1
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Gulyak EL, Alferova VA, Korshun VA, Sapozhnikova KA. Introduction of Carbonyl Groups into Antibodies. Molecules 2023; 28:7890. [PMID: 38067618 PMCID: PMC10707781 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies and their derivatives (scFv, Fabs, etc.) represent a unique class of biomolecules that combine selectivity with the ability to target drug delivery. Currently, one of the most promising endeavors in this field is the development of molecular diagnostic tools and antibody-based therapeutic agents, including antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). To meet this challenge, it is imperative to advance methods for modifying antibodies. A particularly promising strategy involves the introduction of carbonyl groups into the antibody that are amenable to further modification by biorthogonal reactions, namely aliphatic, aromatic, and α-oxo aldehydes, as well as aliphatic and aryl-alkyl ketones. In this review, we summarize the preparation methods and applications of site-specific antibody conjugates that are synthesized using this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ksenia A. Sapozhnikova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.L.G.); (V.A.A.); (V.A.K.)
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2
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Hauptstein N, Meinel L, Lühmann T. Bioconjugation strategies and clinical implications of Interferon-bioconjugates. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 172:157-167. [PMID: 35149191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interferons (IFN) are immunomodulating, antiviral and antiproliferative cytokines for treatment of multiple indications, including cancer, hepatitis, and autoimmune disease. The first IFNs were discovered in 1957, first approved in 1986, and are nowadays listed in the WHO model list of essential Medicines. Three classes of IFNs are known; IFN-α2a and IFN-β belonging to type-I IFNs, IFN-γ a type-II IFN approved for some hereditary diseases and IFN-λs, which form the newest class of type-III IFNs. IFN-λs were discovered in the last decade with fascinating yet under discovered pharmaceutical potential. This article reviews available IFN drugs, their field and route of application, while also outlining available and future strategies for bioconjugation to further optimize pharmaceutical and clinical performances of all three available IFN classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Hauptstein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074, Würzburg, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), DE-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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3
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Lateef OM, Akintubosun MO, Olaoba OT, Samson SO, Adamczyk M. Making Sense of "Nonsense" and More: Challenges and Opportunities in the Genetic Code Expansion, in the World of tRNA Modifications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:938. [PMID: 35055121 PMCID: PMC8779196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutional development of the RNA translation process that leads to protein synthesis based on naturally occurring amino acids has its continuation via synthetic biology, the so-called rational bioengineering. Genetic code expansion (GCE) explores beyond the natural translational processes to further enhance the structural properties and augment the functionality of a wide range of proteins. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomal machinery have been proven to accept engineered tRNAs from orthogonal organisms to efficiently incorporate noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) with rationally designed side chains. These side chains can be reactive or functional groups, which can be extensively utilized in biochemical, biophysical, and cellular studies. Genetic code extension offers the contingency of introducing more than one ncAA into protein through frameshift suppression, multi-site-specific incorporation of ncAAs, thereby increasing the vast number of possible applications. However, different mediating factors reduce the yield and efficiency of ncAA incorporation into synthetic proteins. In this review, we comment on the recent advancements in genetic code expansion to signify the relevance of systems biology in improving ncAA incorporation efficiency. We discuss the emerging impact of tRNA modifications and metabolism in protein design. We also provide examples of the latest successful accomplishments in synthetic protein therapeutics and show how codon expansion has been employed in various scientific and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubodun Michael Lateef
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (O.M.L.); (M.O.A.); (S.O.S.)
| | | | - Olamide Tosin Olaoba
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biochemistry, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil;
| | - Sunday Ocholi Samson
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (O.M.L.); (M.O.A.); (S.O.S.)
| | - Malgorzata Adamczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (O.M.L.); (M.O.A.); (S.O.S.)
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4
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Qi J, Rader C. Redirecting cytotoxic T cells with chemically programmed antibodies. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115834. [PMID: 33166926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
T-cell engaging bispecific antibodies (T-biAbs) mediate potent and selective cytotoxicity by combining specificities for target and effector cells in one molecule. Chemically programmed T-biAbs (cp-T-biAbs) are precisely assembled compositions of (i) small molecules that govern cancer cell surface targeting with high affinity and specificity and (ii) antibodies that recruit and activate T cells and equip the small molecule with confined biodistribution and longer circulatory half-life. Conceptually similar to cp-T-biAbs, switchable chimeric antigen receptor T cells (sCAR-Ts) can also be put under the control of small molecules by using a chemically programmed antibody as a bispecific adaptor molecule. As such, cp-T-biAbs and cp-sCAR-Ts can endow small molecules with the power of cancer immunotherapy. We here review the concept of chemically programmed antibodies for recruiting and activating T cells as a promising strategy for broadening the utility of small molecules in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Qi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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5
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Dal Corso A. Targeted Small‐Molecule Conjugates: The Future is Now. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3321-3322. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Dal Corso
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano via C. Golgi, 19 20133 Milan Italy
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6
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Jiang Y, Wang C, Zhang M, Fei X, Gu Y. Type and size effect of functional groups on the novel antifolate target recognition folate receptors α and β: Docking, molecular dynamics and MM/PBSA study. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 100:107663. [PMID: 32659629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel antifolates (32 compounds) were used to study the interactions with folate receptors α and β. The compounds had different sizes of methyl (-CH3), carboxyl (-COOH), hydroxyl (-OH), and amino groups (-NH2). The binding properties of the complexes were studied by molecular docking, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations, and MM/PBSA free energy calculations. The docked binding energies and modes were analyzed to identify compounds with good recognition of FRα from FRβ. The stable conformers, root mean square displacement, root mean square fluctuation free binding energy, and contribution of residues to the binding energy of the complexes were further analyzed to illustrate the interactions between the novel compounds and folate receptors. The data show that introducing long functional groups in folate will increase the binding affinity with FRα but will decrease the binding affinity with FRβ. The results provide a strategy for the design of novel antifolates targeted to FRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jiang
- School of Science, TianJin ChengJian University, Tianjin, China
| | - Cuihong Wang
- School of Science, TianJin ChengJian University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Meiling Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuening Fei
- School of Science, TianJin ChengJian University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yingchun Gu
- School of Science, TianJin ChengJian University, Tianjin, China
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7
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Pellegrino C, Favalli N, Sandholzer M, Volta L, Bassi G, Millul J, Cazzamalli S, Matasci M, Villa A, Myburgh R, Manz MG, Neri D. Impact of Ligand Size and Conjugation Chemistry on the Performance of Universal Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cells for Tumor Killing. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1775-1783. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Pellegrino
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas Favalli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Sandholzer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Volta
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Bassi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacopo Millul
- Philochem AG, Libernstrasse 3, 8112 Otelfingen, Switzerland
| | | | - Mattia Matasci
- Philochem AG, Libernstrasse 3, 8112 Otelfingen, Switzerland
| | | | - Renier Myburgh
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus G. Manz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Blackburn C, Tai H, Salerno M, Wang X, Hartsuiker E, Wang W. Folic acid and rhodamine labelled pH responsive hyperbranched polymers: Synthesis, characterization and cell uptake studies. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Lim SI. Site-specific bioconjugation and self-assembly technologies for multi-functional biologics: on the road to the clinic. Drug Discov Today 2019; 25:168-176. [PMID: 31610287 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The expanding portfolio of biotherapeutics both in the research and development (R&D) and market sectors is shaping new opportunities towards multifunctional biologics (MFBs). The combination of new or pre-existing therapeutic agents into a single multifunctional format makes it possible to develop new pharmacological actions to significantly improve their efficacy and safety. In this review, I focus on novel platform technologies that are being exploited in the biotech industry to produce MFBs with potential therapeutic benefits that include half-life extension, targeted delivery, T cell engagement, and improved vaccination. In this regard, technologies of key importance are site-specific bioconjugation and self-assembly, which allow homogeneous, defined, and scalable process developments for several MFBs that are advancing towards clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung In Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Qi J, Hymel D, Nelson CG, Burke TR, Rader C. Conventional and Chemically Programmed Asymmetric Bispecific Antibodies Targeting Folate Receptor 1. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1994. [PMID: 31497024 PMCID: PMC6712926 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell engaging bispecific antibodies (biAbs) can mediate potent and specific tumor cell eradication in liquid cancers. Substantial effort has been invested in expanding this concept to solid cancers. To explore their utility in the treatment of ovarian cancer, we built a set of asymmetric biAbs in IgG1-like format that bind CD3 on T cells with a conventional scFv arm and folate receptor 1 (FOLR1) on ovarian cancer cells with a conventional or a chemically programmed Fab arm. For avidity engineering, we also built an asymmetric biAb format with a tandem Fab arm. We show that both conventional and chemically programmed CD3 × FOLR1 biAbs exert specific in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity toward FOLR1-expressing ovarian cancer cells by recruiting and activating T cells. While the conventional T-cell engaging biAb was curative in an aggressive mouse model of human ovarian cancer, the potency of the chemically programmed biAb was significantly boosted by avidity engineering. Both conventional and chemically programmed CD3 × FOLR1 biAbs warrant further investigation for ovarian cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Qi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - David Hymel
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Christopher G Nelson
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Terrence R Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States
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11
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Jiang Y, Wang C, Zhang M, Fei X, Gu Y. Interacted mechanism of functional groups in ligand targeted with folate receptor via docking, molecular dynamic and MM/PBSA. J Mol Graph Model 2018; 87:121-128. [PMID: 30537642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Twenty novel compounds with different functional groups (-COOH, -OH, -NH2 and -CH3) were designed to study the interaction mechanism of ligands with folate receptors (FRs). The optimized structure and the dipole moment of the novel compounds were calculated by a density functional tight-binding method (DFTB). The binding mechanism of the compounds with FRs was studied by molecular docking, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations and MM/PBSA free energy calculations. The binding energies, root mean square displacement and root mean square fluctuation of the complexes were analyzed to further illustrate the effect of the functional groups. The functional groups play important roles in stabilizing the bound complexes. Compared to other groups, -OH is more stably linked with the compound. These data provide a theoretical basis for the design of novel compounds targeted with FRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jiang
- School of Science, TianJin ChengJian University, Tianjin, China
| | - Cuihong Wang
- School of Science, TianJin ChengJian University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Meiling Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuening Fei
- School of Science, TianJin ChengJian University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yingchun Gu
- School of Science, TianJin ChengJian University, Tianjin, China
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12
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Kang M, Lu Y, Chen S, Tian F. Harnessing the power of an expanded genetic code toward next-generation biopharmaceuticals. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 46:123-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Huang Y, Liu T. Therapeutic applications of genetic code expansion. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2018; 3:150-158. [PMID: 30345400 PMCID: PMC6190509 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, a limited, conservative set of amino acids are utilized to synthesize proteins. Genetic code expansion technique reassigns codons and incorporates noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) through orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS)/tRNA pairs. The past decade has witnessed the rapid growth in diversity and scope for therapeutic applications of this technology. Here, we provided an update on the recent progress using genetic code expansion in the following areas: antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), bispecific antibodies (BsAb), immunotherapies, long-lasting protein therapeutics, biosynthesized peptides, engineered viruses and cells, as well as other therapeutic related applications, where the technique was used to elucidate the mechanisms of biotherapeutics and drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
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14
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Chen J, Li X, Li J, Li J, Huang L, Ren T, Yang X, Zhong S. Assembling of stimuli-responsive tumor targeting polypyrrole nanotubes drug carrier system for controlled release. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 89:316-327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Wang C, Jiang Y, Zhang M, Fei X, Gu Y. Novel fluorescent antifolates that target folate receptors α and β: Molecular dynamics and density functional theory study. J Mol Graph Model 2018; 85:40-47. [PMID: 30055477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nine novel fluorescent antifolates, 1-9, were designed and docked with FRα and FRβ. The binding energies of the bound complexes were determined by molecular docking and MM-PBSA studies. The structural properties of the complexes FR-FOL, FR-7, FR-8 and FR-9 were analyzed in detail via molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies. We further calculated the root mean square displacement and root mean square fluctuation of the bound complexes using molecular dynamics simulations. Since compounds 7, 8 and 9 are promising candidate in distinguishing FRα from FRβ, the hydrogen bond properties of complexes FRα-7, FRα-8 and FRα-9 were studied by a dispersion complemented density functional tight-binding method. The purpose of this study is to provide a rationale for the design of novel fluorescent antifolates targeted with FRα and FRβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihong Wang
- School of Science, TianJin ChengJian University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yue Jiang
- School of Science, TianJin ChengJian University, Tianjin, China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuening Fei
- School of Science, TianJin ChengJian University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yingchun Gu
- School of Science, TianJin ChengJian University, Tianjin, China
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16
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Chu W, Zhou Y, Tang Q, Wang M, Ji Y, Yan J, Yin D, Zhang S, Lu H, Shen J. Bi-specific ligand-controlled chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Biosci Trends 2018; 12:298-308. [PMID: 29899195 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2018.01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Our goal is to develop a switch-controlled approach to enable better control of reactivity and safety of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lentiviral transduction was performed to generate anti-FITC CAR-T cells and target cells stably expressing either isoform of the folate receptor. Colorimetric-based cytotoxic assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and multiparametric flow cytometry analysis were used to evaluate the specificity and activity of CAR-T cells in vitro. Human primary T cells stably expressing the fully human anti-FITC CAR were generated. Anti-FITC CAR-T cells displayed antigen-specific and folate-FTIC dependent reactivity against engineered A549-FRα and THP-1-FRβ. The selective activation and proliferation of anti-FITC CAR-T cells in vitro stringently relied on the co-existence of folate-FITC and FR- expressing target cells and was dose-titratable with the folate-FITC switch. The excellent in vitro efficacy and specificity of an adaptor-controlled CAR-T therapy to target both tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages in NSCLCs were validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Chu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Yixiong Zhou
- Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Qi Tang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Min Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Yongjia Ji
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Jingjing Yan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Dan Yin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Shuye Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University
| | - Jiayin Shen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University
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17
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Abstract
Our understanding of the complex molecular processes of living organisms at the molecular level is growing exponentially. This knowledge, together with a powerful arsenal of tools for manipulating the structures of macromolecules, is allowing chemists to to harness and reprogram the cellular machinery in ways previously unimaged. Here we review one example in which the genetic code itself has been expanded with new building blocks that allow us to probe and manipulate the structures and functions of proteins with unprecedented precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D. Young
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary,
P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187 (USA)
| | - Peter G. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute,
La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA),
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18
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From Designing the Molecules of Life to Designing Life: Future Applications Derived from Advances in DNA Technologies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4313-4328. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Kohman RE, Kunjapur AM, Hysolli E, Wang Y, Church GM. Vom Design der Moleküle des Lebens zum Design von Leben: Zukünftige Anwendungen von DNA-Technologien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richie E. Kohman
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Harvard University; Boston MA 02115 USA
| | | | - Eriona Hysolli
- Department of Genetics; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Genetics; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA 02115 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Harvard University; Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - George M. Church
- Department of Genetics; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA 02115 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Harvard University; Boston MA 02115 USA
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20
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Wang C, Jiang Y, Fei X, Gu Y. Design and interaction mechanism of ligand targeted with folate receptor α and β. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Wang
- School of Science; TianJin ChengJian University; Tianjin China
| | - Y. Jiang
- School of Science; TianJin ChengJian University; Tianjin China
| | - X. Fei
- School of Science; TianJin ChengJian University; Tianjin China
| | - Y. Gu
- School of Science; TianJin ChengJian University; Tianjin China
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21
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Chen J, Li X, Sun Y, Hu Y, Peng Y, Li Y, Yin G, Liu H, Xu J, Zhong S. Synthesis of Size-Tunable Hollow Polypyrrole Nanostructures and Their Assembly into Folate-Targeting and pH-Responsive Anticancer Drug-Delivery Agents. Chemistry 2017; 23:17279-17289. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410083 P.R. China
| | - Xiufang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410083 P.R. China
| | - Yanhua Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410083 P.R. China
| | - Yuwei Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410083 P.R. China
| | - Yulong Peng
- School of Basic Medical Science; Central South University; Changsha, Hunan 410083 P.R. China
| | - Yimin Li
- School of Basic Medical Science; Central South University; Changsha, Hunan 410083 P.R. China
| | - Gang Yin
- School of Basic Medical Science; Central South University; Changsha, Hunan 410083 P.R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410083 P.R. China
| | - Jiangfeng Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410083 P.R. China
| | - Shian Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410083 P.R. China
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22
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Chin JW. Expanding and reprogramming the genetic code. Nature 2017; 550:53-60. [PMID: 28980641 DOI: 10.1038/nature24031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nature uses a limited, conservative set of amino acids to synthesize proteins. The ability to genetically encode an expanded set of building blocks with new chemical and physical properties is transforming the study, manipulation and evolution of proteins, and is enabling diverse applications, including approaches to probe, image and control protein function, and to precisely engineer therapeutics. Underpinning this transformation are strategies to engineer and rewire translation. Emerging strategies aim to reprogram the genetic code so that noncanonical biopolymers can be synthesized and evolved, and to test the limits of our ability to engineer the translational machinery and systematically recode genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Chin
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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23
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Patterson JT, Isaacson J, Kerwin L, Atassi G, Duggal R, Bresson D, Zhu T, Zhou H, Fu Y, Kaufmann GF. PSMA-targeted bispecific Fab conjugates that engage T cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:5490-5495. [PMID: 29126850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioconjugate formats provide alternative strategies for antigen targeting with bispecific antibodies. Here, PSMA-targeted Fab conjugates were generated using different bispecific formats. Interchain disulfide bridging of an αCD3 Fab enabled installation of either the PSMA-targeting small molecule DUPA (SynFab) or the attachment of an αPSMA Fab (BisFab) by covalent linkage. Optimization of the reducing conditions was critical for selective interchain disulfide reduction and good bioconjugate yield. Activity of αPSMA/CD3 Fab conjugates was tested by in vitro cytotoxicity assays using prostate cancer cell lines. Both bispecific formats demonstrated excellent potency and antigen selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Patterson
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., 4955 Directors Place, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Jason Isaacson
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., 4955 Directors Place, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Lisa Kerwin
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., 4955 Directors Place, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ghazi Atassi
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., 4955 Directors Place, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Rohit Duggal
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., 4955 Directors Place, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Damien Bresson
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., 4955 Directors Place, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Tong Zhu
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., 4955 Directors Place, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Heyue Zhou
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., 4955 Directors Place, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Yanwen Fu
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., 4955 Directors Place, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Gunnar F Kaufmann
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., 4955 Directors Place, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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24
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Xiao H, Schultz PG. At the Interface of Chemical and Biological Synthesis: An Expanded Genetic Code. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:cshperspect.a023945. [PMID: 27413101 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a023945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability to site-specifically incorporate noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) with novel structures into proteins in living cells affords a powerful tool to investigate and manipulate protein structure and function. More than 200 ncAAs with diverse biological, chemical, and physical properties have been genetically encoded in response to nonsense or frameshift codons in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms with high fidelity and efficiency. In this review, recent advances in the technology and its application to problems in protein biochemistry, cellular biology, and medicine are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Peter G Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, California 92037
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25
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Walseng E, Nelson CG, Qi J, Nanna AR, Roush WR, Goswami RK, Sinha SC, Burke TR, Rader C. Chemically Programmed Bispecific Antibodies in Diabody Format. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:19661-73. [PMID: 27445334 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.745588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically programmed bispecific antibodies (biAbs) endow target cell-binding small molecules with the ability to recruit and activate effector cells of the immune system. Here we report a platform of chemically programmed biAbs aimed at redirecting cytotoxic T cells to eliminate cancer cells. Two different antibody technologies were merged together to make a novel chemically programmed biAb. This was achieved by combining the humanized anti-hapten monoclonal antibody (mAb) h38C2 with the humanized anti-human CD3 mAb v9 in a clinically investigated diabody format known as Dual-Affinity Re-Targeting (DART). We show that h38C2 × v9 DARTs can readily be equipped with tumor-targeting hapten-derivatized small molecules without causing a systemic response harming healthy tissues. As a proof of concept, we chemically programmed h38C2 × v9 with hapten-folate and demonstrated its selectivity and potency against folate receptor 1 (FOLR1)-expressing ovarian cancer cells in vitro and in vivo Unlike conventional biAbs, chemically programmed biAbs in DART format are highly modular with broad utility in terms of both target and effector cell engagement. Most importantly, they provide tumor-targeting compounds access to the power of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher G Nelson
- the Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | | | - Alex R Nanna
- From the Departments of Cancer Biology, Chemistry, and
| | | | - Rajib K Goswami
- the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Subhash C Sinha
- the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Terrence R Burke
- the Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Christoph Rader
- From the Departments of Cancer Biology, Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458,
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26
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Wold ED, Smider VV, Felding BH. Antibody Therapeutics in Oncology. IMMUNOTHERAPY (LOS ANGELES, CALIF.) 2016; 2:108. [PMID: 27081677 PMCID: PMC4829403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the newer classes of targeted cancer therapeutics is monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibody therapeutics are a successful and rapidly expanding drug class due to their high specificity, activity, favourable pharmacokinetics, and standardized manufacturing processes. Antibodies are capable of recruiting the immune system to attack cancer cells through complement-dependent cytotoxicity or antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity. In an ideal scenario the initial tumor cell destruction induced by administration of a therapeutic antibody can result in uptake of tumor associated antigens by antigen-presenting cells, establishing a prolonged memory effect. Mechanisms of direct tumor cell killing by antibodies include antibody recognition of cell surface bound enzymes to neutralize enzyme activity and signaling, or induction of receptor agonist or antagonist activity. Both approaches result in cellular apoptosis. In another and very direct approach, antibodies are used to deliver drugs to target cells and cause cell death. Such antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) direct cytotoxic compounds to tumor cells, after selective binding to cell surface antigens, internalization, and intracellular drug release. Efficacy and safety of ADCs for cancer therapy has recently been greatly advanced based on innovative approaches for site-specific drug conjugation to the antibody structure. This technology enabled rational optimization of function and pharmacokinetics of the resulting conjugates, and is now beginning to yield therapeutics with defined, uniform molecular characteristics, and unprecedented promise to advance cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D Wold
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vaughn V Smider
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brunhilde H Felding
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, Mail drop MEM 150, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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27
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Yu B, Zhou Y, Song M, Xue Y, Cai N, Luo X, Long S, Zhang H, Yu F. Synthesis of selenium nanoparticles with mesoporous silica drug-carrier shell for programmed responsive tumor targeted synergistic therapy. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra21460b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of folate by de-coating in a tumor microenvironment enhanced the in situ targeting. The integrated nanoplatform provides a promising way to programmed responsive tumor targeted synergistic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430073
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430073
| | - Meifang Song
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430073
| | - Yanan Xue
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430073
| | - Ning Cai
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430073
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430073
| | - Sihui Long
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430073
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430073
| | - Faquan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430073
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28
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Abstract
Antibody therapeutics are a promising drug class due to their high specificity and favorable pharmacokinetics. While there are many methods for the development of antibodies specific to disease associated antigens, selecting antibodies against functional epitopes with high specificity and affinity can be difficult for certain epitopes. We describe a generalizable method for synthesizing antibody mimetics by site specifically conjugating small molecules (with high affinity and specificity to disease associated antigens) to an Fc fragment to develop drugs with the benefits of an antibody. As a proof of concept, an E269pAcPhe Fc antibody Fc fragment was produced and subsequently site-specifically labeled with a linker-modified folic acid compound to generate an Fc-folic acid antibody-mimetic. This was chosen as the model system because the high-affinity folate receptor FR-α is highly expressed in a number of cancer types including breast and ovarian cancer. The specificity of the Fc-folic acid conjugate was assessed via flowcytometry with the folate-receptor positive breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 by measuring Fc-folic acid binding in both the absence and presence of an excess of folic acid. Fc-small molecule conjugates could be developed into a unique class of antibody-like therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D. Wold
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jun Y. Axup
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Brunhilde H. Felding
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Vaughn V. Smider
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
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29
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Frasconi M, Marotta R, Markey L, Flavin K, Spampinato V, Ceccone G, Echegoyen L, Scanlan EM, Giordani S. Multi-Functionalized Carbon Nano-onions as Imaging Probes for Cancer Cells. Chemistry 2015; 21:19071-80. [PMID: 26577582 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials have attracted much interest during the last decade for biomedical applications. Multimodal imaging probes based on carbon nano-onions (CNOs) have emerged as a platform for bioimaging because of their cell-penetration properties and minimal systemic toxicity. Here, we describe the covalent functionalization of CNOs with fluorescein and folic acid moieties for both imaging and targeting cancer cells. The modified CNOs display high brightness and photostability in aqueous solutions and their selective and rapid uptake in two different cancer cell lines without significant cytotoxicity was demonstrated. The localization of the functionalized CNOs in late-endosomes cell compartments was revealed by a correlative approach with confocal and transmission electron microscopy. Understanding the biological response of functionalized CNOs with the capability to target cancer cells and localize the nanoparticles in the cellular environment, will pave the way for the development of a new generation of imaging probes for future biomedical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Frasconi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Nano Carbon Materials Laboratory, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova (Italy)
| | - Roberto Marotta
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova (Italy)
| | - Lyn Markey
- Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, School of Chemistry, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 (Ireland)
| | - Kevin Flavin
- Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, School of Chemistry, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 (Ireland)
| | - Valentina Spampinato
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Varese (Italy)
| | - Giacomo Ceccone
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Varese (Italy)
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), Department of Chemistry, El Paso, Texas 79968 (USA)
| | - Eoin M Scanlan
- Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, School of Chemistry, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 (Ireland)
| | - Silvia Giordani
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Nano Carbon Materials Laboratory, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova (Italy).
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30
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Abstract
The immune system is designed to discriminate between self and tumor tissue. Through genetic recombination, there is fundamentally no limit to the number of tumor antigens that immune cells can recognize. Yet, tumors use a variety of immunosuppressive mechanisms to evade immunity. Insight into how the immune system interacts with tumors is expanding rapidly and has accelerated the translation of immunotherapies into medical breakthroughs. Herein, we appraise novel strategies that exploit the patient's immune system to kill cancer. We review various forms of immune-based therapies, which have shown significant promise in patients with hematologic malignancies, including (i) conventional monoclonal therapies like rituximab; (ii) engineered monoclonal antibodies called bispecific T-cell engagers; (iii) monoclonal antibodies and pharmaceutical drugs that block inhibitory T-cell pathways (i.e. PD-1, CTLA-4, and IDO); and (iv) adoptive cell transfer therapy with T cells engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors or T-cell receptors. We also assess the idea of using these therapies in combination and conclude by suggesting multi-prong approaches to improve treatment outcomes and curative responses in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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31
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Liu T, Du J, Luo X, Schultz PG, Wang F. Homogeneously modified immunoglobulin domains for therapeutic application. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 28:66-74. [PMID: 26117722 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The field of therapeutic antibodies has been revolutionized over the past decade, led by the development of novel antibody-modification technologies. Besides the huge success achieved by therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, a diversity of antibody derivatives have emerged with hope to outperform their parental antibodies. Here we review the recent development of methodologies to modify immunoglobulin domains and their therapeutic applications. The innovative genetic and chemical approaches enable novel and controllable modifications on immunoglobulin domains, producing homogeneous therapeutics with new functionalities or enhanced therapeutic profiles. Such therapeutics, including antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies, and antibody/Fc fusion proteins, have demonstrated great prospects in the treatment of cancer, auto-immune diseases, infectious diseases, and many other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Juanjuan Du
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Xiaozhou Luo
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Peter G Schultz
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States; Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Feng Wang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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32
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Abstract
Antibody conjugates are important in many areas of medicine and biological research, and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are becoming an important next generation class of therapeutics for cancer treatment. Early conjugation technologies relied upon random conjugation to multiple amino acid side chains, resulting in heterogeneous mixtures of labeled antibody. Recent studies, however, strongly support the notion that site-specific conjugation produces a homogeneous population of antibody conjugates with improved pharmacologic properties over randomly coupled molecules. Genetically incorporated unnatural amino acids (uAAs) allow unique orthogonal coupling strategies compared to those used for the 20 naturally occurring amino acids. Thus, uAAs provide a novel paradigm for creation of next generation ADCs. Additionally, uAA-based site-specific conjugation could also empower creation of additional multifunctional conjugates important as biopharmaceuticals, diagnostics, or reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J Hallam
- †Sutro Biopharma, 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Erik Wold
- ‡The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alan Wahl
- §Ambrx, Inc. 10975 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Vaughn V Smider
- ‡The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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33
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Yu B, Li H, Zhang J, Zheng W, Chen T. Rational design and fabrication of a cancer-targeted chitosan nanocarrier to enhance selective cellular uptake and anticancer efficacy of selenocystine. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:2497-2504. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb02146k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A cancer-targeted chitosan nanocarrier has been rationally designed to enhance the selective cellular uptake and anticancer efficacy of selenocystine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Jinhui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Wenjie Zheng
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
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34
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Abstract
To date, over 100 noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) have been genetically encoded in living cells in order to expand the functional repertoire of the canonical 20 amino acids. More recently, this technology has been expanded to the field of protein therapeutics, where traditional chemical methods typically result in heterogeneous mixtures of proteins. The site-specific incorporation of ncAAs with orthogonal chemical groups allows unprecedented control over the site of conjugation and the stoichiometry, thus facilitating the rational optimization of the biological functions and/or pharmacokinetics of biologics. Herein, we discuss the recent contribution of ncAA technology in enhancing the pharmacological properties of current protein therapeutics as well as developing novel therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie B. Sun
- Dr. S.B. Sun, Prof. P.G. Schultz, Dr. C.H. Kim, California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Peter G. Schultz
- Dr. S.B. Sun, Prof. P.G. Schultz, Dr. C.H. Kim, California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037
- Prof. P.G. Schultz, Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SR202, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Chan Hyuk Kim
- Dr. S.B. Sun, Prof. P.G. Schultz, Dr. C.H. Kim, California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037
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35
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Template-directed covalent conjugation of DNA to native antibodies, transferrin and other metal-binding proteins. Nat Chem 2014; 6:804-9. [PMID: 25143216 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA-protein conjugates are important in bioanalytical chemistry, molecular diagnostics and bionanotechnology, as the DNA provides a unique handle to identify, functionalize or otherwise manipulate proteins. To maintain protein activity, conjugation of a single DNA handle to a specific location on the protein is often needed. However, preparing such high-quality site-specific conjugates often requires genetically engineered proteins, which is a laborious and technically challenging approach. Here we demonstrate a simpler method to create site-selective DNA-protein conjugates. Using a guiding DNA strand modified with a metal-binding functionality, we directed a second DNA strand to the vicinity of a metal-binding site of His6-tagged or wild-type metal-binding proteins, such as serotransferrin, where it subsequently reacted with lysine residues at that site. This method, DNA-templated protein conjugation, facilitates the production of site-selective protein conjugates, and also conjugation to IgG1 antibodies via a histidine cluster in the constant domain.
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36
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Rader C. Chemically programmed antibodies. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:186-97. [PMID: 24630478 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to their unlimited chemical diversity, small molecules can rival monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with respect to specificity and affinity for target molecules. However, key pharmacological properties of mAbs remain unmatched by small molecules. Chemical programming strategies have been developed for site-specific and covalent conjugation of small molecules to mAbs with unique reactivity centers. In addition to blending favorable features of small molecules and mAbs, chemically programmed antibodies (cpAbs) are economically attractive because they utilize the same mAb for an almost unlimited number of target molecule specificities, reducing manufacturing costs and shortening drug discovery and development time. Preclinical studies and clinical trials have begun to demonstrate the broad utility of cpAbs for the treatment and prevention of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rader
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #2C1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #2C1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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