1
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Liu WC, Gabbaï FP. Characterization of a Lewis adduct in its inner and outer forms. Science 2024; 385:1184-1188. [PMID: 39265017 DOI: 10.1126/science.adp7465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
The entrance channel of bimolecular reactions sometimes involves the formation of outer complexes as weakly bound, fleeting intermediates. Here, we characterize such an outer complex in a system that models the bimolecular, C-O bond-forming reaction of a phosphine oxide Lewis base with a carbenium Lewis acid. Crystallographic studies show that the C-O distance in the outer form exceeds that of the final or inner adduct by 1.1 angstroms. As the system samples the two forms of the complex, which correspond to minima on the corresponding potential energy surface, the C-O linkage switches from a secondary interaction in the outer complex to a dative bond in the inner complex. This phenomenon is harnessed as a functional feature to stabilize xanthylium-based photoredox catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, USA
| | - François P Gabbaï
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, USA
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2
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Yu C, Leitch JA, Gierlichs L, Das S, Porch A, Melen RL, Browne DL. Use of Microwave Dielectric Spectroscopy for the In Actu Assessment of Frustrated Lewis Pair Encounter Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19809-19817. [PMID: 39012041 PMCID: PMC11273348 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) offer an important and promising paradigm for main group catalysis. Reported here is the use of microwave dielectric spectroscopy for the in actu detection of FLP encounter complexes. This technique focuses on the room-temperature measurement of the loss component of microwave permittivity (ε2) over the bandwidth from 0.5 to 6.8 GHz. The microwave loss measured for a Lewis pair in a toluene host solution is compared with the losses of the individual components when measured separately, and the difference in loss Δε2 is used to characterize the electrostatic interaction between the pair. The Δε2 value shows a direct correlation with an ability for the FLP encounter complex to split hydrogen gas and abstract hydrogen from γ-terpinene and has led to the identification of a novel FLP encounter complex, tris-pentafluorophenyl borane-eucalyptol pairing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihang Yu
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London, School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London W1CN 1AX, U.K.
| | - Jamie A. Leitch
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London, School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London W1CN 1AX, U.K.
| | - Lukas Gierlichs
- Cardiff
Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Translational Research Hub, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, Cymru/Wales CF24 4HQ, U.K.
| | - Sampurna Das
- Cardiff
Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Translational Research Hub, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, Cymru/Wales CF24 4HQ, U.K.
| | - Adrian Porch
- Centre
for High Frequency Engineering, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Queen’s Buildings, Newport Road, Cardiff, Cardiff CF24 3AA, U.K.
| | - Rebecca L. Melen
- Cardiff
Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Translational Research Hub, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, Cymru/Wales CF24 4HQ, U.K.
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London, School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London W1CN 1AX, U.K.
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3
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Patra SG. Asymmetric catalysis by chiral FLPs: A computational mini-review. Chirality 2024; 36:e23671. [PMID: 38660756 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Steric hindrance in Lewis acid (LA) and Lewis base (LB) obstruct the Lewis acid-base adduct formation, and the pair was termed as frustrated Lewis pair (FLP). In the past 16 years, the field of enantioselective catalysis by chiral FLPs has been slowly growing. It was shown that chiral LAs are significant as they are involved in the hydrogen transfer (HT) step to the imine, resulting in enantioselectivity. After H2 activation, the borohydride can exist in a number of plausible conformations and their stability is governed by the presence of noncovalent interaction through C-H····π and π····π interactions. However, LBs are not ideal for asymmetric induction as they compete with the imine substrate as a counter LB. Further, the proton transfer from chiral LB to the imine does not induce any chirality as chirality develops in the HT step. However, intramolecular FLPs with chiral scaffold are very efficient as they possess an optimum distance between LA and LB, which facilitates the H2 activation but precludes the adduct formation of the small molecules substrate with the LA component. This mini-review summarizes computational investigation involving chiral LA and LB, and discusses intramolecular FLPs in the enantioselective catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Gopal Patra
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, India
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4
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Alvarez-Montoya A, Gillions JP, Winfrey L, Hawker RR, Singh K, Ortu F, Fu Y, Li Y, Pulis AP. B(C 6F 5) 3-Catalyzed Dehydrogenation of Pyrrolidines to Form Pyrroles. ACS Catal 2024; 14:4856-4864. [PMID: 38601781 PMCID: PMC11002826 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c05444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Pyrroles are important N-heterocycles found in medicines and materials. The formation of pyrroles from widely accessible pyrrolidines is a potentially attractive strategy but is an underdeveloped approach due to the sensitivity of pyrroles to the oxidative conditions required to achieve such a transformation. Herein, we report a catalytic approach that employs commercially available B(C6F5)3 in an operationally simple procedure that allows pyrrolidines to serve as direct synthons for pyrroles. Mechanistic studies have revealed insights into borane-catalyzed dehydrogenative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Winfrey
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.
| | - Rebecca R. Hawker
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.
| | - Kuldip Singh
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.
| | - Fabrizio Ortu
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.
| | - Yukang Fu
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University
of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University
of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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5
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Žáková A, Saha P, Paparakis A, Zábranský M, Gastelu G, Kukla J, Uranga JG, Hulla M. Hexacoordinated tin complexes catalyse imine hydrogenation with H 2. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3287-3290. [PMID: 38421350 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05878f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) hydrogenation catalysts predominantly use alkyl- and aryl-substituted Lewis acids (LA) that offer a limited number of combinations of substituents, limiting our ability to tune their properties and, ultimately, their reactivity. Nevertheless, main-group complexes have numerous ligands available for such purposes, which could enable us to broaden the range of FLP catalysis. Supporting this hypothesis, we demonstrate here that hexacoordinated tin complexes with Schiff base ligands catalyse imine hydrogenation via activation of H2(g). As shown by hydrogen-deuterium scrambling, [Sn(tBu2Salen)(OTf)2] activated H2(g) at 25 °C and 10 bar of H2. After tuning the ligands, we found that [Sn(Salen)Cl2] was the most efficient imine hydrogenation catalyst despite having the lowest activity in H2(g) activation. Moreover, various imines were hydrogenated in yields up to 98% thereby opening up opportunities for developing novel FLP hydrogenation catalysts based on hexacoordinated LA of main-group elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Žáková
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science Charles, University Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Pritha Saha
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science Charles, University Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Alexandros Paparakis
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science Charles, University Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Zábranský
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science Charles, University Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Gabriela Gastelu
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-Química Córdoba Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (INFIQC-CONICET), Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Jaroslav Kukla
- Institute of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science Charles, University Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jorge G Uranga
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-Química Córdoba Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (INFIQC-CONICET), Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Martin Hulla
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science Charles, University Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic.
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6
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Ghara M, Mondal H, Pal R, Chattaraj PK. Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Bonding, Reactivity, and Applications. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37216335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The outstanding capability of Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP) catalysts to activate small molecules has gained significant attention in recent times. Reactivity of FLP is further extended toward the hydrogenation of various unsaturated species. Over the past decade, this unique catalysis concept has been successfully expanded to heterogeneous catalysis as well. The present review article gives a brief survey on several studies on this field. A thorough discussion on quantum chemical studies concerning the activation of H2 is provided. The role of aromaticity and boron-ligand cooperation on the reactivity of FLP is discussed in the Review. How FLP can activate other small molecules by cooperative action of its Lewis centers is also discussed. Further, the discussion is shifted to the hydrogenation of various unsaturated species and the mechanism regarding this process. It also discusses the latest theoretical advancements in the application of FLP in heterogeneous catalysis across various domains, such as two-dimensional materials, functionalized surfaces, and metal oxides. A deeper understanding of the catalytic process may assist in devising new heterogeneous FLP catalysts through experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Ghara
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Himangshu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Ranita Pal
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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7
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Hill J, Beckler TD, Crich D. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Di- and Trisubstituted Hydroxylamines. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062816. [PMID: 36985788 PMCID: PMC10051932 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As an underrepresented functional group in bioorganic and medicinal chemistry, the hydroxylamine unit has historically received little attention from the synthetic community. Recent developments, however, suggest that hydroxylamines may have broader applications such that a review covering recent developments in the synthesis of this functional group is timely. With this in mind, this review primarily covers developments in the past 15 years in the preparation of di- and trisubstituted hydroxylamines. The mechanism of the reactions and key features and shortcomings are discussed throughout the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarvis Hill
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 302 East Campus Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Thomas D Beckler
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 302 East Campus Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 302 East Campus Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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8
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Xu H, Song X, Chen M, Bai W, Ji M. Rigid Confined Space in Frustrated Lewis Pair/MOF Catalyst: Highly Regioselective Hydrogenation Performance for α, β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds. J Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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9
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Unveiling novel reactivity of P/Al frustrated Lewis pair: ring size-dependent activation of cyclic ethers/thioethers and CO2 insertion therein. J CHEM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-022-02119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Carmona M, Pérez R, Ferrer J, Rodríguez R, Passarelli V, Lahoz FJ, García-Orduña P, Carmona D. Activation of H-H, HO-H, C(sp 2)-H, C(sp 3)-H, and RO-H Bonds by Transition-Metal Frustrated Lewis Pairs Based on M/N (M = Rh, Ir) Couples. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:13149-13164. [PMID: 35948430 PMCID: PMC9406284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Reaction of the dimers [(Cp*MCl)2(μ-Cl)2] (Cp* = η5-C5Me5)
with Ph2PCH2CH2NC(NH(p-Tolyl))2 (H2L) in the presence
of NaSbF6 affords the chlorido complexes [Cp*MCl(κ2N,P-H2L)][SbF6] (M = Rh, 1; Ir, 2).
Upon treatment with aqueous NaOH, solutions of 1 and 2 yield the corresponding complexes [Cp*M(κ3N,N′,P-HL)][SbF6] (M = Rh, 3; Ir, 4) in which the ligand HL presents a fac κ3N,N′,P coordination mode. Treatment of THF solutions
of complexes 3 and 4 with hydrogen gas,
at room temperature, results in the formation of the metal hydrido-complexes
[Cp*MH(κ2N,P-H2L)][SbF6] (M = Rh, 5;
Ir, 6) in which the N(p-Tolyl) group
has been protonated. Complexes 3 and 4 react
with deuterated water in a reversible fashion resulting in the gradual
deuteration of the Cp* group. Heating at 383 K THF/H2O
solutions of the complexes 3 and 4 affords
the orthometalated complexes [Cp*M(κ3C,N,P-H2L-H)][SbF6] [M = Rh, 7; Ir, 8, H2L-H = Ph2PCH2CH2NC(NH(p-Tolyl))(NH(4-C6H3Me))], respectively. At 333 K, complexes 3 and 4 react in THF with methanol, primary alcohols,
or 2-propanol giving the metal-hydrido complexes 5 and 6, respectively. The reaction involves the acceptorless dehydrogenation
of the alcohols at a relatively low temperature, without the assistance
of an external base. The new complexes have been characterized by
the usual analytical and spectroscopic methods including the X-ray
diffraction determination of the crystal structures of complexes 1–5, 7, and 8. Notably, the chlorido complexes 1 and 2 crystallize both as enantiopure conglomerates and as racemates.
Reaction mechanisms are proposed based on stoichiometric reactions,
nuclear magnetic resonance studies, and X-ray crystallography as well
as density functional theory calculations. In solution, masked transition-metal
frustrated Lewis pairs
(TMFLPs) give rise to the corresponding TMFLP species which activate
dihydrogen, water, and alcohols following FLP reaction pathways. When
D2O or alcohols with deuterated OH groups were employed,
H/D exchange at the Cp* ligand (involving C(sp3)−H
activation) was observed. C(sp2)−H bond activation
involving orthometalation of the p-Tolyl ring was
also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carmona
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC - Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Roberto Pérez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC - Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Joaquina Ferrer
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC - Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ricardo Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC - Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Passarelli
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC - Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fernando J Lahoz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC - Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Orduña
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC - Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Daniel Carmona
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC - Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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11
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Mahaut D, Champagne B, Berionni G. Frustrated Lewis Pair Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Unactivated Alkenes With Sterically Hindered 9‐Phosphatriptycenes. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Mahaut
- University of Namur: Universite de Namur Chemistry BELGIUM
| | | | - Guillaume Berionni
- University of Namur: Universite de Namur Chemistry Department Rue de Bruxelles 61 5000 Namur BELGIUM
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12
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Becker C, Schwabedissen J, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mitzel NW. Frustrated Lewis pair chemistry of hydride sponges. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:6547-6564. [PMID: 35319060 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00585a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An improved synthesis for 1,8-bis(dimethylboranyl)naphthalene (1, hydride sponge) was developed avoiding the use of tin(IV) reagents. The related 1,2-bis(dimethylboranyl)benzene (2) was prepared. 1 combined with 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene (3, proton sponge) is a Frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) that forms adducts [1-EHn-1][3-H] with the protic compounds EHn = H2O, NH3, H2S, PH3, H2Se, HCN. Their structures show the chelation of the deprotonated substrates, except for CN- (binds to one B atom of 1). The mechanisms of formation of [1-EHn-1][3-H] were explored by NMR spectroscopy. Similar reactions took places for the FLP system 2 + 3, but the adducts [2-EHn-1][3-H] are less stable; only the PH3 adduct was isolated and AsH3 forms a chelated adduct [2-NC(CD3)AsH2][3-H]. FLP 1 + 3 does not react with molecular hydrogen, but the formal adduct [1-H][3-H] was isolated via salt metathesis from K[1-H] and [3-H]Cl; it is stable towards water, atmospheric oxygen and up to 100 °C; its thermal decomposition proceeds without formation of H2. The stabilities of both, the mixture 1 + 3 + H2 and the formal adduct [1-H][3-H], allow concluding that hydrogen activation of FLP 1 + 3 is kinetically prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Becker
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Jan Schwabedissen
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Norbert W Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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13
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Mondal H, Patra SG, Chattaraj PK. Small molecule activation and dehydrogenation of an amine–borane system using frustrated Lewis pairs. Struct Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-01934-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Xu H, Chen M, Ji M. Solid Lewis acid-base pair catalysts constructed by regulations on defects of UiO-66 for the catalytic hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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15
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Hashikawa Y, Murata Y. Hydrogenation of cage-opened C 60 derivatives mediated by frustrated Lewis pairs. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1000-1003. [PMID: 35029624 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02316k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiply-carbonylated fullerene derivatives were found to work as one component in frustrated Lewis pairs which caused an Si-H bond activation in the presence of B(C6F5)3, leading to the carbonyl hydrogenation in up to 99% yield. The Lewis acid-mediated reductive arylation also took place to furnish a corresponding ketal derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Hashikawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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16
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Possible C-F bond activation by B(C6F5)3/lutidine and Al(C6F5)3/lutidine frustrated Lewis pair: an in silico study. J CHEM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-021-02010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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17
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Kar S, Sanderson H, Roy K, Benfenati E, Leszczynski J. Green Chemistry in the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals. Chem Rev 2021; 122:3637-3710. [PMID: 34910451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The principles of green chemistry (GC) can be comprehensively implemented in green synthesis of pharmaceuticals by choosing no solvents or green solvents (preferably water), alternative reaction media, and consideration of one-pot synthesis, multicomponent reactions (MCRs), continuous processing, and process intensification approaches for atom economy and final waste reduction. The GC's execution in green synthesis can be performed using a holistic design of the active pharmaceutical ingredient's (API) life cycle, minimizing hazards and pollution, and capitalizing the resource efficiency in the synthesis technique. Thus, the presented review accounts for the comprehensive exploration of GC's principles and metrics, an appropriate implication of those ideas in each step of the reaction schemes, from raw material to an intermediate to the final product's synthesis, and the final execution of the synthesis into scalable industry-based production. For real-life examples, we have discussed the synthesis of a series of established generic pharmaceuticals, starting with the raw materials, and the intermediates of the corresponding pharmaceuticals. Researchers and industries have thoughtfully instigated a green synthesis process to control the atom economy and waste reduction to protect the environment. We have extensively discussed significant reactions relevant for green synthesis, one-pot cascade synthesis, MCRs, continuous processing, and process intensification, which may contribute to the future of green and sustainable synthesis of APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratik Kar
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Hans Sanderson
- Department of Environmental Science, Section for Toxicology and Chemistry, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kunal Roy
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Emilio Benfenati
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
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18
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Tschernuth FS, Thorwart T, Greb L, Hanusch F, Inoue S. Bis(perfluoropinacolato)silan: Eine neutrale Lewis‐Supersäure aktiviert Si−F‐Bindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian S. Tschernuth
- Fakultät für Chemie WACKER-Institut für Siliciumchemie und Zentralinstitut für Katalyse-Forschung Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Thaddäus Thorwart
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Franziska Hanusch
- Fakultät für Chemie WACKER-Institut für Siliciumchemie und Zentralinstitut für Katalyse-Forschung Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Fakultät für Chemie WACKER-Institut für Siliciumchemie und Zentralinstitut für Katalyse-Forschung Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
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19
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Tschernuth FS, Thorwart T, Greb L, Hanusch F, Inoue S. Bis(perfluoropinacolato)silane: A Neutral Silane Lewis Superacid Activates Si-F Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25799-25803. [PMID: 34570964 PMCID: PMC9298387 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite the earth abundance and easy availability of silicon, only few examples of isolable neutral silicon centered Lewis superacids are precedent in the literature. To approach the general drawbacks of limited solubility and unselective deactivation pathways, we introduce a Lewis superacid, based on perfluorinated pinacol substituents. The compound is easily synthesized on a gram-scale as the corresponding acetonitrile mono-adduct 1⋅(MeCN) and was fully characterized, including single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (SC-XRD) and state-of-the-art computations. Lewis acidity investigations by the Gutmann-Beckett method and fluoride abstraction experiments indicate a Lewis superacidic nature. The challenging Si-F bond activation of Et3 SiF is realized and promising catalytic properties are demonstrated, consolidating the potential applicability of silicon centered Lewis acids in synthetic catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian S. Tschernuth
- Department of ChemistryWACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485748GarchingGermany
| | - Thaddäus Thorwart
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Franziska Hanusch
- Department of ChemistryWACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485748GarchingGermany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of ChemistryWACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485748GarchingGermany
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20
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Miura H, Hirata R, Tomoya T, Shishido T. Electrophilic C(sp
2
)−H Silylation by Supported Gold Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Miura
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences Tokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minami-Osawa Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
- Research Center for Hydrogen Energy-based Society 1-1 Minami-Osawa Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries Kyoto University 1-30 Goryo-Ohara Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245 Japan
| | - Ryuji Hirata
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences Tokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minami-Osawa Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Toyomasu Tomoya
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences Tokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minami-Osawa Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shishido
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences Tokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minami-Osawa Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
- Research Center for Hydrogen Energy-based Society 1-1 Minami-Osawa Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries Kyoto University 1-30 Goryo-Ohara Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245 Japan
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21
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Chan YC, Bai Y, Chen WC, Chen HY, Li CY, Wu YY, Tseng MC, Yap GPA, Zhao L, Chen HY, Ong TG. Synergistic Catalysis by Brønsted Acid/Carbodicarbene Mimicking Frustrated Lewis Pair-Like Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19949-19956. [PMID: 34128303 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbodicarbene (CDC), unique carbenic entities bearing two lone pairs of electrons are well-known for their strong Lewis basicity. We demonstrate herein, upon introducing a weak Brønsted acid benzyl alcohol (BnOH) as a co-modulator, CDC is remolded into a Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP)-like reactivity. DFT calculation and experimental evidence show BnOH loosely interacting with the binding pocket of CDC via H-bonding and π-π stacking. Four distinct reactions in nature were deployed to demonstrate the viability of proof-of-concept as synergistic FLP/Modulator (CDC/BnOH), demonstrating enhanced catalytic reactivity in cyclotrimerization of isocyanate, polymerization process for L-lactide (LA), methyl methacrylate (MMA) and dehydrosilylation of alcohols. Importantly, the catalytic reactivity of carbodicarbene is uniquely distinct from conventional NHC which relies on only single chemical feature of nucleophilicity. This finding also provides a new spin in diversifying FLP reactivity with co-modulator or co-catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Chan
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology (SCST), Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yuna Bai
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Ching Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsing-Yin Chen
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chen-Yu Li
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ying-Yann Wu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mei-Chun Tseng
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Glenn P A Yap
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hsuan-Ying Chen
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medicinal Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tiow-Gan Ong
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Chemistry, National (Taiwan) University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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22
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Chan Y, Bai Y, Chen W, Chen H, Li C, Wu Y, Tseng M, Yap GPA, Zhao L, Chen H, Ong T. Synergistic Catalysis by Brønsted Acid/Carbodicarbene Mimicking Frustrated Lewis Pair‐Like Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Chen Chan
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Applied Chemistry National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan, R.O.C
- Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP) Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology (SCST) Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yuna Bai
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Wen‐Ching Chen
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsing‐Yin Chen
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 80708 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chen‐Yu Li
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 80708 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ying‐Yann Wu
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mei‐Chun Tseng
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Glenn P. A. Yap
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Delaware Newark DE USA
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Hsuan‐Ying Chen
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 80708 Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Medicinal Research Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tiow‐Gan Ong
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Chemistry National (Taiwan) University Taipei Taiwan, R.O.C
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23
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Mondal H, Ghara M, Chattaraj PK. A computational investigation of the activation of allene (H2C = C = CHR; R = H, CH3, CN) by a frustrated phosphorous/boron Lewis pair. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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24
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Tan X, Wang H. Frustrated Lewis Pair Catalysis: It Takes Two to Make a Thing Go Right. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University Songhu Road 2005 Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Huadong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University Songhu Road 2005 Shanghai 200438 China
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25
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Can a decrease in anti-aromaticity increase the dihydrogen activation ability of a frustrated phosphorous/borane Lewis pair?: a DFT study. Theor Chem Acc 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-02698-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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Chatterjee B, Chang WC, Jena S, Werlé C. Implementation of Cooperative Designs in Polarized Transition Metal Systems—Significance for Bond Activation and Catalysis. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Basujit Chatterjee
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34−36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wei-Chieh Chang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34−36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Soumyashree Jena
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34−36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34−36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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27
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Kazakov IV, Lisovenko AS, Shcherbina NA, Kornyakov IV, Gugin NY, Kondrat'ev YV, Chernysheva AM, Zavgorodnii AS, Timoshkin AY. Structural and Energetic Features of Group 13 Element Trispentafluorophenyl Complexes with Diethyl Ether. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor V. Kazakov
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskaya emb. 7/9 199034 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Anna S. Lisovenko
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskaya emb. 7/9 199034 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Nadezhda A. Shcherbina
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskaya emb. 7/9 199034 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Ilya V. Kornyakov
- Institute of Earth Sciences St. Petersburg State University Universitetskaya emb. 7/9 199034 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Nikita Y. Gugin
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskaya emb. 7/9 199034 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Yurii V. Kondrat'ev
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskaya emb. 7/9 199034 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Anna M. Chernysheva
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskaya emb. 7/9 199034 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Artem S. Zavgorodnii
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskaya emb. 7/9 199034 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Alexey Y. Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskaya emb. 7/9 199034 St. Petersburg Russia
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28
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Guddorf BJ, Hepp A, Daniliuc C, Stephan DW, Lips F. An intermolecular FLP System derived from an NHC-coordinated trisilacyclopropylidene. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:13386-13392. [PMID: 32955533 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02797a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The NHC-coordinated trisilacyclopropylidene (A) is shown to behave as the basic component of an FLP used in combination with the Lewis acid B(C6F4H)3 (i.e. B(2,3,5,6-C6F4H)3). This FLP cleaves dihydrogen highly selectively at room temperature giving rise to the ionic compound [(NHC)SiH(Mes2SiSiMes2)][HB(C6F4H)3] 1 in 90% isolated yield. Further reaction of the FLP with Ph2NH and acetone yielded compounds [(NHC)SiH(Mes2SiSiMes2)][Ph2NB(C6F4H)3] 2 and [(NHC)SiH(Mes2SiSiMes2)][MeC(CH2)OB(C6F4H)3] 3 in 75% and 80% yield, respectively. Reaction of the FLP with N2O results in the oxidation of the silylene center affording [((NHC)SiOB(C6F4H)3)(Mes2SiSiMes2)] 4 in 53% yield. These products are spectroscopically characterized and an X-ray structure of 4 is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt J Guddorf
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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29
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Dabringhaus P, Schorpp M, Scherer H, Krossing I. A Highly Lewis Acidic Strontium ansa-Arene Complex for Lewis Acid Catalysis and Isobutylene Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22023-22027. [PMID: 32776669 PMCID: PMC7756322 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The potential of a dicationic strontium ansa‐arene complex for Lewis acid catalysis has been explored. The key to its synthesis was a simple salt metathesis from SrI2 and 2 Ag[Al(ORF)4], giving the base‐free strontium‐perfluoroalkoxyaluminate Sr[Al(ORF)4]2 (ORF=OC(CF3)3). Addition of an ansa‐arene yielded the highly Lewis acidic, dicationic strontium ansa‐arene complex. In preliminary experiments, the complex was successfully applied as a catalyst in CO2‐reduction to CH4 and a surprisingly controlled isobutylene polymerization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Dabringhaus
- Institut für anorganische und analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg i.Br., Germany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Institut für anorganische und analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg i.Br., Germany
| | - Harald Scherer
- Institut für anorganische und analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg i.Br., Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für anorganische und analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg i.Br., Germany
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30
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Dabringhaus P, Schorpp M, Scherer H, Krossing I. A Highly Lewis Acidic Strontium
ansa
‐Arene Complex for Lewis Acid Catalysis and Isobutylene Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Dabringhaus
- Institut für anorganische und analytische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg i.Br. Germany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Institut für anorganische und analytische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg i.Br. Germany
| | - Harald Scherer
- Institut für anorganische und analytische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg i.Br. Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für anorganische und analytische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg i.Br. Germany
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function‐Oriented Porous Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang Henan 471934 China
| | - Wen‐Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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32
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Heshmat M, Ensing B. Optimizing the Energetics of FLP-Type H 2 Activation by Modulating the Electronic and Structural Properties of the Lewis Acids: A DFT Study. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:6399-6410. [PMID: 32666803 PMCID: PMC8279552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The great potential of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) as metal-free catalysts for activation of molecular hydrogen has attracted increasing interest as an alternative to transition-metal catalysts. However, the complexity of FLP systems, involving the simultaneous interaction of three molecules, impedes a detailed understanding of the activation mechanism and the individual roles of the Lewis acid (LA) and Lewis base (LB). In the present work, using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we examine the reactivity of 75 FLPs for the H2 splitting reaction, including a series of experimentally investigated LAs combined with conventional phosphine-based (tBu3P) and oxygen-based (i.e., ethereal solvent) Lewis bases. We find that the catalytic activity of the FLP is the result of a delicate balance of the LA and LB strengths and their bulkiness. The H2 splitting reaction can be changed from endergonic to exergonic by tuning the electrophilicity of the LA. Also, a more nucleophilic LB results in a more stable ion pair product and a lower barrier for the hydrogen splitting. The bulkiness of the LB leads to an early transition state to reduce steric hindrance and lower the barrier height. The bulkiness of the fragments determines the cavity size in the FLP complex, and a large cavity allows for a larger charge separation in the ion pair configuration. A shorter proton-hydride distance in this product complex correlates with a stronger attraction between the fragments, which forms more reactive ion pairs and facilitates the proton and hydride donations in the subsequent hydrogenation process. These insights may help with rationalizing the experimentally observed reactivities of FLPs and with designing better FLP systems for hydrogenation catalysis and hydrogen storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Heshmat
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Ensing
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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33
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Leitl J, Jupp AR, Habraken ERM, Streitferdt V, Coburger P, Scott DJ, Gschwind RM, Müller C, Slootweg JC, Wolf R. A Phosphinine-Derived 1-Phospha-7-Bora-Norbornadiene: Frustrated Lewis Pair Type Activation of Triple Bonds. Chemistry 2020; 26:7788-7800. [PMID: 32052879 PMCID: PMC7383905 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Salt metathesis of 1-methyl-2,4,6-triphenylphosphacyclohexadienyl lithium and chlorobis(pentafluorophenyl)borane affords a 1-phospha-7-bora-norbornadiene derivative 2. The C≡N triple bonds of nitriles insert into the P-B bond of 2 with concomitant C-B bond cleavage, whereas the C≡C bonds of phenylacetylenes react with 2 to form λ4 -phosphabarrelenes. Even though 2 must formally be regarded as a classical Lewis adduct, the C≡N and C≡C activation processes observed (and the mild conditions under which they occur) are reminiscent of the reactivity of frustrated Lewis pairs. Indeed, NMR and computational studies give insight into the mechanism of the reactions and reveal the labile nature of the phosphorus-boron bond in 2, which is also suggested by detailed NMR spectroscopic studies on this compound. Nitrile insertion is thus preceded by ring opening of the bicycle of 2 through P-B bond splitting with a low energy barrier. By contrast, the reaction with alkynes involves formation of a reactive zwitterionic methylphosphininium borate intermediate, which readily undergoes alkyne 1,4-addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Leitl
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Andrew R. Jupp
- van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 904, PO Box 941571090 GDAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Evi R. M. Habraken
- van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 904, PO Box 941571090 GDAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Verena Streitferdt
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Peter Coburger
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Daniel J. Scott
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Ruth M. Gschwind
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Christian Müller
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstr. 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - J. Chris Slootweg
- van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 904, PO Box 941571090 GDAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Robert Wolf
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
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34
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Martin J, Knüpfer C, Eyselein J, Färber C, Grams S, Langer J, Thum K, Wiesinger M, Harder S. Highly Active Superbulky Alkaline Earth Metal Amide Catalysts for Hydrogenation of Challenging Alkenes and Aromatic Rings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:9102-9112. [PMID: 32045078 PMCID: PMC7318605 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Two series of bulky alkaline earth (Ae) metal amide complexes have been prepared: Ae[N(TRIP)2 ]2 (1-Ae) and Ae[N(TRIP)(DIPP)]2 (2-Ae) (Ae=Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba; TRIP=SiiPr3 , DIPP=2,6-diisopropylphenyl). While monomeric 1-Ca was already known, the new complexes have been structurally characterized. Monomers 1-Ae are highly linear while the monomers 2-Ae are slightly bent. The bulkier amide complexes 1-Ae are by far the most active catalysts in alkene hydrogenation with activities increasing from Mg to Ba. Catalyst 1-Ba can reduce internal alkenes like cyclohexene or 3-hexene and highly challenging substrates like 1-Me-cyclohexene or tetraphenylethylene. It is also active in arene hydrogenation reducing anthracene and naphthalene (even when substituted with an alkyl) as well as biphenyl. Benzene could be reduced to cyclohexane but full conversion was not reached. The first step in catalytic hydrogenation is formation of an (amide)AeH species, which can form larger aggregates. Increasing the bulk of the amide ligand decreases aggregate size but it is unclear what the true catalyst(s) is (are). DFT calculations suggest that amide bulk also has a noticeable influence on the thermodynamics for formation of the (amide)AeH species. Complex 1-Ba is currently the most powerful Ae metal hydrogenation catalyst. Due to tremendously increased activities in comparison to those of previously reported catalysts, the substrate scope in hydrogenation catalysis could be extended to challenging multi-substituted unactivated alkenes and even to arenes among which benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Martin
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Christian Knüpfer
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jonathan Eyselein
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Christian Färber
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Samuel Grams
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jens Langer
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Katharina Thum
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Michael Wiesinger
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
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35
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Ghara M, Giri S, Chattaraj PK. Cycloaddition Reactions between H2C = CHR (R = H, CN, CH3) and a Cyclic P/B Frustrated Lewis Pair: A DFT Study. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4455-4462. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c02799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manas Ghara
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Santanab Giri
- Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia 721657, India
| | - Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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36
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Zhan XY, Zhang H, Dong Y, Yang J, He S, Shi ZC, Tang L, Wang JY. Chemoselective Hydrosilylation of the α,β-Site Double Bond in α,β- and α,β,γ,δ-Unsaturated Ketones Catalyzed by Macrosteric Borane Promoted by Hexafluoro-2-propanol. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6578-6592. [PMID: 32316729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The B(C6F5)3-catalyzed chemoselective hydrosilylation of α,β- and α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated ketones into the corresponding non-symmetric ketones in mild reaction conditions is developed. Nearly 55 substrates including those bearing reducible functional groups such as alkynyl, alkenyl, cyano, and aromatic heterocycles are chemoselectively hydrosilylated in good to excellent yields. Isotope-labeling studies revealed that hexafluoro-2-propanol also served as a hydrogen source in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Zhan
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yu Dong
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jian Yang
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Shuai He
- Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Chuan Shi
- Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Lei Tang
- Laboratory of Anaesthesia & Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center and Department of Anaesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Yu Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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37
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Avinash I, Parveen S, Anantharaman G. Backbone Boron-Functionalized Imidazoles/Imidazolium Salts: Synthesis, Structure, Metalation Studies, and Fluoride Sensing Properties. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:5646-5661. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iruthayaraj Avinash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Sabeeha Parveen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Ganapathi Anantharaman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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38
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Martin J, Knüpfer C, Eyselein J, Färber C, Grams S, Langer J, Thum K, Wiesinger M, Harder S. Highly Active Superbulky Alkaline Earth Metal Amide Catalysts for Hydrogenation of Challenging Alkenes and Aromatic Rings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Martin
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Christian Knüpfer
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jonathan Eyselein
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Christian Färber
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Samuel Grams
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jens Langer
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Katharina Thum
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Michael Wiesinger
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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39
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Gusarova NK, Trofimov BA. Organophosphorus chemistry based on elemental phosphorus: advances and horizons. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The results of studies on the application of elemental phosphorus for the synthesis of important organophosphorus compounds are surveyed and summarized. Currently, this trend represents a synthetically, environmentally and technologically attractive alternative to classical organophosphorus chemistry based on toxic and corrosive phosphorus chlorides. Direct phosphination and phosphinylation of organic compounds with elemental phosphorus (discussed in the first part of the review) basically extend the range of available phosphines, phosphine chalcogenides and phosphinic acids and provides further development of their synthetic potential (discussed in the second part of the review). It is shown that the breakthrough in this area is largely due to the discovery of reactions of elemental phosphorus (white and red) with various electrophiles in superbasic suspensions and emulsions derived from alkali metal hydroxides and to the development of electrochemical, electrocatalytic and catalytic activation of white phosphorus.
The bibliography includes 299 references.
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40
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Tinnermann H, Fraser C, Young RD. Zero valent iron complexes as base partners in frustrated Lewis pair chemistry. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:15184-15189. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03551c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The prototypical iron(0) complex [Fe(CO)3(PMe3)2] (1) forms a frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) with B(C6F5)3 (BCF).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig Fraser
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
| | - Rowan D. Young
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
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41
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Kumar G, Qu ZW, Ghosh S, Grimme S, Chatterjee I. Boron Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Regioselective Hydrothiolation of Conjugated Dienes with Thiols. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Zheng-Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Soumen Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Indranil Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
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42
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Wölke C, Daniliuc CG, Kehr G, Erker G. Diels-Alder route to norbornane derived vicinal phosphane/borane frustrated Lewis pairs for the metal-free catalytic hydrogenation of α, β-unsaturated ketones. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.120879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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43
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Dai Y, Feng X, Du H. B(C 6F 5) 3-Catalyzed Highly Stereoselective Hydrogenation of Unfunctionalized Tetrasubstituted Olefins. Org Lett 2019; 21:6884-6887. [PMID: 31460767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free hydrogenation of unfunctionalized tetrasubstituted olefins were successfully realized using a combination of B(C6F5)3 and Ph2NMe catalyst. The corresponding products were afforded in 58-98% yields with up to >99:1 cis/trans selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangqing Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haifeng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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44
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Reddy GN, Parida R, Jena P, Jana M, Giri S. Superhalogens as Building Blocks of Super Lewis Acids. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:1607-1612. [PMID: 30989750 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lewis acids play an important role in synthetic chemistry. Using first-principle calculations on some newly designed molecules containing boron and organic heterocyclic superhalogen ligands, we show that the acid strength depends on the charge of the central atom as well as on the ligands attached to it. In particular, the strength of the Lewis acid increases with increasing electron withdrawing power of the ligand. With this insight, we highlight the importance of superhalogen-based ligands in the design of strong Lewis acids. Calculated fluoride ion affinity (FIA) values of B[C2 BNO(CN)3 ]3 and B[C2 BNS(CN)3 ]3 show that these are super Lewis acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Naaresh Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Rakesh Parida
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Puru Jena
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth Unoiversity, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Madhurima Jana
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Santanab Giri
- School of Applied Sciences and Humanities Haldia Institute of Technology, ICARE Complex, West Bengal, 721657, India
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45
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46
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Abstract
The study of main-group molecules that behave and react similarly to transition-metal (TM) complexes has attracted significant interest in recent decades. Most notably, the attractive idea of replacing the all-too-often rare and costly metals from catalysis has motivated efforts to develop main-group-element-mediated reactions. Main-group elements, however, lack the electronic flexibility of TM complexes that arises from combinations of empty and filled d orbitals and that seem ideally suited to bind and activate many substrates. In this review, we look at boron, an element that despite its nonmetal nature, low atomic weight, and relative redox staticity has achieved great milestones in terms of TM-like reactivity. We show how in interelement cooperative systems, diboron molecules, and hypovalent complexes the fifth element can acquire a truly metallomimetic character. As we discuss, this character is powerfully demonstrated by the reactivity of boron-based molecules with H2, CO, alkynes, alkenes and even with N2.
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47
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Luo B, Sang R, Lin L, Xu L. MoIV3-Polyoxomolybdates with frustrated Lewis pairs for high-performance hydrogenation catalysis. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy01771a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly efficient catalytic hydrogenation of the MOIV6-γ-Keggin hybrid with MoIV–O–MoVIO multiple Lewis pairs has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benlong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Ruili Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- China
| | - Lifang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- China
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48
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Abstract
While conventional approaches to stabilizing main group radicals have involved the use of Lewis acids or bases, this tutorial review focuses on new avenues to main group radicals derived from combinations of donor and acceptor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
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49
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Lam J, Szkop KM, Mosaferi E, Stephan DW. FLP catalysis: main group hydrogenations of organic unsaturated substrates. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:3592-3612. [PMID: 30178796 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00277k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This article is focused on recent developments in main group mediated hydrogenation chemistry and catalysis using "frustrated Lewis pairs" (FLPs). The broading range of substrates and catalyst systems is reviewed and the advances in catalytic reductions and the development of stereoselective, asymmetric reductions made since 2012 is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolie Lam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S3H6, Canada.
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50
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Transition metal-free regioselective access to 9,10-dihydroanthracenes via the reaction of anthracenes with elemental phosphorus in the KOH/DMSO system. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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