature from SbCl3 , the bis(phosphine), and trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate taken in a 1:2:3 ratio, whereby the bis(phosphine) plays the dual role of a reductant and a supporting ligand. The generation of 1 involves two-electron oxidation of the ligand to form a P-P bonded diphosphonium dication. Compound 1 was separated from this dication to give both products in pure form in moderate yields. Despite the overall positive charge, the SbI site in 1 was found to bind to metal centers, forming complexes with AuI , AgI and CuI . Compound 1 reduced CuII to CuI and formed a coordination complex with the resulting CuI species. The effects of the electron-rich bis(phosphine) and the constrained peri geometry in stabilizing and enhancing the nucleophilicity of 1 have been rationalized through computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajesh G Gonnade
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Cem B Yildiz
- Department of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Aksaray University, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Moumita Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
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46
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Koike T, Nukazawa T, Iwamoto T. Conformationally Switchable Silylone: Electron Redistribution Accompanied by Ligand Reorientation around a Monatomic Silicon. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14332-14341. [PMID: 34448394 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Complexes that could be switched between two electronic states by external stimuli have attracted much attention for their potential application in molecular devices. However, a realization of such a phenomenon with low-valent main-group element-centered complexes remains challenging. Herein, we report the synthesis of cyclic (alkyl)(amino)silylene (CAASi)-ligated monatomic silicon(0) complexes (silylones). The bis(CAASi)-ligated silylone adopts a π-localized ylidene structure (greenish-black color) in the solid state and a π-delocalized ylidene structure (dark-purple color) in solution that could be reversibly switched upon phase transfer (ylidene [L: → :Si = L ↔ L = Si: ← :L]). The observed remarkable difference in the physical properties of the two isomers is attributed to the balanced steric demand and redox noninnocent character of the CAASi ligand which are altered by the orientation of the two terminal ligands with respect to the Si-Si-Si plane: twisted structure (π-localized ylidene) and planar structure (π-delocalized ylidene). Conversely, the CAASi/CDASi-ligated heteroleptic silylone (CDASi = cyclic dialkylsilylene) only exhibited the twisted π-localized ylidene structure regardless of the phase. The synthesized silylones also proved themselves as monatomic silicon surrogates. Thermolysis of the silylones in the presence of an ethane-1,2-diimine afforded the corresponding diaminosilylenes. Analyses of the products suggested a stepwise mechanism that proceeds via a disilavinylidene intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Koike
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takumi Nukazawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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47
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Ebner F, Greb L. An isolable, crystalline complex of square-planar silicon(IV). Chem 2021; 7:2151-2159. [PMID: 34435162 PMCID: PMC8367297 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The structure and reactivity of silicon(IV), the second most abundant element in our Earth's crust, is determined by its invariant tetrahedral coordination geometry. Silicon(IV) with a square-planar configuration (ptSi IV ) represents a transition state. Quantum theory supported the feasibility of stabilizing ptSi IV by structural constraint, but its isolation has not been achieved yet. Here, we present the synthesis and full characterization of the first square-planar coordinated silicon(IV). The planarity provokes an extremely low-lying unoccupied molecular orbital that induces unusual silicon redox chemistry and CH-agostic interactions. The small separation of the frontier molecular orbitals enables visible-light ligand-element charge transfer and bond-activation reactivity. Previously, such characteristics have been reserved for d-block metals or low-valent p-block elements. Planarization transfers them, for the first time, to a p-block element in the normal valence state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Ebner
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 275, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 275, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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48
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Wilhelm C, Raiser D, Schubert H, Sindlinger CP, Wesemann L. Phosphine-Stabilized Germasilenylidene: Source for a Silicon-Atom Transfer. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:9268-9272. [PMID: 34165290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A phosphine-stabilized germasilenylidene is synthesized following the pathway of SiCl4 oxidative addition at a germylene-phosphine Lewis pair. Low-temperature reduction using {(MesNacnac)Mg}2 resulted in a chlorosilylene intermediate and finally a molecule exhibiting a Ge═Si: motif. Inside the chelating phosphine-germylene, a low-valent silicon atom is stabilized and was transferred to diazabutadiene to give N-heterocyclic silylenes. Because of the high reactivity of the phosphine-stabilized germasilenylidene, a reaction of two Ge═Si: units was found to yield a Si2Ge2-ring molecule exhibiting a germasilene substituted with a silylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wilhelm
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Raiser
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schubert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian P Sindlinger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars Wesemann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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49
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Yao S, Kostenko A, Xiong Y, Lorent C, Ruzicka A, Driess M. Changing the Reactivity of Zero- and Mono-Valent Germanium with a Redox Non-Innocent Bis(silylenyl)carborane Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14864-14868. [PMID: 33909944 PMCID: PMC8252802 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Using the chelating C,C'-bis(silylenyl)-ortho-dicarborane ligand, 1,2-(RSi)2 -1,2-C2 B10 H10 [R=PhC(NtBu)2 ], leads to the monoatomic zero-valent Ge complex ("germylone") 3. The redox non-innocent character of the carborane scaffold has a drastic influence on the reactivity of 3 towards reductants and oxidants. Reduction of 3 with one molar equivalent of potassium naphthalenide (KC10 H8 ) causes facile oxidation of Ge0 to GeI along with a two-electron reduction of the C2 B10 cluster core and subsequent GeI -GeI coupling to form the dianionic bis(silylene)-supported Ge2 complex 4. In contrast, oxidation of 3 with one molar equivalent of [Cp2 Fe][B{C6 H3 (CF3 )2 }4 ] as a one-electron oxidant furnishes the dicationic bis(silylene)-supported Ge2 complex 5. The Ge0 atom in 3 acts as donor towards GeCl2 to form the trinuclear mixed-valent Ge0 →GeII ←Ge0 complex 6, from which dechlorination with KC10 H8 affords the neutral Ge2 complex 7 as a diradical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglai Yao
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
| | - Yun Xiong
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
| | - Christian Lorent
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical ChemistryTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. PC1410623BerlinGermany
| | - Ales Ruzicka
- Department of General and Inorganic ChemistryFaculty of Chemical TechnologyUniversity of PardubiceStudentska 57353210PardubiceCzech Republic
| | - Matthias Driess
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
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50
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Gorantla SMNVT, Parameswaran P, Mondal KC. Stabilization of group 14 elements E = C, Si, Ge by hetero-bileptic ligands cAAC, MCO n with push-pull mechanism. J Comput Chem 2021; 42:1159-1177. [PMID: 33856693 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The stability and bonding of a series of hetero-diatomic molecules with general formula (cAAC)EM(CO)n , where cAAC = cyclic alkyl(amino) carbene; E = group 14 elements (C, Si, and Ge); M = transition metal (Ni, Fe, and Cr) have been studied by quantum chemical calculations using density functional theory (DFT) and energy decomposition analysis-natural orbital chemical valence (EDA-NOCV). The equilibrium geometries were calculated at the BP86/def2-TZVPP level of theory. The tri-coordinated group 14 complex (1a, 4a, and 7a) in which one of the CO groups is migrated to the central group 14 element from adjacent metal is theoretically found to be more stable when the central atom (E) is carbon. On the other hand, the two-coordinate group 14 element containing metal-complexes (2, 5, 8, 3, 6, and 9) are found to be more stable with their corresponding heavier analogues. The electronic structures of all the molecules have been analyzed by molecular orbital, topological analysis of electron density and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis at the M06/def2-TZVPP//BP86/def2-TZVPP level of theory. The nature of the cAACE and EM bonds has been studied by EDA-NOCV calculations at BP86-D3(BJ)/TZ2P level of theory. The EDA analysis suggests that the bonding of cAACC(CO) can be best represented by electron sharing σ and π interactions, whereas, C(CO)M(CO)n-1 by dative σ and π interactions. On the other hand, EDA-NOCV calculations suggests both dative σ and π interactions for cAACE and EM(CO)n bonds of the corresponding Si and Ge analogues having stronger σ- and relatively weaker π-bonds. The topological analysis of electron density supports the closed-shell interaction for the Si and Ge complexes and open-shell interaction for the carbon complexes. The calculated proton affinity and hydride affinity values corroborated well with the present bonding description. This class of complexes might act as efficient future catalysts for different organic transformations due to the presence of electron rich group 14 element and metal carbonyl.
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