1
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Frohnmeyer H, Verkade JMM, Spiertz M, Rentsch A, Hoffmann N, Sobota M, Schwede F, Tjeerdsma P, Elling L. Process Development for the Enzymatic Gram-Scale Production of the Unnatural Nucleotide Sugar UDP-6-Azido-GalNAc. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202400311. [PMID: 38655621 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Azido sugars hold great promise as substrates in numerous click-chemistry applications. However, the synthesis of activated azido sugars is limited by cost and complexity. Conventional chemical activation methods are intricate and time-consuming. In response, we have developed a process for the large-scale production of UDP-6-azido-GalNAc through enzymatic nucleotide sugar synthesis on a gram scale. Our optimization strategies encompassed refining the process parameters of an enzyme cascade featuring NahK from Bifidobacterium longum and AGX1 from Homo sapiens. Using the repetitive-batch-mode technology, we synthesized up to 2.1 g of UDP-6-azido-GalNAc, achieving yields up to 97 % in five consecutive batch cycles using a single enzyme batch. The synthesis process demonstrated to have total turnover numbers (TTNs) between 4.4-4.8 g of product per gram of enzyme (gP/gE) and STYs ranging from 1.7-2.4 g per liter per hour (g*L-1*h-1). By purification of a product solution pool containing 2.6 g (4.1 mmol) UDP-6-azido-GalNAc, 2.1 g (2,122.1 mg) UDP-6-azido-GalNAc (sodium salt) with a purity of 99.96 % (HPLC) were obtained. The overall recovery after purification was 81 % (3.32 mmol). Our work establishes a robust production platform for the gram-scale synthesis of unnatural nucleotide sugars, opening new avenues for applications in glycan engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Frohnmeyer
- RWTH Aachen University, Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jorge M M Verkade
- Synaffix BV, Pivot Park, Kloosterstraat 9, 5349 AB, Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Spiertz
- SeSaM-Biotech GmbH, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Rentsch
- Biolog Life Science Institute GmbH & Co. KG, Flughafendamm 9a, 28199, Bremen, Germany
| | - Niels Hoffmann
- RWTH Aachen University, Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Milan Sobota
- SeSaM-Biotech GmbH, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Schwede
- Biolog Life Science Institute GmbH & Co. KG, Flughafendamm 9a, 28199, Bremen, Germany
| | - Peter Tjeerdsma
- Synaffix BV, Pivot Park, Kloosterstraat 9, 5349 AB, Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Lothar Elling
- RWTH Aachen University, Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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2
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Cochran M, Arias D, Burke R, Chu D, Erdogan G, Hood M, Kovach P, Kwon HW, Chen Y, Moon M, Miller CD, Huang H, Levin A, Doppalapudi VR. Structure-Activity Relationship of Antibody-Oligonucleotide Conjugates: Evaluating Bioconjugation Strategies for Antibody-siRNA Conjugates for Drug Development. J Med Chem 2024; 67:14852-14867. [PMID: 39197831 PMCID: PMC11403602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates are a promising class of therapeutics for extrahepatic delivery of small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNAs). These conjugates can be optimized for improved delivery and mRNA knockdown (KD) through understanding of structure-activity relationships. In this study, we systematically examined factors including antibody isotype, siRNA chemistry, linkers, conjugation chemistry, PEGylation, and drug-to-antibody ratios (DARs) for their impact on bioconjugation, pharmacokinetics (PK), siRNA delivery, and bioactivity. Conjugation site (cysteine, lysine, and Asn297 glycan) and DAR proved critical for optimal conjugate PK and siRNA delivery. SiRNA chemistry including 2' sugar modifications and positioning of phosphorothioates were found to be critical for delivery and duration of action. By utilizing cleavable and noncleavable linkers, we demonstrated the impact of linkers on PK and mRNA KD. To achieve optimal properties of antibody-siRNA conjugates, a careful selection of siRNA chemistry, DAR, conjugation sites, linkers, and antibody isotype is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cochran
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 125. San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Danny Arias
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 125. San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Rob Burke
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 125. San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - David Chu
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 125. San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Gulin Erdogan
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 125. San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michael Hood
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 125. San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Philip Kovach
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 125. San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Hae Won Kwon
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 125. San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yanling Chen
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 125. San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michael Moon
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 125. San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Christopher D Miller
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 125. San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Hanhua Huang
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 125. San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Arthur Levin
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 125. San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Venkata Ramana Doppalapudi
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 125. San Diego, California 92121, United States
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3
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Dolan ME, Sadiki A, Wang LL, Wang Y, Barton C, Oppenheim SF, Zhou ZS. First site-specific conjugation method for native goat IgG antibodies via glycan remodeling at the conserved Fc region. Antib Ther 2024; 7:233-248. [PMID: 39262442 PMCID: PMC11384149 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite their triumph in treating human diseases, antibody therapies for animals have gained momentum more slowly. However, the first approvals of animal antibodies for osteoarthritic pain in cats and dogs may herald the dawn of a new era. For example, goats are vital to economies around the world for their milk, meat, and hide products. It is therefore imperative to develop therapies to safeguard goats-with antibodies at the forefront. Goat antibodies will be crucial in the development of therapeutic antibodies, for example, as tracers to study antibody distribution in vivo, reagents to develop other therapeutic antibodies, and therapeutic agents themselves (e.g., antibody-drug conjugates). Hamstringing this effort is a still-burgeoning understanding of goat antibodies and their derivatization. Historically, goat antibody conjugates were generated through stochastic chemical modifications, producing numerous attachment sites and modification ratios, thereby deleteriously impacting antigen binding. Site-specific methods exist but often require substantial engineering and have not been demonstrated with goat antibodies. Nevertheless, we present herein a novel method to site-specifically conjugate native goat antibodies: chemo-enzymatic remodeling of the native Fc N-glycan introduces a reactive azide handle, after which click chemistry with strained alkyne partners affords homogeneous conjugates labeled only on the Fc domain. This process is robust, and resulting conjugates retain their antigen binding and specificity. To our knowledge, our report is the first for site-specific conjugation of native goat antibodies. Furthermore, our approach should be applicable to other animal antibodies-even with limited structural information-with similar success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Dolan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Biotherapeutics Process Development, Takeda Development Center Americas, 200 Shire Way, Lexington, MA 02421, United States
| | - Amissi Sadiki
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Leo Lei Wang
- Analytical Development, Takeda Development Center Americas, 200 Shire Way, Lexington, MA 02421, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Analytical Development, Takeda Development Center Americas, 200 Shire Way, Lexington, MA 02421, United States
| | - Christopher Barton
- Analytical Development, Takeda Development Center Americas, 200 Shire Way, Lexington, MA 02421, United States
| | - Sheldon F Oppenheim
- Biotherapeutics Process Development, Takeda Development Center Americas, 200 Shire Way, Lexington, MA 02421, United States
| | - Zhaohui Sunny Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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4
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Makrydaki E, Donini R, Krueger A, Royle K, Moya Ramirez I, Kuntz DA, Rose DR, Haslam SM, Polizzi KM, Kontoravdi C. Immobilized enzyme cascade for targeted glycosylation. Nat Chem Biol 2024; 20:732-741. [PMID: 38321209 PMCID: PMC11142912 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01539-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a critical post-translational protein modification that affects folding, half-life and functionality. Glycosylation is a non-templated and heterogeneous process because of the promiscuity of the enzymes involved. We describe a platform for sequential glycosylation reactions for tailored sugar structures (SUGAR-TARGET) that allows bespoke, controlled N-linked glycosylation in vitro enabled by immobilized enzymes produced with a one-step immobilization/purification method. We reconstruct a reaction cascade mimicking a glycosylation pathway where promiscuity naturally exists to humanize a range of proteins derived from different cellular systems, yielding near-homogeneous glycoforms. Immobilized β-1,4-galactosyltransferase is used to enhance the galactosylation profile of three IgGs, yielding 80.2-96.3% terminal galactosylation. Enzyme recycling is demonstrated for a reaction time greater than 80 h. The platform is easy to implement, modular and reusable and can therefore produce homogeneous glycan structures derived from various hosts for functional and clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Makrydaki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Roberto Donini
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anja Krueger
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kate Royle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ignacio Moya Ramirez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Douglas A Kuntz
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David R Rose
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Karen M Polizzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Cleo Kontoravdi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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5
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Yang Q, Chen H, Ou C, Zheng Z, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zong G, Wang LX. Evaluation of Two Chemoenzymatic Glycan Remodeling Approaches to Generate Site-Specific Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:71. [PMID: 37987249 PMCID: PMC10660516 DOI: 10.3390/antib12040071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fc-glycosite-specific antibody-drug conjugation represents a promising direction for the preparation of site-specific antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). In the present research, we conducted a systemic evaluation of two endoglycosidase-catalyzed chemoenzymatic glycoengineering technologies to prepare glycosite-specific ADCs. In the first two-step approach, the antibody was deglycosylated and then reglycosylated with a modified intact N-glycan oxazoline. In the second one-pot approach, antibodies were deglycosylated and simultaneously glycosylated with a functionalized disaccharide oxazoline. For the comprehensive evaluation, we first optimized and scaled-up the preparation of azido glycan oxazolines. Afterwards, we proved that the one-pot glycan-remodeling approach was efficient for all IgG subclasses. Subsequently, we assembled respective ADCS using two technology routes, with two different linker-payloads combinations, and performed systemic in vitro and in vivo evaluations. All the prepared ADCs achieved high homogeneity and illustrated excellent stability in buffers with minimum aggregates, and exceptional stability in rat serum. All ADCs displayed a potent killing of BT-474 breast cancer cells. Moving to the mouse study, the ADCs prepared from two technology routes displayed potent and similar efficacy in a BT-474 xenograft model, which was comparable to an FDA-approved ADC generated from random conjugation. These ADCs also demonstrated excellent safety and did not cause body weight loss at the tested dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yang
- GlycoT Therapeutics, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - He Chen
- GlycoT Therapeutics, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Chong Ou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Zhihao Zheng
- GlycoT Therapeutics, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | - Guanghui Zong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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6
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Hsu YP, Nourzaie O, Tocher AE, Nerella K, Ermakov G, Jung J, Fowler A, Wu P, Ayesa U, Willingham A, Beaumont M, Ingale S. Site-Specific Antibody Conjugation Using Modified Bisected N-Glycans: Method Development and Potential toward Tunable Effector Function. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1633-1644. [PMID: 37620302 PMCID: PMC10516122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have garnered worldwide attention for disease treatment, as they possess high target specificity, a long half-life, and outstanding potency to kill or modulate the functions of targets. FDA approval of multiple ADCs for cancer therapy has generated a strong desire for novel conjugation strategies with high biocompatibility and controllable bioproperties. Herein, we present a bisecting glycan-bridged conjugation strategy that enables site-specific conjugation without the need for the oligosaccharide synthesis and genetic engineering of antibodies. Application of this method is demonstrated by conjugation of anti-HER2 human and mouse IgGs with a cytotoxic drug, monomethyl auristatin E. The glycan bridge showed outstanding stability, and the resulting ADCs eliminated HER2-expressing cancer cells effectively. Moreover, our strategy preserves the feasibility of glycan structure remodeling to fine-tune the immunogenicity and pharmacokinetic properties of ADCs through glycoengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Pang Hsu
- MRL,
Merck & Co., Inc., 320 Bent St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Omar Nourzaie
- MRL,
Merck & Co., Inc., 213 E. Grand Ave., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ariel E. Tocher
- MRL,
Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kavitha Nerella
- MRL,
Merck & Co., Inc., 320 Bent St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Grigori Ermakov
- MRL,
Merck & Co., Inc., 213 E. Grand Ave., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jiwon Jung
- MRL,
Merck & Co., Inc., 213 E. Grand Ave., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alexandra Fowler
- MRL,
Merck & Co., Inc., 320 Bent St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Peidong Wu
- MRL,
Merck & Co., Inc., 320 Bent St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Umme Ayesa
- MRL, Merck
& Co., Inc., 90 E.
Scott Ave., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Aarron Willingham
- MRL,
Merck & Co., Inc., 213 E. Grand Ave., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Maribel Beaumont
- MRL,
Merck & Co., Inc., 213 E. Grand Ave., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sampat Ingale
- MRL,
Merck & Co., Inc., 320 Bent St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
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7
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Yang Y, Song Z, Tian T, Zhao Z, Chen J, Hu J, Jiang X, Yang G, Xue Q, Zhao X, Sha W, Yang Y, Li JP. Trimming Crystallizable Fragment (Fc) Glycans Enables the Direct Enzymatic Transfer of Biomacromolecules to Antibodies as Therapeutics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308174. [PMID: 37438983 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Glycoengineering has provided powerful tools to construct site-specific antibody conjugates. However, only small-molecule payloads can be directly transferred to native or engineered antibodies using existing glycoengineering strategies. Herein, we demonstrate that reducing the complexity of crystallizable fragment (Fc) glycans could dramatically boost the chemoenzymatic modification of immunoglobulin G (IgG) via an engineered fucosyltransferase. In this platform, antibodies with Fc glycans engineered to a simple N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) disaccharide are successfully conjugated to biomacromolecules, such as oligonucleotides and nanobodies, in a single step within hours. Accordingly, we synthesized an antibody-conjugate-based anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)/ cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) bispecific antibody and used it to selectively destroy patient-derived cancer organoids by reactivating endogenous T lymphocyte cells (T cells) inside the organoid. Our results highlight that this platform is a general approach to construct antibody-biomacromolecule conjugates with translational values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Zhentao Song
- Glyco therapy Biotechnology Co., Ltd., 601/606 Building 12, Hangzhou Pharmaceutical Town, 291 Fucheng Road, Xiasha street, Qiantang Distirct, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Tian Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Zihan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji Chen
- Glyco therapy Biotechnology Co., Ltd., 601/606 Building 12, Hangzhou Pharmaceutical Town, 291 Fucheng Road, Xiasha street, Qiantang Distirct, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Jiangping Hu
- Glyco therapy Biotechnology Co., Ltd., 601/606 Building 12, Hangzhou Pharmaceutical Town, 291 Fucheng Road, Xiasha street, Qiantang Distirct, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Glyco therapy Biotechnology Co., Ltd., 601/606 Building 12, Hangzhou Pharmaceutical Town, 291 Fucheng Road, Xiasha street, Qiantang Distirct, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Guoli Yang
- Glyco therapy Biotechnology Co., Ltd., 601/606 Building 12, Hangzhou Pharmaceutical Town, 291 Fucheng Road, Xiasha street, Qiantang Distirct, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Qi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Xinlu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Wanxing Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Glyco therapy Biotechnology Co., Ltd., 601/606 Building 12, Hangzhou Pharmaceutical Town, 291 Fucheng Road, Xiasha street, Qiantang Distirct, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Jie P Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
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8
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Qian L, Lin X, Gao X, Khan RU, Liao JY, Du S, Ge J, Zeng S, Yao SQ. The Dawn of a New Era: Targeting the "Undruggables" with Antibody-Based Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37186942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The high selectivity and affinity of antibodies toward their antigens have made them a highly valuable tool in disease therapy, diagnosis, and basic research. A plethora of chemical and genetic approaches have been devised to make antibodies accessible to more "undruggable" targets and equipped with new functions of illustrating or regulating biological processes more precisely. In this Review, in addition to introducing how naked antibodies and various antibody conjugates (such as antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates, antibody-enzyme conjugates, etc.) work in therapeutic applications, special attention has been paid to how chemistry tools have helped to optimize the therapeutic outcome (i.e., with enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects) or facilitate the multifunctionalization of antibodies, with a focus on emerging fields such as targeted protein degradation, real-time live-cell imaging, catalytic labeling or decaging with spatiotemporal control as well as the engagement of antibodies inside cells. With advances in modern chemistry and biotechnology, well-designed antibodies and their derivatives via size miniaturization or multifunctionalization together with efficient delivery systems have emerged, which have gradually improved our understanding of important biological processes and paved the way to pursue novel targets for potential treatments of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Qian
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuefen Lin
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rizwan Ullah Khan
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jia-Yu Liao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shubo Du
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shao Q Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544
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9
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Maiti R, Patel B, Patel N, Patel M, Patel A, Dhanesha N. Antibody drug conjugates as targeted cancer therapy: past development, present challenges and future opportunities. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:361-388. [PMID: 37071273 PMCID: PMC11345756 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are promising cancer therapeutics with minimal toxicity as compared to small cytotoxic molecules alone and have shown the evidence to overcome resistance against tumor and prevent relapse of cancer. The ADC has a potential to change the paradigm of cancer chemotherapeutic treatment. At present, 13 ADCs have been approved by USFDA for the treatment of various types of solid tumor and haematological malignancies. This review covers the three structural components of an ADC-antibody, linker, and cytotoxic payload-along with their respective structure, chemistry, mechanism of action, and influence on the activity of ADCs. It covers comprehensive insight on structural role of linker towards efficacy, stability & toxicity of ADCs, different types of linkers & various conjugation techniques. A brief overview of various analytical techniques used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of ADC is summarized. The current challenges of ADCs, such as heterogeneity, bystander effect, protein aggregation, inefficient internalization or poor penetration into tumor cells, narrow therapeutic index, emergence of resistance, etc., are outlined along with recent advances and future opportunities for the development of more promising next-generation ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritwik Maiti
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhumika Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India.
| | - Nrupesh Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Mehul Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, 388421, Gujarat, India
| | - Alkesh Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, 388421, Gujarat, India
| | - Nirav Dhanesha
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA.
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10
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Thoreau F, Rochet LNC, Baker JR, Chudasama V. Enabling the formation of native mAb, Fab' and Fc-conjugates using a bis-disulfide bridging reagent to achieve tunable payload-to-antibody ratios (PARs). Chem Sci 2023; 14:3752-3762. [PMID: 37035695 PMCID: PMC10074397 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06318b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Either as full IgGs or as fragments (Fabs, Fc, etc.), antibodies have received tremendous attention in the development of new therapeutics such as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). The production of ADCs involves the grafting of active payloads onto an antibody, which is generally enabled by the site-selective modification of native or engineered antibodies via chemical or enzymatic methods. Whatever method is employed, controlling the payload-antibody ratio (PAR) is a challenge in terms of multiple aspects including: (i) obtaining homogeneous protein conjugates; (ii) obtaining unusual PARs (PAR is rarely other than 2, 4 or 8); (iii) using a single method to access a range of different PARs; (iv) applicability to various antibody formats; and (v) flexibility for the production of heterofunctional antibody-conjugates (e.g. attachment of multiple types of payloads). In this article, we report a single pyridazinedione-based trifunctional dual bridging linker that enables, in a two-step procedure (re-bridging/click), the generation of either mAb-, Fab'-, or Fc-conjugates from native mAb, (Fab')2 or Fc formats, respectively. Fc and (Fab')2 formats were generated via enzymatic digestion of native mAbs. Whilst the same reduction and re-bridging protocols were applied to all three of the protein formats, the subsequent click reaction(s) employed to graft payload(s) drove the generation of a range of PARs, including heterofunctional PARs. As such, exploiting click reactivity and/or orthogonality afforded mAb-conjugates with PARs of 6, 4, 2 or 4 + 2, and Fab'- and Fc-conjugates with a PAR of 3, 2, 1 or 2 + 1 on-demand. We believe that the homogeneity, novelty and variety in accessible PARs, as well as the applicability to various antibody-conjugate formats enabled by our non-recombinant method could be a suitable tool for antibody-drug conjugates optimisation (optimal PAR value, optimal payloads combination) and boost the development of new antibody therapeutics (Fab'- and Fc-conjugates).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Thoreau
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Léa N C Rochet
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - James R Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
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11
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Zhang L, Li Y, Li R, Yang X, Zheng Z, Fu J, Yu H, Chen X. Glycoprotein In Vitro N-Glycan Processing Using Enzymes Expressed in E. coli. Molecules 2023; 28:2753. [PMID: 36985724 PMCID: PMC10051842 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein N-glycosylation is a common post-translational modification that plays significant roles on the structure, property, and function of glycoproteins. Due to N-glycan heterogeneity of naturally occurring glycoproteins, the functions of specific N-glycans on a particular glycoprotein are not always clear. Glycoprotein in vitro N-glycan engineering using purified recombinant enzymes is an attractive strategy to produce glycoproteins with homogeneous N-glycoforms to elucidate the specific functions of N-glycans and develop better glycoprotein therapeutics. Toward this goal, we have successfully expressed in E. coli glycoside hydrolases and glycosyltransferases from bacterial and human origins and developed a robust enzymatic platform for in vitro processing glycoprotein N-glycans from high-mannose-type to α2-6- or α2-3-disialylated biantennary complex type. The recombinant enzymes are highly efficient in step-wise or one-pot reactions. The platform can find broad applications in N-glycan engineering of therapeutic glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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12
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Hong Y, Nam SM, Moon A. Antibody-drug conjugates and bispecific antibodies targeting cancers: applications of click chemistry. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:131-148. [PMID: 36877356 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Engineering approaches using antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) and bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are designed to overcome the limitations of conventional chemotherapies and therapeutic antibodies such as drug resistance and non-specific toxicity. Cancer immunotherapies have been shown to be clinically successful with checkpoint blockade and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy; however, overactive immune systems still represent a major problem. Given the complexity of a tumor environment, it would be advantageous to have a strategy targeting two or more molecules. We highlight the necessity and importance of a multi-target platform strategy against cancer. Approximately 400 ADCs and over 200 bsAbs are currently being clinically developed for several indications, with promising signs of therapeutic activity. ADCs include antibodies that recognize tumor antigens, linkers that stably connect drugs, and powerful cytotoxic drugs, also known as payloads. ADCs have direct therapeutic effects by targeting cancers with a strong payload. Another type of drug that uses antibodies are bsAbs, targeting two antigens by linking to antigen recognition sites or bridging cytotoxic immune cells to tumor cells, resulting in cancer immunotherapy. Three bsAbs and one ADC have been approved for use by the FDA and the EMA in 2022. Among these, two of the bsAbs and the one ADC are used for cancers. We introduced that bsADC, a combination of ADC and bsAbs, has yet to be approved and several candidates are in the early stages of clinical development in this review. bsADCs technology helps increase the specificity of ADCs or the internalization and killing ability of bsAbs. We also briefly discuss the application of click chemistry in the efficient development of ADCs and bsAbs as a conjugation strategy. The present review summarizes the ADCs, bsAbs, and bsADCs that have been approved for anti-cancer or currently in development. These strategies selectively deliver drugs to malignant tumor cells and can be used as therapeutic approaches for various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeji Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, 01369, Korea
| | - Su-Min Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, 01369, Korea
| | - Aree Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, 01369, Korea.
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13
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Sarkar B, Mahapa A, Dey K, Manhas R, Chatterji D, Jayaraman N. Aza-Michael promoted glycoconjugation of PETIM dendrimers and selectivity in mycobacterial growth inhibitions. RSC Adv 2023; 13:4669-4677. [PMID: 36760308 PMCID: PMC9897202 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08196b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The benign nature of aza-Michael addition reaction in aqueous solutions is demonstrated herein to conduct a direct glycoconjugation of amine-terminated poly(ether imine) (PETIM) dendrimers. Zero to three generations of dendrimers, possessing up to 16 amine functionalities at their peripheries, undergo aza-Michael reaction with unsaturated sugar vinyl sulfoxide in aq. MeOH solutions and afford the corresponding dendrimers modified with multiple glycosyl moieties at the periphery. First order kinetics of the glycoconjugation is monitored at varying temperatures and the rate constants are observed to be 60-508 s-1, for zero and first generation dendrimers. The antibacterial effects of amine-terminated dendrimers and the corresponding glycoconjugates are studied across Gram-positive, Gram-negative and acid-fast bacteria. Among the species, M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis showed the greatest growth inhibition effect at micromolar concentrations, for the native amine-terminated and the corresponding glycoconjugated dendrimers. Quantitative assays are performed to adjudge the inhibition efficacies of dendrimers and the glycoconjugates. Selectivity to inhibit M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis growth, and minimal effects on other bacterial species by dendrimers and glycoconjugates are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Sarkar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560 012 India
| | - Avisek Mahapa
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560 012 India
- Infectious Disease Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu-180001 India
| | - Kalyan Dey
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560 012 India
| | - Rakshit Manhas
- Infectious Disease Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu-180001 India
| | - Dipankar Chatterji
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560 012 India
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14
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Site-Specific Antibody Conjugation with Payloads beyond Cytotoxins. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28030917. [PMID: 36770585 PMCID: PMC9921355 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28030917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As antibody-drug conjugates have become a very important modality for cancer therapy, many site-specific conjugation approaches have been developed for generating homogenous molecules. The selective antibody coupling is achieved through antibody engineering by introducing specific amino acid or unnatural amino acid residues, peptides, and glycans. In addition to the use of synthetic cytotoxins, these novel methods have been applied for the conjugation of other payloads, including non-cytotoxic compounds, proteins/peptides, glycans, lipids, and nucleic acids. The non-cytotoxic compounds include polyethylene glycol, antibiotics, protein degraders (PROTAC and LYTAC), immunomodulating agents, enzyme inhibitors and protein ligands. Different small proteins or peptides have been selectively conjugated through unnatural amino acid using click chemistry, engineered C-terminal formylglycine for oxime or click chemistry, or specific ligation or transpeptidation with or without enzymes. Although the antibody protamine peptide fusions have been extensively used for siRNA coupling during early studies, direct conjugations through engineered cysteine or lysine residues have been demonstrated later. These site-specific antibody conjugates containing these payloads other than cytotoxic compounds can be used in proof-of-concept studies and in developing new therapeutics for unmet medical needs.
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15
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MacPherson DS, Hwang D, Sarrett SM, Keinänen O, Rodriguez C, Rader C, Zeglis BM. Leveraging a Dual Variable Domain Immunoglobulin to Create a Site-Specifically Modified Radioimmunoconjugate. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:775-782. [PMID: 36377696 PMCID: PMC10263003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Site-specifically modified radioimmunoconjugates exhibit superior in vitro and in vivo behavior compared to analogues synthesized via traditional stochastic methods. However, the development of approaches to site-specific bioconjugation that combine high levels of selectivity, simple reaction conditions, and clinical translatability remains a challenge. Herein, we describe a novel solution to this problem: the use of dual-variable domain immunoglobulins (DVD-IgG). More specifically, we report the synthesis, in vitro evaluation, and in vivo validation of a 177Lu-labeled radioimmunoconjugate based on HER2DVD, a DVD-IgG containing the HER2-targeting variable domains of trastuzumab and the catalytic variable domains of IgG h38C2. To this end, we first modified HER2DVD with a phenyloxadiazolyl methlysulfone-modified variant of the chelator CHX-A″-DTPA (PODS-CHX-A''-DTPA) and verified the site-specificity of the conjugation for the reactive lysines within the catalytic domains via chemical assay, MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry, and SDS-PAGE. The chelator-bearing immunoconjugate was subsequently labeled with [177Lu]Lu3+ to produce the completed radioimmunoconjugate, [177Lu]Lu-CHX-A″-DTPAPODS-HER2DVD, in >80% radiochemical conversion and a specific activity of 29.5 ± 7.1 GBq/μmol. [177Lu]Lu-CHX-A″-DTPAPODS-HER2DVD did not form aggregates upon prolonged incubation in human serum, displayed 87% stability to demetalation over a 7 days of incubation in serum, and exhibited an immunoreactive fraction of 0.95 with HER2-coated beads. Finally, we compared the pharmacokinetic profile of [177Lu]Lu-CHX-A″-DTPAPODS-HER2DVD to that of a 177Lu-labeled variant of trastuzumab in mice bearing subcutaneous HER2-expressing BT-474 human breast cancer xenografts. The in vivo performance of [177Lu]Lu-CHX-A″-DTPAPODS-HER2DVD matched that of 177Lu-labeled trastuzumab, with the former producing a tumoral activity concentration of 34.1 ± 12.1 %ID/g at 168 h and tumor-to-blood, tumor-to-liver, and tumor-to-kidney activity concentration ratios of 10.5, 9.6, and 21.8, respectively, at the same time point. Importantly, the DVD-IgG did not exhibit a substantially longer serum half-life than the traditional IgG despite its significantly larger size (202 kDa for the former vs 148 kDa for the latter). Taken together, these data suggest that DVD-IgGs represent a viable platform for the future development of highly effective site-specifically labeled radioimmunoconjugates for diagnostic imaging, theranostic imaging, and radioimmunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S. MacPherson
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 413 East 69th Street, New York, New York 10028, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC) at The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Dobeen Hwang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Samantha M. Sarrett
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 413 East 69th Street, New York, New York 10028, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Outi Keinänen
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 413 East 69th Street, New York, New York 10028, United States
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cindy Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 413 East 69th Street, New York, New York 10028, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Brian M. Zeglis
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 413 East 69th Street, New York, New York 10028, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 520 East 70th Street, New York, New York 10065, United States
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16
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Jaramillo ML, Sulea T, Durocher Y, Acchione M, Schur MJ, Robotham A, Kelly JF, Goneau MF, Robert A, Cepero-Donates Y, Gilbert M. A glyco-engineering approach for site-specific conjugation to Fab glycans. MAbs 2023; 15:2149057. [PMID: 36447399 PMCID: PMC9715014 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2149057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective processes for synthesizing antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) require: 1) site-specific incorporation of the payload to avoid interference with binding to the target epitope, 2) optimal drug/antibody ratio to achieve sufficient potency while avoiding aggregation or solubility problems, and 3) a homogeneous product to facilitate approval by regulatory agencies. In conventional ADCs, the drug molecules are chemically attached randomly to antibody surface residues (typically Lys or Cys), which can interfere with epitope binding and targeting, and lead to overall product heterogeneity, long-term colloidal instability and unfavorable pharmacokinetics. Here, we present a more controlled process for generating ADCs where drug is specifically conjugated to only Fab N-linked glycans in a narrow ratio range through functionalized sialic acids. Using a bacterial sialytransferase, we incorporated N-azidoacetylneuraminic acid (Neu5NAz) into the Fab glycan of cetuximab. Since only about 20% of human IgG1 have a Fab glycan, we extended the application of this approach by using molecular modeling to introduce N-glycosylation sites in the Fab constant region of other therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. We used trastuzumab as a model for the incorporation of Neu5NAz in the novel Fab glycans that we designed. ADCs were generated by clicking the incorporated Neu5NAz with monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) attached to a self-immolative linker terminated with dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO). Through this process, we obtained cetuximab-MMAE and trastuzumab-MMAE with drug/antibody ratios in the range of 1.3 to 2.5. We confirmed that these ADCs still bind their targets efficiently and are as potent in cytotoxicity assays as control ADCs obtained by standard conjugation protocols. The site-directed conjugation to Fab glycans has the additional benefit of avoiding potential interference with effector functions that depend on Fc glycan structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Jaramillo
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, H4P 2R2, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Traian Sulea
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, H4P 2R2, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, H4P 2R2, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Mauro Acchione
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, H4P 2R2, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Melissa J. Schur
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Robotham
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - John F. Kelly
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marie-France Goneau
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alma Robert
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, H4P 2R2, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Yuneivy Cepero-Donates
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, H4P 2R2, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Michel Gilbert
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, ON, Canada,CONTACT Michel Gilbert Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, K1A 0R6Ottawa, ON, Canada
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17
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Shivatare SS, Shivatare VS, Wong CH. Glycoconjugates: Synthesis, Functional Studies, and Therapeutic Developments. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15603-15671. [PMID: 36174107 PMCID: PMC9674437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are major constituents of mammalian cells that are formed via covalent conjugation of carbohydrates to other biomolecules like proteins and lipids and often expressed on the cell surfaces. Among the three major classes of glycoconjugates, proteoglycans and glycoproteins contain glycans linked to the protein backbone via amino acid residues such as Asn for N-linked glycans and Ser/Thr for O-linked glycans. In glycolipids, glycans are linked to a lipid component such as glycerol, polyisoprenyl pyrophosphate, fatty acid ester, or sphingolipid. Recently, glycoconjugates have become better structurally defined and biosynthetically understood, especially those associated with human diseases, and are accessible to new drug, diagnostic, and therapeutic developments. This review describes the status and new advances in the biological study and therapeutic applications of natural and synthetic glycoconjugates, including proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. The scope, limitations, and novel methodologies in the synthesis and clinical development of glycoconjugates including vaccines, glyco-remodeled antibodies, glycan-based adjuvants, glycan-specific receptor-mediated drug delivery platforms, etc., and their future prospectus are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Vidya S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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18
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Bautista L, Pill-Pepe L, Kapoor N, Snyder S, Chu E, Agarwal P, Sardar M, Arulkumar S, Berges A, Iverson M, Behrens C, Marcq O, Fairman J. Addition of Lauryldimethylamine N-Oxide (LDAO) to a Copper-Free Click Chemistry Reaction Improves the Conjugation Efficiency of a Cell-Free Generated CRM197 Variant to Clinically Important Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:34921-34928. [PMID: 36211053 PMCID: PMC9535640 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) reactions like click chemistry have the potential to be highly scalable, robust, and cost-effective methods for generating small- and large-molecule conjugates for a variety of applications. However, despite method improvements, the rates of copper-based click chemistry reactions continue to be much faster than the rates of copper-free click chemistry reactions, which makes broader deployment of click chemistry challenging from a safety and compatibility standpoint. In this study, we used a zwitterionic detergent, namely, lauryldimethylamine N-oxide (LDAO), in a copper-free click chemistry reaction to investigate its impact on the generation of conjugate vaccines (CVs). For this, we utilized an Xpress cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) platform to generate a proprietary variant of CRM197 (eCRM) containing non-native amino acids (nnAA) with azide-containing side chains as a carrier protein for conjugation to several clinically relevant dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO)-derivatized S. pneumoniae serotypes (types 3, 5, 18C, and 19A). For conjugation, we performed copper-free click chemistry in the presence and absence of LDAO. Our results show that the addition of LDAO significantly enhanced the reaction kinetics to generate larger conjugates, which were similarly immunogenic and equally stable to conjugates generated without LDAO. Most importantly, the addition of LDAO substantially improved the efficiency of the conjugation process. Thus, our results for the first time show that the addition of a zwitterionic surfactant to a copper-free click chemistry reaction can significantly accelerate the reaction kinetics along with improving the efficiency of the conjugation process.
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19
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Zeng Y, Shi W, Dong Q, Li W, Zhang J, Ren X, Tang C, Liu B, Song Y, Wu Y, Diao X, Zhou H, Huang H, Tang F, Huang W. A Traceless Site‐Specific Conjugation on Native Antibodies Enables Efficient One‐Step Payload Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204132. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study Hangzhou 310024 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Wei Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study Hangzhou 310024 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Qian Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study Hangzhou 310024 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Wanzhen Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine No. 138 Xianlin Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine No. 138 Xianlin Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xuelian Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Caihong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study Hangzhou 310024 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yuanli Song
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yali Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Xingxing Diao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Hu Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
| | - He Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Feng Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study Hangzhou 310024 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study Hangzhou 310024 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine No. 138 Xianlin Road Nanjing 210023 China
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20
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Dannheim FM, Walsh SJ, Orozco CT, Hansen AH, Bargh JD, Jackson SE, Bond NJ, Parker JS, Carroll JS, Spring DR. All-in-one disulfide bridging enables the generation of antibody conjugates with modular cargo loading. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8781-8790. [PMID: 35975158 PMCID: PMC9350601 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02198f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are valuable therapeutic entities which leverage the specificity of antibodies to selectively deliver cytotoxins to antigen-expressing targets such as cancer cells. However, current methods for their construction still suffer from a number of shortcomings. For instance, using a single modification technology to modulate the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) in integer increments while maintaining homogeneity and stability remains exceptionally challenging. Herein, we report a novel method for the generation of antibody conjugates with modular cargo loading from native antibodies. Our approach relies on a new class of disulfide rebridging linkers, which can react with eight cysteine residues, thereby effecting all-in-one bridging of all four interchain disulfides in an IgG1 antibody with a single linker molecule. Modification of the antibody with the linker in a 1 : 1 ratio enabled the modulation of cargo loading in a quick and selective manner through derivatization of the linker with varying numbers of payload attachment handles to allow for attachment of either 1, 2, 3 or 4 payloads (fluorescent dyes or cytotoxins). Assessment of the biological activity of these conjugates demonstrated their exceptional stability in human plasma and utility for cell-selective cytotoxin delivery or imaging/diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen J Walsh
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 0RE UK
| | - Carolina T Orozco
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Anders Højgaard Hansen
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark (DTU) 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Jonathan D Bargh
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Sophie E Jackson
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Nicholas J Bond
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca Granta Park Cambridge CB21 6GH UK
| | - Jeremy S Parker
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca Macclesfield SK10 2NA UK
| | - Jason S Carroll
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 0RE UK
| | - David R Spring
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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21
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Zeng Y, Shi W, Dong Q, Li W, Zhang J, Ren X, Tang C, Liu B, Song Y, Wu Y, Diao X, Zhou H, Huang H, Tang F, Huang W. A Traceless Site‐Specific Conjugation on Native Antibodies Enables Efficient One‐Step Payload Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zeng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS: Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Biotherapeutic center CHINA
| | - Wei Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS: Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Biotherapeutic center CHINA
| | - Qian Dong
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS: Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Biotherapeutic center CHINA
| | - Wanzhen Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS: Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Biotherapeutic center CHINA
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS: Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Biotherapeutic center CHINA
| | - Xuelian Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS: Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Biotherapeutic center CHINA
| | - Caihong Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS: Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Biotherapeutic center CHINA
| | - Bo Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS: Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Biotherapeutic center CHINA
| | - Yuanli Song
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS: Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Biotherapeutic center CHINA
| | - Yali Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS: Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Biotherapeutic center 555 Zuchongzhi Rd CHINA
| | - Xingxing Diao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS: Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Biotherapeutic center 555 Zuchongzhi Rd CHINA
| | - Hu Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS: Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Biotherapeutic center CHINA
| | - He Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS: Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Biotherapeutic center CHINA
| | - Feng Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS: Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Biotherapeutic center CHINA
| | - Wei Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Medicinal Chemistry Zuchongzhi Road 555 201203 Shanghai CHINA
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22
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Zhang X, Ou C, Liu H, Wang LX. Synthesis and Evaluation of Three Azide-Modified Disaccharide Oxazolines as Enzyme Substrates for Single-Step Fc Glycan-Mediated Antibody-Drug Conjugation. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:1179-1191. [PMID: 35543724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) hold great promise for targeted cancer cell killing. Site-specific antibody-drug conjugation is highly desirable for synthesizing homogeneous ADCs with optimal safety profiles and high efficacy. We have recently reported that azide-functionalized disaccharide oxazolines of the Manβ1,4GlcNAc core were an efficient substrate of wild-type endoglycosidase Endo-S2 for Fc glycan remodeling and conjugation. In this paper, we report the synthesis and evaluation of new disaccharide oxazolines as enzyme substrates for examining the scope of the site-specific conjugation. Thus, azide-functionalized disaccharide oxazolines derived from Manβ1,4GlcNAc, Glcβ1,4GlcNAc, and Galβ1,4GlcNAc (LacNAc) were synthesized. Enzymatic evaluation revealed that wild-type Endo-S2 demonstrated highly relaxed substrate specificity and could accommodate all the three types of disaccharide derivatives for transglycosylation to provide site-specific azide-tagged antibodies, which were readily clicked with a payload to generate homogeneous ADCs. Moreover, we also found that Endo-S2 was able to accommodate drug-preloaded minimal disaccharide oxazolines as donor substrates for efficient glycan transfer, enabling a single-step and site-specific antibody-drug conjugation without the need of an antibody click reaction. The ability of Endo-S2 to accommodate simpler and more easily synthesized disaccharide oxazoline derivatives for Fc glycan remodeling further expanded the scope of this bioconjugation method for constructing homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates in a single-step manner. Finally, cell-based assays indicated that the synthetic homogeneous ADCs demonstrated potent targeted cancer cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Chong Ou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Huiying Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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23
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Angelastro A, Barkhanskiy A, Mattey AP, Pallister EG, Spiess R, Goundry W, Barran P, Flitsch SL. Galactose Oxidase Enables Modular Assembly of Conjugates from Native Antibodies with High Drug-to-Antibody Ratios. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102592. [PMID: 34931761 PMCID: PMC9303943 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The potential of antibody conjugates with high drug loading in anticancer therapy has recently been highlighted by the approval of Trastuzumab deruxtecan and Sacituzumab govitecan. These biopharmaceutical approaches have spurred interest in bioconjugation strategies with high and defined degrees of drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR), in particular on native antibodies. Here, a glycoengineering methodology was developed to generate antibody drug conjugates with DAR of up to eight, by combining highly selective enzymatic galactosylation and oxidation with biorthogonal tandem Knoevenagel-Michael addition chemistry. This four-step approach offers a selective route to conjugates from native antibodies with high drug loading, and thus illustrates how biocatalysis can be used for the generation of biopharmaceuticals using mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Angelastro
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DN
| | - Alexey Barkhanskiy
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DN
| | - Ashley P. Mattey
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DN
| | - Edward G. Pallister
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DN
| | - Reynard Spiess
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DN
| | - William Goundry
- The Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesAstraZenecaSilk Road Business ParkMacclesfieldSK10 2NAUK
| | - Perdita Barran
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DN
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DN
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24
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Shi W, Li W, Zhang J, Li T, Song Y, Zeng Y, Dong Q, Lin Z, Gong L, Fan S, Tang F, Huang W. One-step synthesis of site-specific antibody-drug conjugates by reprograming IgG glycoengineering with LacNAc-based substrates. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2417-2428. [PMID: 35646546 PMCID: PMC9136568 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosite-specific antibody‒drug conjugatess (gsADCs), harnessing Asn297 N-glycan of IgG Fc as the conjugation site for drug payloads, usually require multi-step glycoengineering with two or more enzymes, which limits the substrate diversification and complicates the preparation process. Herein, we report a series of novel disaccharide-based substrates, which reprogram the IgG glycoengineering to one-step synthesis of gsADCs, catalyzed by an endo-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase) of Endo-S2. IgG glycoengineering via ENGases usually has two steps: deglycosylation by wild-type (WT) ENGases and transglycosylation by mutated ENGases. But in the current method, we have found that disaccharide LacNAc oxazoline can be efficiently assembled onto IgG by WT Endo-S2 without hydrolysis of the product, which enables the one-step glycoengineering directly from native antibodies. Further studies on substrate specificity revealed that this approach has excellent tolerance on various modification of 6-Gal motif of LacNAc. Within 1 h, one-step synthesis of gsADC was achieved using the LacNAc-toxin substrates including structures free of bioorthogonal groups. These gsADCs demonstrated good homogeneity, buffer stability, in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity. This work presents a novel strategy using LacNAc-based substrates to reprogram the multi-step IgG glycoengineering to a one-step manner for highly efficient synthesis of gsADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wanzhen Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tiehai Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yakai Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yue Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qian Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zeng Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Likun Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuquan Fan
- School of Life Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Feng Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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25
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Dammen-Brower K, Epler P, Zhu S, Bernstein ZJ, Stabach PR, Braddock DT, Spangler JB, Yarema KJ. Strategies for Glycoengineering Therapeutic Proteins. Front Chem 2022; 10:863118. [PMID: 35494652 PMCID: PMC9043614 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.863118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all therapeutic proteins are glycosylated, with the carbohydrate component playing a long-established, substantial role in the safety and pharmacokinetic properties of this dominant category of drugs. In the past few years and moving forward, glycosylation is increasingly being implicated in the pharmacodynamics and therapeutic efficacy of therapeutic proteins. This article provides illustrative examples of drugs that have already been improved through glycoengineering including cytokines exemplified by erythropoietin (EPO), enzymes (ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase 1, ENPP1), and IgG antibodies (e.g., afucosylated Gazyva®, Poteligeo®, Fasenra™, and Uplizna®). In the future, the deliberate modification of therapeutic protein glycosylation will become more prevalent as glycoengineering strategies, including sophisticated computer-aided tools for "building in" glycans sites, acceptance of a broad range of production systems with various glycosylation capabilities, and supplementation methods for introducing non-natural metabolites into glycosylation pathways further develop and become more accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Dammen-Brower
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paige Epler
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stanley Zhu
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zachary J. Bernstein
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paul R. Stabach
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Demetrios T. Braddock
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jamie B. Spangler
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kevin J. Yarema
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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26
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Adak AK, Huang KT, Liao CY, Lee YJ, Kuo WH, Huo YR, Li PJ, Chen YJ, Chen BS, Chen YJ, Chu Hwang K, Wayne Chang WS, Lin CC. Investigating a Boronate-Affinity-Guided Acylation Reaction for Labelling Native Antibodies. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104178. [PMID: 35143090 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The excellent molecular recognition capabilities of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have opened up exciting opportunities for biotherapeutic discovery. Taking advantage of the full potential of this tool necessitates affinity ligands capable of conjugating directly with small molecules to a defined degree of biorthogonality, especially when modifying natural Abs. Herein, a bioorthogonal boronate-affinity-based Ab ligand featuring a 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine and an S-aryl thioester to label full-length Abs is reported. The photoactivatable linker in the acyl donor facilitated purification of azide-labelled Ab (N3 -Ab) was quantitatively cleaved upon brief exposure to UV light while retaining the original Ab activity. Click reactions enabled the precise addition of biotin, a fluorophore, and a pharmacological agent to the purified N3 -Abs. The resulting immunoconjugate showed selectivity against targeted cells. Bioorthogonal traceless design and reagentless purification allow this strategy to be a powerful tool to engineer native antibodies amenable to therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit K Adak
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ting Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Liao
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 350, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Jung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hua Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ren Huo
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jhen Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Shiun Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Kuo Chu Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Wun-Shang Wayne Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 350, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
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27
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Zeng Y, Tang F, Shi W, Dong Q, Huang W. Recent advances in synthetic glycoengineering for biological applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 74:247-255. [PMID: 34998108 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are involved in many important biological events such as protein maturation and trafficking, pathogen invasion, immune response, cell-cell communications, and so on. Synthetic and chemoenzymatic approaches for glycoengineering have emerged and been applied in perturbing and modulating the biological processes at the protein or cellular level. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in glycoengineering, including new strategies in chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycans, glycopeptides, glycoproteins, and other glycoconjugates. And, the progresses of cell surface glyco-editing methods for gain of functions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Feng Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Wei Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qian Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
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28
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Zhang X, Ou C, Liu H, Prabhu SK, Li C, Yang Q, Wang LX. General and Robust Chemoenzymatic Method for Glycan-Mediated Site-Specific Labeling and Conjugation of Antibodies: Facile Synthesis of Homogeneous Antibody-Drug Conjugates. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2502-2514. [PMID: 34569782 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Site-specific labeling and conjugation of antibodies are highly desirable for fundamental research and for developing more efficient diagnostic and therapeutic methods. We report here a general and robust chemoenzymatic method that permits a one-pot site-specific functionalization of antibodies. A series of selectively modified disaccharide oxazoline derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as donor substrates of different endoglycosidases for antibody Fc glycan remodeling. We found that among several endoglycosidases tested, wild-type endoglycosidase from Streptococcus pyogenes of serotype M49 (Endo-S2) exhibited remarkable activity in transferring the functionalized disaccharides carrying site-selectively modified azide, biotin, or fluorescent tags to antibodies without hydrolyzing the resulting transglycosylation products. This discovery, together with the excellent Fc deglycosylation activity of Endo-S2 on recombinant antibodies, allowed direct labeling and functionalization of antibodies in a one-pot manner without the need of intermediate and enzyme separation. The site-specific introduction of varied numbers of azide groups enabled a highly efficient synthesis of homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) with a precise control of the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) ranging from 2 to 12 via a copper-free strain-promoted click reaction. Cell viability assays showed that ADCs with higher DARs were more potent in killing antigen-overexpressed cells than the ADCs with lower DARs. This new method is expected to find applications not only for antibody-drug conjugation but also for cell labeling, imaging, and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Chong Ou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Huiying Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Sunaina Kiran Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Qiang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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29
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Abstract
Antibodies, particularly of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype, are a group of biomolecules that are extensively used as affinity reagents for many applications in research, disease diagnostics, and therapy. Most of these applications require antibodies to be modified with specific functional moieties, including fluorophores, drugs, and proteins. Thus, a variety of methodologies have been developed for the covalent labeling of antibodies. The most common methods stably attach functional molecules to lysine or cysteine residues, which unavoidably results in heterogeneous products that cannot be further purified. In an effort to prepare homogeneous antibody conjugates, bioorthogonal handles have been site-specifically introduced via enzymatic treatment, genetic code expansion, or genetically encoded tagging, followed by functionalization using bioorthogonal conjugation reactions. The resulting homogeneous products have proven superior to their heterogeneous counterparts for both in vitro and in vivo usage. Nevertheless, additional chemical treatment or protein engineering of antibodies is required for incorporation of the bioorthogonal handles, processes that often affect antibody folding, stability, and/or production yield and cost. Accordingly, concurrent with advances in the fields of bioorthogonal chemistry and protein engineering, there is growing interest in site-specifically labeling native (nonengineered) antibodies without chemical or enzymatic treatments. In this review, we highlight recent strategies for producing site-specific native antibody conjugates and provide a comprehensive summary of the merits and disadvantages of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Lin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Chenfei Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Catherine Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Chao Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Zachary T Ball
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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30
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Ou C, Li C, Zhang R, Yang Q, Zong G, Dai Y, Francis RL, Bournazos S, Ravetch JV, Wang LX. One-Pot Conversion of Free Sialoglycans to Functionalized Glycan Oxazolines and Efficient Synthesis of Homogeneous Antibody-Drug Conjugates through Site-Specific Chemoenzymatic Glycan Remodeling. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1888-1897. [PMID: 34351736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are an important class of therapeutic agents that harness the highly specific antigen targeting property of antibodies to deliver toxic drugs for targeted cell killing. Site-specific conjugation methods are highly desirable for constructing homogeneous ADCs that possess a well-defined antibody-to-drug ratio, stability, ideal pharmacological profile, and optimal therapeutic index. We report here a facile synthesis of functionalized glycan oxazolines from free sialoglycans that are key donor substrates for enzymatic Fc glycan remodeling and the application of an efficient endoglycosidase mutant (Endo-S2 D184M) for site-specific glycan transfer to construct homogeneous ADCs. We found that by a sequential use of two coupling reagents under optimized conditions, free sialoglycans could be efficiently converted to selectively functionalized glycan oxazolines carrying azide-, cyclopropene-, and norbornene-tags, respectively, in excellent yield and in a simple one-pot manner. We further demonstrated that the recently reported Endo-S2 D184 M mutant was highly efficient for Fc glycan remodeling with the selectively modified glycan oxazolines to introduce tags into an antibody, which required a significantly smaller amount of glycan oxazolines and a much shorter reaction time than that of the Endo-S D233Q-catalyzed reaction, thus minimizing the side reactions. Finally homogeneous ADCs were constructed with three different click reactions. The resulting ADCs showed excellent serum stability, and in vitro cytotoxicity assays indicated that all the three ADCs generated from the distinct click reactions possessed potent and comparable cytotoxicity for targeted cancer cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Ou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Roushu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Qiang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Guanghui Zong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yuanwei Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Rebecca L Francis
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Stylianos Bournazos
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jeffrey V Ravetch
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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31
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Früh S, Matti U, Spycher PR, Rubini M, Lickert S, Schlichthaerle T, Jungmann R, Vogel V, Ries J, Schoen I. Site-Specifically-Labeled Antibodies for Super-Resolution Microscopy Reveal In Situ Linkage Errors. ACS NANO 2021; 15:12161-12170. [PMID: 34184536 PMCID: PMC8320235 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The precise spatial localization of proteins in situ by super-resolution microscopy (SRM) demands their targeted labeling. Positioning reporter molecules as close as possible to the target remains a challenge in primary cells or tissues from patients that cannot be easily genetically modified. Indirect immunolabeling introduces relatively large linkage errors, whereas site-specific and stoichiometric labeling of primary antibodies relies on elaborate chemistries. In this study, we developed a simple two-step protocol to site-specifically attach reporters such as fluorophores or DNA handles to several immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies from different animal species and benchmarked the performance of these conjugates for 3D STORM (stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy) and DNA-PAINT (point accumulation in nanoscale topography). Glutamine labeling was restricted to two sites per IgG and saturable by exploiting microbial transglutaminase after removal of N-linked glycans. Precision measurements of 3D microtubule labeling shell dimensions in cell lines and human platelets showed that linkage errors from primary and secondary antibodies did not add up. Monte Carlo simulations of a geometric microtubule-IgG model were in quantitative agreement with STORM results. The simulations revealed that the flexible hinge between Fab and Fc segments effectively randomized the direction of the secondary antibody, while the restricted binding orientation of the primary antibody's Fab fragment accounted for most of the systematic offset between the reporter and α-tubulin. DNA-PAINT surprisingly yielded larger linkage errors than STORM, indicating unphysiological conformations of DNA-labeled IgGs. In summary, our cost-effective protocol for generating well-characterized primary IgG conjugates offers an easy route to precise SRM measurements in arbitrary fixed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna
M. Früh
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory
for MEMS Applications, IMTEK, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulf Matti
- Cell
Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular
Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp R. Spycher
- Center
for
Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Marina Rubini
- School
of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Sebastian Lickert
- Department
of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schlichthaerle
- Faculty
of Physics and Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig
Maximilian University, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Max Planck
Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ralf Jungmann
- Faculty
of Physics and Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig
Maximilian University, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Max Planck
Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Viola Vogel
- Department
of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Ries
- Cell
Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular
Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingmar Schoen
- School
of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin 2, Ireland
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32
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Site-Specific Antibody Conjugation to Engineered Double Cysteine Residues. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070672. [PMID: 34358098 PMCID: PMC8308878 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Site-specific antibody conjugations generate homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates with high therapeutic index. However, there are limited examples for producing the site-specific conjugates with a drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) greater than two, especially using engineered cysteines. Based on available Fc structures, we designed and introduced free cysteine residues into various antibody CH2 and CH3 regions to explore and expand this technology. The mutants were generated using site-directed mutagenesis with good yield and properties. Conjugation efficiency and selectivity were screened using PEGylation. The top single cysteine mutants were then selected and combined as double cysteine mutants for expression and further investigation. Thirty-six out of thirty-eight double cysteine mutants display comparable expression with low aggregation similar to the wild-type antibody. PEGylation screening identified seventeen double cysteine mutants with good conjugatability and high selectivity. PEGylation was demonstrated to be a valuable and efficient approach for quickly screening mutants for high selectivity as well as conjugation efficiency. Our work demonstrated the feasibility of generating antibody conjugates with a DAR greater than 3.4 and high site-selectivity using THIOMABTM method. The top single or double cysteine mutants identified can potentially be applied to site-specific antibody conjugation of cytotoxin or other therapeutic agents as a next generation conjugation strategy.
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33
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The Chemistry Behind ADCs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050442. [PMID: 34067144 PMCID: PMC8152005 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Combining the selective targeting of tumor cells through antigen-directed recognition and potent cell-killing by cytotoxic payloads, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged in recent years as an efficient therapeutic approach for the treatment of various cancers. Besides a number of approved drugs already on the market, there is a formidable follow-up of ADC candidates in clinical development. While selection of the appropriate antibody (A) and drug payload (D) is dictated by the pharmacology of the targeted disease, one has a broader choice of the conjugating linker (C). In the present paper, we review the chemistry of ADCs with a particular emphasis on the medicinal chemistry perspective, focusing on the chemical methods that enable the efficient assembly of the ADC from its three components and the controlled release of the drug payload.
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34
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Manabe S, Yamaguchi Y. Antibody Glycoengineering and Homogeneous Antibody‐Drug Conjugate Preparation. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3005-3014. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shino Manabe
- Laboratory of Functional Molecule Chemistry Hoshi University 2-4-41 Ebara Shinagawa Tokyo 142-8501 Japan
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Development Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku University 6-3 Aoba Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University 4-4-1 Komatsushima Aobaku, Sendai Miyagi 981-8558 Japan
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35
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Toward Homogenous Antibody Drug Conjugates Using Enzyme-Based Conjugation Approaches. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040343. [PMID: 33917962 PMCID: PMC8068374 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, antibody-based diagnostic and therapeutic applications have been well established in medicine and have revolutionized cancer managements by improving tumor detection and treatment. Antibodies are unique medical elements due to their powerful properties of being able to recognize specific antigens and their therapeutic mechanisms such as blocking specific pathways, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Furthermore, modification techniques have paved the way for improving antibody properties and to develop new classes of antibody-conjugate-based diagnostic and therapeutic agents. These techniques allow arming antibodies with various effector molecules. However, these techniques are utilizing the most frequently used amino acid residues for bioconjugation, such as cysteine and lysine. These bioconjugation approaches generate heterogeneous products with different functional and safety profiles. This is mainly due to the abundance of lysine and cysteine side chains. To overcome these limitations, different site-direct conjugation methods have been applied to arm the antibodies with therapeutic or diagnostics molecules to generate unified antibody conjugates with tailored properties. This review summarizes some of the enzyme-based site-specific conjugation approaches.
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36
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Sadiki A, Vaidya SR, Abdollahi M, Bhardwaj G, Dolan ME, Turna H, Arora V, Sanjeev A, Robinson TD, Koid A, Amin A, Zhou ZS. Site-specific conjugation of native antibody. Antib Ther 2020; 3:271-284. [PMID: 33644685 PMCID: PMC7906296 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, non-specific chemical conjugations, such as acylation of amines on lysine or alkylation of thiols on cysteines, are widely used; however, they have several shortcomings. First, the lack of site-specificity results in heterogeneous products and irreproducible processes. Second, potential modifications near the complementarity-determining region may reduce binding affinity and specificity. Conversely, site-specific methods produce well-defined and more homogenous antibody conjugates, ensuring developability and clinical applications. Moreover, several recent side-by-side comparisons of site-specific and stochastic methods have demonstrated that site-specific approaches are more likely to achieve their desired properties and functions, such as increased plasma stability, less variability in dose-dependent studies (particularly at low concentrations), enhanced binding efficiency, as well as increased tumor uptake. Herein, we review several standard and practical site-specific bioconjugation methods for native antibodies, i.e., those without recombinant engineering. First, chemo-enzymatic techniques, namely transglutaminase (TGase)-mediated transamidation of a conserved glutamine residue and glycan remodeling of a conserved asparagine N-glycan (GlyCLICK), both in the Fc region. Second, chemical approaches such as selective reduction of disulfides (ThioBridge) and N-terminal amine modifications. Furthermore, we list site-specific antibody–drug conjugates in clinical trials along with the future perspectives of these site-specific methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amissi Sadiki
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Shefali R Vaidya
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Mina Abdollahi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Gunjan Bhardwaj
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Michael E Dolan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Downstream Development, Biologics Process Development, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., (a wholly-owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Company Limited), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Harpreet Turna
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Varnika Arora
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Athul Sanjeev
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Timothy D Robinson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Andrea Koid
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Aashka Amin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Zhaohui Sunny Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
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37
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Sjögren J, Lood R, Nägeli A. On enzymatic remodeling of IgG glycosylation; unique tools with broad applications. Glycobiology 2020; 30:254-267. [PMID: 31616919 PMCID: PMC7109354 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of IgG glycosylation has been known for many years not only by scientists in glycobiology but also by human pathogens that have evolved specific enzymes to modify these glycans with fundamental impact on IgG function. The rise of IgG as a major therapeutic scaffold for many cancer and immunological indications combined with the availability of unique enzymes acting specifically on IgG Fc-glycans have spurred a range of applications to study this important post-translational modification on IgG. This review article introduces why the IgG glycans are of distinguished interest, gives a background on the unique enzymatic tools available to study the IgG glycans and finally presents an overview of applications utilizing these enzymes for various modifications of the IgG glycans. The applications covered include site-specific glycan transglycosylation and conjugation, analytical workflows for monoclonal antibodies and serum diagnostics. Additionally, the review looks ahead and discusses the importance of O-glycosylation for IgG3, Fc-fusion proteins and other new formats of biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rolf Lood
- Genovis AB, Scheelevägen 2, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
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38
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Wang M, Wang Y, Liu K, Dou X, Liu Z, Zhang L, Ye XS. Engineering a bacterial sialyltransferase for di-sialylation of a therapeutic antibody. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2886-2892. [PMID: 32236230 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00276c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Terminal α-2,6-sialylation of N-glycans is a humanized glycosylation that affects the properties and efficacy of therapeutic glycoproteins. Fc di-sialylation (a biantennary N-glycan with two α-2,6-linked sialic acids) of IgG antibodies imparts them with enhanced anti-inflammatory activity and other roles. However, the microheterogeneity of N-glycoforms presents a challenge for therapeutic development. Therefore, controlled sialylation has drawn considerable attention, but direct access to well-defined di-sialylated antibodies remains limited. Herein, a one-pot three-enzyme protocol was developed by engineering a bacterial sialyltransferase to facilitate the modification of therapeutic antibodies with N-acetylneuraminic acid or its derivatives towards optimized glycosylation. To overcome the low proficiency of bacterial sialyltransferase in antibody remodeling, the Photobacterium sp. JT-ISH-224 α-2,6-sialyltransferase (Psp2,6ST) was genetically engineered by terminal truncation and site-directed mutagenesis based on its protein crystal structure. With the optimized reaction conditions and using activity-based screening of various Psp2,6ST variants, a truncated mutant Psp2,6ST (111-511)-His6 A235M/A366G was shown to effectively improve the catalytic efficiency of antibody di-sialylation. Herceptin and the donor substrate promiscuity allow the introduction of bioorthogonal modifications of N-acetylneuraminic acid into antibodies for site-specific conjugation. 2-AB hydrophilic interaction chromatography analysis of the released N-glycans and intact mass characterization confirmed the high di-sialylation of Herceptin via the optimized one-pot three-enzyme reaction. This study established a versatile enzymatic approach for producing highly di-sialylated IgG antibodies. It provides new insights into engineering bacterial sialyltransferase for adaptation to the enzymatic glycoengineering of therapeutic antibodies and the glycosite-specific conjugation of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Kaimeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xiaodong Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Zhenming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Liangren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
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39
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Pallister E, Gray CJ, Flitsch SL. Enzyme promiscuity of carbohydrate active enzymes and their applications in biocatalysis. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 65:184-192. [PMID: 32942240 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The application of biocatalysis for the synthesis of glycans and glycoconjugates is a well-established and successful strategy, both for small and large scale synthesis. Compared to chemical synthesis, is has the advantage of high selectivity, but biocatalysis had been largely limited to natural glycans both in terms of reactivity and substrates. This review describes recent advances in exploiting enzyme promiscuity to expand the range of substrates and reactions that carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) can catalyse. The main focus is on formation and hydrolysis of glycosidic linkages, including sugar kinases, reactions that are central to glycobiotechnology. In addition, biocatalysts that generate sugar analogues and modify carbohydrates, such as oxidases, transaminases and acylases are reviewed. As carbohydrate active enzymes become more accessible and protein engineering strategies become faster, the application of biocatalysis in the generation of a wide range of glycoconjugates, beyond natural structures is expected to expand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Pallister
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Christopher J Gray
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Sabine L Flitsch
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
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40
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Sue CK, McConnell SA, Ellis-Guardiola K, Muroski J, McAllister RA, Yu J, Alvarez AI, Chang C, Ogorzalek Loo RR, Loo JA, Ton-That H, Clubb RT. Kinetics and Optimization of the Lysine-Isopeptide Bond Forming Sortase Enzyme from Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1624-1634. [PMID: 32396336 PMCID: PMC8153732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Site-specifically modified protein bioconjugates have important applications in biology, chemistry, and medicine. Functionalizing specific protein side chains with enzymes using mild reaction conditions is of significant interest, but remains challenging. Recently, the lysine-isopeptide bond forming activity of the sortase enzyme that builds surface pili in Corynebacterium diphtheriae (CdSrtA) has been reconstituted in vitro. A mutationally activated form of CdSrtA was shown to be a promising bioconjugating enzyme that can attach Leu-Pro-Leu-Thr-Gly peptide fluorophores to a specific lysine residue within the N-terminal domain of the SpaA protein (NSpaA), enabling the labeling of target proteins that are fused to NSpaA. Here we present a detailed analysis of the CdSrtA catalyzed protein labeling reaction. We show that the first step in catalysis is rate limiting, which is the formation of the CdSrtA-peptide thioacyl intermediate that subsequently reacts with a lysine ε-amine in NSpaA. This intermediate is surprisingly stable, limiting spurious proteolysis of the peptide substrate. We report the discovery of a new enzyme variant (CdSrtAΔ) that has significantly improved transpeptidation activity, because it completely lacks an inhibitory polypeptide appendage ("lid") that normally masks the active site. We show that the presence of the lid primarily impairs formation of the thioacyl intermediate and not the recognition of the NSpaA substrate. Quantitative measurements reveal that CdSrtAΔ generates its cross-linked product with a catalytic turnover number of 1.4 ± 0.004 h-1 and that it has apparent KM values of 0.16 ± 0.04 and 1.6 ± 0.3 mM for its NSpaA and peptide substrates, respectively. CdSrtAΔ is 7-fold more active than previously studied variants, labeling >90% of NSpaA with peptide within 6 h. The results of this study further improve the utility of CdSrtA as a protein labeling tool and provide insight into the enzyme catalyzed reaction that underpins protein labeling and pilus biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K. Sue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Scott A. McConnell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ken Ellis-Guardiola
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - John Muroski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Rachel A. McAllister
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Justin Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ana I. Alvarez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Chungyu Chang
- Molecular Biology Institute and the University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Rachel R. Ogorzalek Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Joseph A. Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Molecular Biology Institute and the University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Hung Ton-That
- Molecular Biology Institute and the University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Robert T. Clubb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Molecular Biology Institute and the University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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Manabe S, Yamaguchi Y, Matsumura Y. Contribution from Synthetic Organic Chemistry and Glycoscience to ADC Development: Homogeneous ADC Preparation and Development of Cancer Stromal Targeting Therapy. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2020. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.78.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shino Manabe
- Pharmaceutical Department, Hoshi Universtity
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Development Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
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42
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Yamada K, Okuzumi T. AJICAP™: Development of a Chemical Site-Specific Conjugation Technology for Antibody-Drug Conjugates. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2020. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.78.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Yamada
- Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry Group, Research Institute For Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, AJINOMOTO Co., Inc
| | - Tatsuya Okuzumi
- Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry Group, Research Institute For Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, AJINOMOTO Co., Inc
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43
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Liu J, Barfield RM, Rabuka D. Site-Specific Bioconjugation Using SMARTag ® Technology: A Practical and Effective Chemoenzymatic Approach to Generate Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2033:131-147. [PMID: 31332752 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9654-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
As a critical feature of the next generation of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), site-specific bioconjugation approaches can help to optimize stability, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety as well as improve manufacturing consistency. The SMARTag® technology platform offers a practical and efficient chemoenzymatic solution for site-specific protein modifications. A bioorthogonal aldehyde handle is introduced through the oxidation of a cysteine residue, embedded in a specific peptide sequence (CxPxR), to the aldehyde-bearing formylglycine (fGly). This enzymatic modification is carried out by the formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE). The broad recognition of this short sequence by FGE within the context of heterologous proteins allows for the introduction of fGly residues at chosen sites in proteins expressed in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. The protocol presented here describes the methods for expressing fGly-containing antibodies in eukaryotic cells and subsequent site-specific conjugation with a payload-linker using aldehyde-specific Hydrazino-Iso-Pictet-Spengler (HIPS) chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Liu
- Catalent Pharma Solutions, Richmond, CA, USA
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44
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Gauzy-Lazo L, Sassoon I, Brun MP. Advances in Antibody–Drug Conjugate Design: Current Clinical Landscape and Future Innovations. SLAS DISCOVERY 2020; 25:843-868. [DOI: 10.1177/2472555220912955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The targeted delivery of potent cytotoxic molecules into cancer cells is considered a promising anticancer strategy. The design of clinically effective antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), in which biologically active drugs are coupled through chemical linkers to monoclonal antibodies, has presented challenges for pharmaceutical researchers. After 30 years of intensive research and development activities, only seven ADCs have been approved for clinical use; two have received fast-track designation and two breakthrough therapy designation from the Food and Drug Administration. There is continued interest in the field, as documented by the growing number of candidates in clinical development. This review aims to summarize the most recent innovations that have been applied to the design of ADCs undergoing early- and late-stage clinical trials. Discovery and rational optimization of new payloads, chemical linkers, and antibody formats have improved the therapeutic index of next-generation ADCs, ultimately resulting in improved clinical benefit for the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingrid Sassoon
- Immuno-Oncology Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
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Abstract
The use of an acetylene (ethynyl) group in medicinal chemistry coincides with the launch of the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 1959. Since then, the acetylene group has been broadly exploited in drug discovery and development. As a result, it has become recognized as a privileged structural feature for targeting a wide range of therapeutic target proteins, including MAO, tyrosine kinases, BACE1, steroid receptors, mGlu5 receptors, FFA1/GPR40, and HIV-1 RT. Furthermore, a terminal alkyne functionality is frequently introduced in chemical biology probes as a click handle to identify molecular targets and to assess target engagement. This Perspective is divided into three parts encompassing: (1) the physicochemical properties of the ethynyl group, (2) the advantages and disadvantages of the ethynyl group in medicinal chemistry, and (3) the impact of the ethynyl group on chemical biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaji T Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York 11439, United States
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46
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Recent progress in transglutaminase-mediated assembly of antibody-drug conjugates. Anal Biochem 2020; 595:113615. [PMID: 32035039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are hybrid molecules intended to overcome the drawbacks of conventional small molecule chemotherapy and therapeutic antibodies by merging beneficial characteristics of both molecule classes to develop more efficient and patient-friendly options for cancer treatment. During the last decades a versatile bioconjugation toolbox that comprises numerous chemical and enzymatic technologies have been developed to covalently attach a cytotoxic cargo to a tumor-targeting antibody. Microbial transglutaminase (mTG) that catalyzes isopeptide bond formation between proteinaceous or peptidic glutamines and lysines, provides many favorable properties that are beneficial for the manufacturing of these conjugates. However, to efficiently utilize the enzyme for the constructions of ADCs, different drawbacks had to be overcome that originate from the enzyme's insufficiently understood substrate specificity. Within this review, pioneering methodologies, recent achievements and remaining limitations of mTG-assisted assembly of ADCs will be highlighted.
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47
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Antibody Conjugates-Recent Advances and Future Innovations. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9010002. [PMID: 31936270 PMCID: PMC7148502 DOI: 10.3390/antib9010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have evolved from research tools to powerful therapeutics in the past 30 years. Clinical success rates of antibodies have exceeded expectations, resulting in heavy investment in biologics discovery and development in addition to traditional small molecules across the industry. However, protein therapeutics cannot drug targets intracellularly and are limited to soluble and cell-surface antigens. Tremendous strides have been made in antibody discovery, protein engineering, formulation, and delivery devices. These advances continue to push the boundaries of biologics to enable antibody conjugates to take advantage of the target specificity and long half-life from an antibody, while delivering highly potent small molecule drugs. While the "magic bullet" concept produced the first wave of antibody conjugates, these entities were met with limited clinical success. This review summarizes the advances and challenges in the field to date with emphasis on antibody conjugation, linker-payload chemistry, novel payload classes, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), and product developability. We discuss lessons learned in the development of oncology antibody conjugates and look towards future innovations enabling other therapeutic indications.
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48
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Toftevall H, Nyhlén H, Olsson F, Sjögren J. Antibody Conjugations via Glycosyl Remodeling. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2078:131-145. [PMID: 31643054 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9929-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The antibody Fc-glycans are interesting targets for conjugation of cytotoxic compounds due to their localization and their chemical composition. In striving to obtain site-specific conjugates, the antibody Fc-glycans have been explored in numerous ways. Here we present a two-step enzymatic methodology coupled to click-chemistry for conjugation at the core GlcNAc of the Fc-glycan resulting in ADCs that are homogenous with a DAR 2.0, retain antigen binding, and display cytotoxic anti-tumor effects both in vitro and in vivo.
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49
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Deweid L, Avrutina O, Kolmar H. Microbial transglutaminase for biotechnological and biomedical engineering. Biol Chem 2019; 400:257-274. [PMID: 30291779 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Research on bacterial transglutaminase dates back to 1989, when the enzyme has been isolated from Streptomyces mobaraensis. Initially discovered during an extensive screening campaign to reduce costs in food manufacturing, it quickly appeared as a robust and versatile tool for biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications due to its excellent activity and simple handling. While pioneering attempts to make use of its extraordinary cross-linking ability resulted in heterogeneous polymers, currently it is applied to site-specifically ligate diverse biomolecules yielding precisely modified hybrid constructs comprising two or more components. This review covers the extensive and rapidly growing field of microbial transglutaminase-mediated bioconjugation with the focus on pharmaceutical research. In addition, engineering of the enzyme by directed evolution and rational design is highlighted. Moreover, cumbersome drawbacks of this technique mainly caused by the enzyme's substrate indiscrimination are discussed as well as the ways to bypass these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Deweid
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Olga Avrutina
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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50
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Marculescu C, Lakshminarayanan A, Gault J, Knight JC, Folkes LK, Spink T, Robinson CV, Vallis K, Davis BG, Cornelissen B. Probing the limits of Q-tag bioconjugation of antibodies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11342-11345. [PMID: 31479092 PMCID: PMC6788405 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02303h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Site-selective labelling of antibodies (Abs) can circumvent problems from heterogeneity of conventional conjugation. Here, we evaluate the industrially-applied chemoenzymatic 'Q-tag' strategy based on transglutaminase-mediated (TGase) amide-bond formation in the generation of 89Zr-radiolabelled antibody conjugates. We show that, despite previously suggested high regioselectivity of TGases, in the anti-Her2 Ab Herceptin™ more precise native MS indicates only 70-80% functionalization at the target site (Q298H), in competition with modification at other sites, such as Q3H critically close to the CDR1 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Marculescu
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology
, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, OX3 7DQ
, UK
.
;
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
| | - Abirami Lakshminarayanan
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology
, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, OX3 7DQ
, UK
.
;
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
| | - Joseph Gault
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
| | - James C. Knight
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology
, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, OX3 7DQ
, UK
.
;
| | - Lisa K. Folkes
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology
, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, OX3 7DQ
, UK
.
;
| | - Thomas Spink
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology
, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, OX3 7DQ
, UK
.
;
| | - Carol V. Robinson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
| | - Katherine Vallis
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology
, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, OX3 7DQ
, UK
.
;
| | - Benjamin G. Davis
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology
, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, OX3 7DQ
, UK
.
;
| |
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